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Michelis GA, Politi LE, Becerra SP. Primary Retinal Cell Cultures as a Model to Study Retina Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:565-569. [PMID: 37440087 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception, primary retinal cultures have been an in vitro tool for modeling the in vivo environment of the retina for biological studies on development and disease. They offer simple and controlled experimental approaches when compared to in vivo models. In this review we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of primary retinal culture models, and the features of dispersed retinal cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán A Michelis
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB, NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Department of Biology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB, NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Palazzo I, Deistler K, Hoang TV, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. NF-κB signaling regulates the formation of proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina. Development 2020; 147:dev.183418. [PMID: 32291273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal regeneration is robust in some cold-blooded vertebrates, but this process is ineffective in warm-blooded vertebrates. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress the reprogramming of Müller glia into neurogenic progenitors is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of the retina. Inflammation and reactive microglia are known to influence the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but the mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We used a chick in vivo model to investigate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a critical regulator of inflammation, during the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating progenitors. We find that components of the NF-κB pathway are dynamically regulated by Müller glia after neuronal damage or treatment with growth factors. Inhibition of NF-κB enhances, whereas activation suppresses, the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Following microglia ablation, the effects of NF-κB-agonists on MGPC-formation are reversed, suggesting that signals provided by reactive microglia influence how NF-κB impacts Müller glia reprogramming. We propose that NF-κB is an important signaling 'hub' that suppresses the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating MGPCs and this 'hub' coordinates signals provided by reactive microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kyle Deistler
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bachmann G, Frohns F, Thangaraj G, Bausch A, Layer PG. IPL Sublamination in Chicken Retinal Spheroids Is Initiated via Müller Cells and Cholinergic Differentiation, and Is Disrupted by NMDA Signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4759-4773. [PMID: 31738824 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Reaggregates from E6 embryonic chicken retina exhibit areas corresponding to an inner plexiform layer (IPL), which presents an ideal in vitro model to test conditions and constraints of cholinergic and glutamatergic network formation, providing a basis for retinal tissue engineering. Here, we show that ipl formation is regulated by cholinergic starburst amacrine cells (SACs), a glial scaffold and by L-glutamate. Methods Rosetted spheroids were cultured in absence or presence of 0.2 to 0.4 mM L-glutamate and analyzed by immuno- and enzyme histochemistry, proliferation, and apoptosis assays. Results After 2 days in vitro (div), ipl formation was announced by acetylcholinesterase+ (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase+ (ChAT) cells. Individual vimentin+ or transitin+ Müller glial cell precursors (MCPs) in ipl centers coexpressed ChAT. Comparable to in vivo, pairwise arranged ChAT+ SACs formed two laminar subbands. Projections of calretinin+ amacrine cells (ACs) into ipl associated with MCP processes. In L-glutamate-, or NMDA-treated spheroids ipls were disrupted, including loss of SACs and MCs; coincubation with NMDA receptor inhibitor MK-801 prevented these effects. Also, many Pax6+ cells, comprising most ACs, were lost, while rho4D2+ rod photoreceptors were increased. Cell proliferation was slightly increased, while apoptosis remained unaffected. Conclusions This demonstrated: (1) a far-advanced differentiation of an IPL in retinal spheroids, as never described before; (2) ipl sublamination was initiated by cholinergic precursor cells, which-functioning as "ipl founder cells"-(3) gave rise to neurons and glial cells; (4) these SACs and MCPs together organized ipl formation; and (5) this process was counteracted by NMDA-dependent glutamate actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Bachmann
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Frohns
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Radiation Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gopenath Thangaraj
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Alexander Bausch
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Kawaguchi M, Hagio H, Yamamoto N, Matsumoto K, Nakayama K, Akazome Y, Izumi H, Tsuneoka Y, Suto F, Murakami Y, Ichijo H. Atlas of the telencephalon based on cytoarchitecture, neurochemical markers, and gene expressions in Rhinogobius flumineus [Mizuno, 1960]. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:874-900. [PMID: 30516281 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gobiida is a basal subseries of percomorphs in teleost fishes, holding a useful position for comparisons with other orders of Percomorpha as well as other cohort of teleosts. Here, we describe a telencephalic atlas of a Gobiida species Rhinogobius flumineus (Mizuno, Memoirs of the College of Science, University of Kyoto, Series B: Biology, 1960; 27, 3), based on cytoarchitectural observations, combined with analyses of the distribution patterns of neurochemical markers and transcription factors. The telencephalon of R. flumineus shows a number of features distinct from those of other teleosts. Among others, the followings were of special note. (a) The lateral part of dorsal telencephalon (Dl), which is known as a visual center in other teleosts, is composed of as many as seven regions, some of which are conspicuous, circumscribed by cell plates. These subdivisions of the Dl can be differentiated clearly by differential soma size and color with Nissl-staining, and distribution patterns of neural markers. (b) Cell populations continuous with the ventral region of dorsal part of ventral telencephalon (vVd) exhibit extensive dimension. Especially, portion 1 of the central part of ventral telencephalon appears to represent a cell population laterally translocated from the vVd, forming a large cluster of small cells that penetrate deep into the central part of dorsal telencephalon. (c) The magnocellular subdivision of dorsal part of dorsal telencephalon (Ddmg) contains not only large cells but also vglut2a-positive clusters of small cells that cover a wide range of the caudal Ddmg. Such clusters of small cells have not been observed in the Ddmg of other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahumi Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hanako Hagio
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Akazome
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hironori Izumi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Suto
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichijo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Shroff G, Hopf-Seidel P. A Novel Scoring System Approach to Assess Patients with Lyme Disease (Nutech Functional Score). J Glob Infect Dis 2018; 10:3-6. [PMID: 29563715 PMCID: PMC5850763 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_11_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A bacterial infection by Borrelia burgdorferi referred to as Lyme disease (LD) or borreliosis is transmitted mostly by a bite of the tick Ixodes scapularis in the USA and Ixodes ricinus in Europe. Various tests are used for the diagnosis of LD, but their results are often unreliable. We compiled a list of clinically visible and patient-reported symptoms that are associated with LD. Based on this list, we developed a novel scoring system. Methodology: Nutech functional Score (NFS), which is a 43 point positional (every symptom is subgraded and each alternative gets some points according to its position) and directional (moves in direction bad to good) scoring system that assesses the patient's condition. Results: The grades of the scoring system have been converted into numeric values for conducting probability based studies. Each symptom is graded from 1 to 5 that runs in direction BAD → GOOD. Conclusion: NFS is a unique tool that can be used universally to assess the condition of patients with LD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Hopf-Seidel
- Neurologist and Psychiatrist, Expert for Lyme Disease, Ansbach, Germany
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Wisely CE, Sayed JA, Tamez H, Zelinka C, Abdel-Rahman MH, Fischer AJ, Cebulla CM. The chick eye in vision research: An excellent model for the study of ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:72-97. [PMID: 28668352 PMCID: PMC5653414 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, serves as an excellent model for the study of a wide range of ocular diseases and conditions. The purpose of this manuscript is to outline some anatomic, physiologic, and genetic features of this organism as a robust animal model for vision research, particularly for modeling human retinal disease. Advantages include a sequenced genome, a large eye, relative ease of handling and maintenance, and ready availability. Relevant similarities and differences to humans are highlighted for ocular structures as well as for general physiologic processes. Current research applications for various ocular diseases and conditions, including ocular imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, are discussed. Several genetic and non-genetic ocular disease models are outlined, including for pathologic myopia, keratoconus, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinal degeneration, ocular albinism, and ocular tumors. Finally, the use of stem cell technology to study the repair of damaged tissues in the chick eye is discussed. Overall, the chick model provides opportunities for high-throughput translational studies to more effectively prevent or treat blinding ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ellis Wisely
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Javed A Sayed
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Heather Tamez
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Chris Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mohamed H Abdel-Rahman
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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Galindo-Romero C, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Jiménez-López M, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Hallböök F. Neuroprotection by α2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation after Excitotoxic Retinal Injury: A Study of the Total Population of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Their Distribution in the Chicken Retina. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161862. [PMID: 27611432 PMCID: PMC5017579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the effect of α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on the total excitotoxically injured chicken retinal ganglion cell population. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was intraocularly injected at embryonic day 18 and Brn3a positive retinal ganglion cells (Brn3a+ RGCs) were counted in flat-mounted retinas using automated routines. The number and distribution of the Brn3a+ RGCs were analyzed in series of normal retinas from embryonic day 8 to post-hatch day 11 retinas and in retinas 7 or 14 days post NMDA lesion. The total number of Brn3a+ RGCs in the post-hatch retina was approximately 1.9x106 with a density of approximately 9.2x103 cells/mm2. The isodensity maps of normal retina showed that the density decreased with age as the retinal size increased. In contrast to previous studies, we did not find any specific region with increased RGC density, rather the Brn3a+ RGCs were homogeneously distributed over the central retina with decreasing density in the periphery and in the region of the pecten oculli. Injection of 5–10 μg NMDA caused 30–50% loss of Brn3a+ cells and the loss was more severe in the dorsal than in the ventral retina. Pretreatment with brimonidine reduced the loss of Brn3a+ cells both 7 and 14 days post lesion and the protective effect was higher in the dorsal than in the ventral retina. We conclude that α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation reduced the impact of the excitotoxic injury in chicken similarly to what has been shown in mammals. Furthermore, the data show that the RGCs are evenly distributed over in the retina, which challenges previous results that indicate the presence of specific high RGC-density regions of the chicken retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca) and Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca) and Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca) and Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca) and Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Finn Hallböök
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Wang H, Lau BWM, Wang NL, Wang SY, Lu QJ, Chang RCC, So KF. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides promotes in vivo proliferation of adult rat retinal progenitor cells. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1976-81. [PMID: 26889185 PMCID: PMC4730821 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.172315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine prescription for protection of optic nerve. However, it remains unclear regarding the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, the main component of Lycium barbarum, on in vivo proliferation of adult ciliary body cells. In this study, adult rats were intragastrically administered low- and high-dose Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (1 and 10 mg/kg) for 35 days and those intragastrically administered phosphate buffered saline served as controls. The number of Ki-67-positive cells in rat ciliary body in the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides groups, in particular low-dose Lycium barbarum polysaccharides group, was significantly greater than that in the phosphate buffered saline group. Ki-67-positive rat ciliary body cells expressed nestin but they did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein. These findings suggest that Lycium barbarum polysaccharides can promote the proliferation of adult rat retinal progenitor cells and the proliferated cells present with neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ning-Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Ying Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Jun Lu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; GMH Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Todd L, Suarez L, Squires N, Zelinka CP, Gribbins K, Fischer AJ. Comparative analysis of glucagonergic cells, glia, and the circumferential marginal zone in the reptilian retina. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:74-89. [PMID: 26053997 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) and Müller glia-derived progenitors have been well described for the eyes of fish, amphibians, and birds. However, there is no information regarding a CMZ and the nature of retinal glia in species phylogenetically bridging amphibians and birds. The purpose of this study was to examine the retinal glia and investigate whether a CMZ is present in the eyes of reptilian species. We used immunohistochemical analyses to study retinal glia, neurons that could influence CMZ progenitors, the retinal margin, and the nonpigmented epithelium of ciliary body of garter snakes, queen snakes, anole lizards, snapping turtles, and painted turtles. We compare our observations on reptile eyes to the CMZ and glia of fish, amphibians, and birds. In all species, Sox9, Pax6, and the glucocorticoid receptor are expressed by Müller glia and cells at the retinal margin. However, proliferating cells were found only in the CMZ of turtles and not in the eyes of anoles and snakes. Similar to eyes of chickens, the retinal margin in turtles contains accumulations of GLP1/glucagonergic neurites. We find that filamentous proteins, vimentin and GFAP, are expressed by Müller glia, but have different patterns of subcellular localization in the different species of reptiles. We provide evidence that the reptile retina may contain nonastrocytic inner retinal glial cells, similar to those described in the avian retina. We conclude that the retinal glia, glucagonergic neurons, and CMZ of turtles appear to be most similar to those of fish, amphibians, and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Lilianna Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Natalie Squires
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | | | - Kevin Gribbins
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 47201
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Stem cell therapy for glaucoma: science or snake oil? Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 60:93-105. [PMID: 25132498 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been substantial progress in developing stem cell treatments for glaucoma. As a downstream approach that targets the underlying susceptibility of retinal ganglion and trabecular meshwork cells, stem cell therapy has the potential to both replace lost, and protect damaged, cells by secreting neurotrophic factors. A variety of sources, including embryonic cells, adult cells derived from the central nervous system, and induced pluripotent stem cells show promise as therapeutic approaches. Even though safety concerns and ethical controversies have limited clinical implementation, some institutions have already commercialized stem cell therapy and are using direct-to-consumer advertising to attract patients with glaucoma. We review the progress of stem cell therapy and its current commercial availability.
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Gallina D, Todd L, Fischer AJ. A comparative analysis of Müller glia-mediated regeneration in the vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res 2013; 123:121-30. [PMID: 23851023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the potential of Müller glia to become neuronal progenitor cells in the avian retina. We compare and contrast the remarkable proliferative and neurogenic capacity of Müller glia in the fish retina to the limited capacity of Müller glia in avian and rodent retinas. We summarize recent findings regarding the secreted factors, signaling pathways and cell intrinsic factors that have been implicated in the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitors. We discuss several key similarities and differences between the fish, rodent and chick model systems, highlighting several of the key transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donika Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
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12
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Siqueira RC. Stem cell therapy in retinal diseases? Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2013; 34:222-6. [PMID: 23049424 PMCID: PMC3459631 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20120054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Zelinka CP, Scott MA, Volkov L, Fischer AJ. The reactivity, distribution and abundance of Non-astrocytic Inner Retinal Glial (NIRG) cells are regulated by microglia, acute damage, and IGF1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44477. [PMID: 22973454 PMCID: PMC3433418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have described a novel type of glial cell that is scattered across the inner layers of the avian retina and possibly the retinas of primates. These cells have been termed Non-astrocytic Inner Retinal Glial (NIRG) cells. These cells are stimulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) to proliferate, migrate distally into the retina, and become reactive. These changes in glial activity correlate with increased susceptibility of retinal neurons and Müller glia to excitotoxic damage. The purpose of this study was to further study the NIRG cells in retinas treated with IGF1 or acute damage. In response to IGF1, the reactivity, proliferation and migration of NIRG cells persists through 3 days after treatment. At 7 days after treatment, the numbers and distribution of NIRG cells returns to normal, suggesting that homeostatic mechanisms are in place within the retina to maintain the numbers and distribution of these glial cells. By comparison, IGF1-induced microglial reactivity persists for at least 7 days after treatment. In damaged retinas, we find a transient accumulation of NIRG cells, which parallels the accumulation of reactive microglia, suggesting that the reactivity of NIRG cells and microglia are linked. When the microglia are selectively ablated by the combination of interleukin 6 and clodronate-liposomes, the NIRG cells down-regulate transitin and perish within the following week, suggesting that the survival and phenotype of NIRG cells are somehow linked to the microglia. We conclude that the abundance, reactivity and retinal distribution of NIRG cells can be dynamic, are regulated by homoestatic mechanisms and are tethered to the microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leo Volkov
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andy J. Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Ritchey ER, Code K, Zelinka CP, Scott MA, Fischer AJ. The chicken cornea as a model of wound healing and neuronal re-innervation. Mol Vis 2011; 17:2440-54. [PMID: 21976955 PMCID: PMC3185018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cornea is the major refractive component of the eye and serves as a barrier to the external environment. Understanding how the cornea responds to injury is important to developing therapies to treat vision disorders that affect the integrity and refractive properties of the cornea. Thus, investigation of the wound healing responses of the cornea to injury in a cost-effective animal model is a valuable tool for research. This study characterizes the wound healing responses in the corneas of White Leghorn chicken. METHODS Linear corneal wounds were induced in post-natal day 7 (P7) chicks and cellular proliferation, apoptosis and regulation of structural proteins were assessed using immunohistochemical techniques. We describe the time course of increased expression of different scar-related markers, including vimentin, vinculin, perlecan and smooth muscle actin. RESULTS We find evidence for acute necrotic cell death in the corneal region immediately surrounding cite of incision, whereas we failed to find evidence of delayed cell death or apoptosis. We find that the neuronal re-innervation of SV2-positive axon terminals within the corneal stroma and epithelium occurs very quickly after the initial scarring insult. We describe an accumulation of cells within the stroma immediately underlying the scar, which results, at least in part, from the local proliferation of keratocytes. Further, we provide evidence for scar-induced accumulations of CD45-positive monocytes in injured corneas. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the chick cornea is an excellent model system in which to study wound healing, formation of scar tissue, and neuronal re-innervation of sensory endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Ritchey
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kimberly Code
- School of Allied Medical Professions, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Melissa A. Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andy J. Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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15
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Sanders EJ, Lin WY, Parker E, Harvey S. Growth hormone promotes the survival of retinal cells in vivo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:140-50. [PMID: 21185293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is synthesized and present in the developing chick retina, where it may have local actions in retinal cell differentiation similar to those of conventional growth factors. We have previously shown that retinal GH has neuroprotective effects in retinal ganglion cells. In this paper, we extend our earlier functional studies by examining the in vivo effects of a GH siRNA (NR-cGH-1) after microinjection into the eye cup of the developing chick embryo in ovo. We show that intra-vitreous cGH siRNA lowers both GH mRNA and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA levels in the retina in vivo, and concomitantly elevates the numbers of apoptotic cells in the retina. These effects are apparent 6h after treatment, and persist for at least 24h. The apoptotic cells induced by GH withdrawal were primarily located close to the optic fissure of the developing eye, and were distributed in clusters, suggesting that there are sub-populations of retinal cells that are particularly susceptible to apoptotic stimuli. These results support our view that a GH/IGF-1 axis in retinal cells regulates retinal cell survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmond J Sanders
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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London A, Itskovich E, Benhar I, Kalchenko V, Mack M, Jung S, Schwartz M. Neuroprotection and progenitor cell renewal in the injured adult murine retina requires healing monocyte-derived macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:23-39. [PMID: 21220455 PMCID: PMC3023128 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After retinal injury in mice, infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages preserve retinal ganglion cells and promote retinal progenitor cell renewal. The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a hallmark of many retinal neuropathies. Neuroprotection, axonal regeneration, and cell renewal are vital for the integrity of the visual system after insult but are scarce in the adult mammalian retina. We hypothesized that monocyte-derived macrophages, known to promote healing in peripheral tissues, are required after an insult to the visual system, where their role has been largely overlooked. We found that after glutamate eye intoxication, monocyte-derived macrophages infiltrated the damaged retina of mice. Inhibition of this infiltration resulted in reduced survival of RGCs and diminished numbers of proliferating retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in the ciliary body. Enhancement of the circulating monocyte pool led to increased RGC survival and RPC renewal. The infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages skewed the milieu of the injured retina toward an antiinflammatory and neuroprotective one and down-regulated accumulation of other immune cells, thereby resolving local inflammation. The beneficial effect on RGC survival depended on expression of interleukin 10 and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by monocyte-derived macrophages. Thus, we attribute to infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages a novel role in neuroprotection and progenitor cell renewal in the injured retina, with far-reaching potential implications to retinal neuropathies and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat London
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Fischer AJ, Bongini R. Turning Müller glia into neural progenitors in the retina. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 42:199-209. [PMID: 21088932 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stimulating neuronal regeneration is a potential strategy to treat sight-threatening diseases of the retina. In some classes of vertebrates, retinal regeneration occurs spontaneously to effectively replace neurons lost to acute damage in order to restore visual function. There are different mechanisms and cellular sources of retinal regeneration in different species, include the retinal pigmented epithelium, progenitors seeded across the retina, and the Müller glia. This review briefly summarizes the different mechanisms of retinal regeneration in frogs, fish, chicks, and rodents. The bulk of this review summarizes and discusses recent findings regarding regeneration from Müller glia-derived progenitors, with emphasis on findings in the chick retina. The Müller glia are a promising source of regeneration-supporting cells that are intrinsic to the retina and significant evidence indicated these glias can be stimulated to produce neurons in different classes of vertebrates. The key to harnessing the neurogenic potential of Müller glia is to identify the secreted factors, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that enable de-differentiation, proliferation, and neurogenesis. We review findings regarding the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase and notch signaling in the proliferation and generation of Müller glia-derived retinal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 3020 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
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