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McCluskey ES, Liu N, Pandey A, Marchetti N, Kelsen SG, Sajjan US. Quercetin improves epithelial regeneration from airway basal cells of COPD patients. Respir Res 2024; 25:120. [PMID: 38468259 PMCID: PMC10926630 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway basal cells (BC) from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) regenerate abnormal airway epithelium and this was associated with reduced expression of several genes involved in epithelial repair. Quercetin reduces airway epithelial remodeling and inflammation in COPD models, therefore we examined whether quercetin promotes normal epithelial regeneration from COPD BC by altering gene expression. METHODS COPD BC treated with DMSO or 1 µM quercetin for three days were cultured at air/liquid interface (ALI) for up to 4 weeks. BC from healthy donors cultured at ALI were used as controls. Polarization of cells was determined at 8 days of ALI. The cell types and IL-8 expression in differentiated cell cultures were quantified by flow cytometry and ELISA respectively. Microarray analysis was conducted on DMSO or 1 µM quercetin-treated COPD BC for 3 days to identify differentially regulated genes (DEG). Bronchial brushings obtained from COPD patients with similar age and disease status treated with either placebo (4 subjects) or 2000 mg/day quercetin (7 subjects) for 6 months were used to confirm the effects of quercetin on gene expression. RESULTS Compared to placebo-, quercetin-treated COPD BC showed significantly increased transepithelial resistance, more ciliated cells, fewer goblet cells, and lower IL-8. Quercetin upregulated genes associated with tissue and epithelial development and differentiation in COPD BC. COPD patients treated with quercetin, but not placebo showed increased expression of two developmental genes HOXB2 and ELF3, which were also increased in quercetin-treated COPD BC with FDR < 0.001. Active smokers showed increased mRNA expression of TGF-β (0.067) and IL-8 (22.0), which was reduced by 3.6 and 4.14 fold respectively after quercetin treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that quercetin may improve airway epithelial regeneration by increasing the expression of genes involved in epithelial development/differentiation in COPD. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 6-18-2019. The study number is NCT03989271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S McCluskey
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis-Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nathan Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis-Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Abhimaneu Pandey
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis-Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nathaniel Marchetti
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Steven G Kelsen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Umadevi S Sajjan
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis-Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Lewis-Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Spector C, De Sanctis CM, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White CJ. Rhinovirus induces airway remodeling: what are the physiological consequences? Respir Res 2023; 24:238. [PMID: 37773065 PMCID: PMC10540383 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus infections commonly evoke asthma exacerbations in children and adults. Recurrent asthma exacerbations are associated with injury-repair responses in the airways that collectively contribute to airway remodeling. The physiological consequences of airway remodeling can manifest as irreversible airway obstruction and diminished responsiveness to bronchodilators. Structural cells of the airway, including epithelial cells, smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and adjacent lung vascular endothelial cells represent an understudied and emerging source of cellular and extracellular soluble mediators and matrix components that contribute to airway remodeling in a rhinovirus-evoked inflammatory environment. MAIN BODY While mechanistic pathways associated with rhinovirus-induced airway remodeling are still not fully characterized, infected airway epithelial cells robustly produce type 2 cytokines and chemokines, as well as pro-angiogenic and fibroblast activating factors that act in a paracrine manner on neighboring airway cells to stimulate remodeling responses. Morphological transformation of structural cells in response to rhinovirus promotes remodeling phenotypes including induction of mucus hypersecretion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Rhinovirus exposure elicits airway hyperresponsiveness contributing to irreversible airway obstruction. This obstruction can occur as a consequence of sub-epithelial thickening mediated by smooth muscle migration and myofibroblast activity, or through independent mechanisms mediated by modulation of the β2 agonist receptor activation and its responsiveness to bronchodilators. Differential cellular responses emerge in response to rhinovirus infection that predispose asthmatic individuals to persistent signatures of airway remodeling, including exaggerated type 2 inflammation, enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and robust production of pro-angiogenic mediators. CONCLUSIONS Few therapies address symptoms of rhinovirus-induced airway remodeling, though understanding the contribution of structural cells to these processes may elucidate future translational targets to alleviate symptoms of rhinovirus-induced exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Spector
- Rutgers Institute for Translation Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Camden M De Sanctis
- Rutgers Institute for Translation Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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McCluskey ES, Liu N, Pandey A, Marchetti N, Sajjan U. Quercetin improves epithelial regeneration from airway basal cells of COPD patients. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3185241. [PMID: 37546740 PMCID: PMC10402257 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3185241/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Airway basal cells from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) regenerate abnormal airway epithelium and this was associated with reduced expression of several genes involved in epithelial repair. Quercetin reduces goblet cell metaplasia and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in COPD models. This study assessed whether quercetin improves epithelial regeneration from COPD airway basal cells. Methods COPD airway basal cells were treated with DMSO or 1 μM quercetin for three days. The cells were then cultured at air/liquid interface (ALI) for up to 4 weeks. Basal cells from healthy donors cultured at air/liquid interface were used as controls. Polarization of cells was determined at 8 days of ALI. The cell types and IL-8 expression in differentiated cell cultures were quantified by flow cytometry and ELISA. Microarray analysis was conducted on DMSO or quercetin-treated COPD basal cells to identify differentially regulated genes (DEG) and the enriched biological pathways. Bronchial brushings from COPD patients treated with either placebo or quercetin for 6 months were used to confirm the effects of quercetin on gene expression. Results Compared to DMSO, quercetin-treated COPD basal cells showed an increase in TER and regenerated the airway epithelium with more ciliated cells, and less goblet cells and IL-8. Comparison of DMSO- and quercetin-treated COPD basal cell transcriptomic profiles indicated that quercetin upregulated genes associated with tissue and epithelial development and differentiation. COPD patients treated with quercetin, but not placebo showed significantly increased expression of two developmental genes HOXB2 and ELF3, which were also increased in quercetin-treated COPD basal cells. Bronchial brushings from active smokers showed significantly increased mRNA expression of TGF-β and IL-8, and it was reduced after quercetin treatment. Conclusions These results indicate that quercetin may improve airway epithelial regeneration by increasing the expression of genes involved in epithelial development/differentiation in COPD. Trial registration This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 6-18-2019. The study number is NCT03989271.
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Airway Epithelial Cell Junctions as Targets for Pathogens and Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122619. [PMID: 36559113 PMCID: PMC9786141 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular contacts between epithelial cells are established and maintained by the apical junctional complexes (AJCs). AJCs conserve cell polarity and build epithelial barriers to pathogens, inhaled allergens, and environmental particles in the respiratory tract. AJCs consist of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the airway barrier. Emerging evidence has shown that different microorganisms cause airway barrier dysfunction by targeting TJ and AJ proteins. This review discusses the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which several microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) lead to the disruption of AJCs in airway epithelial cells. We present recent progress in understanding signaling pathways involved in the formation and regulation of cell junctions. We also summarize the potential chemical inhibitors and pharmacological approaches to restore the integrity of the airway epithelial barrier. Understanding the AJCs-pathogen interactions and mechanisms by which microorganisms target the AJC and impair barrier function may further help design therapeutic innovations to treat these infections.
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Shah SA, Ishinaga H, Takeuchi K. Distinct Secretion of MUC5AC and MUC5B in Upper and Lower Chronic Airway Diseases. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human airway is protected by a defensive mucus barrier. The most prominent components of mucus are the mucin glycoproteins MUC5AC and MUC5B. They are produced by goblet cells and submucosal gland cells in the upper and lower airways. Hyperplasia of these cells and hypersecretion of MUC5AC and MUC5B characterize chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower airways. Recent studies have revealed that MUC5AC and MUC5B are expressed at specific sites in the respiratory tract through different molecular mechanisms and have distinct functions. Morphometric and histochemical studies have also examined the roles of goblet cells, submucosal gland cells, MUC5AC, and MUC5B in different chronic airway diseases individually. The individual study of goblet cells, submucosal gland cells, MUC5AC, and MUC5B in airway diseases would be helpful for precisely diagnosing chronic inflammatory diseases of the airway and establishing optimal treatments. This review focuses on the distinct secretion of MUC5AC and MUC5B and their producing cells in chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower airway.
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Yuksel H, Ocalan M, Yilmaz O. E-Cadherin: An Important Functional Molecule at Respiratory Barrier Between Defence and Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:720227. [PMID: 34671272 PMCID: PMC8521047 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.720227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While breathing, many microorganisms, harmful environmental particles, allergens, and environmental pollutants enter the human airways. The human respiratory tract is lined with epithelial cells that act as a functional barrier to these harmful factors and provide homeostasis between external and internal environment. Intercellular epithelial junctional proteins play a role in the formation of the barrier. E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent adhesion molecule and one of the most important molecules involved in intercellular epithelial barier formation. E-cadherin is not only physical barrier element but also regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and the immune response to environmental noxious agents through various transcription factors. In this study, we aimed to review the role of E-cadherin in the formation of airway epithelial barier, its status as a result of exposure to various environmental triggers, and respiratory diseases associated with its dysfunction. Moreover, the situations in which its abnormal activation can be noxious would be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Yuksel
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Merve Ocalan
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ozge Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Abstract
The apical junctional complexes (AJCs) of airway epithelial cells are a key component of the innate immune system by creating barriers to pathogens, inhaled allergens, and environmental particles. AJCs form between adjacent cells and consist of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). Respiratory viruses have been shown to target various components of the AJCs, leading to airway epithelial barrier dysfunction by different mechanisms. Virus-induced epithelial permeability may allow for allergens and bacterial pathogens to subsequently invade. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to disruption of AJCs and the potential ensuing ramifications. We focus on the following viruses that affect the pulmonary system: respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza viruses, immunodeficiency virus, and other viruses such as coxsackievirus, adenovirus, coronaviruses, measles, parainfluenza virus, bocavirus, and vaccinia virus. Understanding the mechanisms by which viruses target the AJC and impair barrier function may help design therapeutic innovations to treat these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra T Linfield
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahyar Aghapour
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Roth M, Sun Q, Tamm M. Up-Regulated Vitamin D Receptor by Pelargonium sidoides Extract EPs ® 7630 Contributes to Rhinovirus Defense in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020172. [PMID: 33671804 PMCID: PMC7926416 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
EPs®7630, extracted from Pelargonium sidoides, reduces the severity of viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D also improves anti-viral host defense through similar signaling pathways. This study assessed if EPs®7630 modifies vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and function by human bronchial epithelial cells. Bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with EPs®7630 over 48 h before calcitriol stimulation and/or infection with Rhinovirus (RV)-16. Protein expression was determined by Western-blotting. Intracellular signaling of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) was studied by chemical inhibitors. The anti-viral effect was assessed by immunofluorescence for RV-16 protein. EPs®7630 upregulated VDR expression through Erk1/2 MAPK and thereby increased the cell's sensitivity to calcitriol. Compared ton untreated cells, the shift of the VDR into the nucleus at 5.3 times lower calcitriol concentration. EPs®7630 increased Erk1/2 MAPK signaling, but reduced p38 phosphorylation, and had no effect on Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). EPs®7630 improved the anti-viral effect of vitamin D on RV-16 infection by 2.1 folds compared to vitamin D alone or to untreated cells. Furthermore, EPs®7630 improved the differentiation of epithelial cells by upregulating E-cadherin expression through Erk1/2. In conclusion, EPs®7630 increased host defense against Rhinovirus infection by upregulating the VDR and the differentiation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roth
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Pneumology, Department Biomedicine & Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (Q.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-265-2337
| | - Qingzhu Sun
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Pneumology, Department Biomedicine & Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (Q.S.); (M.T.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Michael Tamm
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Pneumology, Department Biomedicine & Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (Q.S.); (M.T.)
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Pineau F, Shumyatsky G, Owuor N, Nalamala N, Kotnala S, Bolla S, Marchetti N, Kelsen S, Criner GJ, Sajjan US. Microarray analysis identifies defects in regenerative and immune response pathways in COPD airway basal cells. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00656-2020. [PMID: 33313308 PMCID: PMC7720690 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00656-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Airway basal cells are specialised stem cells and regenerate airway epithelium. Airway basal cells isolated from patients with COPD regenerate airway epithelium with an abnormal phenotype. We performed gene expression analysis to gain insights into the defective regenerative programme in COPD basal cells. Methods We conducted microarray analysis and compared COPD versus normal basal cells to identify differentially regulated genes (DEGs) and the enriched biological pathways. We determined the correlation of DEGs with cell polarisation and markers of ciliated and goblet cells. HOXB2 was knocked down in 16HBE14o− cells and monitored for polarisation of cells. HOXB2 expression in the lung sections was determined by immunofluorescence. Results Comparison of normal and COPD basal cell transcriptomic profiles highlighted downregulation of genes associated with tissue development, epithelial cell differentiation and antimicrobial humoral response. Expression of one of the tissue development genes, HOXB2 showed strong correlation with transepithelial resistance and this gene was downregulated in COPD basal cells. Knockdown of HOXB2, abrogated polarisation of epithelial cells in normal cells. Finally, HOXB2 expression was substantially reduced in the bronchial epithelium of COPD patients. Conclusions Defect in gene signatures involved in tissue development and epithelial differentiation were implicated in COPD basal cells. One of the tissue developmental genes, HOXB2, is substantially reduced in bronchial epithelium of COPD patients. Since HOXB2 contributes to airway epithelial cell polarisation, we speculate that reduced expression of HOXB2 in COPD may contribute to abnormal airway epithelial regeneration in COPD. COPD airway basal cells show downregulation of gene sets that are involved in intercellular junctions, epithelial differentiation and immune responses, highlighting the possible mechanisms of defective airway epithelial repair in COPDhttps://bit.ly/3kneloj
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Pineau
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nicole Owuor
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nisha Nalamala
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sudhir Kotnala
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sudhir Bolla
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Marchetti
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Kelsen
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Uma S Sajjan
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Dept of Physiology, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Huang ZQ, Liu J, Ong HH, Yuan T, Zhou XM, Wang J, Tan KS, Chow VT, Yang QT, Shi L, Ye J, Wang DY. Interleukin-13 Alters Tight Junction Proteins Expression Thereby Compromising Barrier Function and Dampens Rhinovirus Induced Immune Responses in Nasal Epithelium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:572749. [PMID: 33102478 PMCID: PMC7546404 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.572749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular structures which are essential for epithelial barrier function and play an important role in antimicrobial defense. Epithelium dysfunction and type-2-skewed inflammation are two main pathological phenomena of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the effect of pro-inflammatory type-2 cytokine IL-13 on TJs in CRSwNP is poorly understood. Nasal biopsies of CRSwNP patients and in vitro IL-13-matured human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) were used to analyze epithelial markers and TJ proteins. Epithelium permeability, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), expression of TJs were quantified for IL-13-matured hNECs and that with RV infection. The expression of occludin, claudin-3, and ZO-1 were significantly decreased in CRSwNP biopsies and in hNECs after IL-13 treatment. IL-13 treatment increased epithelium permeability, decreased TEER and altered hNECs composition resulting in lesser ciliated cells and mucus over-secretion. Interestingly, claudin-3 is selectively expressed on ciliated cells. While RV infection induced minimal changes to TJs, the IL-13-matured hNECs has reduced capacity for upregulation of IFN-λ1 and CXCL10 but further increased the expression of TSLP upon RV infection. These findings suggested that IL-13-mediated dysfunction of TJs and compromised epithelial barrier. IL-13-induced cilia loss conferred lowered viral replication and impaired antiviral responses of nasal epithelium against RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qun Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Min Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- NUHS Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qin-Tai Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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Ganjian H, Rajput C, Elzoheiry M, Sajjan U. Rhinovirus and Innate Immune Function of Airway Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:277. [PMID: 32637363 PMCID: PMC7316886 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells, which lines the respiratory mucosa is in direct contact with the environment. Airway epithelial cells are the primary target for rhinovirus and other inhaled pathogens. In response to rhinovirus infection, airway epithelial cells mount both pro-inflammatory responses and antiviral innate immune responses to clear the virus efficiently. Some of the antiviral responses include the expression of IFNs, endoplasmic reticulum stress induced unfolded protein response and autophagy. Airway epithelial cells also recruits other innate immune cells to establish antiviral state and resolve the inflammation in the lungs. In patients with chronic lung disease, these responses may be either defective or induced in excess leading to deficient clearing of virus and sustained inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying antiviral innate immunity and the dysregulation of some of these mechanisms in patients with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Ganjian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manal Elzoheiry
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Umadevi Sajjan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Responds to Virus-Infected Cells with a Significant Increase in Type IV Pilus Expression. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00384-20. [PMID: 32461275 PMCID: PMC7253600 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00384-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the predominant bacterial causative agent of many chronic and recurrent diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. NTHI-induced chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and exacerbations of cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease often develop during or just after an upper respiratory tract viral infection. We have developed a vaccine candidate immunogen for NTHI-induced diseases that targets the majority subunit (PilA) of the type IV twitching pilus (T4P), which NTHI uses to adhere to respiratory tract epithelial cells and that also plays a role in disease. Here, we showed that NTHI cocultured with virus-infected respiratory tract epithelial cells express significantly more of the vaccine-targeted T4P than NTHI that encounters mock-infected (healthy) cells. These results strongly suggest that a vaccine strategy that targets the NTHI T4P will be effective under the most common predisposing condition: when the human host has a respiratory tract virus infection. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) colonizes the human nasopharynx, but when the host immune response is dysregulated by upper respiratory tract (URT) virus infection, NTHI can gain access to more distal airway sites and cause disease. The NTHI type IV pilus (T4P) facilitates adherence, benign colonization, and infection, and its majority subunit PilA is in clinical trials as a vaccinogen. To further validate the strategy of immunization with PilA against multiple NTHI-induced diseases, it is important to demonstrate T4P expression under microenvironmental conditions that predispose to NTHI infection of the airway. Because URT infection commonly facilitates NTHI-induced diseases, we examined the influence of ongoing virus infection of respiratory tract epithelial cells on NTHI T4P expression in vitro. Polarized primary human airway epithelial cells (HAEs) were sequentially inoculated with one of three common URT viruses, followed by NTHI. Use of a reporter construct revealed that NTHI upregulated pilA promoter activity when cultured with HAEs infected with adenovirus (AV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or rhinovirus (RV) versus that in mock-infected HAEs. Consistent with these results, pilA expression and relative PilA/pilin abundance, as assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot, respectively, were also significantly increased when NTHI was cultured with virus-infected HAEs. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that under conditions of URT virus infection, PilA vaccinogen induction of T4P-directed antibodies is likely to be highly effective against multiple NTHI-induced diseases by interfering with T4P-mediated adherence. We hypothesize that this outcome could thereby limit or prevent the increased load of NTHI in the nasopharynx that characteristically precedes these coinfections. IMPORTANCE Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the predominant bacterial causative agent of many chronic and recurrent diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. NTHI-induced chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and exacerbations of cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease often develop during or just after an upper respiratory tract viral infection. We have developed a vaccine candidate immunogen for NTHI-induced diseases that targets the majority subunit (PilA) of the type IV twitching pilus (T4P), which NTHI uses to adhere to respiratory tract epithelial cells and that also plays a role in disease. Here, we showed that NTHI cocultured with virus-infected respiratory tract epithelial cells express significantly more of the vaccine-targeted T4P than NTHI that encounters mock-infected (healthy) cells. These results strongly suggest that a vaccine strategy that targets the NTHI T4P will be effective under the most common predisposing condition: when the human host has a respiratory tract virus infection.
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Frey A, Lunding LP, Ehlers JC, Weckmann M, Zissler UM, Wegmann M. More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32411147 PMCID: PMC7198799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchial asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that is characterized by symptoms like respiratory distress, chest tightness, wheezing, productive cough, and acute episodes of broncho-obstruction. This symptom-complex arises on the basis of chronic allergic inflammation of the airway wall. Consequently, the airway epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of this disease, because its multiple abilities directly have an impact on the inflammatory response and thus the formation of the disease. In turn, its structure and functions are markedly impaired by the inflammation. Hence, the airway epithelium represents a sealed, self-cleaning barrier, that prohibits penetration of inhaled allergens, pathogens, and other noxious agents into the body. This barrier is covered with mucus that further contains antimicrobial peptides and antibodies that are either produced or specifically transported by the airway epithelium in order to trap these particles and to remove them from the body by a process called mucociliary clearance. Once this first line of defense of the lung is overcome, airway epithelial cells are the first cells to get in contact with pathogens, to be damaged or infected. Therefore, these cells release a plethora of chemokines and cytokines that not only induce an acute inflammatory reaction but also have an impact on the alignment of the following immune reaction. In case of asthma, all these functions are impaired by the already existing allergic immune response that per se weakens the barrier integrity and self-cleaning abilities of the airway epithelium making it more vulnerable to penetration of allergens as well as of infection by bacteria and viruses. Recent studies indicate that the history of allergy- and pathogen-derived insults can leave some kind of memory in these cells that can be described as imprinting or trained immunity. Thus, the airway epithelium is in the center of processes that lead to formation, progression and acute exacerbation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostics, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars P Lunding
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Johanna C Ehlers
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Children's Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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Xander N, Reddy Vari H, Eskandar R, Li W, Bolla S, Marchetti N, Sajjan US. Rhinovirus-Induced SIRT-1 via TLR2 Regulates Subsequent Type I and Type III IFN Responses in Airway Epithelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2508-2519. [PMID: 31548332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IFN responses to viral infection are necessary to establish intrinsic antiviral state, but if unchecked can lead to heightened inflammation. Recently, we showed that TLR2 activation contributes to limitation of rhinovirus (RV)-induced IFN response in the airway epithelial cells. We also demonstrated that compared with normal airway epithelial cells, those from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show higher IFN responses to RV, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Initially, RV-induced IFN responses depend on dsRNA receptor activation and then are amplified via IFN-stimulated activation of JAK/STAT signaling. In this study, we show that in normal cells, TLR2 limits RV-induced IFN responses by attenuating STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation and this was associated with TLR2-dependent SIRT-1 expression. Further, inhibition of SIRT-1 enhanced RV-induced IFN responses, and this was accompanied by increased STAT1/STAT2 phosphorylation, indicating that TLR2 may limit RV-induced IFN responses via SIRT-1. COPD airway epithelial cells showed attenuated IL-8 responses to TLR2 agonist despite expressing TLR2 similar to normal, indicating dysregulation in TLR2 signaling pathway. Unlike normal, COPD cells failed to show RV-induced TLR2-dependent SIRT-1 expression. Pretreatment with quercetin, which increases SIRT-1 expression, normalized RV-induced IFN levels in COPD airway epithelial cells. Inhibition of SIRT-1 in quercetin-pretreated COPD cells abolished the normalizing effects of quercetin on RV-induced IFN expression in these cells, confirming that quercetin exerts its effect via SIRT-1. In summary, we show that TLR2 is required for limiting RV-induced IFNs, and this pathway is dysregulated in COPD airway epithelial cells, leading to exaggerated IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Xander
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Hymavathi Reddy Vari
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Rewees Eskandar
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Wuyan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Sudhir Bolla
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Nathaniel Marchetti
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Umadevi S Sajjan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and .,Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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15
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Sokolowska M, Quesniaux VFJ, Akdis CA, Chung KF, Ryffel B, Togbe D. Acute Respiratory Barrier Disruption by Ozone Exposure in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2169. [PMID: 31608051 PMCID: PMC6758598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone exposure causes irritation, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), inflammation of the airways, and destruction of alveoli (emphysema), the gas exchange area of the lung in human and mice. This review focuses on the acute disruption of the respiratory epithelial barrier in mice. A single high dose ozone exposure (1 ppm for 1 h) causes first a break of the bronchiolar epithelium within 2 h with leak of serum proteins in the broncho-alveolar space, disruption of epithelial tight junctions and cell death, which is followed at 6 h by ROS activation, AHR, myeloid cell recruitment, and remodeling. High ROS levels activate a novel PGAM5 phosphatase dependent cell-death pathway, called oxeiptosis. Bronchiolar cell wall damage and inflammation upon a single ozone exposure are reversible. However, chronic ozone exposure leads to progressive and irreversible loss of alveolar epithelial cells and alveoli with reduced gas exchange space known as emphysema. It is further associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the lung, resembling other environmental pollutants and cigarette smoke in pathogenesis of asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we review recent data on the mechanisms of ozone induced injury on the different cell types and pathways with a focus on the role of the IL-1 family cytokines and the related IL-33. The relation of chronic ozone exposure induced lung disease with asthma and COPD and the fact that ozone exacerbates asthma and COPD is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Valerie F J Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airways Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | - Dieudonnée Togbe
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, Orléans, France.,ArtImmune SAS, Artinem, Orléans, France
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16
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17
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Toll-Like Receptor Agonists Modulate Wound Regeneration in Airway Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082456. [PMID: 30127243 PMCID: PMC6121421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Impaired regeneration of airway epithelium may lead to persistence of inflammation and remodelling. Regeneration of injured epithelium is a complex phenomenon and the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the stimulation of respiratory virus products in this process has not been established. Objective: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the wound repair process in airway epithelium is modulated by microbial products via toll-like receptors. Methods: Injured and not-injured bronchial epithelial cells (ECs) (BEAS-2B line) were incubated with the TLR agonists poly(I:C), lipopolisacharide (LPS), allergen Der p1, and supernatants from virus-infected epithelial cells, either alone or in combination with TLR inhibitors. Regeneration and immune response in injured and not-injured cells were studied. Results: Addition of either poly(I:C) or LPS to ECs induced a marked inhibition of wound repair. Supernatants from RV1b-infected cells also decreased regeneration. Preincubation of injured and not-injured ECs with TLR inhibitors decreased LPS and poly(I:C)-induced repair inhibition. TGF-β and RANTES mRNA expression was higher in injured ECs and IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-8, and VEGF mRNA expression was lower in damaged epithelium as compared to not-injured. Stimulation with poly(I:C) increased IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA expression in injured cells, and LPS stimulation decreased interferons mRNA expression both in not-injured and injured ECs. Conclusion: Regeneration of the airway epithelium is modulated by microbial products via toll-like receptors.
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18
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Haag P, Sharma H, Rauh M, Zimmermann T, Vuorinen T, Papadopoulos NG, Weiss ST, Finotto S. Soluble ST2 regulation by rhinovirus and 25(OH)-vitamin D3 in the blood of asthmatic children. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:207-220. [PMID: 29645082 PMCID: PMC6046486 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric asthma exacerbations are often caused by rhinovirus (RV). Moreover, 25(OH)-vitamin D3 (VitD3) deficiency during infancy was found associated with asthma. Here, we investigated the innate immune responses to RV and their possible modulation by 25(OH)-VitD3 serum levels in a preschool cohort of children with and without asthma. The innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2)-associated marker, ST2, was found up-regulated in the blood cells of asthmatic children with low serum levels of 25(OH)-VitD3 in the absence of RV in their airways. Furthermore, in blood cells from control and asthmatic children with RV in their airways, soluble (s) ST2 (sST2) protein was found reduced. Asthmatic children with low 25(OH)-VitD3 in serum and with RV in vivo in their airways at the time of the analysis had the lowest sST2 protein levels in the peripheral blood compared to control children without RV and high levels of 25(OH)-VitD3. Amphiregulin (AREG), another ILC2-associated marker, was found induced in the control children with RV in their airways and low serum levels of 25(OH)-VitD3. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory soluble form of ST2, also known as sST2, in serum correlated directly with interleukin (IL)-33 in the airways of asthmatic children. Furthermore, RV colonization in the airways and low serum levels of 25(OH)-VitD3 were found to be associated with down-regulation of sST2 in serum in paediatric asthma. These data indicate a counter-regulatory role of 25(OH)-VitD3 on RV-induced down-regulation of serum sST2 in paediatric asthma, which is relevant for the therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Haag
- Department of Molecular PneumologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - H. Sharma
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized MedicineCambridgeMAUSA
| | - M. Rauh
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's HospitalFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - T. Zimmermann
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's HospitalFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - T. Vuorinen
- Department of VirologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - N. G. Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and KapodistriaUniversity of AthensAthensGreece
| | - S. T. Weiss
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized MedicineCambridgeMAUSA
| | - S. Finotto
- Department of Molecular PneumologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
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19
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Jing Y, Gimenes JA, Mishra R, Pham D, Comstock AT, Yu D, Sajjan U. NOTCH3 contributes to rhinovirus-induced goblet cell hyperplasia in COPD airway epithelial cells. Thorax 2018; 74:18-32. [PMID: 29991510 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) is one of the cardinal features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and contributes to airways obstruction. Rhinovirus (RV), which causes acute exacerbations in patients with COPD, also causes prolonged airways obstruction. Previously, we showed that RV enhances mucin gene expression and increases goblet cell number in a COPD mouse model. This study examines whether RV causes sustained GCH in relevant models of COPD. METHODS Mucociliary-differentiated COPD and normal airway epithelial cell cultures and mice with normal or COPD phenotype were infected with RV or sham and examined for GCH by immunofluorescence and/or mucin gene expression. In some experiments, RV-infected COPD cells and mice with COPD phenotype were treated with γ-secretase inhibitor or interleukin-13 neutralising antibody and assessed for GCH. To determine the contribution of NOTCH1/3 in RV-induced GCH, COPD cells transduced with NOTCH1/3 shRNA were used. RESULTS RV-infected COPD, but not normal cell cultures, showed sustained GCH and increased mucin genes expression. Microarray analysis indicated increased expression of NOTCH1, NOTCH3 and HEY1 only in RV-infected COPD cells. Blocking NOTCH3, but not NOTCH1, attenuated RV-induced GCH in vitro. Inhibition of NOTCH signalling by γ-secretase inhibitor, but not neutralising antibody to IL-13, abrogated RV-induced GCH and mucin gene expression. CONCLUSIONS RV induces sustained GCH via NOTCH3 particularly in COPD cells or mice with COPD phenotype. This may be one of the mechanisms that may contribute to RV-induced prolonged airways obstruction in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxun Jing
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joao Antonio Gimenes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Duc Pham
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Adam T Comstock
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Umadevi Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Looi K, Buckley AG, Rigby PJ, Garratt LW, Iosifidis T, Zosky GR, Larcombe AN, Lannigan FJ, Ling KM, Martinovich KM, Kicic-Starcevich E, Shaw NC, Sutanto EN, Knight DA, Kicic A, Stick SM. Effects of human rhinovirus on epithelial barrier integrity and function in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:513-524. [PMID: 29350877 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial tight junctions (TJ) have been extensively assessed in healthy airway epithelium. However, no studies have yet assessed the effect of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection on the expression and resultant barrier function in epithelial tight junctions (TJ) in childhood asthma. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of HRV infection on airway epithelial TJ expression and barrier function in airway epithelial cells (AECs) of children with and without asthma. Furthermore, to test the hypothesis that barrier integrity and function is compromised to a greater extent by HRV in AECs from asthmatic children. METHODS Primary AECs were obtained from children with and without asthma, differentiated into air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures and infected with rhinovirus. Expression of claudin-1, occludin and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) was assessed via qPCR, immunocytochemistry (ICC), in-cell western (ICW) and confocal microscopy. Barrier function was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER; RT ) and permeability to fluorescent dextran. RESULTS Basal TJ gene expression of claudin-1 and occludin was significantly upregulated in asthmatic children compared to non-asthmatics; however, no difference was seen with ZO-1. Interestingly, claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1 protein expression was significantly reduced in AEC of asthmatic children compared to non-asthmatic controls suggesting possible post-transcriptional inherent differences. HRV infection resulted in a transient dissociation of TJ and airway barrier integrity in non-asthmatic children. Although similar dissociation of TJ was observed in asthmatic children, a significant and sustained reduction in TJ expression concurrent with both a significant decrease in TER and an increase in permeability in asthmatic children was observed. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates novel intrinsic differences in TJ gene and protein expression between AEC of children with and without asthma. Furthermore, it correlates directly the relationship between HRV infection and the resultant dissociation of epithelial TJ that causes a continued altered barrier function in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Looi
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - A G Buckley
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - P J Rigby
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - L W Garratt
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - T Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - G R Zosky
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hohart, TAS, Australia
| | - A N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - F J Lannigan
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Notre Dame University, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - K-M Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - K M Martinovich
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - E Kicic-Starcevich
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - N C Shaw
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - E N Sutanto
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Kicic
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S M Stick
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
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Gon Y, Hashimoto S. Role of airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in pathogenesis of asthma. Allergol Int 2018; 67:12-17. [PMID: 28941636 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is characterized by persistent cough, increased sputum, and repeated wheezing. The pathophysiology underlying these symptoms is the hyper-responsiveness of the airway along with chronic airway inflammation. Repeated injury, repair, and regeneration of the airway epithelium following exposure to environmental factors and inflammation results in histological changes and functional abnormalities in the airway mucosal epithelium; such changes are believed to have a significant association with the pathophysiology of asthma. Damage to the barrier functions of the airway epithelium enhances mucosal permeability of foreign substances in the airway epithelium of patients with asthma. Thus, epithelial barrier fragility is closely involved in releasing epithelial cytokines (e.g., TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33) because of the activation of airway epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and innate group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). Functional abnormalities of the airway epithelial cells along with the activation of dendritic cells, Th2 cells, and ILC2 form a single immunopathological unit that is considered to cause allergic airway inflammation. Here we use the latest published literature to discuss the potential pathological mechanisms regarding the onset and progressive severity of asthma with regard to the disruption of the airway epithelial function.
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22
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Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation. It is a global disease and expected to be the third leading cause of death. Respiratory exacerbations are associated with increased mortality and morbidity in this patient population. Respiratory viruses were isolated from at least 30 to 50% of the infectious respiratory COPD exacerbations with rhinovirus being most commonly isolated pathogen. Although rhinovirus does not cause airway epithelial damage like influenza and other respiratory viruses, it may further impair innate immunity of airway epithelium, which is the first line of defense in the lungs. This may increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections leading to progression of lung disease. Currently, there arc no therapies available to treat rhinovirus infection in COPD and therefore understanding the mechanisms underlying RV pathogenesis in COPD is essential to identify molecular target to develop new therapeutic strategies. Quercetin, a plant polyphenol, which modulates innate immunity and effectively blocks viral replication may be useful in treating rhinovirus associated COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Owuor
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nisha Nalamala
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joao Antonio Gimenes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Uma S Sajjan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Yang J, Shaykhiev R. Reply: Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: A Necessary New Therapeutic Target in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017. [PMID: 28640654 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201705-0981le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- 1 West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu, China and
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24
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Minor DM, Proud D. Role of human rhinovirus in triggering human airway epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Respir Res 2017; 18:110. [PMID: 28558698 PMCID: PMC5450126 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structural changes in the airways, collectively referred to as airway remodeling, are a characteristic feature of asthma, and are now known to begin in early life. Human rhinovirus (HRV)-induced wheezing illnesses during early life are a potential inciting stimulus for remodeling. Increased deposition of matrix proteins causes thickening of the lamina reticularis, which is a well-recognized component of airway remodeling. Increased matrix protein deposition is believed to be due to the presence of increased numbers of activated mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts/myofibroblasts) in the subepithelial region of asthmatic airways. The origin of these increased mesenchymal cells is not clear, but one potential contributor is the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We hypothesized that HRV infection may help to induce EMT. Methods We used the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells line, which uniformly expresses the major group HRV receptor, to examine the effects of stimulation with HRV alone, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), alone, and the combination, on induction of changes consistent with EMT. Western blotting was used to examine expression of epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypic marker proteins and selected signaling molecules. Cell morphology was also examined. Results In this study, we show that two different strains of HRV, which use two different cellular receptors, are each capable of triggering phenotypic changes consistent with EMT. Moreover, both HRV serotypes synergistically induced changes consistent with EMT when used in the presence of TGF-β1. Morphological changes were also most pronounced with the combination of HRV and TGF-β1. Viral replication was not essential for phenotypic changes. The synergistic interactions between HRV and TGF-β1 were mediated, at least in part, via activation of mitogen activated protein kinase pathways, and via induction of the transcription factor SLUG. Conclusions These data support a role for HRV in the induction of EMT, which may contribute to matrix protein deposition and thickening of the lamina reticularis in airways of patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Minor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, HRIC 4C50-54, 3280 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, HRIC 4AC60, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Bellinghausen C, Rohde GGU, Savelkoul PHM, Wouters EFM, Stassen FRM. Viral-bacterial interactions in the respiratory tract. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3089-3102. [PMID: 27902340 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the respiratory tract, viruses and bacteria can interact on multiple levels. It is well known that respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses, increase the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. Numerous mechanisms, including compromised physical and immunological barriers, and changes in the microenvironment have hereby been shown to contribute to the development of secondary bacterial infections. In contrast, our understanding of how bacteria shape a response to subsequent viral infection is still limited. There is emerging evidence that persistent infection (or colonization) of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) with potential pathogenic bacteria, as observed in diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis, modulates subsequent viral infections by increasing viral entry receptors and modulating the inflammatory response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that even healthy lungs are not, as had long been assumed, sterile. The composition of the lung microbiome may thus modulate responses to viral infections. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the co-pathogenesis between viruses and bacteria in LRT infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bellinghausen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot G U Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R M Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ganesan S, Pham D, Jing Y, Farazuddin M, Hudy MH, Unger B, Comstock AT, Proud D, Lauring AS, Sajjan US. TLR2 Activation Limits Rhinovirus-Stimulated CXCL-10 by Attenuating IRAK-1-Dependent IL-33 Receptor Signaling in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2409-20. [PMID: 27503209 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the major target for rhinovirus (RV) infection and express proinflammatory chemokines and antiviral cytokines that play a role in innate immunity. Previously, we demonstrated that RV interaction with TLR2 causes ILR-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) depletion in both airway epithelial cells and macrophages. Further, IRAK-1 degradation caused by TLR2 activation was shown to inhibit ssRNA-induced IFN expression in dendritic cells. Therefore, in this study, we examined the role of TLR2 and IRAK-1 in RV-induced IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and CXCL-10, which require signaling by viral RNA. In airway epithelial cells, blocking TLR2 enhanced RV-induced expression of IFNs and CXCL-10. By contrast, IRAK-1 inhibition abrogated RV-induced expression of CXCL-10, but not IFNs in these cells. Neutralization of IL-33 or its receptor, ST2, which requires IRAK-1 for signaling, inhibited RV-stimulated CXCL-10 expression. In addition, RV induced expression of both ST2 and IL-33 in airway epithelial cells. In macrophages, however, RV-stimulated CXCL-10 expression was primarily dependent on TLR2/IL-1R. Interestingly, in a mouse model of RV infection, blocking ST2 not only attenuated RV-induced CXCL-10, but also lung inflammation. Finally, influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus-induced CXCL-10 was also found to be partially dependent on IL-33/ST2/IRAK-1 signaling in airway epithelial cells. Together, our results indicate that RV stimulates CXCL-10 expression via the IL-33/ST2 signaling axis, and that TLR2 signaling limits RV-induced CXCL-10 via IRAK-1 depletion at least in airway epithelial cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the role of respiratory virus-induced IL-33 in the induction of CXCL-10 in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Duc Pham
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yaxun Jing
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mohammad Farazuddin
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Magdalena H Hudy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Benjamin Unger
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Adam T Comstock
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Uma S Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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