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Bruserud Ø, Mosevoll KA, Bruserud Ø, Reikvam H, Wendelbo Ø. The Regulation of Neutrophil Migration in Patients with Sepsis: The Complexity of the Molecular Mechanisms and Their Modulation in Sepsis and the Heterogeneity of Sepsis Patients. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071003. [PMID: 37048076 PMCID: PMC10093057 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Common causes include gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi. Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at an infection site where they function as important effector cells of the innate immune system and as regulators of the host immune response. The regulation of neutrophil migration is therefore important both for the infection-directed host response and for the development of organ dysfunctions in sepsis. Downregulation of CXCR4/CXCL12 stimulates neutrophil migration from the bone marrow. This is followed by transmigration/extravasation across the endothelial cell barrier at the infection site; this process is directed by adhesion molecules and various chemotactic gradients created by chemotactic cytokines, lipid mediators, bacterial peptides, and peptides from damaged cells. These mechanisms of neutrophil migration are modulated by sepsis, leading to reduced neutrophil migration and even reversed migration that contributes to distant organ failure. The sepsis-induced modulation seems to differ between neutrophil subsets. Furthermore, sepsis patients should be regarded as heterogeneous because neutrophil migration will possibly be further modulated by the infecting microorganisms, antimicrobial treatment, patient age/frailty/sex, other diseases (e.g., hematological malignancies and stem cell transplantation), and the metabolic status. The present review describes molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of neutrophil migration; how these mechanisms are altered during sepsis; and how bacteria/fungi, antimicrobial treatment, and aging/frailty/comorbidity influence the regulation of neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Knut Anders Mosevoll
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Bruserud
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Wendelbo
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Health, VID Specialized University, Ulriksdal 10, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Microbiota-induced active translocation of peptidoglycan across the intestinal barrier dictates its within-host dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209936120. [PMID: 36669110 PMCID: PMC9942837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209936120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan, the major structural polymer forming the cell wall of bacteria, is an important mediator of physiological and behavioral effects in mammalian hosts. These effects are frequently linked to its translocation from the intestinal lumen to host tissues. However, the modality and regulation of this translocation across the gut barrier has not been precisely addressed. In this study, we characterized the absorption of peptidoglycan across the intestine and its systemic dissemination. We report that peptidoglycan has a distinct tropism for host organs when absorbed via the gut, most notably by favoring access to the brain. We demonstrate that intestinal translocation of peptidoglycan occurs through a microbiota-induced active process. This process is regulated by the parasympathetic pathway via the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Together, this study reveals fundamental parameters concerning the uptake of a major microbiota molecular signal from the steady-state gut.
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Zhang M, Li R, Zhou Y, Xie R, Ma J, Liu H, Qin Y, Zhao M, Duan N, Ye P, Wang W, Wang X. The Promotional Effect of GW4869 on C. albicans Invasion and Cellular Damage in a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121522. [PMID: 36558856 PMCID: PMC9781529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the most common fungi in the human body; it is an opportunistic pathogen and can cause candidiasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the host cells have a potentially protective effect against pathogens and can be developed as vaccine formulations. GW4869 can inhibit the production and release of EVs. Previous studies have indicated that GW4869 can alter the immune and inflammatory responses of the host. However, the effect of GW4869 on Candida infection and the anti-Candida response of the host has not been investigated. We evaluated the effect of GW4869 on C. albicans invasion, biofilm formation, and cellular damage in a murine model of oral candidiasis. In this study, C. albicans-infected mice were injected with or without GW4869. The results proven by macroscopic, microscopic, and ultramicroscopic methods showed that GW4869 treatment exacerbated the oral candidiasis of mice, promoted C. albicans invasion and biofilm formation, and aggravated oral mucosal inflammation and cellular ultrastructural damage. The results are beneficial in the further exploration of the immune mechanism of C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pei Ye
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (W.W.); (X.W.)
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Gardeta SR, García-Cuesta EM, D’Agostino G, Soler Palacios B, Quijada-Freire A, Lucas P, Bernardino de la Serna J, Gonzalez-Riano C, Barbas C, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. Sphingomyelin Depletion Inhibits CXCR4 Dynamics and CXCL12-Mediated Directed Cell Migration in Human T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925559. [PMID: 35903108 PMCID: PMC9315926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, ceramides and cholesterol are integral components of cellular membranes, and they also play important roles in signal transduction by regulating the dynamics of membrane receptors through their effects on membrane fluidity. Here, we combined biochemical and functional assays with single-particle tracking analysis of diffusion in the plasma membrane to demonstrate that the local lipid environment regulates CXCR4 organization and function and modulates chemokine-triggered directed cell migration. Prolonged treatment of T cells with bacterial sphingomyelinase promoted the complete and sustained breakdown of sphingomyelins and the accumulation of the corresponding ceramides, which altered both membrane fluidity and CXCR4 nanoclustering and dynamics. Under these conditions CXCR4 retained some CXCL12-mediated signaling activity but failed to promote efficient directed cell migration. Our data underscore a critical role for the local lipid composition at the cell membrane in regulating the lateral mobility of chemokine receptors, and their ability to dynamically increase receptor density at the leading edge to promote efficient cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía R. Gardeta
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M. García-Cuesta
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianluca D’Agostino
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Soler Palacios
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Quijada-Freire
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Medical Research Council-Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Imperial Biomedical Research Center, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Metabolomic and Bioanalysis Center (CEMBIO), Pharmacy Faculty, Centro de Estudios Universitarios Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Metabolomic and Bioanalysis Center (CEMBIO), Pharmacy Faculty, Centro de Estudios Universitarios Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Mellado
- Chemokine Signaling Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mario Mellado,
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Majumdar R, Tavakoli Tameh A, Arya SB, Parent CA. Exosomes mediate LTB4 release during neutrophil chemotaxis. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001271. [PMID: 34232954 PMCID: PMC8262914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is secreted by chemotactic neutrophils, forming a secondary gradient that amplifies the reach of primary chemoattractants. This strategy increases the recruitment range for neutrophils and is important during inflammation. Here, we show that LTB4 and its synthesizing enzymes localize to intracellular multivesicular bodies, which, upon stimulation, release their content as exosomes. Purified exosomes can activate resting neutrophils and elicit chemotactic activity in an LTB4 receptor-dependent manner. Inhibition of exosome release leads to loss of directional motility with concomitant loss of LTB4 release. Our findings establish that the exosomal pool of LTB4 acts in an autocrine fashion to sensitize neutrophils towards the primary chemoattractant, and in a paracrine fashion to mediate the recruitment of neighboring neutrophils in trans. We envision that this mechanism is used by other signals to foster communication between cells in harsh extracellular environments. Concerns have emerged about the immunoelectron microscopy results originally reported in the article by Majumdar and colleagues [1]. In addition, errors were made in the scale bars reported in Figs 2H and 3D of the same article. Accordingly, this article has been retracted. We are grateful for the opportunity to republish a version of this article in which the electron microscopy data have been removed. None of the major conclusions attained in the original article are affected by the removal of the contentious data. We sincerely apologize to PLOS Biology and the scientific community at large for this occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritankar Majumdar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aidin Tavakoli Tameh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subhash B. Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chou PC, Lin PC, Wu SW, Wang CK, Chung TK, Walzem RL, Lai LS, Chen SE. Differential Modulation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on Innate Immunity of Broiler Breeder Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061742. [PMID: 34200930 PMCID: PMC8230489 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary No predominant changes between R- vs. Ad-feed intake on leukocyte defense against pathogens were observed in broiler breeder hens despite some differences in inflammatory and respiratory burst responses. Overall, supplemental 25-OH-D3 had more pronounced effects on the innate immunity of Ad-hens. In vitro studies confirmed the differential effects of 25-OH-D3 to rescue immune functions altered by glucose and/or palmitic acid exposure. Abstract Past immunological studies in broilers focused on juveniles within the rapid pre-slaughter growth period and may not reflect adult immune responses, particularly in breeders managed with chronic feed restriction (R). The study aimed to assess innate immune cell functions in respect to R vs. ad libitum (Ad) feed intake in breeder hens with and without dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) supplementation. Ad-feed intake consistently suppressed IL-1β secretion, respiratory burst, and cell livability in peripheral heterophils and/or monocytes along the feeding trial from the age of 51 to 68 weeks. Supplemental 25-OH-D3 repressed IL-1β secretion and respiratory burst of both cells mostly in R-hens, but promoted monocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and bacterial killing activity in Ad-hens in accompany with relieved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Overnight cultures with leukocytes from R-hens confirmed the differential effects of 25-OH-D3 to rescue immune functions altered by glucose and/or palmitic acid exposure. Studies with specific inhibitors further manifested the operative mechanisms via glucolipotoxicity in a cell type- and function-dependent manner. The results concluded no predominant changes between R- vs. Ad-feed intake on leukocyte defense against pathogens despite some differential differences, but supplemental 25-OH-D3 exerts more pronounced effects in Ad-hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Chia Chou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Chi Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
| | - Shu-Wei Wu
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Thau-Kiong Chung
- DSM Nutritional Products Asia Pacific, Singapore 117440, Singapore;
| | - Rosemary L. Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Lih-Shiuh Lai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (L.-S.L.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-S.L.); (S.-E.C.)
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Ratitong B, Marshall M, Pearlman E. β-Glucan-stimulated neutrophil secretion of IL-1α is independent of GSDMD and mediated through extracellular vesicles. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109139. [PMID: 34010648 PMCID: PMC8186457 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are an important source of interleukin (IL)-1β and other cytokines because they are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in high numbers. Although secretion of processed, bioactive IL-1β by neutrophils is dependent on NLRP3 and Gasdermin D (GSDMD), IL-1α secretion by neutrophils has not been reported. In this study, we demonstrate that neutrophils produce IL-1α following injection of Aspergillus fumigatus spores that express cell-surface β-Glucan. Although IL-1α secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ATP-activated macrophages and dendritic cells is GSDMD dependent, IL-1α secretion by β-Glucan-stimulated neutrophils occurs independently of GSDMD. Instead, we found that bioactive IL-1α is in exosomes that were isolated from cell-free media of β-Glucan-stimulated neutrophils. Further, the exosome inhibitor GW4869 significantly reduces IL-1α in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and total cell-free supernatant. Together, these findings identify neutrophils as a source of IL-1α and demonstrate a role for EVs, specifically exosomes, in neutrophil secretion of bioactive IL-1α. Neutrophils have functional NLRP3 and NLRC4 and are recognized as an important source of IL-1β. Ratitong et al. demonstrate that murine neutrophils also produce IL-1α. Unlike macrophages, neutrophil IL-1α is secreted in extracellular vesicles and is released independently of gasdermin D and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Ratitong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Michaela Marshall
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Avota E, de Lira MN, Schneider-Schaulies S. Sphingomyelin Breakdown in T Cells: Role of Membrane Compartmentalization in T Cell Signaling and Interference by a Pathogen. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:152. [PMID: 31457008 PMCID: PMC6700246 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are major components of cellular membranes, and at steady-state level, their metabolic fluxes are tightly controlled. On challenge by external signals, they undergo rapid turnover, which substantially affects the biophysical properties of membrane lipid and protein compartments and, consequently, signaling and morphodynamics. In T cells, external cues translate into formation of membrane microdomains where proximal signaling platforms essential for metabolic reprograming and cytoskeletal reorganization are organized. This review will focus on sphingomyelinases, which mediate sphingomyelin breakdown and ensuing ceramide release that have been implicated in T-cell viability and function. Acting at the sphingomyelin pool at the extrafacial or cytosolic leaflet of cellular membranes, acid and neutral sphingomyelinases organize ceramide-enriched membrane microdomains that regulate T-cell homeostatic activity and, upon stimulation, compartmentalize receptors, membrane proximal signaling complexes, and cytoskeletal dynamics as essential for initiating T-cell motility and interaction with endothelia and antigen-presenting cells. Prominent examples to be discussed in this review include death receptor family members, integrins, CD3, and CD28 and their associated signalosomes. Progress made with regard to experimental tools has greatly aided our understanding of the role of bioactive sphingolipids in T-cell biology at a molecular level and of targets explored by a model pathogen (measles virus) to specifically interfere with their physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Nathalia de Lira
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Collenburg L, Schneider-Schaulies S, Avota E. The neutral sphingomyelinase 2 in T cell receptor signaling and polarity. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1147-1155. [PMID: 29337691 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
By hydrolyzing its substrate sphingomyelin at the cytosolic leaflet of cellular membranes, the neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (NSM2) generates microdomains which serve as docking sites for signaling proteins and thereby, functions to regulate signal relay. This has been particularly studied in cellular stress responses while the regulatory role of this enzyme in the immune cell compartment has only recently emerged. In T cells, phenotypic polarization by co-ordinated cytoskeletal remodeling is central to motility and interaction with endothelial or antigen-presenting cells during tissue recruitment or immune synapse formation, respectively. This review highlights studies adressing the role of NSM2 in T cell polarity in which the enzyme plays a major role in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Collenburg
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Albeituni S, Stiban J. Roles of Ceramides and Other Sphingolipids in Immune Cell Function and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:169-191. [PMID: 31562630 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are bioactive sphingolipids that support the structure of the plasma membrane and mediate numerous cell-signaling events in eukaryotic cells. The finding that ceramides act as second messengers transducing cellular signals has attracted substantial attention in several fields of Biology. Since all cells contain lipid plasma membranes, the impact of various ceramides, ceramide synthases, ceramide metabolites, and other sphingolipids has been implicated in a vast range of cellular functions including, migration, proliferation, response to external stimuli, and death. The roles of lipids in these functions widely differ among the diverse cell types. Herein, we discuss the roles of ceramides and other sphingolipids in mediating the function of various immune cells; particularly dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. In addition, we highlight the main studies describing effects of ceramides in inflammation, specifically in various inflammatory settings including insulin resistance, graft-versus-host disease, immune suppression in cancer, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin Albeituni
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine.
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11
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The role of sphingolipid metabolism disruption on lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 50:100-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Lallemand T, Rouahi M, Swiader A, Grazide MH, Geoffre N, Alayrac P, Recazens E, Coste A, Salvayre R, Nègre-Salvayre A, Augé N. nSMase2 (Type 2-Neutral Sphingomyelinase) Deficiency or Inhibition by GW4869 Reduces Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1479-1492. [PMID: 29794115 PMCID: PMC6039418 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial and inflammatory disease of large and medium arteries and the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how the nSMase2 (type 2-neutral sphingomyelinase), a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism, may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. APPROACH AND RESULTS The role of nSMase2 in atherosclerosis was investigated in Apoe-/-;Smpd3fro/fro mice, mutant for nSMase2, and in Apoe-/-;Smpd3+/+ mice intraperitoneally injected with GW4869, a pharmacological nSMase2 inhibitor. The defect or inhibition of nSMase2 resulted in a reduction of atherosclerotic lesions and a decrease in macrophage infiltration and lipid deposition, although cholesterolemia remained unchanged. nSMase2 inhibition decreased the inflammatory response of murine endothelial cells to oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), as assessed by the significant reduction of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) mRNA expressions and macrophage recruitment. Likewise, in RAW264.7 or in macrophages isolated from Apoe-/-/Smpd3fro/fro or Apoe-/-/Smpd3+/+ mice stimulated by lipopolysaccharides, nSMase2 inhibition resulted in a decrease in the expression of inflammatory molecules. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory response resulting from nSMase2 inhibition involves Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2 or NF-E2-related factor-2) activation in both endothelial cells and macrophages, as assessed by the lack of protective effect of GW4869 in endothelial cells silenced for Nrf2 by small interfering RNAs, and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages issued from Nrf2-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS The genetic deficiency or inhibition of nSMase2 strongly decreases the development of atherosclerotic lesions in Apoe-/- mice, by reducing inflammatory responses through a mechanism involving the Nrf2 pathway. Inhibitors of nSMase2 may, therefore, constitute a novel approach to slow down atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lallemand
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Myriam Rouahi
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Audrey Swiader
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Marie-Hélène Grazide
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Nancy Geoffre
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Paul Alayrac
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Emeline Recazens
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Agnès Coste
- PHARMA-DEV, IRD UMR 152, Toulouse, France (A.C.)
| | - Robert Salvayre
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Nathalie Augé
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.) .,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
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13
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Abstract
This review provides an overview on components of the sphingolipid superfamily, on their localization and metabolism. Information about the sphingolipid biological activity in cell physiopathology is given. Recent studies highlight the role of sphingolipids in inflammatory process. We summarize the emerging data that support the different roles of the sphingolipid members in specific phases of inflammation: (1) migration of immune cells, (2) recognition of exogenous agents, and (3) activation/differentiation of immune cells.
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14
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Zhang YZ, Liu F, Song CG, Cao XL, Zhang YF, Wu HN, Guo CJ, Li YQ, Zheng QJ, Zheng MH, Han H. Exosomes derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells promote neural stem cell expansion while maintain their stemness in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:892-898. [PMID: 29154990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neural stem cell (NSC) niche in subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mammalian brain contains dense vascular plexus, where endothelial cells (ECs) regulate NSCs by releasing plenty of angiocrine factors. However, the role of ECs-derived exosomes, a novel type of mediators of intercellular communications, in the regulation of NSCs remains unclear. In the current study, primary NSCs isolated from embryonic mouse brains form more neurospheres when cultured in the presence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The supportive role of ECs in the coculture was significantly attenuated when GW4869, a blocker of exosome formation, was included, suggesting that HUVECs-derived exosomes played a significant role in supporting NSCs. In order to investigate the role of ECs-derived exosomes on NSCs, we collected exosomes from HUVECs. We found that HUVECs-derived exosomes could significantly promote the formation of neurospheres by primary murine NSCs. EdU incorporation and TUNEL assays indicated that the proliferation of NSCs increased while apoptosis decreased when cultured in the presence of HUVECs-derived exosomes. NSCs incubated with the HUVECs-derived exosomes maintained their potential of multi-lineage differentiation potentials. The expression of stemness-related genes was up-regulated. These data suggested that ECs-derived exosomes could play an importantly role in NSC niche, and they might be used as a reagent for ex vivo NSC amplification for medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hai-Ning Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qi-Jun Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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15
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Menck K, Sönmezer C, Worst TS, Schulz M, Dihazi GH, Streit F, Erdmann G, Kling S, Boutros M, Binder C, Gross JC. Neutral sphingomyelinases control extracellular vesicles budding from the plasma membrane. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1378056. [PMID: 29184623 PMCID: PMC5699186 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1378056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane particles secreted from cells into all body fluids. Several EV populations exist differing in size and cellular origin. Using differential centrifugation EVs pelleting at 14,000 g ("microvesicles" (MV)) and 100,000 g ("exosomes") are distinguishable by protein markers. Neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) inhibition has been shown to inhibit exosome release from cells and has since been used to study their functional implications. How nSMases (also known as SMPD2 and SMPD3) affect the basal secretion of MVs is unclear. Here we investigated how SMPD2/3 impact both EV populations. SMPD2/3 inhibition by GW4869 or RNAi decreases secretion of exosomes, but also increases secretion of MVs from the plasma membrane. Both populations differ significantly in metabolite composition and Wnt proteins are specifically loaded onto MVs under these conditions. Taken together, our data reveal a novel regulatory function of SMPD2/3 in vesicle budding from the plasma membrane and clearly suggest that - despite the different vesicle biogenesis - the routes of vesicular export are adaptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- INSERM, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, UMR7258, and Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Can Sönmezer
- Hematology and Oncology/Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulz
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gry Helene Dihazi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frank Streit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Simon Kling
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Christina Gross
- Hematology and Oncology/Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Collenburg L, Beyersdorf N, Wiese T, Arenz C, Saied EM, Becker-Flegler KA, Schneider-Schaulies S, Avota E. The Activity of the Neutral Sphingomyelinase Is Important in T Cell Recruitment and Directional Migration. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1007. [PMID: 28871263 PMCID: PMC5566967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of sphingomyelin as catalyzed by the activity of sphingomyelinases profoundly affects biophysical properties of cellular membranes which is particularly important with regard to compartmentalization of surface receptors and their signaling relay. As it is activated both upon TCR ligation and co-stimulation in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, the neutral sphingomyelinase (NSM) has proven to be important in T cell activation, where it appears to play a particularly important role in cytoskeletal reorganization and cell polarization. Because these are important parameters in directional T cell migration and motility in tissues, we analyzed the role of the NSM in these processes. Pharmacological inhibition of NSM interfered with early lymph node homing of T cells in vivo indicating that the enzyme impacts on endothelial adhesion, transendothelial migration, sensing of chemokine gradients or, at a cellular level, acquisition of a polarized phenotype. NSM inhibition reduced adhesion of T cells to TNF-α/IFN-γ activated, but not resting endothelial cells, most likely via inhibiting high-affinity LFA-1 clustering. NSM activity proved to be highly important in directional T cell motility in response to SDF1-α, indicating that their ability to sense and translate chemokine gradients might be NSM dependent. In fact, pharmacological or genetic NSM ablation interfered with T cell polarization both at an overall morphological level and redistribution of CXCR4 and pERM proteins on endothelial cells or fibronectin, as well as with F-actin polymerization in response to SDF1-α stimulation, indicating that efficient directional perception and signaling relay depend on NSM activity. Altogether, these data support a central role of the NSM in T cell recruitment and migration both under homeostatic and inflamed conditions by regulating polarized redistribution of receptors and their coupling to the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Collenburg
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Wiese
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Institute for Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Essa M Saied
- Institute for Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | - Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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17
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Majumdar R, Tavakoli Tameh A, Parent CA. Exosomes Mediate LTB4 Release during Neutrophil Chemotaxis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002336. [PMID: 26741884 PMCID: PMC4704783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is secreted by chemotactic neutrophils, forming a secondary gradient that amplifies the reach of primary chemoattractants. This strategy increases the recruitment range for neutrophils and is important during inflammation. Here, we show that LTB4 and its synthesizing enzymes localize to intracellular multivesicular bodies that, upon stimulation, release their content as exosomes. Purified exosomes can activate resting neutrophils and elicit chemotactic activity in a LTB4 receptor-dependent manner. Inhibition of exosome release leads to loss of directional motility with concomitant loss of LTB4 release. Our findings establish that the exosomal pool of LTB4 acts in an autocrine fashion to sensitize neutrophils towards the primary chemoattractant, and in a paracrine fashion to mediate the recruitment of neighboring neutrophils in trans. We envision that this mechanism is used by other signals to foster communication between cells in harsh extracellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritankar Majumdar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aidin Tavakoli Tameh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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18
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Phosphatidic acid inhibits ceramide 1-phosphate-stimulated macrophage migration. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:642-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Shamseddine AA, Airola MV, Hannun YA. Roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 in cellular and pathological processes. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 57:24-41. [PMID: 25465297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of ceramide signaling has advanced tremendously over the past decade. In this review, we focus on the roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme that generates the bioactive lipid ceramide through the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin. A large body of work has now implicated nSMase2 in a diverse set of cellular functions, physiological processes, and disease pathologies. We discuss different aspects of this enzyme's regulation from transcriptional, post-translational, and biochemical. Furthermore, we highlight nSMase2 involvement in cellular processes including inflammatory signaling, exosome generation, cell growth, and apoptosis, which in turn play important roles in pathologies such as cancer metastasis, Alzheimer's disease, and other organ systems disorders. Lastly, we examine avenues where targeted nSMase2-inhibition may be clinically beneficial in disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf A Shamseddine
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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20
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Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. The role of sphingomyelin and sphingomyelin synthases in cell death, proliferation and migration—from cell and animal models to human disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:692-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Acute lung injury is a life-threatening disease that is characterized by pulmonary inflammation, loss of barrier functions, and hypoxemia. Sphingolipids are critically involved in the disease process that they can both expedite and extenuate: They expedite inflammation by promoting chemotaxis (neutral sphingomyelinase), increased endothelial permeability (acid sphingomyelinase, S1P3-receptors), increased epithelial permeability (S1P2- and S1P3-receptors), and delaying neutrophil apoptosis (neutral sphingomyelinase, S1P1-receptors). They extenuate inflammation by attenuating chemotaxis (S1P) and by stabilizing the endothelial and the epithelial barrier (S1P1-receptor). This chapter discusses the multiple roles and therapeutic options that sphingolipids offer with respect to acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uhlig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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22
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Yang Y, Uhlig S. The role of sphingolipids in respiratory disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2011; 5:325-44. [PMID: 21900155 DOI: 10.1177/1753465811406772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids form a broad class of lipids with diverse functions ranging from membrane constituents to intracellular second messengers and extracellular mediators. They can be rapidly generated or converted into each other and they play pivotal roles in various cellular processes, many of which are broadly associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Among the numerous sphingolipids, ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have received the greatest attention. Ceramide is a hydrophobic molecule that is increased in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ceramide is the eponym for ceramide-rich membrane platforms. that need to form as a prerequisite to the uptake of several microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and as a prerequisite to many signaling processes including apoptosis and increased vascular permeability. Accordingly, abnormal amounts of enzymes involved in the synthesis of ceramide, such as neutral or acid sphingomyelinase, are found in emphysematic smokers and in patients with severe sepsis, and are considered as novel pharmacological targets. S1P acts as an extracellular mediator that opposes several actions of ceramide and acts by binding to G-protein coupled S1P receptors (S1P(1)-S1P(5)). Of particular interest are S1P(1) receptors that enhance vascular barrier functions and are antiapoptotic. Therefore, S1P(1)-receptor ligands are suggested as novel drugs for COPD and acute lung injury. S1P is a potent chemotaxin for many leukocytes, it organizes lymphocyte trafficking and is involved in several key symptoms of asthma such as airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary eosinophil sequestration. S1P is formed by sphingosine kinases that have been identified as possible drug targets for the treatment of asthma. Based on these findings, several new drugs have recently been developed to specifically target sphingomyelinases, sphingosine kinases and S1P receptors for the treatment of COPD, cystic fibrosis, asthma and acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Blaho VA, Hla T. Regulation of mammalian physiology, development, and disease by the sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6299-320. [PMID: 21939239 PMCID: PMC3216694 DOI: 10.1021/cr200273u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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24
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Canals D, Perry DM, Jenkins RW, Hannun YA. Drug targeting of sphingolipid metabolism: sphingomyelinases and ceramidases. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:694-712. [PMID: 21615386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent a class of diverse bioactive lipid molecules that are increasingly appreciated as key modulators of diverse physiologic and pathophysiologic processes that include cell growth, cell death, autophagy, angiogenesis, and stress and inflammatory responses. Sphingomyelinases and ceramidases are key enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism that regulate the formation and degradation of ceramide, one of the most intensely studied classes of sphingolipids. Improved understanding of these enzymes that control not only the levels of ceramide but also the complex interconversion of sphingolipid metabolites has provided the foundation for the functional analysis of the roles of sphingolipids. Our current understanding of the roles of various sphingolipids in the regulation of different cellular processes has come from loss-of-function/gain-of-function studies utilizing genetic deletion/downregulation/overexpression of enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism (e.g. knockout animals, RNA interference) and from the use of pharmacologic inhibitors of these same enzymes. While genetic approaches to evaluate the functional roles of sphingolipid enzymes have been instrumental in advancing the field, the use of pharmacologic inhibitors has been equally important in identifying new roles for sphingolipids in important cellular processes.The latter also promises the development of novel therapeutic targets with implications for cancer therapy, inflammation, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we focus on the status and use of pharmacologic compounds that inhibit sphingomyelinases and ceramidases, and we will review the history, current uses and future directions for various small molecule inhibitors, and will highlight studies in which inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes have been used to effectively treat models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Canals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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25
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Clark AJ, Romero R, Petty HR. Improved detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oscillations within human neutrophils. Cytometry A 2010; 77:976-82. [PMID: 21290472 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic studies of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate autofluorescence have been conducted in adherent neutrophils using an improved microscopic photometry system incorporating low noise excitation and detection systems. Dynamic autofluorescence oscillations were found with periods ranging from ∼4 min to ∼10 s. The largest portion of the population of oscillating neutrophils (32%) had periods near 2 min. The next largest group at 25% exhibited periods of 1 min or less. These oscillations could not be accounted for by instrument artifacts, cell shape changes away from the focal plane, or other factors. They disappeared when detergent was added to oscillating cells. Higher-frequency oscillations disappeared as cells changed shape, indicating a correlation between these two processes. This approach provides a reliable method to monitor this cellular property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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