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Markov YA, Tiurina NA, Pascucci D. Serial dependence: A matter of memory load. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33977. [PMID: 39071578 PMCID: PMC11283082 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In serial dependence, perceptual decisions are biased towards stimuli encountered in the recent past. Here, we investigate whether and how serial dependence is affected by the availability of visual working memory (VWM) resources. In two experiments, participants reproduced the orientation of a series of stimuli. On alternating trials, we included an additional VWM task with randomly varying levels of load. Serial dependence was not only affected by the additional load task but also clearly modulated by the level of load: a high load in the previous trial reduced serial dependence while a high load in the present increased it. These results were independent of the effects of VWM load on the precision of reproduction responses. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms that may regulate serial dependence, revealing its intimate link with VWM resources. Significance statement Our perception, thoughts, and behavior are continuously influenced by recent events. For instance, the way we process and understand current visual information depends on what we have seen in the preceding seconds, a phenomenon known as serial dependence. The precise mechanisms and factors involved in serial dependence are still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that working memory resources are a crucial component. Specifically, when we are currently experiencing a heavy memory load, the influence of prior stimuli becomes stronger. Conversely, when prior stimuli were shown under a high memory load, their influence was reduced. These findings highlight the importance of working memory resources in shaping our interpretation of the present based on the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Markov
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Natalia A. Tiurina
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Pascucci
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- The Radiology Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Lausanne and Sion, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Van der Burg E. Opposing serial dependencies revealed for sequences of auditory emotional stimuli. Perception 2024; 53:317-334. [PMID: 38483923 PMCID: PMC11088209 DOI: 10.1177/03010066241235562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Our percept of the world is not solely determined by what we perceive and process at a given moment in time, but also depends on what we processed recently. In the present study, we investigate whether the perceived emotion of a spoken sentence is contingent upon the emotion of an auditory stimulus on the preceding trial (i.e., serial dependence). Thereto, participants were exposed to spoken sentences that varied in emotional affect by changing the prosody that ranged from 'happy' to 'fearful'. Participants were instructed to rate the emotion. We found a positive serial dependence for emotion processing whereby the perceived emotion was biased towards the emotion on the preceding trial. When we introduced 'no-go' trials (i.e., no rating was required), we found a negative serial dependence when participants knew in advance to withhold their response on a given trial (Experiment 2) and a positive serial dependence when participants received the information to withhold their response after the stimulus presentation (Experiment 3). We therefore established a robust serial dependence for emotion processing in speech and introduce a methodology to disentangle perceptual from post-perceptual processes. This approach can be applied to the vast majority of studies investigating sequential dependencies to separate positive from negative serial dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van der Burg
- University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Hahn M, Wei XX. A unifying theory explains seemingly contradictory biases in perceptual estimation. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:793-804. [PMID: 38360947 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Perceptual biases are widely regarded as offering a window into the neural computations underlying perception. To understand these biases, previous work has proposed a number of conceptually different, and even seemingly contradictory, explanations, including attraction to a Bayesian prior, repulsion from the prior due to efficient coding and central tendency effects on a bounded range. We present a unifying Bayesian theory of biases in perceptual estimation derived from first principles. We demonstrate theoretically an additive decomposition of perceptual biases into attraction to a prior, repulsion away from regions with high encoding precision and regression away from the boundary. The results reveal a simple and universal rule for predicting the direction of perceptual biases. Our theory accounts for, and yields, new insights regarding biases in the perception of a variety of stimulus attributes, including orientation, color and magnitude. These results provide important constraints on the neural implementations of Bayesian computations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue-Xin Wei
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Perceptual Systems, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Much evidence has shown that perception is biased towards previously presented similar stimuli, an effect recently termed serial dependence. Serial dependence affects nearly every aspect of perception, often causing gross perceptual distortions, especially for weak and ambiguous stimuli. Despite unwanted side-effects, empirical evidence and Bayesian modeling show that serial dependence acts to improve efficiency and is generally beneficial to the system. Consistent with models of predictive coding, the Bayesian priors of serial dependence are generated at high levels of cortical analysis, incorporating much perceptual experience, but feed back to lower sensory areas. These feedback loops may drive oscillations in the alpha range, linked strongly with serial dependence. The discovery of top-down predictive perceptual processes is not new, but the new, more quantitative approach characterizing serial dependence promises to lead to a deeper understanding of predictive perceptual processes and their underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyriaki Mikellidou
- Department of Management, University of Limassol, Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - David Charles Burr
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Weilnhammer V, Stuke H, Standvoss K, Sterzer P. Sensory processing in humans and mice fluctuates between external and internal modes. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002410. [PMID: 38064502 PMCID: PMC10732408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception is known to cycle through periods of enhanced and reduced sensitivity to external information. Here, we asked whether such slow fluctuations arise as a noise-related epiphenomenon of limited processing capacity or, alternatively, represent a structured mechanism of perceptual inference. Using 2 large-scale datasets, we found that humans and mice alternate between externally and internally oriented modes of sensory analysis. During external mode, perception aligns more closely with the external sensory information, whereas internal mode is characterized by enhanced biases toward perceptual history. Computational modeling indicated that dynamic changes in mode are enabled by 2 interlinked factors: (i) the integration of subsequent inputs over time and (ii) slow antiphase oscillations in the impact of external sensory information versus internal predictions that are provided by perceptual history. We propose that between-mode fluctuations generate unambiguous error signals that enable optimal inference in volatile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veith Weilnhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Heiner Stuke
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Standvoss
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Manassi M, Murai Y, Whitney D. Serial dependence in visual perception: A meta-analysis and review. J Vis 2023; 23:18. [PMID: 37642639 PMCID: PMC10476445 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.8.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive sequential dependencies are phenomena in which actions, perception, decisions, and memory of features or objects are systematically biased toward visual experiences from the recent past. Among many labels, serial dependencies have been referred to as priming, sequential dependencies, sequential effects, or serial effects. Despite extensive research on the topic, the field still lacks an operational definition of what counts as serial dependence. In this meta-analysis, we review the vast literature on serial dependence and quantitatively assess its key diagnostic characteristics across several different domains of visual perception. The meta-analyses fully characterize serial dependence in orientation, face, and numerosity perception. They show that serial dependence is defined by four main kinds of tuning: serial dependence decays with time (temporal-tuning), it depends on relative spatial location (spatial-tuning), it occurs only between similar features and objects (feature-tuning), and it is modulated by attention (attentional-tuning). We also review studies of serial dependence that report single observer data, highlighting the importance of individual differences in serial dependence. Finally, we discuss a range of outstanding questions and novel research avenues that are prompted by the meta-analyses. Together, the meta-analyses provide a full characterization of serial dependence as an operationally defined family of visual phenomena, and they outline several of the key diagnostic criteria for serial dependence that should serve as guideposts for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yuki Murai
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Saarela TP, Niemi SM, Olkkonen M. Independent short- and long-term dependencies in perception. J Vis 2023; 23:12-1. [PMID: 37184502 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception is biased by stimulus history. Both long-term effects such as the central-tendency bias (CTB) and short-term effects such as serial dependence (SD) have been described, but research into the two has remained largely separate. The sources of these effects, however, are highly correlated in stimulus statistics, which can result in a misinterpretation of experimental data. We compared CTB and SD in the perception of color and line length. Observers judged the relative hue or length of consecutive stimuli in a delayed-matching task. Two interstimulus intervals were used to investigate whether elapsed time or the number of stimulus occurrences was more important for SD. We estimated biases by fitting psychometric functions to the data split based on the history features, and we also fit generalized linear mixed models with either CTB, SD, or both included as regressors. We found biases to both recent stimulus history and the cumulative average of stimulus values for both color and line length judgments. The strength and pattern of each of the biases depended on whether all sources of bias were included in the analysis. Within the range of interstimulus intervals tested, the number of intervening stimuli was more important than elapsed time for SD. We conclude that both SD and CTB independently affect perceptual judgments, and that one effect is not an artifact caused by the other. Failing to consider both effects in data analysis can give an erroneous picture of the phenomenon under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni P Saarela
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saija M Niemi
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Olkkonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Eckert AL, Gounitski Y, Guggenmos M, Sterzer P. Cross-Modality Evidence for Reduced Choice History Biases in Psychosis-Prone Individuals. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:397-406. [PMID: 36440751 PMCID: PMC10016417 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Predictive processing posits that perception emerges from inferential processes within a hierarchical cortical system. Alterations of these processes may result in psychotic experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions. Central to the predictive processing account of psychosis is the notion of aberrant weights attributed to prior information and sensory input. Based on the notion that previous perceptual choices represent a relevant source of prior information, we here asked whether the propensity towards psychotic experiences may be related to altered choice history biases in perceptual decision-making. METHODS We investigated the relationship between choice history biases in perceptual decision-making and psychosis proneness in the general population. Choice history biases and their adaptation to experimentally induced changes in stimulus serial dependencies were investigated in decision-making tasks with auditory (experiment 1) and visual (experiment 2) stimuli. We further explored a potential compensatory mechanism for reduced choice history biases by reliance on predictive cross-modal cues. RESULTS In line with our preregistered hypothesis, psychosis proneness was associated with decreased choice history biases in both experiments. This association is generalized across conditions with and without stimulus serial dependencies. We did not find consistent evidence for a compensatory reliance on cue information in psychosis-prone individuals across experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our results show reduced choice history biases in psychosis proneness. A compensatory mechanism between implicit choice history effects and explicit cue information is not supported unequivocally by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Eckert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yael Gounitski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Guggenmos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Health and Medical University, Institute for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Olympischer Weg 1, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm-Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Rafiei M, Chetverikov A, Hansmann-Roth S, Kristjansson Á. The influence of the tested item on serial dependence in perceptual decisions. Perception 2023; 52:255-265. [PMID: 36919274 DOI: 10.1177/03010066231157582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Serial dependence in vision reflects how perceptual decisions can be biased by what we have recently perceived. Serial dependence studies test single items' effects on perceptual decisions. However, our visual world contains multiple objects at any given moment, so it's important to understand how past experiences affect not only a single object but also perception in a more general sense. Here we asked the question: What effect does a single item have when there is more than one subsequently presented test item? We displayed a single line (inducer) at the screen center, then either a single test-line or two simultaneous test-lines, varying in orientation space to the inducer. Next, participants reported test-line orientation using a left or right located response circle (to indicate which test-line should be reported). The results demonstrated that the inducer influenced subsequent perceptual judgments of a test-line even when two test-lines were presented. Distant items caused repulsive serial dependence, while close items caused attractive serial dependence. This shows how a single inducer can influence test-line judgments, even when two test-lines are presented, and can produce attractive and repulsive serial dependence biases when the item to report is revealed after it has disappeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rafiei
- 63541Icelandic Vision Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Andrey Chetverikov
- 6029Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,63541Icelandic Vision Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sabrina Hansmann-Roth
- 63541Icelandic Vision Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Árni Kristjansson
- 63541Icelandic Vision Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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10
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Pascucci D, Tanrikulu ÖD, Ozkirli A, Houborg C, Ceylan G, Zerr P, Rafiei M, Kristjánsson Á. Serial dependence in visual perception: A review. J Vis 2023; 23:9. [PMID: 36648418 PMCID: PMC9871508 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How does the visual system represent continuity in the constantly changing visual input? A recent proposal is that vision is serially dependent: Stimuli seen a moment ago influence what we perceive in the present. In line with this, recent frameworks suggest that the visual system anticipates whether an object seen at one moment is the same as the one seen a moment ago, binding visual representations across consecutive perceptual episodes. A growing body of work supports this view, revealing signatures of serial dependence in many diverse visual tasks. Yet, the variety of disparate findings and interpretations calls for a more general picture. Here, we survey the main paradigms and results over the past decade. We also focus on the challenge of finding a relationship between serial dependence and the concept of "object identity," taking centuries-long history of research into account. Among the seemingly contrasting findings on serial dependence, we highlight common patterns that may elucidate the nature of this phenomenon and attempt to identify questions that are unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pascucci
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ömer Daglar Tanrikulu
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ayberk Ozkirli
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Houborg
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gizay Ceylan
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Zerr
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mohsen Rafiei
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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11
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Moon J, Kwon OS. Attractive and repulsive effects of sensory history concurrently shape visual perception. BMC Biol 2022; 20:247. [PMID: 36345010 PMCID: PMC9641899 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequential effects of environmental stimuli are ubiquitous in most behavioral tasks involving magnitude estimation, memory, decision making, and emotion. The human visual system exploits continuity in the visual environment, which induces two contrasting perceptual phenomena shaping visual perception. Previous work reported that perceptual estimation of a stimulus may be influenced either by attractive serial dependencies or repulsive aftereffects, with a number of experimental variables suggested as factors determining the direction and magnitude of sequential effects. Recent studies have theorized that these two effects concurrently arise in perceptual processing, but empirical evidence that directly supports this hypothesis is lacking, and it remains unclear whether and how attractive and repulsive sequential effects interact in a trial. Here we show that the two effects concurrently modulate estimation behavior in a typical sequence of perceptual tasks. RESULTS We first demonstrate that observers' estimation error as a function of both the previous stimulus and response cannot be fully described by either attractive or repulsive bias but is instead well captured by a summation of repulsion from the previous stimulus and attraction toward the previous response. We then reveal that the repulsive bias is centered on the observer's sensory encoding of the previous stimulus, which is again repelled away from its own preceding trial, whereas the attractive bias is centered precisely on the previous response, which is the observer's best prediction about the incoming stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide strong evidence that sensory encoding is shaped by dynamic tuning of the system to the past stimuli, inducing repulsive aftereffects, and followed by inference incorporating the prediction from the past estimation, leading to attractive serial dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Oh-Sang Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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12
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Locke SM, Landy MS, Mamassian P. Suprathreshold perceptual decisions constrain models of confidence. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010318. [PMID: 35895747 PMCID: PMC9359550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual confidence is an important internal signal about the certainty of our decisions and there is a substantial debate on how it is computed. We highlight three confidence metric types from the literature: observers either use 1) the full probability distribution to compute probability correct (Probability metrics), 2) point estimates from the perceptual decision process to estimate uncertainty (Evidence-Strength metrics), or 3) heuristic confidence from stimulus-based cues to uncertainty (Heuristic metrics). These metrics are rarely tested against one another, so we examined models of all three types on a suprathreshold spatial discrimination task. Observers were shown a cloud of dots sampled from a dot generating distribution and judged if the mean of the distribution was left or right of centre. In addition to varying the horizontal position of the mean, there were two sensory uncertainty manipulations: the number of dots sampled and the spread of the generating distribution. After every two perceptual decisions, observers made a confidence forced-choice judgement whether they were more confident in the first or second decision. Model results showed that the majority of observers were best-fit by either: 1) the Heuristic model, which used dot cloud position, spread, and number of dots as cues; or 2) an Evidence-Strength model, which computed the distance between the sensory measurement and discrimination criterion, scaled according to sensory uncertainty. An accidental repetition of some sessions also allowed for the measurement of confidence agreement for identical pairs of stimuli. This N-pass analysis revealed that human observers were more consistent than their best-fitting model would predict, indicating there are still aspects of confidence that are not captured by our modelling. As such, we propose confidence agreement as a useful technique for computational studies of confidence. Taken together, these findings highlight the idiosyncratic nature of confidence computations for complex decision contexts and the need to consider different potential metrics and transformations in the confidence computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Locke
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département d’Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Michael S. Landy
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pascal Mamassian
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département d’Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
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13
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Wolfe JM. How one block of trials influences the next: persistent effects of disease prevalence and feedback on decisions about images of skin lesions in a large online study. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:10. [PMID: 35107667 PMCID: PMC8811054 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an online, medical image labeling app, 803 individuals rated images of skin lesions as either "melanoma" (skin cancer) or "nevus" (a skin mole). Each block consisted of 80 images. Blocks could have high (50%) or low (20%) target prevalence and could provide full, accurate feedback or no feedback. As in prior work, with feedback, decision criteria were more conservative at low prevalence than at high prevalence and resulted in more miss errors. Without feedback, this low prevalence effect was reversed (albeit, not significantly). Participants could participate in up to four different conditions a day on each of 6 days. Our main interest was in the effect of Block N on Block N + 1. Low prevalence with feedback made participants more conservative on a subsequent block. High prevalence with feedback made participants more liberal on a subsequent block. Conditions with no feedback had no significant impact on the subsequent block. The delay between Blocks 1 and 2 had no significant effect. The effect on the second half of Block 2 was just as large as on the first half. Medical expertise (over the range available in the study) had no impact on these effects, though medical students were better at the task than other groups. Overall, these seem to be robust effects where feedback may be 'teaching' participants how to respond in the future. This might have application in, for example, training or re-training situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Wolfe
- Visual Attention Lab, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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14
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Patricio Décima A, Fernando Barraza J, López-Moliner J. The perceptual dynamics of the contrast induced speed bias. Vision Res 2021; 191:107966. [PMID: 34808549 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this article we present a temporal extension of the slow motion prior model to generate predictions regarding the temporal evolution of the contrast induced speed bias. We further tested these predictions using a novel experimental paradigm that allows us to measure the dynamic perceptual difference between stimuli through a series of manual pursuit open loop tasks. Results show good agreement with our model's predictions. The main findings reveal that hand speed dynamics are affected by stimulus contrast in a way that is consistent with a dynamic model of motion perception that assumes a slow motion prior. The proposed model also confirms observations made in previous studies that suggest that motion bias persisted even at high contrast as a consequence of the dynamics of the slow motion prior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Fernando Barraza
- Dpto. Luminotecnia, Luz y Visión "Herberto C. Bühler" (DLLyV), FACET, UNT, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión (ILAV), CONICET-UNT, Argentina
| | - Joan López-Moliner
- Vision and Control of Action (VISCA) Group, Department of Cognition, Development and Psychology of Education, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Identical physical inputs do not always evoke identical percepts. To investigate the role of stimulus history in tactile perception, we designed a task in which rats had to judge each vibrissal vibration, in a long series, as strong or weak depending on its mean speed. After a low-speed stimulus (trial n - 1), rats were more likely to report the next stimulus (trial n) as strong, and after a high-speed stimulus, they were more likely to report the next stimulus as weak, a repulsive effect that did not depend on choice or reward on trial n - 1. This effect could be tracked over several preceding trials (i.e., n - 2 and earlier) and was characterized by an exponential decay function, reflecting a trial-by-trial incorporation of sensory history. Surprisingly, the influence of trial n - 1 strengthened as the time interval between n - 1 and n grew. Human subjects receiving fingertip vibrations showed these same key findings. We are able to account for the repulsive stimulus history effect, and its detailed time scale, through a single-parameter model, wherein each new stimulus gradually updates the subject's decision criterion. This model points to mechanisms underlying how the past affects the ongoing subjective experience.
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16
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Kim S, Alais D. Individual differences in serial dependence manifest when sensory uncertainty is high. Vision Res 2021; 188:274-282. [PMID: 34488039 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual experience in the recent past has been shown to alter subsequent perception. Recently, it has been suggested that this "serial dependence" effect is modulated by sensory uncertainty. In the current study, by overlaying three different levels of visual noise (i.e., no-, low-, or high-noise) on face stimuli, we investigated how serial dependence in face identity perception varies with sensory uncertainty. After learning two facial identities, the faces were combined at various morph levels and participants reported which identity was perceived while noise and noise-free presentations alternated over trials. Results showed that identity perception of noise-free faces was positively biased toward the past when the previous face was noise-free or highly noisy, but not when a low-noise was added. There were considerable individual differences in bias magnitude for trials preceded by high-noise stimuli which reflected individuals' general bias tendencies. When correlated with the other two conditions, a general bias tendency showed a significant relationship with low-noise trials, but not with no-noise trials. This indicates that the bias tendency of individuals manifests more strongly when the sensory information was uncertain. Therefore, the current findings suggest 1) that sensory uncertainty modulates serial dependence in face identity perception and 2) that an individual's general bias tendency interacts with sensory uncertainty to alter perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - David Alais
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia
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17
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Murai Y, Whitney D. Serial dependence revealed in history-dependent perceptual templates. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3185-3191.e3. [PMID: 34087105 PMCID: PMC8319107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In any given perceptual task, the visual system selectively weighs or filters incoming information. The particular set of weights or filters form a kind of template, which reveals the regions or types of information that are particularly useful for a given perceptual decision.1,2 Unfortunately, sensory input is noisy and ever changing. To compensate for these fluctuations, the visual system could adopt a strategy of biasing the templates such that they reflect a temporal smoothing of input, which would be a form of serial dependence.3-5 Here, we demonstrate that perceptual templates are, in fact, altered by serial dependence. Using a simple orientation detection task and classification-image technique, we found that perceptual templates are systematically biased toward previously seen, task-irrelevant orientations. The results of an orientation discrimination task suggest that this shift in perceptual template derives from a change in the perceptual appearance of orientation. Our study reveals how serial dependence biases internal templates of orientation and suggests that the sensitivity of classification-image techniques in general could be improved by taking into account history-dependent fluctuations in templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murai
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Alais D, Xu Y, Wardle SG, Taubert J. A shared mechanism for facial expression in human faces and face pareidolia. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210966. [PMID: 34229489 PMCID: PMC8261219 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions are vital for social communication, yet the underlying mechanisms are still being discovered. Illusory faces perceived in objects (face pareidolia) are errors of face detection that share some neural mechanisms with human face processing. However, it is unknown whether expression in illusory faces engages the same mechanisms as human faces. Here, using a serial dependence paradigm, we investigated whether illusory and human faces share a common expression mechanism. First, we found that images of face pareidolia are reliably rated for expression, within and between observers, despite varying greatly in visual features. Second, they exhibit positive serial dependence for perceived facial expression, meaning an illusory face (happy or angry) is perceived as more similar in expression to the preceding one, just as seen for human faces. This suggests illusory and human faces engage similar mechanisms of temporal continuity. Third, we found robust cross-domain serial dependence of perceived expression between illusory and human faces when they were interleaved, with serial effects larger when illusory faces preceded human faces than the reverse. Together, the results support a shared mechanism for facial expression between human faces and illusory faces and suggest that expression processing is not tightly bound to human facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alais
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiben Xu
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan G Wardle
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Taubert
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Serial dependence does not originate from low-level visual processing. Cognition 2021; 212:104709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Optimizing perception: Attended and ignored stimuli create opposing perceptual biases. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:1230-1239. [PMID: 32333372 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Humans have remarkable abilities to construct a stable visual world from continuously changing input. There is increasing evidence that momentary visual input blends with previous input to preserve perceptual continuity. Most studies have shown that such influences can be traced to characteristics of the attended object at a given moment. Little is known about the role of ignored stimuli in creating this continuity. This is important since while some input is selected for processing, other input must be actively ignored for efficient selection of the task-relevant stimuli. We asked whether attended targets and actively ignored distractor stimuli in an odd-one-out search task would bias observers' perception differently. Our observers searched for an oddly oriented line among distractors and were occasionally asked to report the orientation of the last visual search target they saw in an adjustment task. Our results show that at least two opposite biases from past stimuli influence current perception: A positive bias caused by serial dependence pulls perception of the target toward the previous target features, while a negative bias induced by the to-be-ignored distractor features pushes perception of the target away from the distractor distribution. Our results suggest that to-be-ignored items produce a perceptual bias that acts in parallel with other biases induced by attended items to optimize perception. Our results are the first to demonstrate how actively ignored information facilitates continuity in visual perception.
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21
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Weilnhammer V, Chikermane M, Sterzer P. Bistable perception alternates between internal and external modes of sensory processing. iScience 2021; 24:102234. [PMID: 33748716 PMCID: PMC7967014 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual history can exert pronounced effects on the contents of conscious experience: when confronted with completely ambiguous stimuli, perception does not waver at random between diverging stimulus interpretations but sticks with recent percepts for prolonged intervals. Here, we investigated the relevance of perceptual history in situations more similar to everyday experience, where sensory stimuli are usually not completely ambiguous. Using partially ambiguous visual stimuli, we found that the balance between past and present is not stable over time but slowly fluctuates between two opposing modes. For time periods of up to several minutes, perception was either largely determined by perceptual history or driven predominantly by disambiguating sensory evidence. Computational modeling suggested that the construction of unambiguous conscious experiences is modulated by slow fluctuations between internally and externally oriented modes of sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veith Weilnhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meera Chikermane
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Abstract
The visual world as it presents itself to our eyes is constantly changing, in contrast with human perceptual experience, which is smooth and stable. One of the posited psychological mechanisms that may contribute to this constructed perceptual stability is the continuity field, a spatiotemporal integration window. The current study examined whether temporal integration, as quantified by serial dependence (SD) between perceived attributes of successive visual stimuli, influenced the subjective appearance of objects or decisional stages in response determination. To do so, an oddball task required participants to directly compare visual objects and decorrelated responses (present/absent) from the visual attribute on which SD may occur (orientation). Results showed that SD could cause a single visual object to appear different from surrounding distractors, leading to modulations of performance. These results argue in favor of a perceptual level of SD, and against decisional accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Collins
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Université de Paris and CNRS, Paris, France.,
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23
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Fritsche M, Spaak E, de Lange FP. A Bayesian and efficient observer model explains concurrent attractive and repulsive history biases in visual perception. eLife 2020; 9:55389. [PMID: 32479264 PMCID: PMC7286693 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human perceptual decisions can be repelled away from (repulsive adaptation) or attracted towards recent visual experience (attractive serial dependence). It is currently unclear whether and how these repulsive and attractive biases interact during visual processing and what computational principles underlie these history dependencies. Here we disentangle repulsive and attractive biases by exploring their respective timescales. We find that perceptual decisions are concurrently attracted towards the short-term perceptual history and repelled from stimuli experienced up to minutes into the past. The temporal pattern of short-term attraction and long-term repulsion cannot be captured by an ideal Bayesian observer model alone. Instead, it is well captured by an ideal observer model with efficient encoding and Bayesian decoding of visual information in a slowly changing environment. Concurrent attractive and repulsive history biases in perceptual decisions may thus be the consequence of the need for visual processing to simultaneously satisfy constraints of efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fritsche
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg, Netherlands
| | - Eelke Spaak
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg, Netherlands
| | - Floris P de Lange
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg, Netherlands
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24
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Dekel R, Sagi D. Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation. Vision Res 2020; 169:58-72. [PMID: 32179340 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The processing of a visual stimulus is known to be influenced by the statistics in recent visual history and by the stimulus' visual surround. Such contextual influences lead to perceptually salient phenomena, such as the tilt aftereffect and the tilt illusion. Despite much research on the influence of an isolated context, it is not clear how multiple, possibly competing sources of contextual influence interact. Here, using psychophysical methods, we compared the combined influence of multiple contexts to the sum of the isolated context influences. The results showed large deviations from linear additivity for adjacent or overlapping contexts, and remarkably, clear additivity when the contexts were sufficiently separated. Specifically, for adjacent or overlapping contexts, the combined effect was often lower than the sum of the isolated component effects (sub-additivity), or was more influenced by one component than another (selection). For contexts that were separated in time (600 ms), the combined effect measured the exact sum of the isolated component effects (in degrees of bias). Overall, the results imply an initial compressive transformation during visual processing, followed by selection between the processed parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Dekel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dov Sagi
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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25
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Keane B, Bland NS, Matthews N, Carroll TJ, Wallis G. Rapid recalibration of temporal order judgements: Response bias accounts for contradictory results. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1697-1710. [PMID: 31430402 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent history influences subsequent perception, decision-making and motor behaviours. In this article, we address a discrepancy in the effects of recent sensory history on the perceived timing of auditory and visual stimuli. In the synchrony judgement (SJ) task, similar timing relationships in consecutive trials seem more synchronous (i.e. less like the repeated temporal order). This effect is known as rapid recalibration and is consistent with a negative perceptual aftereffect. Interestingly, the opposite is found in the temporal order judgement (TOJ) task (positive rapid recalibration). We aimed to determine whether a simple bias to repeat judgements on consecutive trials (choice-repetition bias) could account for the discrepant results in these tasks. Preliminary simulations and analyses indicated that a choice-repetition bias could produce apparently positive rapid recalibration in the TOJ and not the SJ task. Our first experiment revealed no evidence of rapid recalibration of TOJs, but negative rapid recalibration of associated confidence. This suggests that timing perception was rapidly recalibrated, but that the negative recalibration effect was obfuscated by a positive bias effect. In our second experiment, we experimentally mitigated the choice-repetition bias effect and found negative rapid recalibration of TOJs. We therefore conclude that timing perception is negatively rapidly recalibrated, and this is observed consistently across timing tasks. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence that indicates multisensory perception is constantly undergoing recalibration, such that perceptual synchrony is maintained. This work also demonstrates that participants' task responses reflect judgements that are contaminated by independent biases of perception and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Keane
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Bland
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Natasha Matthews
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Guy Wallis
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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