1
|
Zeitlmayr S, Cami D, Selmani B, Gudermann T, Breit A. A dual role for ERK-1/2 in the regulation of plasmin activity and cell migration in metastatic NSCLC-H1299 cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3113-3128. [PMID: 37712947 PMCID: PMC10567951 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposure of various toxins or cigarette smoke causes non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); a devastating disease with a very low survival rate after metastasis. Increased activity of plasmin is a hallmark in NSCLC metastasis. It is accepted that metastatic cells exhibit higher plasmin activity than cells from primary tumors. Mechanisms behind this elevation, however, are barely understood. We compared plasmin activity and cell migration of A549 cells derived from a primary lung tumor with metastatic H1299 lung cells isolated from lymph nodes. Surprisingly, we found higher plasmin activity and migration for A549 cells. mRNA levels of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were higher in H1299 cells and activity of extracellular-regulated kinases-1/2 (ERK-1/2) was increased. An inhibitor of ERK-1/2 decreased PAI-1 mRNA levels and increased plasmin activity or cell migration in H1299 cells. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) decreased plasmin activity and migration in A549 cells but enhanced both in H1299 cells. The cytokine massively increased PAI-1 and decreased urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) levels in A549 cells but strongly induced uPA and only weakly PAI- 1 expression in H1299 cells. Consequently, TGF-β enhanced plasmin activity and cell migration in H1299. Additionally, TGF-β activated ERK-1/2 stronger in H1299 than in A549 cells. Accordingly, an ERK-1/2 inhibitor completely reversed the effects of TGF-β on uPA expression, plasmin activity and migration in H1299 cells. Hence, we provide first data indicating TGF-β-promoted increased plasmin activity and suggest that blocking TGF-β-promoted ERK-1/2 activity might be a straightforward approach to inhibit NSCLC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zeitlmayr
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Ditila Cami
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Belinda Selmani
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeitlmayr S, Zierler S, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Dietrich A, Geiger F, Horgen FD, Gudermann T, Breit A. TRPM7 restrains plasmin activity and promotes transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in primary human lung fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2767-2783. [PMID: 35864199 PMCID: PMC9302958 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained exposure of the lung to various environmental or occupational toxins may eventually lead to pulmonary fibrosis, a devastating disease with no cure. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin and collagens. The peptidase plasmin degrades the ECM, but protein levels of the plasmin activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are increased in fibrotic lung tissue, thereby dampening plasmin activity. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced activation of SMAD transcription factors promotes ECM deposition by enhancing collagen, fibronectin and PAI-1 levels in pulmonary fibroblasts. Hence, counteracting TGF-β1-induced signaling is a promising approach for the therapy of pulmonary fibrosis. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M Member 7 (TRPM7) supports TGF-β1-promoted SMAD signaling in T-lymphocytes and the progression of fibrosis in kidney and heart. Thus, we investigated possible effects of TRPM7 on plasmin activity, ECM levels and TGF-β1 signaling in primary human pulmonary fibroblasts (pHPF). We found that two structurally unrelated TRPM7 blockers enhanced plasmin activity and reduced fibronectin or PAI-1 protein levels in pHPF under basal conditions. Further, TRPM7 blockade strongly inhibited fibronectin and collagen deposition induced by sustained TGF-β1 stimulation. In line with these data, inhibition of TRPM7 activity diminished TGF-β1-triggered phosphorylation of SMAD-2, SMAD-3/4-dependent reporter activation and PAI-1 mRNA levels. Overall, we uncover TRPM7 as a novel supporter of TGF-β1 signaling in pHPF and propose TRPM7 blockers as new candidates to control excessive ECM levels under pathophysiological conditions conducive to pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zeitlmayr
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Life Science Park, Huemerstraße 3-5, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabienne Geiger
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - F David Horgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schuliga M, Read J, Knight DA. Ageing mechanisms that contribute to tissue remodeling in lung disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101405. [PMID: 34242806 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and certain phenotypes of asthma. The recent COVID-19 pandemic also highlights the increased susceptibility of the elderly to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a diffuse inflammatory lung injury with often long-term effects (ie parenchymal fibrosis). Collectively, these lung conditions are characterized by a pathogenic reparative process that, rather than restoring organ function, contributes to structural and functional tissue decline. In the ageing lung, the homeostatic control of wound healing following challenge or injury has an increased likelihood of being perturbed, increasing susceptibility to disease. This loss of fidelity is a consequence of a diverse range of underlying ageing mechanisms including senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteostatic stress and diminished autophagy that occur within the lung, as well as in other tissues, organs and systems of the body. These ageing pathways are highly interconnected, involving localized and systemic increases in inflammatory mediators and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); along with corresponding changes in immune cell function, metabolism and composition of the pulmonary and gut microbiomes. Here we comprehensively review the roles of ageing mechanisms in the tissue remodeling of lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jane Read
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bazan-Socha S, Jakiela B, Zuk J, Zarychta J, Soja J, Okon K, Dziedzina S, Zareba L, Dropinski J, Wojcik K, Padjas A, Marcinkiewicz C, Bazan JG. Interactions via α 2β 1 Cell Integrin May Protect against the Progression of Airway Structural Changes in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126315. [PMID: 34204767 PMCID: PMC8231566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased airway wall thickness and remodeling of bronchial mucosa are characteristic of asthma and may arise from altered integrin signaling on airway cells. Here, we analyzed the expression of β1-subfamily integrins on blood and airway cells (flow cytometry), inflammatory biomarkers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage, reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness and collagen deposits in the mucosa (histology), and airway geometry (CT-imaging) in 92 asthma patients (persistent airflow limitation subtype: n = 47) and 36 controls. Persistent airflow limitation was associated with type-2 inflammation, elevated soluble α2 integrin chain, and changes in the bronchial wall geometry. Both subtypes of asthma showed thicker RBM than control, but collagen deposition and epithelial α1 and α2 integrins staining were similar. Type-I collagen accumulation and RBM thickness were inversely related to the epithelial expression of the α2 integrin chain. Expression of α2β1 integrin on T-cells and eosinophils was not altered in asthma. Collagen I deposits were, however, more abundant in patients with lower α2β1 integrin on blood and airway CD8+ T-cells. Thicker airway walls in CT were associated with lower α2 integrin chain on blood CD4+ T-cells and airway eosinophils. Our data suggest that α2β1 integrin on inflammatory and epithelial cells may protect against airway remodeling advancement in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislawa Bazan-Socha
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-4248023; Fax: +48-12-4248041
| | - Bogdan Jakiela
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Joanna Zuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Jacek Zarychta
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
- Pulmonary Hospital, 34-500 Zakopane, Poland
| | - Jerzy Soja
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Okon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Dziedzina
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Lech Zareba
- College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Computer Science, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (L.Z.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Jerzy Dropinski
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Wojcik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Padjas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (B.J.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (J.D.); (K.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Jan G. Bazan
- College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Computer Science, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (L.Z.); (J.G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Q, Xiong H, Shuai T, Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhang M, Zhu L, Lu J, Liu J. The clinical value of suPAR in diagnosis and prediction for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2020; 14:1753466620938546. [PMID: 32643535 PMCID: PMC7350130 DOI: 10.1177/1753466620938546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is positively correlated with immune system activity. Inflammation can promote the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, this study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between suPAR levels and the pathogenesis of COPD, and further assess the exact clinical value of suPAR in COPD. METHODS PubMed, Excerpt Medica Database (Embase), Web of Science (WOS), and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that reported the value of suPAR diagnosis for adult COPD patients. RESULTS A total of 11 studies were included, involving 4520 participants. Both COPD patients with predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)⩾80% [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 320.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 99.79-540.71] and FEV1 < 80% (WMD = 2950.74; 95% CI: 2647.06-3254.43) showed higher suPAR level. The sensitivity and specificity of suPAR for diagnosis of COPD were 87% and 79%, respectively, and AUC was 84%. This can not only effectively identify acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) in a healthy population (WMD = 3114.77; 95% CI: 2814.66-3414.88), but also has the potential to distinguish AECOPD from stable COPD (WMD = 351.40; 95% CI: 215.88-486.93). There was a significant decrease of suPAR level after treatment [WMD = -1226.97; 95% CI: -1380.91- (-1073.03)]. CONCLUSION suPAR as a novel biomarker has potential for early diagnosis of COPD and prediction of AECOPD. There is a potential correlation between the level of suPAR and the state of COPD, which may also indicate the early state and severity of COPD. When the suPAR level of COPD patients is further increased, the risk of acute exacerbation increases and should be highly valued. This also shows potential as a measure of treatment response, and as a guide to the clinical management in COPD. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangru Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaiyu Xiong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiankui Shuai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yalei Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,The First Clinical Medical College of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schuliga M, Jaffar J, Harris T, Knight DA, Westall G, Stewart AG. The fibrogenic actions of lung fibroblast-derived urokinase: a potential drug target in IPF. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41770. [PMID: 28139758 PMCID: PMC5282574 DOI: 10.1038/srep41770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains unclear. uPA-generated plasmin has potent fibrogenic actions involving protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Here we characterize uPA distribution or levels in lung tissue and sera from IPF patients to establish the mechanism of its fibrogenic actions on lung fibroblasts (LFs). uPA immunoreactivity was detected in regions of fibrosis including fibroblasts of lung tissue from IPF patients (n = 7). Serum uPA levels and activity were also higher in IPF patients (n = 18) than controls (n = 18) (P < 0.05), being negatively correlated with lung function as measured by forced vital capacity (FVC) %predicted (P < 0.05). The culture supernatants of LFs from IPF patients, as compared to controls, showed an increase in plasmin activity after plasminogen incubation (5–15 μg/mL), corresponding with increased levels of uPA and IL-6 (n = 5–6, P < 0.05). Plasminogen-induced increases in plasmin activity and IL-6 levels were attenuated by reducing uPA and/or PAR-1 expression by RNAi. Plasmin(ogen)-induced mitogenesis was also attenuated by targeting uPA, PAR-1 or IL-6. Our data shows uPA is formed in active regions of fibrosis in IPF lung and contributes to LF plasmin generation, IL-6 production and proliferation. Urokinase is a potential target for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trudi Harris
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glen Westall
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The inflammatory actions of coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases in disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:437695. [PMID: 25878399 PMCID: PMC4387953 DOI: 10.1155/2015/437695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from their role in hemostasis, coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases are important mediators of inflammation in diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. The blood circulating zymogens of these proteases enter damaged tissue as a consequence of vascular leak or rupture to become activated and contribute to extravascular coagulation or fibrinolysis. The coagulants, factor Xa (FXa), factor VIIa (FVIIa), tissue factor, and thrombin, also evoke cell-mediated actions on structural cells (e.g., fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) or inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) via the proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Plasmin, the principle enzymatic mediator of fibrinolysis, also forms toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activating fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and can release latent-matrix bound growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Furthermore, the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin (e.g., urokinase plasminogen activator) evoke plasmin-independent proinflammatory actions involving coreceptor activation. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated actions of hemostatic proteases is a strategy that may be used to treat inflammatory disease without the bleeding complications of conventional anticoagulant therapies. The mechanisms by which proteases of the coagulant and fibrinolytic systems contribute to extravascular inflammation in disease will be considered in this review.
Collapse
|
8
|
Integrins: therapeutic targets in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodelling? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:567-74. [PMID: 25441775 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a group of transmembrane heterodimeric proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Integrins have been under intense investigation for their role in inflammation in asthma. Clinical trials investigating integrin antagonists, however, have shown that these compounds are relatively ineffective. Airway remodelling is another pathological feature of asthma that is thought to make an important contribution to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung function decline. Recent studies have identified integrins as important players in this process, with a particular role for β1 and αv integrins. Here we review the role of these integrins in airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness in obstructive airway disease and their potential as pharmacological targets for future treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Stewart AG, Xia YC, Harris T, Royce S, Hamilton JA, Schuliga M. Plasminogen-stimulated airway smooth muscle cell proliferation is mediated by urokinase and annexin A2, involving plasmin-activated cell signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1421-35. [PMID: 24111848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The conversion of plasminogen into plasmin by interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is potentially important in asthma pathophysiology. In this study, the effect of uPA-mediated plasminogen activation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ASM cells were incubated with plasminogen (0.5-50 μg·mL(-1) ) or plasmin (0.5-50 mU·mL(-1) ) in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors, including UK122, an inhibitor of uPA. Proliferation was assessed by increases in cell number or MTT reduction after 48 h incubation with plasmin(ogen), and by earlier increases in [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation and cyclin D1 expression. KEY RESULTS Plasminogen (5 μg·mL(-1) )-stimulated increases in cell proliferation were attenuated by UK122 (10 μM) or by transfection with uPA gene-specific siRNA. Exogenous plasmin (5 mU·mL(-1) ) also stimulated increases in cell proliferation. Inhibition of plasmin-stimulated ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt signalling attenuated plasmin-stimulated increases in ASM proliferation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of cell signalling mediated by the EGF receptor, a receptor trans-activated by plasmin, also reduced plasmin(ogen)-stimulated cell proliferation. Knock down of annexin A2, which has dual roles in both plasminogen activation and plasmin-signal transduction, also attenuated ASM cell proliferation following incubation with either plasminogen or plasmin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Plasminogen stimulates ASM cell proliferation in a manner mediated by uPA and involving multiple signalling pathways downstream of plasmin. Targeting mediators of plasminogen-evoked ASM responses, such as uPA or annexin A2, may be useful in the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alkhouri H, Poppinga WJ, Tania NP, Ammit A, Schuliga M. Regulation of pulmonary inflammation by mesenchymal cells. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:156-65. [PMID: 24657485 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodelling are common elements of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and pulmonary hypertension (PH). In disease, pulmonary mesenchymal cells not only contribute to tissue remodelling, but also have an important role in pulmonary inflammation. This review will describe the immunomodulatory functions of pulmonary mesenchymal cells, such as airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and lung fibroblasts, in chronic respiratory disease. An important theme of the review is that pulmonary mesenchymal cells not only respond to inflammatory mediators, but also produce their own mediators, whether pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving, which influence the quantity and quality of the lung immune response. The notion that defective pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving signalling in these cells potentially contributes to disease progression is also discussed. Finally, the concept of specifically targeting pulmonary mesenchymal cell immunomodulatory function to improve therapeutic control of chronic respiratory disease is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Alkhouri
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wilfred Jelco Poppinga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Navessa Padma Tania
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alaina Ammit
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schuliga M, Langenbach S, Xia YC, Qin C, Mok JSL, Harris T, Mackay GA, Medcalf RL, Stewart AG. Plasminogen-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production by airway smooth muscle cells is regulated by annexin A2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:751-8. [PMID: 23721211 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen has a role in airway inflammation. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells cleave plasminogen into plasmin, a protease with proinflammatory activity. In this study, the effect of plasminogen on cytokine production by human ASM cells was investigated in vitro. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the medium of ASM cells were increased by incubation with plasminogen (5-50 μg/ml) for 24 hours (P < 0.05; n = 6-9), corresponding to changes in the levels of cytokine mRNA at 4 hours. The effects of plasminogen were attenuated by α2-antiplasmin (1 μg/ml), a plasmin inhibitor (P < 0.05; n = 6-12). Exogenous plasmin (5-15 mU/ml) also stimulated cytokine production (P < 0.05; n = 6-8) in a manner sensitive to serine-protease inhibition by aprotinin (10 KIU/ml). Plasminogen-stimulated cytokine production was increased in cells pretreated with basic fibroblast growth factor (300 pM) in a manner associated with increases in urokinase plasminogen activator expression and plasmin formation. The knockdown of annexin A2, a component of the putative plasminogen receptor comprised of annexin A2 and S100A10, attenuated plasminogen conversion into plasmin and plasmin-stimulated cytokine production by ASM cells. Moreover, a role for annexin A2 in airway inflammation was demonstrated in annexin A2-/- mice in which antigen-induced increases in inflammatory cell number and IL-6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced (P < 0.01; n = 10-14). In conclusion, plasminogen stimulates ASM cytokine production in a manner regulated by annexin A2. Our study shows for the first time that targeting annexin A2-mediated signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of airway inflammation in diseases such as chronic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- 1 Department Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schuliga M, Westall G, Xia Y, Stewart AG. The plasminogen activation system: new targets in lung inflammation and remodeling. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:386-93. [PMID: 23735578 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system (PAS) and the plasmin it forms have dual roles in chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease. Whilst plasmin-mediated airspace fibrinolysis is beneficial, interstitial plasmin contributes to lung dysfunction because of its pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling activities. Recent studies highlight the potential of fibrinolytic agents, including small molecule inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), as treatments for chronic respiratory disease. Current data also suggest that interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator is an important mediator of lung inflammation and remodeling. However, further preclinical characterization of uPA as a drug target for lung disease is required. Here we review the concept of selectively targeting the contributions of PAS to treat chronic respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schuliga M, Javeed A, Harris T, Xia Y, Qin C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Lee PVS, Camoretti-Mercado B, Stewart AG. Transforming growth factor-β-induced differentiation of airway smooth muscle cells is inhibited by fibroblast growth factor-2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:346-53. [PMID: 23239497 PMCID: PMC3604085 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0151oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In asthma, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) plays an important (patho)physiological role. This study examines the effects of FGF-2 on the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-stimulated differentiation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells in vitro. The differentiation of human ASM cells after incubation with TGF-β (100 pM) and/or FGF-2 (300 pM) for 48 hours was assessed by increases in contractile protein expression, actin-cytoskeleton reorganization, enhancements in cell stiffness, and collagen remodeling. FGF-2 inhibited TGF-β-stimulated increases in transgelin (SM22) and calponin gene expression (n = 15, P < 0.01) in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signal transduction-dependent manner. The abundance of ordered α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) filaments formed in the presence of TGF-β were also reduced by FGF-2, as was the ratio of F-actin to G-actin (n = 8, P < 0.01). Furthermore, FGF-2 attenuated TGF-β-stimulated increases in ASM cell stiffness and the ASM-mediated contraction of lattices, composed of collagen fibrils (n = 5, P < 0.01). However, the TGF-β-stimulated production of IL-6 was not influenced by FGF-2 (n = 4, P > 0.05), suggesting that FGF-2 antagonism is selective for the regulation of ASM cell contractile protein expression, organization, and function. Another mitogen, thrombin (0.3 U ml(-1)), exerted no effect on TGF-β-regulated contractile protein expression (n = 8, P > 0.05), α-SMA organization, or the ratio of F-actin to G-actin (n = 4, P > 0.05), suggesting that the inhibitory effect of FGF-2 is dissociated from its mitogenic actions. The addition of FGF-2, 24 hours after TGF-β treatment, still reduced contractile protein expression, even when the TGF-β-receptor kinase inhibitor, SB431542 (10 μM), was added 1 hour before FGF-2. We conclude that the ASM cell differentiation promoted by TGF-β is antagonized by FGF-2. A better understanding of the mechanism of action for FGF-2 is necessary to develop a strategy for therapeutic exploitation in the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aqeel Javeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; and
| | | | | | | | - Zhexing Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and
| | - Peter V. S. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roth M, Zhong J, Zumkeller C, S'ng CT, Goulet S, Tamm M. The role of IgE-receptors in IgE-dependent airway smooth muscle cell remodelling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56015. [PMID: 23457493 PMCID: PMC3573085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In allergic asthma, IgE increases airway remodelling but the mechanism is incompletely understood. Airway remodelling consists of two independent events increased cell numbers and enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and the mechanism by which IgE up-regulates cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition by human airway smooth muscle cells in asthma is unclear. Objective Characterise the role of the two IgE receptors and associated signalling cascades in airway smooth muscle cell remodelling. Methods Primary human airway smooth muscle cells (8 asthmatics, 8 non-asthmatics) were stimulated with human purified antibody-activated IgE. Proliferation was determined by direct cell counts. Total collagen deposition was determined by Sircol; collagen species deposition by ELISA. IgE receptors were silenced by siRNA and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling was blocked by chemical inhibitors. Results IgE dose-dependently increased extracellular matrix and collagen deposition by airway smooth muscle cells as well as their proliferation. Specifically in cells of asthma patients IgE increased the deposition of collagen-type-I, -III, –VII and fibronectin, but did not affect the deposition of collagens type-IV. IgE stimulated collagen type-I and type-VII deposition through IgE receptor-I and Erk1/2 MAPK. Proliferation and deposition of collagens type-III and fibronectin involved both IgE receptors as well as Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK. Pre-incubation (30 minutes) with Omalizumab prevented all remodelling effects completely. We observed no changes in gelatinase activity or their inhibitors. Conclusion & Clincal Relevance Our study provides the molecular biological mechanism by which IgE increases airway remodelling in asthma through increased airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and deposition of pro-inflammatory collagens and fibronectin. Blocking IgE action prevents several aspects of airway smooth muscle cell remodelling. Our findings may explain the recently described reduction of airway wall thickness in severe asthma patients treated with humanised anti-IgE antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roth
- Pulmonary Cell Research, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|