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Lin CC, Law BF, Hettick JM. MicroRNA-mediated calcineurin signaling activation induces CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, IL8, and chemotactic activities in 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposed macrophages. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1436-1452. [PMID: 34775880 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2005851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), the most widely used monomeric diisocyanate, is one of the leading causes of occupational asthma (OA). Previously, we identified microRNA (miR)-206-3p/miR-381-3p-mediated PPP3CA/calcineurin signalling regulated iNOS transcription in macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALCs) after acute MDI exposure; however, whether PPP3CA/calcineurin signalling participates in regulation of other asthma-associated mediators secreted by macrophages/BALCs after MDI exposure is unknown.Several asthma-associated, macrophage-secreted mediator mRNAs from MDI exposed murine BALCs and MDI-glutathione (GSH) conjugate treated differentiated THP-1 macrophages were analysed using RT-qPCR.Endogenous IL1B, TNF, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and TGFB1 were upregulated in MDI or MDI-GSH conjugate exposed BALCs and macrophages, respectively. Calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (FK506) attenuated the MDI-GSH conjugate-mediated induction of CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL8/IL8 but not others. Transfection of either miR-inhibitor-206-3p or miR-inhibitor-381-3p in macrophages induced chemokine CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL8 transcription, whereas FK506 attenuated the miR-inhibitor-206-3p or miR-inhibitor-381-3p-mediated effects. Finally, MDI-GSH conjugate treated macrophages showed increased chemotactic ability to various immune cells, which may be attenuated by FK506.In conclusion, these results indicate that MDI exposure to macrophages/BALCs may recruit immune cells into the airway via induction of chemokines by miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p-mediated calcineurin signalling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Lin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brandon F Law
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Pollaris L, Decaesteker T, Van den Broucke S, Jonckheere AC, Cremer J, Verbeken E, Maes T, Devos FC, Vande Velde G, Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Involvement of Innate Lymphoid Cells and Dendritic Cells in a Mouse Model of Chemical-induced Asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 13:295-311. [PMID: 33474863 PMCID: PMC7840869 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2021.13.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to low concentrations of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) leads to immune-mediated chemical-induced asthma. The role of the adaptive immune system has already been thoroughly investigated; nevertheless, the involvement of innate immune cells in the pathophysiology of chemical-induced asthma is still unresolved. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in a mouse model for chemical-induced asthma. METHODS On days 1 and 8, BALB/c mice were dermally treated (20 μL/ear) with 0.5% TDI or the vehicle acetone olive oil (AOO; 2:3). On days 15, 17, 19, 22 and 24, the mice received an oropharyngeal challenge with 0.01% TDI or AOO (1:4). One day after the last challenge, airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to methacholine was assessed, followed by an evaluation of pulmonary inflammation and immune-related parameters, including the cytokine pattern in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lymphocyte subpopulations of the lymph nodes and their ex vivo cytokine production profile, blood immunoglobulins and DC and ILC subpopulations in the lungs. RESULTS Both DC and ILC2 were recruited to the lungs after multiple airway exposures to TDI, regardless of the prior dermal sensitization. However, prior dermal sensitization with TDI alone results in AHR and predominant eosinophilic airway inflammation, accompanied by a typical type 2 helper T (Th2) cytokine profile. CONCLUSIONS TDI-induced asthma is mediated by a predominant type 2 immune response, with the involvement of adaptive Th2 cells. However, from our study we suggest that the innate ILC2 cells are important additional players in the development of TDI-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Pollaris
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatjana Decaesteker
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van den Broucke
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Charlotte Jonckheere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Maes
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fien C Devos
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Yucesoy B, Kashon ML, Johnson VJ, Lummus ZL, Fluharty K, Gautrin D, Cartier A, Boulet LP, Sastre J, Quirce S, Tarlo SM, Cruz MJ, Munoz X, Luster MI, Bernstein DI. Genetic variants in TNFα, TGFB1, PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes are associated with diisocyanate-induced asthma. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:119-26. [PMID: 25721048 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1017061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diisocyanates are the most common cause of occupational asthma, but risk factors are not well defined. A case-control study was conducted to investigate whether genetic variants in inflammatory response genes (TNFα, IL1α, IL1β, IL1RN, IL10, TGFB1, ADAM33, ALOX-5, PTGS1, PTGS2 and NAG-1/GDF15) are associated with increased susceptibility to diisocyanate asthma (DA). These genes were selected based on their role in asthmatic inflammatory processes and previously reported associations with asthma phenotypes. The main study population consisted of 237 Caucasian French Canadians from among a larger sample of 280 diisocyanate-exposed workers in two groups: workers with specific inhalation challenge (SIC) confirmed DA (DA(+), n = 95) and asymptomatic exposed workers (AW, n = 142). Genotyping was performed on genomic DNA, using a 5' nuclease PCR assay. After adjusting for potentially confounding variables of age, smoking status and duration of exposure, the PTGS1 rs5788 and TGFB1 rs1800469 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) showed a protective effect under a dominant model (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17, 0.89 and OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.74, respectively) while the TNFα rs1800629 SNP was associated with an increased risk of DA (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.03, 4.17). Additionally, the PTGS2 rs20417 variant showed an association with increased risk of DA in a recessive genetic model (OR = 6.40; 95% CI = 1.06, 38.75). These results suggest that genetic variations in TNFα, TGFB1, PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes contribute to DA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berran Yucesoy
- a Division of Immunology , Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA .,b CDC/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- b CDC/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | | | - Zana L Lummus
- a Division of Immunology , Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Kara Fluharty
- b CDC/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Denyse Gautrin
- d Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - André Cartier
- d Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | | | - Joaquin Sastre
- f Department of Allergy , Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain
| | - Santiago Quirce
- g Department of Allergy , Hospital La Paz-IdiPAZ and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain
| | - Susan M Tarlo
- h Department of Medicine , and.,i Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Maria-Jesus Cruz
- j Hospitals Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain , and
| | - Xavier Munoz
- j Hospitals Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES , Madrid , Spain , and
| | - Michael I Luster
- k West Virginia University, School of Public Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- a Division of Immunology , Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Yao L, Zhao H, Tang H, Song J, Dong H, Zou F, Cai S. Chicken IgY facilitates allergic airway inflammation in a chemical-induced murine asthma model by potentiating IL-4 release. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:22-31. [PMID: 26341180 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in most tissues. Recently, HMGB1 has gained much attention for its regulation of immunity and inflammation. Yet its role in toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma still remains poorly characterized. In this study, mice were sensitized and challenged with TDI to establish a TDI-induced asthma model. An IgY anti-HMGB1 antibody or isotype IgY was given intraperitoneally after each challenge. Airway reactivity to methacholine, airway inflammation, bronchial epithelial hyperplasia and shedding were unexpectedly aggravated after administration of the anti-HMGB1 antibody and was accompanied by increased pulmonary expression of HMGB1, especially in those mice treated with IgY. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α were also elevated with TDI-induction. Primary lymphocytes from TDI sensitized and challenged mice demonstrated increased secretion of IL-4 after IgY stimulation. To confirm the effect of IgY, a cohort of mice exposed to TDI or vehicle was injected with IgY and the same results were observed after IgY treatment as in TDI asthmatic mice. Taken together, these results show that the IgY anti-HMGB1 antibody can facilitate TDI-induced allergic airway inflammation. Specifically, IgY, rather than anti-HMGB1, plays an important role in the process of exacerbated asthma, shedding light on an underappreciated role of avian IgY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haijin Zhao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haixiong Tang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiafu Song
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hangming Dong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Zou
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Cells and mediators in diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13:125-31. [PMID: 23324746 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32835e0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diisocyanates are the most common cause of occupational asthma in many industrialized countries, and various pathogenic mechanisms have been suggested to be involved. Occupational asthma causes airway remodeling unless diagnosed and treated within a proper time frame. However, treatment modalities are limited because of an insufficient understanding regarding underlying pathogenic mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Several immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms have been suggested, indicating that the pathogenesis of occupational asthma may be more complex than other types of asthma. Airway epithelial cells are the first to encounter diisocyanates and orchestrate various responses, such as cytokine release, oxidative stress generation, and autoantibody formation. Some evidence supports the involvement of adaptive immune responses. Additional evidence suggests that other mechanisms are involved in diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. One such candidate mechanism is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been shown to trigger and aid in the development of diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma in human samples and genetic studies, and some therapeutic trials were performed based on this finding. SUMMARY Diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma may be caused by a complex interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses. The knowledge presented in this review may help lead to the development of new treatment modalities through an increased understanding of occupational asthma pathogenesis.
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Swierczyńska-Machura D, Nowakowska-Świrta E, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Piasecka-Zelga J, Swiercz R, Nocuń M, Pałczyński C. Effect of inhaled toluene diisocyanate on local immune response based on murine model for occupational asthma. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:166-71. [PMID: 23909811 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.818745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly reactive, low-molecular-weight diisocyanates (DIC) are the most commonly identified cause of occupational asthma (OA). Animal/clinical studies of DIC asthma have been more limited compared with atopic asthma, and an understanding of DIC pathogenesis is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate in a mouse model, toluene diisocyanate (TDI, as 2,4-TDI isomer)-induced inflammatory reactions/cytokine profile changes in the lungs and accompanying changes in lymph node lymphocyte sub-populations. The study used female BALB/cJ/Han/IMP mice that were exposed first intra-nasally and then in an inhalation chamber to TDI or air. After the final exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and changes induced in inflammatory cell composition, levels of key cytokines (i.e. IL-4, TNFα, IFNγ), and lymphocyte sub-population profiles within auricular lymph nodes, were evaluated. Total number of cells in the BALF of treated mice was significantly higher than in control mice BALF. There was also a significant increase in BALF neutrophil and eosinophil levels with TDI mice compared to in controls; lymphocyte and macrophage numbers did not significantly differ. A significant increase in BALF levels of TNFα and IFNγ was also noted in mice exposed to TDI relative to levels in controls. BALF IL-4 levels were also increased, but the change from control was not significant. Lastly, the levels/percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) (T-helper [TH]) lymphocytes significantly increased in the lymph nodes of TDI-exposed groups while those of the CD3(+)CD8(+) cells decreased as compared to in control mice. These studies, the first to assess TDI-induced changes in levels of three key cytokines in BALF in conjunction with changes in local lymph nodes following first an intra-nasal and then a general inhalation exposure to a low-level of TDI, confirm that TDI inhalation induces a pathology manifested by airway inflammation, TH cell-derived cytokine production, and shifts in lymph node lymphocytes sub-populations toward increases in TH cells.
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Acouetey DS, Zmirou-Navier D, Avogbe PH, Avogbe P, Tossa P, Rémen T, Barbaud A, Cornejo-Garcia JA, Blanca M, Bohadana A, Paris C, Guéant JL, Guéant-Rodriguez RM. Genetic predictors of inflammation in the risk of occupational asthma in young apprentices. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 110:423-428.e5. [PMID: 23706710 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of genetic predictors of inflammation and atopy on occupational asthma in apprentices is not known. OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of genetic polymorphisms of IL4RA, IL13, TNFA, IL1A, and IL5 on the decline of lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in a prospective follow-up study of baker/pastry maker and hairdresser apprentices. METHODS A total of 351 apprentices were included in the study. We performed skin testing, spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement, and methacholine hyperreactivity testing at the initial visit and during and at the end of the 18-month training period. Gene variants of IL4RA, IL13, TNFA, IL1A, and IL5 were determined in DNA from nasal lavage. RESULTS IL13 R130Q/IL4RA S478P or IL13 R130Q//IL4RA Q551R were significant predictors of the decrease of forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity (P ≤ .006). Genotype GG of TNFAG308A was associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the whole population and in nonatopic individuals (90.63% vs 9.38%; odds ratio, 3.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-12.83). TNFA GA and IL5 CC and TNFA GA and IL1A CC were 2 epistatic predictors of exhaled nitrogen monoxide decrease during follow-up (P = .02 and P = .004, respectively). The association with TNFA GA and IL1A CC was the most significant in nonatopic bakers (P < .001). CONCLUSION We evidenced a predicting influence of IL13/IL4RA and TNFA in the early exposure to allergens and irritants that precedes occupational asthma. The significance of the associations in the absence of atopy suggests an influence of the genetics predictors related to inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovi Stéphanie Acouetey
- Nutrition, Genetics and Environment, INSERM-U954, Faculty of Medecine, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
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Immunological determinants in a murine model of toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2012. [PMID: 23184444 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diisocyanates (DIC) are highly reactive, low-molecular-weight chemicals which are the leading cause of occupational asthma (OA). The aim of the study was to analyze certain aspects of the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in the airways induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in an experimental model in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out on 50 female BALB/cJ/Han/IMP mice, which were exposed by inhalation (intranasal and in the inhalation chamber) to toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI). After the experiment, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected from the animals, and the composition of the induced inflammatory cells, and the concentrations of certain cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α) were evaluated. RESULTS The total number of cells in BALF of the examined group of mice was significantly higher compared to the control mice. There was also a significant increase in neutrophils and eosinophils in the study group compared to the controls. The number of lymphocytes and macrophages did not differ significantly between the two groups. A statistically significant increase in the level of TNF-α was shown to occur in the group exposed to toluene diisocyanate in comparison to the control group. The concentration of IL-4 increased in the study group, compared to the control one, but the differences did not reach the level of significance, p > 0.05. Such difference was not observed for IL-5. CONCLUSIONS We developed a murine model of TDI-induced asthma which caused the influx of inflammatory cells like eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the TDI-treated mice. The increase of the concentration of some proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4) in BALF from the exposed mice was also observed.
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Chronic OVA allergen challenged TNF p55/p75 receptor deficient mice have reduced airway remodeling. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1038-44. [PMID: 21382533 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in contributing to allergen induced airway remodeling in asthma is unknown. In this study we have utilized a mouse model of chronic OVA allergen induced airway remodeling to determine whether TNF p55/p75 receptor deficient mice (abbreviated TNF-R KO) had reduced levels of airway remodeling. Chronic OVA challenged WT mice had significantly increased levels of lung eosinophilic inflammation as well as features of airway remodeling including increased peribronchial fibrosis, thickness of the peribronchial smooth muscle layer, mucus expression, and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. In contrast, TNF-R KO mice had significantly reduced levels of major basic protein positive peribronchial eosinophils and significantly reduced peribronchial fibrosis assessed by quantitating the area of peribronchial trichrome staining and total lung collagen. In addition, TNF-R KO mice had significantly reduced thickness of the peribronchial smooth muscle layer, area of peribronchial α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining, and levels of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. There was a non-significant trend for reduced mucus expression in TNF-R KO mice. Levels of peribronchial cells immunostaining positive for TGF-β1 were significantly reduced in TNF-R KO mice suggesting that reduced levels of TGF-β1 expression in TNF-R KO mice may contribute to reduced airway remodeling. Overall, this study suggests an important role for TNF-α in contributing to many features of allergen induced airway remodeling including changes in levels of peribronchial smooth muscle, subepithelial fibrosis, and deposition of extracellular matrix.
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Liu SY, Wang WZ, Yen CL, Tsai MY, Yang PW, Wang JY, Ho CY, Shieh CC. Leukocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced oxidase is required for isocyanate-induced lung inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1014-23. [PMID: 21272929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates are low-molecular-weight compounds noted for inducing occupational and environmental asthma. Isocyanate-induced lung disease, an oxidant stress-dependent pulmonary inflammation, is the leading cause of occupational asthma. OBJECTIVES To address the role of leukocyte-produced oxidants in airway inflammation induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and to elucidate the role of leukocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced (NADPH) oxidase in pathogenesis by TDI. METHODS Wild-type mice and NADPH oxidase-deficient mice (neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 mutant, Ncf1(-/-)) were intranasally injected, challenged with inhalatory TDI, and then investigated for lung inflammation. RESULTS Cell infiltration in lung tissue and leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage, airway reactivity to a methacholine challenge, and TDI-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and nuclear factor activation in the lung tissue were all markedly lower in Ncf1(-/-) mice. Wild-type mice treated with blocking antibodies against CD4 and IL-17 showed markedly lower TDI-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. CONCLUSION Leukocyte NADPH oxidase is an essential regulator in TDI-induced airway inflammation through redox modification of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yen Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Kim SR, Rhee YK. Overlap Between Asthma and COPD: Where the Two Diseases Converge. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2010; 2:209-14. [PMID: 20885905 PMCID: PMC2946698 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2010.2.4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are traditionally recognized as distinct diseases, with some clearly separate characteristic. Asthma originates in childhood, is associated with allergies and eosinophils, and is best treated by targeting inflammation, whereas COPD occurs in adults who smoke, involves neutrophils, and is best treated with bronchodilators and the removal of risk factors. However, the distinction between the two is not always clear. Patients with severe asthma may present with fixed airway obstruction, and patients with COPD may have hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia. Recognizing and understanding these overlapping features may offer new insight into the mechanisms and treatment of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Chiung YM, Kao YY, Chang WF, Yao CW, Liu PS. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induces calcium elevation and interleukine-4 (IL-4) release - early responses upon TDI stimulation. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:197-207. [PMID: 20371970 DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to toluene diisocyanats (TDI) may cause asthma. In asthma patients, the allergic syndromes correlate cytokine production with the elevation in cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](c) of lymphocytes in airway. We previously found TDI induces calcium signaling in neuronal cells. TDI mainly gets into human body via inhalation; therefore this study investigated the possibility of TDI inducing the changes in [Ca(2+)](c) in airway. We used human lung epithelial cell line H1355, human T-cell line Jurkat, and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to present the kinds of cells existing in airway. The changes of [Ca(2+)](c) were measured by Fura-2 fluorescent dye. Results show that TDI induced an elevation in [Ca(2+)](c )in those cell lines and two primary isolated cells, bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and human white blood cells. Cytokine release and their gene expressions of Jurkat cells and human white blood cells were measured by ELISA and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. TDI acutely promoted the interleukine-4 (IL-4) release significantly in both Jurkat cells and human white blood cells. TDI-induced IL-4 release was suppressed in the presence of 1,2-bis- (O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'- tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, in Jurkat cells. In the hand of gene expression, TDI induced an increase in the mRNA level of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in Jurkat cells. We conclude that the release of IL-4 were coupled with the elevation in [Ca(2+)](c) induced by TDI. Further studies are required to clarify the roles of TDI-induced IL-4 secretion in acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Mei Chiung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Vanoirbeek JAJ, Tarkowski M, De Vooght V, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. Immunological determinants in a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma after multiple exposures. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:25-33. [PMID: 19522764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma, we investigated the effects of multiple challenges, using toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a known cause of occupational asthma. On days 1 and 7, BALB/c mice received TDI or vehicle (acetone/olive oil). On days 10, 13 and 16 the mice received an intranasal instillation of TDI. Ventilatory function (Penh) was monitored by whole body plethysmography for 40 min after each challenge. Reactivity to methacholine was measured 22 h later. Pulmonary inflammation, TNF-alpha and MIP-2 levels were assessed 24 h after the last challenge by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL). Other immunological parameters included total IgE, lymphocyte sub-populations in auricular and cervical lymph nodes, and IL-4, IFN-gamma and IL-13 levels in supernatants of lymph node cells, cultured with or without concanavalin A. Early ventilatory function and airway reactivity increased in all groups that received a dermal application and one or multiple intranasal challenges of TDI. After multiple challenges, lung inflammation was characterized by neutrophils (approximately 15%), and eosinophils (approximately 4%), along with an increase in BAL MIP-2 and TNF-alpha levels. The auricular and cervical lymph node cells of all sensitized mice showed an increase in B cells, Th cells and an increased concentration of in vitro release of IL-4, IFN-gamma and IL-13 after stimulation with concanavalin A. Total serum IgE was elevated in dermally TDI-sensitized mice. This protocol including multiple challenges results in a model that resembles human asthma, indicating that responses found in the model using a single challenge could be a good first indication for the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A J Vanoirbeek
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Research Unit of Lung Toxicology, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Wegmann M. Th2 cells as targets for therapeutic intervention in allergic bronchial asthma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:85-100. [PMID: 19099351 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma, since each of their characteristic cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 contributes to hallmarks of this disease, including airway eosinophilia, increased mucus production, production of allergen-specific IgE and development of airway hyper-responsiveness. Therefore, these cells are predisposed as target cells for therapeutic intervention. Experimental approaches targeted Th2-type effector cytokines, Th2-cell recruitment and Th2-cell development. Another strategy uses the immunomodulatory potential of tolerance-inducing cytokines such as IL-10 or of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-gamma that are able to induce a counterbalancing Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wegmann
- Bereich Experimentelle Pneumologie, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 1, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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15
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Dearman RJ, Betts CJ, Caddick HT, Kimber I. Cytokine profiling of chemical allergens in mice: impact of mitogen on selectivity of response. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:233-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Maestrelli P, Boschetto P, Fabbri LM, Mapp CE. Mechanisms of occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:531-42; quiz 543-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The identification of novel helper T (Th) cell subsets, i.e., IL-17-producing Th cells (Th17 cells) and regulatory T cells (Treg cells), provided new insight into our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of infectious and autoimmune diseases as well as immune responses, and thus led to revision of the classic Th1/Th2 paradigm. Several current lines of evidence from gene-deficient mice indicate that IL-17 and Th17 cells, but not IFN-gamma and Th1 cells, are responsible for the development of autoimmune diseases such as murine arthritis and encephalomyelitis, which have classically been considered to be Th1-mediated disorders. Th17 cells may also contribute to the pathogenesis of classically recognized Th2-mediated allergic disorders. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding IL-17 and Th17 cells and discuss their potential roles in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oboki
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Toyko, Japan
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18
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Piirilä PL, Meuronen A, Majuri ML, Luukkonen R, Mäntylä T, Wolff HJ, Nordman H, Alenius H, Laitinen A. Inflammation and functional outcome in diisocyanate-induced asthma after cessation of exposure. Allergy 2008; 63:583-91. [PMID: 18394133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical outcome of diisocyanate-induced asthma has been found to be poor despite cessation of exposure. Our aim was to study the outcome of diisocyanate-induced asthma after initiation of inhaled steroid treatment at a mean period of 7 months (range 2-60 months) after cessation of exposure by following up lung function and bronchial inflammation. METHODS Bronchoscopy was performed on 17 patients 2 days after a positive inhalation challenge test, after which budesonide 1600 mug a day was started. Bronchoscopy, spirometry, and histamine challenge tests were repeated at 6 months and on average 3 years. The results were also compared with those obtained from 15 healthy control subjects. RESULTS Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity diminished significantly (P = 0.006); however, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) values decreased, with a median yearly reduction of FEV1 of 79 ml. The count of mast cells in bronchial mucosa decreased (P = 0.012) and that of macrophages increased (P = 0.001). Interleukin-4 level in mucosa was during the first year significantly higher than in controls but its level decreased in the follow-up. Interleukin-6, interleukin-15, and tumour necrosis factor alpha messenger-RNA levels were significantly higher in hyperreactive patients than in nonhyperreactive patients at the end of the follow-up. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that inflammation may persist in diisocyanate-induced asthma despite inhaled steroid medication. However, TH2-type inflammation diminished. Persistent nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity was associated with proinflammatory acting cytokines produced mainly by macrophages. Considering the poor prognosis of the disease the findings could be utilized to develop the follow-up and treatment of diisocyanate-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Piirilä
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Broberg K, Tinnerberg H, Axmon A, Warholm M, Rannug A, Littorin M. Influence of genetic factors on toluene diisocyanate-related symptoms: evidence from a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2008; 7:15. [PMID: 18447907 PMCID: PMC2424047 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a highly reactive compound used in the production of, e.g., polyurethane foams and paints. TDI is known to cause respiratory symptoms and diseases. Because TDI causes symptoms in only a fraction of exposed workers, genetic factors may play a key role in disease susceptibility. METHODS Workers (N = 132) exposed to TDI and a non-exposed group (N = 114) were analyzed for genotype (metabolising genes: CYP1A1*2A, CYP1A1*2B, GSTM1*O, GSTM3*B, GSTP1 I105V, GSTP1 A114V, GSTT1*O, MPO -463, NAT1*3, *4, *10, *11, *14, *15, NAT2*5, *6, *7, SULT1A1 R213H; immune-related genes: CCL5 -403, HLA-DQB1*05, TNF -308, TNF -863) and symptoms of the eyes, upper and lower airways (based on structured interviews). RESULTS For three polymorphisms: CYP1A1*2A, CYP1A1*2B, and TNF -308 there was a pattern consistent with interaction between genotype and TDI exposure status for the majority of symptoms investigated, although it did reach statistical significance only for some symptoms: among TDI-exposed workers, the CYP1A1 variant carriers had increased risk (CYP1A1*2A and eye symptoms: variant carriers OR 2.0 95% CI 0.68-6.1, p-value for interaction 0.048; CYP1A1*2B and wheeze: IV carriers OR = 12, 1.4-110, p-value for interaction 0.057). TDI-exposed individuals with TNF-308 A were protected against the majority of symptoms, but it did not reach statistical significance. In the non-exposed group, however, TNF -308 A carriers showed higher risk of the majority of symptoms (eye symptoms: variant carriers OR = 2.8, 1.1-7.1, p-value for interaction 0.12; dry cough OR = 2.2, 0.69-7.2, p-value for interaction 0.036). Individuals with SULT1A1 213H had reduced risk both in the exposed and non-exposed groups. Other polymorphisms, showed associations to certain symptoms: among TDI-exposed,NAT1*10 carriers had a higher risk of eye symptoms and CCL5 -403 AG+AA as well as HLA-DQB1 *05 carriers displayed increased risk of symptoms of the lower airways. GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTP1 only displayed effects on symptoms of the lower airways in the non-exposed group. CONCLUSION Specific gene-TDI interactions for symptoms of the eyes and lower airways appear to exist. The results suggest different mechanisms for TDI- and non-TDI-related symptoms of the eyes and lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Broberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Anna Axmon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Margareta Warholm
- Department of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Department of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Margareta Littorin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental medicine, Lund University, Sweden
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20
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Szretter KJ, Gangappa S, Lu X, Smith C, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, Sambhara S, Tumpey TM, Katz JM. Role of host cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J Virol 2006; 81:2736-44. [PMID: 17182684 PMCID: PMC1866007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02336-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses are now widespread in poultry in Asia and have recently spread to some African and European countries. Interspecies transmission of these viruses to humans poses a major threat to public health. To better understand the basis of pathogenesis of H5N1 viruses, we have investigated the role of proinflammatory cytokines in transgenic mice deficient in interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1alpha), IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), or tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) by the use of two avian influenza A viruses isolated from humans, A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK/483) and A/Hong Kong/486/97 (HK/486), which exhibit high and low lethality in mice, respectively. The course of disease and the extent of virus replication and spread in IL-6- and MIP-1alpha-deficient mice were not different from those observed in wild-type mice during acute infection with 1,000 50% mouse infective doses of either H5N1 virus. However, with HK/486 virus, IL-1R-deficient mice exhibited heightened morbidity and mortality due to infection, whereas no such differences were observed with the more virulent HK/483 virus. Furthermore, TNFR1-deficient mice exhibited significantly reduced morbidity following challenge with either H5N1 virus but no difference in viral replication and spread or ultimate disease outcome compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that TNF-alpha may contribute to morbidity during H5N1 influenza virus infection, while IL-1 may be important for effective virus clearance in nonlethal H5N1 disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Interleukin-6/deficiency
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Kinetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/deficiency
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutralization Tests
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Szretter
- Influenza Branch MS G-16, Division of Viral and Ricksettial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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21
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Chipinda I, Stetson SJ, Depree GJ, Simoyi RH, Siegel PD. Kinetics and mechanistic studies of the hydrolysis of diisocyanate-derived bis-thiocarbamates of cysteine methyl ester. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:341-50. [PMID: 16544937 DOI: 10.1021/tx050311t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diisocyanates (dNCOs) are the most commonly reported cause of chemically induced occupational asthma, but the ultimate antigenic form is unknown. Reactions of the three most common monomeric dNCOs, hexamethylene dNCO (HDI), methylene diphenylisocyanate (MDI), and toluene dNCO (TDI), with cysteine methyl ester (CME) gave the corresponding bis-dithiocarbamates (HDI-CME, TDI-CME, and MDI-CME). The dissociation kinetics of these bis-thiocarbamates, in aqueous conditions, was followed spectrophotometrically under varying pH and temperature conditions. Reaction of the adducts with methylamine or human serum albumin (HSA) produced diurea, monourea, and diamine products, and this was consistent with the base-catalyzed elimination reaction (E1cB) pathway being the dominant, but not exclusive, dissociation mechanism. The hydrolysis of the adducts was first-order with respect to OH(-) concentration and overall second-order (HDI-CME, k = 3.36 x 10(2) M(-)(1) min(-)(1); TDI-CME, k = 2.49 x 10(4) M(-)(1) min(-)(1); and MDI-CME, k = 5.78 x 10(4) M(-)(1) min(-)(1) at pH 7.4) with deviation from second-order when the dNCO had an aromatic functional group. Arrhenius plots gave activation energies (HDI-CME, E(a) = 70.6 kJ/mol; TDI-CME, E(a) = 46.1 kJ/mol; and MDI-CME, E(a) = 44.5 kJ/mol) that were consistent with the following order of stability: HDI-CME > TDI-CME > MDI-CME. Therefore, the stability of different dNCO-derived thiocarbamates in aqueous environments can vary greatly. Thiocarbamate dissociation rates and type of products formed may potentially influence antigenicity and subsequent hypersensitivity/toxic reactions following dNCO exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Chipinda
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888, USA
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22
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Kim J, McKinley L, Natarajan S, Bolgos GL, Siddiqui J, Copeland S, Remick DG. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody treatment reduces pulmonary inflammation and methacholine hyper-responsiveness in a murine asthma model induced by house dust. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:122-32. [PMID: 16393274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recent studies documented that sensitization and exposure to cockroach allergens significantly increase children's asthma morbidity as well as severity, especially among inner city children. TNF-alpha has been postulated to be a critical mediator directly contributing to the bronchopulmonary inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma. This study investigated whether an anti-TNF-alpha antibody would inhibit pulmonary inflammation and methacholine (Mch) hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of asthma induced by a house dust extract containing both endotoxin and cockroach allergens. METHODS A house dust sample was extracted with phosphate-buffered saline and then used for immunization and two additional pulmonary challenges of BALB/c mice. Mice were treated with an intravenous injection of anti-TNF-alpha antibody or control antibody 1 h before each pulmonary challenge. RESULTS In a kinetic study, TNF-alpha levels within the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid increased quickly peaking at 2 h while BAL levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 peaked at later time-points. Mch hyper-responsiveness was measured 24 h after the last challenge, and mice were killed 24 h later. TNF inhibition resulted in an augmentation of these Th2 cytokines. However, the allergic pulmonary inflammation was significantly reduced by anti-TNF-alpha antibody treatment as demonstrated by a substantial reduction in the number of BAL eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils compared with rat IgG-treated mice. Mch hyper-responsiveness was also significantly reduced in anti-TNF-alpha antibody-treated mice and the pulmonary histology was also significantly improved. Inhibition of TNF significantly reduced eotaxin levels within the lung, suggesting a potential mechanism for the beneficial effects. These data indicate that anti-TNF-alpha antibody can reduce the inflammation and pathophysiology of asthma in a murine model of asthma induced by a house dust extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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23
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Johnson VJ, Yucesoy B, Luster MI. Prevention of IL-1 signaling attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a murine model of toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:851-8. [PMID: 16210060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-1 is a pleotropic cytokine that has been shown to play a prominent role in asthma induced by large-molecular-weight proteins. Increased IL-1 immunostaining in the submucosa of patients with toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma has also been observed, suggesting that this cytokine might also be important in asthma associated with low-molecular-weight chemicals. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of IL-1 signaling in airway reactivity and inflammation by using a murine model of TDI-induced asthma. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to TDI by means of vapor inhalation (20 ppb; 4 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 6 weeks) and then challenged 2 weeks later by inhalation with 20 ppb TDI vapor for 1 hour. RESULTS Sensitized-challenged mice showed increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), increased levels of TDI-specific IgG1 antibodies, airway epithelial thickening, inflammation consisting of infiltrating lymphocytes and eosinophils, and increased mRNA expression of IL-4, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 in the lung. Prevention of IL-1 signaling through deletion of the IL-1 receptor type I or administration of neutralizing antibodies to both IL-1beta and IL-1alpha abrogated the development of TDI-induced asthma. A partial reduction in AHR and TDI-specific IgG1 levels was observed in mice administered anti-IL-1beta, whereas anti-IL-1alpha had no effect on either parameter. Antibodies to IL-1beta or IL-1alpha alone blocked airway inflammation and the expression of IL-4 and adhesion molecules in the lung. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IL-1 signaling is critical for AHR and airway inflammation, with IL-1beta and IL-1alpha having unique and overlapping roles in TDI-induced occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Johnson
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA.
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24
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Russo C, Polosa R. TNF-alpha as a promising therapeutic target in chronic asthma: a lesson from rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:135-42. [PMID: 16033328 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) is known to play a critical role in the pathogenic mechanisms of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, including RA (rheumatoid arthritis), Crohn's disease and psoriasis. The notion that TNF-alpha is released in allergic responses from both mast cells and macrophages via IgE-dependent mechanisms, the demonstration that elevated levels of TNF-alpha are frequently observed in bronchoalveolar fluid of asthmatic subjects undergoing allergen challenge and the results from exposure studies of TNF-alpha in vivo showing increases in airway responsiveness in both normal and asthmatic subjects emphasize the importance of TNF-alpha in the initiation of allergic asthmatic airway inflammation and the generation of airway hyper-responsiveness. Drugs targeting TNF-alpha have been developed to neutralize the deleterious effects of this inflammatory cytokine and have proved to be safe and effective in the treatment of patients with RA, Crohn's disease and psoriasis refractory to conventional treatments. Biological therapies blocking TNF-alpha are likely to constitute a considerable advance in the management of those difficult cases of asthma that are particularly resistant to typical treatment modalities. In this review article, we intend to address the potential role of TNF-alpha in asthma and to put forward the idea that drugs that have been developed to neutralize the deleterious effects of TNF-alpha may also be useful in the management of chronic severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Ascoli-Tomaselli Hospitals, University of Catania, Italy
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article will focus on the role of risk factors including genetic factors in the development of sensitization and occupational asthma. RECENT FINDINGS We will review the recent literature published on the genetics of occupational asthma, especially on genes coding for class II human leukocyte antigen and on respiratory antioxidant mechanisms. We will also discuss published work on non-occupational asthma and on allergic rhinitis because this information may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in occupational asthma and serve to confirm data obtained on the disease. To date, although some progress has been made in the field of occupational asthma genetics, most studies were based on small sample sizes, findings were not replicated, and gene-environment interactions have not yet been established. SUMMARY Occupational asthma is a widespread and frequent condition and has relevant long-term adverse health and economic consequences. The search for risk factors including genetic factors in the development of the disease and an understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between genes and environment are important because the identification of individuals who are susceptible to occupational asthma together with an effective control of exposure to respiratory sensitizers in the workplace may be helpful in preventing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Mapp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Ferrara, Italy.
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26
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Plitnick LM, Loveless SE, Ladics GS, Holsapple MP, Smialowicz RJ, Woolhiser MR, Anderson PK, Smith C, Selgrade MJK. Cytokine mRNA profiles for isocyanates with known and unknown potential to induce respiratory sensitization. Toxicology 2005; 207:487-99. [PMID: 15664275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanates are low-molecular-weight chemicals implicated in allergic asthmatic-type reactions. Identification of chemicals likely to cause asthma is difficult due to the lack of a validated test method. One hypothesis is that differential cytokine induction (Th1 versus Th2 profiles) in the draining lymph node following dermal application can be used to identify asthmagens and distinguish them from contact allergens. In this study, we compared the cytokine mRNA profiles of six chemicals: toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI), dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), p-tolyl(mono)isocyanate (TMI), and meta-tetramethylene xylene diisocyanate (TMXDI). Whereas TDI and MDI are well-known respiratory sensitizers, documentation for HMDI, IPDI, TMI, and TMXDI is limited, but suggests that HMDI and IPDI may have respiratory sensitization potential in humans and TMI and TMXDI do not. Following dermal exposure of BALB/c mice, all six isocyanates induced cytokines characteristic of a Th2 response. Although LLNAs suggested that the doses chosen for the RPA were immunologically equivalent, the isocyanates tested differentiated into two groups, high responders and low responders. However, two of the low responders (TMI and TMXDI) were further tested and induced higher levels of Th2 cytokine message than dinitrochlorobenzene (not an asthmagen). Further study of these chemicals is needed to determine whether the Th2 cytokine responses observed for these low responders is predictive of asthmagenic potential or represents an insufficient signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Plitnick
- University of North Carolina, Curriculum in Toxicology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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27
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Johnson VJ, Matheson JM, Luster MI. Animal models for diisocyanate asthma: answers for lingering questions. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 4:105-10. [PMID: 15021062 DOI: 10.1097/00130832-200404000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diisocyanates are the leading cause of occupational asthma, the most commonly reported lung disease associated with the workplace. Clinical studies have implicated the immune system in the pathogenesis of occupational asthma, but ethical and moral issues prevent mechanistic investigations in humans. For this reason, the development and characterization of animal models are germane to further understanding of diisocyanate occupational asthma and to identify avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review will highlight important features of existing experimental animal models with emphasis on new developments. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental animal models of diisocyanate occupational asthma have demonstrated an immunological basis for the disease. Mice can be sensitized by dermal or respiratory exposure, suggesting that either exposure route may be important in the workplace. Recent findings show that sensitized mice develop airway hyperreactivity and inflammation, reflective of human disease. The transfer of lymphocytes or serum from sensitized mice can cause clinical disease in naive mice. Transgenic animals have identified a role for specific immunity, including the involvement of T-helper type 1/2 responses as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells in diisocyanate occupational asthma. Recent animal models have shown that sensitization can occur through subchronic inhalation of vapor-phase diisocyanate at levels as low as 20 ppb. SUMMARY Recent progress using animal models has been instrumental in furthering current understanding of the involvement of the immune system in disease pathogenesis. The demonstration of diisocyanate occupational asthma in a murine model after sub-chronic inhalation exposure at relevant exposure levels should provide opportunities for more accurate risk assessment data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Johnson
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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28
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Elias J. The relationship between asthma and COPD. Lessons from transgenic mice. Chest 2004; 126:111S-116S; discussion 159S-161S. [PMID: 15302771 DOI: 10.1378/chest.126.2_suppl_1.111s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by eosinophilic and mononuclear cell infiltration, mucous metaplasia, airway remodeling, reversible airflow obstruction, and airway hyperresponsiveness. COPD is typified by nonreversible or incompletely reversible airway obstruction, often accompanied by mucous metaplasia and alveolar destruction. There is considerable overlap in pathogenesis and clinical features between the conditions. However, asthma and COPD may be distinguished by their respective cytokine profiles. Studies in transgenic mice have illuminated the roles of the T helper (Th) 1-mediated cytokine interferon-gamma in COPD, supporting the British hypothesis, and the Th2-mediated cytokine interleukin-13 in asthma, supporting the Dutch hypothesis. COPD and asthma may represent disease states along a continuum, with varying degrees of each disease often present in the same patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Elias
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Wan H, Kaestner KH, Ang SL, Ikegami M, Finkelman FD, Stahlman MT, Fulkerson PC, Rothenberg ME, Whitsett JA. Foxa2 regulates alveolarization and goblet cell hyperplasia. Development 2004; 131:953-64. [PMID: 14757645 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The airways are lined by several distinct epithelial cells that play unique roles in pulmonary homeostasis; however, the mechanisms controlling their differentiation in health and disease are poorly understood. The winged helix transcription factor, FOXA2, is expressed in the foregut endoderm and in subsets of respiratory epithelial cells in the fetal and adult lung. Because targeted mutagenesis of the Foxa2 gene in mice is lethal before formation of the lung, its potential role in lung morphogenesis and homeostasis has not been determined. We selectively deleted Foxa2 in respiratory epithelial cells in the developing mouse lung. Airspace enlargement, goblet cell hyperplasia, increased mucin and neutrophilic infiltration were observed in lungs of the Foxa2-deleted mice. Experimental goblet cell hyperplasia caused by ovalbumin sensitization, interleukin 4 (IL4), IL13 and targeted deletion of the gene encoding surfactant protein C (SP-C), was associated with either absent or decreased expression of Foxa2 in airway epithelial cells. Analysis of lung tissue from patients with a variety of pulmonary diseases revealed a strong inverse correlation between FOXA2 and goblet cell hyperplasia. FOXA2 is required for alveolarization and regulates airway epithelial cell differentiation in the postnatal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Wan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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30
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Stetson DB, Voehringer D, Grogan JL, Xu M, Reinhardt RL, Scheu S, Kelly BL, Locksley RM. Th2 Cells: Orchestrating Barrier Immunity. Adv Immunol 2004; 83:163-89. [PMID: 15135631 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)83005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Stetson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, 94143, USA
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31
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Redlich CA, Wisnewski AV, Gordon T. Mouse models of diisocyanate asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:385-90. [PMID: 12356570 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Redlich
- Occupational Medical Program and Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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