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Resan M, Cvejic Z, Pancevski I, Thumann G, Kropp M, Guber I, Ristic D, Vojvodic D, Pajic B. Interleukin 12 in the Acute Phase of the Immune Response after Excimer Laser Treatment. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4472. [PMID: 37445506 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the research was to investigate the differences in the concentrations of IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in tears after LASIK and PRK procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 68 myopic eyes up to -3.0 D refractive spherical equivalent, divided into two groups: Group 1 LASIK (n = 31) and Group 2 PRK (n = 37). Three tear samples were taken from each eye: immediately before the procedure (t0), 1 h after the procedure (t1), and 24 h after the procedure (t2). The concentrations of IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in the tear samples were determined by flow cytometry. Participants were not taking anti-inflammatory therapy 24 h after the procedure. RESULTS IL-4 levels 1 h after treatment did not differ between LASIK and PRK (p = 0.990), while 24 h after PRK there was a significant decrease in IL-4 levels (p < 0.05), but not after LASIK (p = 0.476). In both the LASIK (p < 0.05) and PRK (p < 0.05) groups, there is an increase in IL-10 concentrations 1 h after treatment, which persists 24 h after LASIK (p < 0.05) but not after PRK (p = 0.081). There is an increase in IL-12p70 concentration 1 h after treatment in both the LASIK (p < 0.001) and PRK groups (p < 0.001). There is also an increase in IL-12p70 concentration 24 h after PRK (p < 0.005), but not after LASIK (p = 0.775). CONCLUSIONS IL-4 concentration shows a significantly higher value in the LASIK group than in the PRK group after 24 h. IL-10 and IL-12p70 levels increase one hour after surgery in both groups. After 24 h, the IL-10 levels remain elevated in the LASIK group, and the IL-12p70 levels remain elevated in the PRK group. Thus, LASIK and PRK procedures show different inflammatory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Resan
- Eye Clinic, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zeljka Cvejic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Igor Pancevski
- Eye Clinic, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabriele Thumann
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Kropp
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Guber
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dragana Ristic
- Eye Clinic, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department for Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Pajic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Eye Clinic ORASIS, Swiss Eye Research Foundation, 5734 Reinach, Switzerland
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Liu K, Huang A, Nie J, Tan J, Xing S, Qu Y, Jiang K. IL-35 Regulates the Function of Immune Cells in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683332. [PMID: 34093586 PMCID: PMC8176033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and IL-12p35 that has recently been shown to play diverse and important roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Owing to its immunosuppressive activity and ability to promote tumor growth and progression, IL-35 is widely recognized as a key mediator of TME status. Immune cells are key mediators of diverse tumor-related phenotypes, and immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-35 can promote tumor growth and metastasis in TME. These influences should be considered together. Since tumor immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockade remains ineffective in many patients due to tumoral resistance, a new target or efficacy enhancing factor is urgently needed. Suppressing IL-35 production and activity has been demonstrated as an effective factor that inhibits tumor cells viability, and further investigation of this cytokine is warranted. However, the mechanistic basis for IL-35-mediated regulation of immune cells in the TME remains to be fully clarified. In the present review, we explore the roles of IL-35 in regulating immune cells within the TME. In addition, we highlight IL-35 as a specific immunological target and discuss its possible relevance in the context of immunotherapy. Lastly, we sought to summarize potential future research directions that may guide the advancement of current understanding regarding the role of this important cytokine as a regulator of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Coulon PG, Dhanushkodi N, Prakash S, Srivastava R, Roy S, Alomari NI, Nguyen AM, Warsi WR, Ye C, Carlos-Cruz EA, Mai UT, Cruel AC, Ekmekciyan KM, Pearlman E, BenMohamed L. NLRP3, NLRP12, and IFI16 Inflammasomes Induction and Caspase-1 Activation Triggered by Virulent HSV-1 Strains Are Associated With Severe Corneal Inflammatory Herpetic Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1631. [PMID: 31367214 PMCID: PMC6644090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between the host's inflammasome system and the invading virulent/less-virulent viruses determines the outcome of the ensuing inflammatory response. An appropriate activation of inflammasomes triggers antiviral inflammatory responses that clear the virus and heal the inflamed tissue. However, an aberrant activation of inflammasomes can result in a harmful and overwhelming inflammation that could damage the infected tissue. The underlying host's immune mechanisms and the viral virulent factors that impact severe clinical inflammatory disease remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we used herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the causative agent of corneal inflammatory herpetic disease, as a model pathogen to determine: (i) Whether and how the virulence of a virus affects the type and the activation level of the inflammasomes; and (ii) How triggering specific inflammasomes translates into protective or damaging inflammatory response. We showed that, in contrast to the less-virulent HSV-1 strains (RE, F, KOS, and KOS63), corneal infection of B6 mice with the virulent HSV-1 strains (McKrae, 17 or KOS79): (i) Induced simultaneous expression of the NLRP3, NLRP12, and IFI16 inflammasomes; (ii) Increased production of the biologically active Caspase-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18; (iii) Heightened recruitment into the inflamed cornea of CD45highLy6C+Ly6G-F4/80+CD11b+CD11c- inflammatory monocytes and CD45highCD11b+F4/80-Ly6GhiLy6Cmed neutrophils; and (iv) This intensified inflammatory response was associated with a severe corneal herpetic disease, irrespective of the level of virus replication in the cornea. Similarly, in vitro infection of human corneal epithelial cells and human monocytic THP-1 cells with the virulent HSV-1 strains triggered a synchronized early expression of NLRP3, NLRP12 and IFI16, 2 h post-infection, associated with formation of single and dense specks of the adapter molecule ASC in HSV(+) cells, but not in the neighboring bystander HSV(-) cells. This was associated with increased cleavages of Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. These findings suggest a previously unappreciated role of viral virulence in a synchronized early induction of the NLRP3, NLRP12, and IFI16 inflammasomes that lead to a damaging inflammatory response. A potential role of common virus virulent factors that stimulate this harmful inflammatory corneal disease is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nuha I. Alomari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Angela M. Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Wasay R. Warsi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Caitlin Ye
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Edgar A. Carlos-Cruz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Uyen T. Mai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Audrey C. Cruel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Keysi M. Ekmekciyan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Li C, Deng H, Si C, Xiong H. Interleukin-35 in immune-related diseases: protection or destruction. Immunology 2019; 157:13-20. [PMID: 30681737 PMCID: PMC6459776 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a recently identified heterodimeric cytokine in the IL-12 family. It consists of an IL-12 subunit α chain (P35) and IL-27 subunit Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) β chain. Unlike the other IL-12 family members, it signals through four unconventional receptors: IL-12Rβ2-IL-27Rα, IL-12Rβ2-IL-12Rβ2, IL-12Rβ2-GP130, and GP130-GP130. Interleukin-35 signaling is mainly carried out through the signal transducer and activator of transcription family of proteins. It is secreted not only by regulatory T (Treg) cells, but also by CD8+ Treg cells, activated dendritic cells and regulatory B cells. It exhibits immunosuppressive functions distinct from those of other members of the IL-12 family; these are mediated primarily by the inhibition of T helper type 17 cell differentiation and promotion of Treg cell proliferation. Interleukin-35 plays a critical role in several immune-associated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and viral and bacterial infections, as well as in tumors. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of IL-35, describe its role in immune-related disorders, and discuss the mechanisms by which it regulates the development and progression of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, collagen-induced arthritis, allergic airway disease, hepatitis, and tumors. The recent research on IL-35, combined with improved techniques of studying receptors and signal transduction pathways, allows for consideration of IL-35 as a novel immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular MedicineJining Medical UniversityJiningShandongChina
| | - Yunsheng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular MedicineJining Medical UniversityJiningShandongChina
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical ResearchLiaocheng UniversityLiaochengChina
| | - Chunlei Li
- School of PharmacyLinyi UniversityLinyiShandongChina
| | - Hongxin Deng
- Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chuanping Si
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular MedicineJining Medical UniversityJiningShandongChina
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Department of MedicineImmunology InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
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5
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Guo J, Gu M, Zhang W, Liu Y, Qian C, Deng A. Aberrant IL-35 levels in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Scand J Immunol 2019; 88:e12718. [PMID: 30589451 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-35 is a newly discovered immunoregulatory cytokine that possesses the ability to inhibit CD4 + effector T cells and alleviate autoimmune diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate IL-35 levels in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) and explore the roles of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of pSS. METHODS Thirty-four hospitalized patients with pSS were recruited, and 34 volunteers were enrolled as healthy controls. An ELISA was adopted to measure plasma IL-35 levels. The levels of P35 and EBI3 mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The percentage of CD4 + EBI3 + T cells and CD19 + EBI3 + B cells was analysed using flow cytometry. Correlations between IL-35 levels, P35 and EBI3 mRNAs, numbers of CD4 + EBI3 + T cells, CD19 + EBI3 + B cells and clinical parameters were analysed. RESULTS Significantly lower plasma IL-35 levels, P35 and EBI3 mRNA levels, and percentages of CD4 + EBI3 + T cells but increased percentages of CD19 + EBI3 + B cells were observed in patients with pSS than in healthy controls. IL-35 levels, EBI3 mRNA expression and the percentage of CD4 + EBI3 + T cells exhibited negative correlations with the ESSDAI score, whereas levels of the IL-35 protein and EBI3 mRNA were negatively correlated with the ESR. Patients who were positive for anti-SSB antibodies presented with lower IL-35 levels and percentages of CD4 + EBI3 + T cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, a decrease in the IL-35 levels may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pSS. IL-35 may act as a potential therapeutic agent against inflammation in patients with pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingli Gu
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The 100th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Suzhou, China
| | - Ammei Deng
- Department of Clinical Experiment, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Eaton JS, Miller PE, Bentley E, Thomasy SM, Murphy CJ. Slit Lamp-Based Ocular Scoring Systems in Toxicology and Drug Development: A Literature Survey. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:707-717. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Seth Eaton
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
| | - Paul E. Miller
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California–Davis, Sacramento, California
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Buela KAG, Hendricks RL. Cornea-infiltrating and lymph node dendritic cells contribute to CD4+ T cell expansion after herpes simplex virus-1 ocular infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:379-87. [PMID: 25422507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
After HSV type 1 corneal infection, CD4(+) T cells are expanded in the draining lymph nodes (DLNs) and restimulated in the infected cornea to regulate the destructive inflammatory disease herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). The contribution of cornea resident, cornea-infiltrating, and DLN resident dendritic cells (DC) to CD4(+) T cell expansion in DLNs and restimulation in corneas is unknown. Cornea resident and cornea-infiltrating DCs were selectively depleted by timed local (subconjunctival) injection of diphtheria toxin (DT) into mice that express high-affinity DT receptors from the CD11c promoter. Corneal and DLN DCs were depleted by systemic (i.p.) DT treatment. We found that: 1) DCs that were resident in the cornea and DLNs at the time of infection or that migrate into the tissues during the first 24 h postinfection were not required for CD4(+) T cell expansion; 2) DCs that infiltrated the cornea >24 h postinfection were responsible for most of the CD4(+) T cell expansion measured in the DLNs at 3 and 7 d postinfection (dpi); 3) non-cornea-derived DCs that infiltrate the DLNs >24 h postinfection made a modest contribution to CD4(+) T cell expansion at 3 dpi but did not contribute at 7 dpi; and 4) surprisingly, HSK development between 7 and 21 dpi did not require corneal DCs. DC-independent HSK development appears to reflect close interactions of CD4(+) T cells with MHC class II(+) corneal epithelial cells and macrophages in infected DC-depleted corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine-Ann G Buela
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Robert L Hendricks
- Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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8
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Shen H, Wang C, Fan E, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhang L. Upregulation of interleukin-35 subunits in regulatory T cells in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2014; 76:237-47. [PMID: 25412964 DOI: 10.1159/000369141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a critical role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis (AR). We investigated the regulatory roles of interleukin (IL)-35, an immunosuppressive cytokine expressed by CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells, in a murine model of AR. METHODS The expression of IL-35 subunits (Ebi3, encoded by Ebi3, and IL-12p35, encoded by IL12a) and IL-35 receptor chains (IL12rb and IL6st) in nasal mucosa and in spleen-derived Treg cells from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized AR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time RT-PCR techniques. RESULTS IL-35 subunit secretion was associated with local OVA sensitization in this murine model of AR. Ebi3 and IL-12p35, as well as CD3, were expressed differentially in the same regions of nasal mucosa of both AR and control animals. Ebi3 mRNA levels were significantly downregulated in the nasal mucosa of AR mice compared with control mice. Similarly, Ebi3 and IL12a mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells and, correspondingly, downregulated in CD4(+)CD25(-) T effector (Teff) cells. IL6st mRNA levels were also significantly downregulated in CD4(+)CD25(-) Teff cells. CONCLUSIONS Decreased Ebi3 may have a crucial regulatory effect on the nasal mucosa in AR. The increased IL-35 subunit expression in CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells may contribute to regulating the pathogenesis of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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9
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Rolinski J, Hus I. Immunological aspects of acute and recurrent herpes simplex keratitis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:513560. [PMID: 25276842 PMCID: PMC4170747 DOI: 10.1155/2014/513560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) belongs to the major causes of visual morbidity worldwide and available methods of treatment remain unsatisfactory. Primary infection occurs usually early in life and is often asymptomatic. Chronic visual impairment and visual loss are caused by corneal scaring, thinning, and vascularization connected with recurrent HSV infections. The pathogenesis of herpetic keratitis is complex and is still not fully understood. According to the current knowledge, corneal scarring and vascularization are the result of chronic inflammatory reaction against HSV antigens. In this review we discuss the role of innate and adaptive immunities in acute and recurrent HSV ocular infection and present the potential future targets for novel therapeutical options based on immune interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rolinski
- Chair and Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Hus
- Department of Clinical Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
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10
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The possible role of the novel cytokines il-35 and il-37 in inflammatory bowel disease. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:136329. [PMID: 25214710 PMCID: PMC4151582 DOI: 10.1155/2014/136329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 35 and IL-37 are newly discovered immune-suppressing cytokines. They have been described in inflammatory diseases such as collagen-induced arthritis and asthma. However, their expressions in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have not been yet explored. Our aim was to evaluate serum and inflamed mucosal levels in IBD patients. In 20 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, 7 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and 15 healthy subjects, cytokine levels in serum were determined using ELISA and mucosal expression studies were performed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blot. The results showed that serums IL-35 and IL-37 levels were significantly decreased in UC and CD patients compared with healthy subjects. The cytokines levels correlated inversely with UC activity. IL-35 was expressed in infiltrating immune cells while IL-37 in intestinal epithelial cells as well as inflammatory cells. IBD patients had significantly higher Ebi3, p35 (two subunits of IL-35), and IL-37b gene expressions; IL-35 and IL-37 protein expressions were higher in IBD patients compared with controls. The study showed that serums IL-35 and IL-37 might be potentially novel biomarkers for IBD. Intestinal IL-35 and IL-37 proteins are upregulated, suggesting that regulating the expression of the two cytokines may provide a new possible target for the treatment of IBD.
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11
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Park PJ, Chang M, Garg N, Zhu J, Chang JH, Shukla D. Corneal lymphangiogenesis in herpetic stromal keratitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 60:60-71. [PMID: 25444520 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Corneal lymphangiogenesis is the extension of lymphatic vessels into the normally alymphatic cornea, a process that compromises the cornea's immune-privileged state and facilitates herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK results most commonly from infection by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and is characterized by immune- and inflammation-mediated damage to the deep layers of the cornea. Current research demonstrates the potential of anti-lymphangiogenic therapy to decrease and prevent herpes-induced lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nitin Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jimmy Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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12
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Lee CJ, Buznyk O, Kuffova L, Rajendran V, Forrester JV, Phopase J, Islam MM, Skog M, Ahlqvist J, Griffith M. Cathelicidin LL-37 and HSV-1 Corneal Infection: Peptide Versus Gene Therapy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:4. [PMID: 24932432 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential utility of collagen-based corneal implants with anti-Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1 activity achieved through sustained release of LL-37, from incorporated nanoparticles, as compared with cell-based delivery from model human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) transfected to produce endogenous LL-37. METHODS We tested the ability of collagen-phosphorylcholine implants to tolerate the adverse microenvironment of herpetic murine corneas. Then, we investigated the efficacy of LL-37 peptides delivered through nanoparticles incorporated within the corneal implants to block HSV-1 viral activity. In addition, LL-37 complementary DNA (cDNA) was transferred into HCECs to confer viral resistance, and their response to HSV-1 infection was examined. RESULTS Our implants remained in herpetic murine corneas 7 days longer than allografts. LL-37 released from the implants blocked HSV-1 infection of HCECs by interfering with viral binding. However, in pre-infected HCECs, LL-37 delayed but could not prevent viral spreading nor clear viruses from the infected cells. HCECs transfected with the LL-37 expressed and secreted the peptide. Secreted LL-37 inhibited viral binding in vitro but was insufficient to protect cells completely from HSV-1 infection. Nevertheless, secreted LL-37 reduced both the incidence of plaque formation and plaque size. CONCLUSION LL-37 released from composite nanoparticle-hydrogel corneal implants and HCEC-produced peptide, both showed anti-HSV-1 activity by blocking binding. However, while both slowed down virus spread, neither was able on its own to completely inhibit the viruses. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE LL-37 releasing hydrogels may have potential utility as corneal substitutes for grafting in HSV-1 infected corneas, possibly in combination with LL-37 producing therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyan-Jang Lee
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Oleksiy Buznyk
- Department of Eye Burns, Ophthalmic Reconstructive Surgery, Keratoplasty & Keratoprosthesis, Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (3I's) (Ocular Immunology), Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Vijayalakshmi Rajendran
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ; Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (3I's) (Ocular Immunology), Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - John V Forrester
- Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (3I's) (Ocular Immunology), Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Jaywant Phopase
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohammad M Islam
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mårten Skog
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - May Griffith
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Effect of the N-butanoyl glutathione (GSH) derivative and acyclovir on HSV-1 replication and Th1 cytokine expression in human macrophages. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203:283-9. [PMID: 24682316 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an important defense against in vivo herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection by early cytokine secretion; however, they can be infected by HSV-1 and they may be compromised in their ability to produce cytokines. In this paper, we studied the expression of two Th1 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-27, upon HSV-1 infection of human macrophages, and how it is regulated by treatment with two antiviral drugs exerting their anti-HSV-1 activity through different mechanisms of action. We found that infection does not alter intra-macrophage thiol content, while it induces mRNA expression of IL-12 p35 and IL-12 p40 as well as of IL-27 p28 and IL-27 EBI3, as revealed by RT-PCR. The increased expression of mRNA is accompanied by increased production of IL-12 p40 and IL-27 p28 protein, as detected in the culture supernatants by ELISA. The two antiviral drugs tested were acyclovir (ACV), commonly used to treat herpes virus infections, and an N-butanoyl glutathione (GSH) derivative, GSH-C4. While ACV inhibits viral DNA polymerase, GSH-C4 inhibits virus replication by interfering with protein folding and maturation of viral particles. Indeed, GSH-C4, altering the intracellular redox state, may modulate the Th1/Th2 balance favoring Th1-type response. Our data show that both drugs inhibit HSV-1 replication in macrophages, without significantly affecting cytokine mRNA levels. Nonetheless, lower levels of IL-12 p40 and IL-27 p28 proteins were found in the supernatants of macrophages treated with either GSH-C4 or ACV, likely as an indirect consequence of inhibited HSV-1 replication.
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14
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Ye S, Wu J, Zhou L, Lv Z, Xie H, Zheng S. Interleukin-35: the future of hyperimmune-related diseases? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:285-91. [PMID: 23472662 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-35) is a newly identified heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family. It contains Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 subunit and IL-27 p35 subunit. Although its receptor and signaling pathway are not clear, we presumed that its receptor is composed by two chains that might be similar to those receptors of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. We also believe that the signal transducer activator of transcription family members is involved in its signaling pathway. It was reported that IL-35 could suppress Teff cell proliferation and Th17 development. It was considered to have a potential therapeutic effect against immune diseases. In our perspective, the finding of IL-35 is of great significance, since it can regulate T cells, which is an important therapeutic target of immunological disorders. IL-35 would promote the development of different kinds of vaccines, even vaccine for special cancer, and be promising to cure autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyi Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Li Y, Zhang C, Wu Y, Han Y, Cui W, Jia L, Cai L, Cheng J, Li H, Du J. Interleukin-12p35 Deletion Promotes CD4 T-Cell–Dependent Macrophage Differentiation and Enhances Angiotensin II–Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1662-74. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.249706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Interleukin-12 is essential for the differentiation of naïve T cells into interferon-γ–producing T cells, which regulate inflammatory responses. We investigated this process of regulating hypertension-induced cardiac fibrosis.
Methods and Results—
Mice infused with angiotensin II showed a marked increase in interleukin-12p35 expression in cardiac macrophages. The degree of cardiac fibrosis was significantly enhanced in interleukin-12p35 knockout (p35-KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) littermates in response to angiotensin II. Fibrotic hearts of p35-KO mice showed increased accumulation of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages and expression of M2 genes such as Arg-1 and Fizz1. Bone marrow–derived macrophages from WT or p35-KO mice did not differ in differentiation in response to angiotensin II treatment; however, in the presence of CD4
+
T cells, macrophages from p35-KO mice differentiated into M2 macrophages and showed elevated expression of transforming growth factor-β. Moreover, CD4
+
T-cell–treated p35-KO macrophages could stimulate cardiac fibroblasts to differentiate into α-smooth muscle actin–positive and collagen I–positive myofibroblasts in 3-dimensional nanofiber gels. Neutralizing antibodies against transforming growth factor-β inhibited myofibroblast formation induced by M2 macrophages.
Conclusion—
Deficiency in interleukin-12p35 regulates angiotensin II–induced cardiac fibrosis by promoting CD4
+
T-cell–dependent differentiation of M2 macrophages and production of transforming growth factor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Congcong Zhang
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Yina Wu
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Yalei Han
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Wei Cui
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Lixin Jia
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Lun Cai
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Jizhong Cheng
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Huihua Li
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
| | - Jie Du
- From the Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China (Y.L., C.Z., Y.W., Y.H., W.C., L.J., L.C., J.C., J.D.); and Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.L.)
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Crane DD, Scott DP, Bosio CM. Generation of a convalescent model of virulent Francisella tularensis infection for assessment of host requirements for survival of tularemia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33349. [PMID: 22428026 PMCID: PMC3299770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of tularemia. Development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for tularemia has been hampered by the lack of understanding of which immune components are required to survive infection. Defining these requirements for protection against virulent F. tularensis, such as strain SchuS4, has been difficult since experimentally infected animals typically die within 5 days after exposure to as few as 10 bacteria. Such a short mean time to death typically precludes development, and therefore assessment, of immune responses directed against virulent F. tularensis. To enable identification of the components of the immune system that are required for survival of virulent F. tularensis, we developed a convalescent model of tularemia in C57Bl/6 mice using low dose antibiotic therapy in which the host immune response is ultimately responsible for clearance of the bacterium. Using this model we demonstrate αβTCR+ cells, γδTCR+ cells, and B cells are necessary to survive primary SchuS4 infection. Analysis of mice deficient in specific soluble mediators shows that IL-12p40 and IL-12p35 are essential for survival of SchuS4 infection. We also show that IFN-γ is required for survival of SchuS4 infection since mice lacking IFN-γR succumb to disease during the course of antibiotic therapy. Finally, we found that both CD4+ and CD8+ cells are the primary producers of IFN-γand that γδTCR+ cells and NK cells make a minimal contribution toward production of this cytokine throughout infection. Together these data provide a novel model that identifies key cells and cytokines required for survival or exacerbation of infection with virulent F. tularensis and provides evidence that this model will be a useful tool for better understanding the dynamics of tularemia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D. Crane
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Dana P. Scott
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Himmelein S, St Leger AJ, Knickelbein JE, Rowe A, Freeman ML, Hendricks RL. Circulating herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1)-specific CD8+ T cells do not access HSV-1 latently infected trigeminal ganglia. HERPESVIRIDAE 2011; 2:5. [PMID: 21429183 PMCID: PMC3070622 DOI: 10.1186/2042-4280-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Therapeutic vaccines can be designed to enhance existing T cell memory populations for increased protection against re-infection. In the case of herpes simplex virus type 1, recurrent disease results from reactivation of latent virus in sensory ganglia, which is controlled in part by a ganglia-resident HSV-specific memory CD8+ T cell population. Thus, an important goal of a therapeutic HSV-1 vaccine would be to enhance this population. Methods HSV-1-infected mice were treated with TAK-779 to block CCR5- and CXCR3-mediated CD8+ T cell migration during both acute and latent infections. Additionally, HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells were transferred into HSV-1 latently infected mice to mimic the effect of a therapeutic vaccine, and their migration into trigeminal ganglia (TG) was traced during steady-state latency, or during recovery of the TG-resident memory CD8+ T cell population following stress-, and corticosterone-induced depletion and HSV-1 reactivation from latency. Bromodeoxy uridine (BrdU) incorporation measured cell proliferation in vivo. Results TAK-779 treatment during acute HSV-1 infection reduced the number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells but did not alter the number of viral genome copies. TAK-779 treatment during HSV latency did not affect the size of the TG-resident memory CD8+ T cell population. Transferred HSV-specific CD8+ T cells failed to access latently infected TG during steady-state latency, or during recovery of the TG resident HSV-specific CD8+ T cell population following exposure of latently infected mice to stress and corticosterone. Recovery of the HSV-specific CD8+ T cell population after stress and corticosterone treatment occurred with homeostatic levels of cell division and did not require CD4+ T cell help. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the notion that the CD8+ T cells in latently infected TG are a tissue-resident memory (Trm) population that is maintained without replenishment from the periphery, and that when this population is disrupted, it recovers without proliferation or detectable recruitment of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells from the blood. The compartmentalization of the HSV-specific CD8+ memory T cell population in latently infected TG will complicate the design of therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Himmelein
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anthony J St Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jared E Knickelbein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Alexander Rowe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Robert L Hendricks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Sasindran SJ, Torrelles JB. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection and Inflammation: what is Beneficial for the Host and for the Bacterium? Front Microbiol 2011; 2:2. [PMID: 21687401 PMCID: PMC3109289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still a major health problem in the world. Initial interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host mark the pathway of infection and the subsequent host inflammatory response. This inflammatory response is tightly regulated by both the host and the bacterium during different stages of infection. As infection progresses, the initial intense pro-inflammatory response observed is regulated by suppressive mediators balancing inflammation. In this environment, M. tuberculosis battles to survive interfering with the host inflammatory response. In this review we discuss the major effector molecules involved in inflammation in relation to the different stages of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha J. Sasindran
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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19
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Failla V, Nikkels A. Ustekinumab and Herpes Zoster. Dermatology 2011; 222:119-22. [DOI: 10.1159/000323736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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