1
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Carpineto P, Licata AM, Ciancaglini M. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Reappraisal. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5287. [PMID: 37629329 PMCID: PMC10455099 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains the main cause of failure after retinal detachment (RD) surgery. Despite the development of modern technologies and sophisticated techniques for the management of RD, the growth of fibrocellular membranes within the vitreous cavity and on both sides of the retinal surface, as well as intraretinal fibrosis, can compromise surgical outcomes. Since 1983, when the term PVR was coined by the Retina Society, a lot of knowledge has been obtained about the physiopathology and risk factors of PVR, but, despite the proposal of a lot of therapeutic challenges, surgical skills seem to be the only effective way to manage PVR complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Carpineto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Arturo Maria Licata
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marco Ciancaglini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
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2
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Wang Y, Chang T, Wu T, Ye W, Wang Y, Dou G, Du H, Hui Y, Guo C. Connective tissue growth factor promotes retinal pigment epithelium mesenchymal transition via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:389. [PMID: 33760200 PMCID: PMC8008218 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a disease leading to the formation of contractile preretinal membranes (PRMs) and is one of the leading causes of blindness. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been identified as a possible key determinant of progressive tissue fibrosis and excessive scarring. Therefore, the present study investigated the role and mechanism of action of CTGF in PVR. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of CTGF, fibronectin and collagen type III in PRMs from patients with PVR. The effects and mechanisms of recombinant human CTGF and its upstream regulator, TGF‑β1, on epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were investigated using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blotting and a [3H]proline incorporation assay. The data indicated that CTGF, fibronectin and collagen type III were highly expressed in PRMs. In vitro, CTGF significantly decreased the expression of the epithelial markers ZO‑1 and E‑cadherin and increased that of the mesenchymal markers fibronectin, N‑cadherin and α‑smooth muscle actin in a concentration‑dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of the ECM protein collagen type III was upregulated by CTGF. However, the trends in expression for the above‑mentioned markers were reversed after knocking down CTGF. The incorporation of [3H]proline into RPE cells was also increased by CTGF. In addition, 8‑Bromoadenosine cAMP inhibited CTGF‑stimulated collagen synthesis and transient transfection of RPE cells with a CTGF antisense oligonucleotide inhibited TGF‑β1‑induced collagen synthesis. The phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in RPE cells was promoted by CTGF and TGF‑β1 and the latter promoted the expression of CTGF. The results of the present study indicated that CTGF may promote EMT and ECM synthesis in PVR via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and suggested that targeting CTGF signaling may have a therapeutic or preventative effect on PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Tianfang Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guorui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yannian Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Changmei Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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3
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Leguit RJ, Raymakers RAP, Hebeda KM, Goldschmeding R. CCN2 (Cellular Communication Network factor 2) in the bone marrow microenvironment, normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:25-56. [PMID: 33428075 PMCID: PMC7798015 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN2, formerly termed Connective Tissue Growth Factor, is a protein belonging to the Cellular Communication Network (CCN)-family of secreted extracellular matrix-associated proteins. As a matricellular protein it is mainly considered to be active as a modifier of signaling activity of several different signaling pathways and as an orchestrator of their cross-talk. Furthermore, CCN2 and its fragments have been implicated in the regulation of a multitude of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, cell survival, apoptosis and the production of extracellular matrix products, as well as in more complex processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, fibrosis, mechanotransduction and inflammation. Its function is complex and context dependent, depending on cell type, state of differentiation and microenvironmental context. CCN2 plays a role in many diseases, especially those associated with fibrosis, but has also been implicated in many different forms of cancer. In the bone marrow (BM), CCN2 is highly expressed in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). CCN2 is important for MSC function, supporting its proliferation, migration and differentiation. In addition, stromal CCN2 supports the maintenance and longtime survival of hematopoietic stem cells, and in the presence of interleukin 7, stimulates the differentiation of pro-B lymphocytes into pre-B lymphocytes. Overexpression of CCN2 is seen in the majority of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias, especially in certain cytogenetic subgroups associated with poor outcome. In acute myeloid leukemia, CCN2 expression is increased in MSCs, which has been associated with leukemic engraftment in vivo. In this review, the complex function of CCN2 in the BM microenvironment and in normal as well as malignant hematopoiesis is discussed. In addition, an overview is given of data on the remaining CCN family members regarding normal and malignant hematopoiesis, having many similarities and some differences in their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos J. Leguit
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04-312, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier A. P. Raymakers
- Department of Hematology, UMCU Cancer Center, Heidelberglaan 100 B02.226, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konnie M. Hebeda
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dillinger AE, Kuespert S, Froemel F, Tamm ER, Fuchshofer R. CCN2/CTGF promotor activity in the developing and adult mouse eye. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:625-641. [PMID: 33512643 PMCID: PMC8211604 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CCN2/CTGF is a matricellular protein that is known to enhance transforming growth factor-β signaling and to induce a myofibroblast-like phenotype in a variety of cell types. Here, we investigated Ccn2/Ctgf promotor activity during development and in the adult mouse eye, using CTGFLacZ/+ mice in which the β-galactosidase reporter gene LacZ had been inserted into the open reading frame of Ccn2/Ctgf. Promotor activity was assessed by staining for β-galactosidase activity and by immunolabeling using antibodies against β-galactosidase. Co-immunostaining using antibodies against glutamine synthetase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, choline acetyltransferase, and CD31 was applied to identify specific cell types. Ccn2/Ctgf promotor activity was intense in neural crest-derived cells differentiating to corneal stroma and endothelium, and to the stroma of choroid, iris, ciliary body, and the trabecular meshwork during development. In the adult eye, a persistent and very strong promotor activity was present in the trabecular meshwork outflow pathways. In addition, endothelial cells of Schlemm’s canal, and of retinal and choroidal vessels, retinal astrocytes, Müller glia, and starburst amacrine cells were stained. Very strong promoter activity was seen in the astrocytes of the glial lamina at the optic nerve head. We conclude that CCN2/CTGF signaling is involved in the processes that govern neural crest morphogenesis during ocular development. In the adult eye, CCN2/CTGF likely plays an important role for the trabecular meshwork outflow pathways and the glial lamina of the optic nerve head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Dillinger
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kuespert
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Froemel
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Zou H, Shan C, Ma L, Liu J, Yang N, Zhao J. Polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10136. [PMID: 33150072 PMCID: PMC7583629 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a cellular monolayer composed of mitotically quiescent cells. Tight junctions and adherens junctions maintain the polarity of RPE cells, and are required for cellular functions. In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), upon retinal tear, RPE cells lose cell-cell contact, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and ultimately transform into myofibroblasts, leading to the formation of fibrocellular membranes on both surfaces of the detached retina and on the posterior hyaloids, which causes tractional retinal detachment. In PVR, RPE cells are crucial contributors, and multiple signaling pathways, including the SMAD-dependent pathway, Rho pathway, MAPK pathways, Jagged/Notch pathway, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are activated. These pathways mediate the EMT of RPE cells, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of PVR. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the polarized phenotype of RPE, the role of cell-cell contact, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the RPE EMT in PVR, emphasizing key insights into potential approaches to prevent PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zou
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenli Shan
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Leask A. Conjunction junction, what's the function? CCN proteins as targets in fibrosis and cancers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1046-C1054. [PMID: 32130070 PMCID: PMC7311738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular communication network (CCN) proteins are matricellular proteins that coordinate signaling among extracellular matrix, secreted proteins, and cell surface receptors. Their specific in vivo function is context-dependent, but they play profound roles in pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and cancers. Anti-CCN therapies are in clinical consideration. Only recently, however, has the function of these complex molecules begun to emerge. This review summarizes and interprets our current knowledge regarding these fascinating molecules and provides experimental evidence for their utility as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- School of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Zerdoum AB, Fowler EW, Jia X. Induction of Fibrogenic Phenotype in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Connective Tissue Growth Factor in a Hydrogel Model of Soft Connective Tissue. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4531-4541. [PMID: 33178886 PMCID: PMC7654958 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scar formation is the typical endpoint of wound healing in adult mammalian tissues. An overactive or prolonged fibrogenic response following injury leads to excessive deposition of fibrotic proteins that promote tissue contraction and scar formation. Although well-defined in the dermal tissue, the progression of fibrosis is less explored in other connective tissues, such as the vocal fold. To establish a physiologically relevant 3D model of loose connective tissue fibrosis, we have developed a synthetic extracellular matrix using hyaluronic acid (HA) and peptidic building blocks carrying complementary functional groups. The resultant network was cell adhesive and protease degradable, exhibiting viscoelastic properties similar to the human vocal fold. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were encapsulated in the HA matrix as single cells or multicellular aggregates and cultured in pro-fibrotic media containing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) for up to 21 days. hMSCs treated with CTGF-supplemented media exhibited an increased expression of fibrogenic markers and ECM proteins associated with scarring. Incorporation of α-smooth muscle actin into F-actin stress fibers was also observed. Furthermore, CTGF treatment increased the migratory capacity of hMSCs as compared to the CTGF-free control groups, indicative of the development of a myofibroblast phenotype. Addition of an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway attenuated cellular expression of fibrotic markers and related ECM proteins. Overall, this study demonstrates that CTGF promotes the development of a fibrogenic phenotype in hMSCs encapsulated within an HA matrix and that the MAPK pathway is a potential target for future therapeutic endeavors towards limiting scar formation in loose connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan B. Zerdoum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Eric W. Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Yoon A, Im S, Lee J, Park D, Jo DH, Kim JH, Kim JH, Park WJ. The matricellular protein CCN5 inhibits fibrotic deformation of retinal pigment epithelium. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208897. [PMID: 30571728 PMCID: PMC6301692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an essential role in maintaining retinal function, and its defect is thought to be critically implicated in various ocular disorders. This study demonstrated that the matricellular protein CCN5 was down-regulated in ARPE-19 cells treated with the pro-fibrotic agent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. A recombinant adenovirus expressing CCN5 (AdCCN5) was used to restore the level of CCN5 in these cells. AdCCN5 prevented TGF-β-induced fibrotic changes, including disruption of tight junctions, up-regulation of mesenchymal marker proteins, and down-regulation of epithelial marker proteins. In addition, AdCCN5 prevented TGF-β-induced functional defects, including increased migratory activity and reduced phagocytic activity. Notably, AdCCN5 reversed morphological and functional defects pre-established by TGF-β prior to viral infection. The CCN5 level was down-regulated in RPE of 18-month-old Ccl2-/- mice, which exhibited retinal defects. Restoration of the CCN5 level via intravitreal injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing CCN5 (AAV9-CCN5) normalized the altered expression of mesenchymal, epithelial, and functional marker proteins, as assessed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Taken together, these data suggest that down-regulation of CCN5 is associated with fibrotic deformation of RPE under pathological conditions and that restoration of the CCN5 level effectively promotes recovery of deformed RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeri Yoon
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Im
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Trial J, Cieslik KA. Changes in cardiac resident fibroblast physiology and phenotype in aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H745-H755. [PMID: 29906228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00237.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac fibroblast plays a central role in tissue homeostasis and in repair after injury. With aging, dysregulated cardiac fibroblasts have a reduced capacity to activate a canonical transforming growth factor-β-Smad pathway and differentiate poorly into contractile myofibroblasts. That results in the formation of an insufficient scar after myocardial infarction. In contrast, in the uninjured aged heart, fibroblasts are activated and acquire a profibrotic phenotype that leads to interstitial fibrosis, ventricular stiffness, and diastolic dysfunction, all conditions that may lead to heart failure. There is an apparent paradox in aging, wherein reparative fibrosis is impaired but interstitial, adverse fibrosis is augmented. This could be explained by analyzing the effectiveness of signaling pathways in resident fibroblasts from young versus aged hearts. Whereas defective signaling by transforming growth factor-β leads to insufficient scar formation by myofibroblasts, enhanced activation of the ERK1/2 pathway may be responsible for interstitial fibrosis mediated by activated fibroblasts. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/fibroblast-phenotypic-changes-in-the-aging-heart/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Trial
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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Ma B, Jing R, Liu J, Yang L, Li J, Qin L, Cui L, Pei C. CTGF Contributes to the Development of Posterior Capsule Opacification: an in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:437-448. [PMID: 29725265 PMCID: PMC5930476 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a crucial factor that plays a major role in the process of posterior capsule opacification (PCO). However, the effects of CTGF on the proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells (LECs) and on the mechanism of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) as well as the effects of shRNA-mediated CTGF knockdown on the development of PCO in rats remain unclear. In the present study, we found that CTGF promoted EMT, proliferation, migration and the expression of p-ERK1/2 protein in HLECs but exerted little effect on the expression of p-p38 and p-JNK1/2 proteins. MEK inhibitor U0126 effectively restrained the CTGF-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (Fn) and type I collagen (COL-1) in HLECs. CTGF knockdown effectively postponed the onset of PCO in the rats and significantly reduced the expression of α-SMA in the capsule. In conclusion, CTGF contributed to the development of PCO presumably by promoting proliferation, migration of LECs, EMT specific protein expression and ECM synthesis in HLECs, which is dependent on ERK signalling. Furthermore, blocking CTGF effectively inhibited PCO in the rats and the EMT specific protein expression in the lens capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruihua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingming Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Ramos de Carvalho JE, Verwoert MT, Vogels IM, Reits EA, Van Noorden CJ, Klaassen I, Schlingemann RO. Involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the expression of extracellular matrix genes in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 13:83-92. [PMID: 29387813 PMCID: PMC5789218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous senile degenerative diseases including retinal disorders. The aim of this study was to assess whether there is a link between proteasome regulation and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-mediated expression of extracellular matrix genes. For this purpose, human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were treated with different concentrations of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), interferon-γ (IFNγ) and the irreversible proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin. First, cytotoxicity and proliferation assays were carried out. The expression of proteasome-related genes and proteins was assessed and proteasome activity was determined. Then, expression of fibrosis-associated factors fibronectin (FN), fibronectin EDA domain (FN EDA), metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was assessed. The proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin strongly arrested cell cycle progression and down-regulated TGFβ gene expression, which in turn was shown to induce expression of pro-fibrogenic genes in ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, epoxomicin induced a directional shift in the balance between MMP-2 and TIMP-1 and was associated with down-regulation of transcription of extracellular matrix genes FN and FN-EDA and up-regulation of the anti-fibrogenic factor PPARγ. In addition, both CTGF and TGFβ were shown to affect expression of proteasome-associated mRNA and protein levels. Our results suggest a link between proteasome activity and pro-fibrogenic mechanisms in the RPE, which could imply a role for proteasome-modulating agents in the treatment of retinal disorders characterized by RPE-mediated fibrogenic responses.
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Key Words
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- ARPE-19, human retinal pigment epithelial cells
- CNV, choroidal neovascularization
- CTGF
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- Epoxomicin
- FN EDA, fibronectin EDA domain
- FN, fibronectin
- Fibrosis
- IFNγ, interferon-γ
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2
- PPARγ
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-γ
- Proteasome
- RPE
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- Retina
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β
- TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1
- UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system
- nAMD, neovascular age-related macular degeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Emanuel Ramos de Carvalho
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan T. Verwoert
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse M.C. Vogels
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A. Reits
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J.F. Van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier O. Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lentivirus-mediated silencing of the CTGF gene suppresses the formation of glial scar tissue in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Spine J 2018; 18:164-172. [PMID: 28089819 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT One of the many reactive changes following a spinal cord injury (SCI) is the formation of a glial scar, a reactive cellular process whereby glial cells accumulate and surround the central nervous system injury sites to seal in the wound. Thus, the inhibition of glial scar is of great importance for SCI recovery. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the effect of lentivirus-mediated silencing of the CTGF gene on the formation of glial scar tissue in a rat model of SCI. STUDY DESIGN This is a prospective study. STUDY SAMPLE A total of 56 Wistar female rats aged 8 weeks were randomly selected for this study. OUTCOME MEASURES The motor function of the rats was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) functional scale, footprint analysis of gait, and the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, fibronectin, and laminin in the spinal cord tissues. METHODS A rat model of SCI was successfully established. Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly selected and assigned into four groups (14 rats in each group): the sham operation group, the SCI model group, the negative control (NC) group (SCI rats transfected with empty vector plasmids), and the siRNA-CTGF group (SCI rats transfected with lentivirus CTGF siRNA). RESULTS The SCI rats showed decreased activity and were dragging their bodies while moving. Compared with the sham operation group, the BBB and BMS scores in the SCI model, NC, and siRNA-CTGF groups significantly decreased. However, the BBB and BMS scores in the siRNA-CTGF group were higher than those in the SCI model and NC groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of GFAP, vimentin, fibronectin, and laminin significantly increased in the SCI model, NC, and siRNA-CTGF groups in comparison with those in the sham operation group. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of GFAP, vimentin, fibronectin, and laminin in the siRNA-CTGF group were lower than those in the SCI model and NC groups 28 days after transfection. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that lentivirus-mediated silencing of the CTGF gene can suppress the formation of glial scar tissue after SCI.
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Abstract
Retinal fibrosis, characterized by dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition by retinal endothelial cells, pigment epithelial cells, and other resident cell-types, is a unifying feature of several common retinal diseases. Fibronectin is an early constituent of newly deposited ECM and serves as a template for assembly of other ECM proteins, including collagens. Under physiologic conditions, fibronectin is found in all layers of Bruch's membrane. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a complication of retinal surgery, is characterized by ECM accumulation. Among the earliest histologic manifestations of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is capillary basement membrane thickening, which occurs due to perturbations in ECM homeostasis. Neovascularization, the hallmark of late stage DR as well as exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), involves ECM assembly as a scaffold for the aberrant new vessel architecture. Rodent models of retinal injury demonstrate a key role for fibronectin in complications characteristic of PVR, including retinal detachment. In mouse models of DR, reducing fibronectin gene expression has been shown to arrest the accumulation of ECM in the capillary basement membrane. Alterations in matrix metalloproteinase activity thought to be important in the pathogenesis of AMD impact the turnover of fibronectin matrix as well as collagens. Growth factors involved in PVR, AMD, and DR, such as PDGF and TGFβ, are known to stimulate fibronectin matrix assembly. A deeper understanding of how pathologic ECM deposition contributes to disease progression may help to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Greg Budoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Jonathan L Prenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
- NJ Retina, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-2066, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
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Zhang H, Song Y, Li Z, Zhang T, Zeng L. Evaluation of breviscapine on prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in rats. Am J Surg 2016; 211:1143-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sugino IK, Sun Q, Springer C, Cheewatrakoolpong N, Liu T, Li H, Zarbin MA. Two Bioactive Molecular Weight Fractions of a Conditioned Medium Enhance RPE Cell Survival on Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Aged Bruch's Membrane. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2016; 5:8. [PMID: 26933521 PMCID: PMC4771074 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.5.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize molecular weight fractions of bovine corneal endothelial cell conditioned medium (CM) supporting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell survival on aged and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Bruch's membrane. METHODS CM was subject to size separation using centrifugal filters. Retentate and filtrate fractions were tested for bioactivity by analyzing RPE survival on submacular Bruch's membrane of aged and AMD donor eyes and behavior on collagen I-coated tissue culture wells. Protein and peptide composition of active fractions was determined by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Two bioactive fractions, 3-kDa filtrate and a 10-50-kDa fraction, were necessary for RPE survival on aged and AMD Bruch's membrane. The 3-kDa filtrate, but not the 10-50-kDa fraction, supported RPE growth on collagen 1-coated tissue culture plates. Mass spectrometry of the 10-50-kDa fraction identified 175 extracellular proteins, including growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Transforming growth factor (TGF)β-2 was identified as unique to active CM. Peptides representing 29 unique proteins were identified in the 3-KDa filtrate. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate there is a minimum of two bioactive molecules in CM, one found in the 3-kDa filtrate and one in the 10-50-kDa fraction, and that bioactive molecules in both fractions must be present to ensure RPE survival on Bruch's membrane. Mass spectrometry analysis suggested proteins to test in future studies to identify proteins that may contribute to CM bioactivity. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Results of this study are the first steps in development of an adjunct to cell-based therapy to ensure cell transplant survival and functionality in AMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene K Sugino
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Carola Springer
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Tong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Neuroproteomics Core Facility, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Neuroproteomics Core Facility, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Marco A Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Tamiya S, Kaplan HJ. Role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2016; 142:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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He S, Barron E, Ishikawa K, Nazari Khanamiri H, Spee C, Zhou P, Kase S, Wang Z, Dustin LD, Hinton DR. Inhibition of DNA Methylation and Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 Suppresses RPE Transdifferentiation: Relevance to Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5579-89. [PMID: 26305530 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate expression of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in epiretinal membranes from patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and to investigate effects of inhibition of MeCP2 and DNA methylation on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transdifferentiation. METHODS Expression of MeCP2 and its colocalization with cytokeratin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in surgically excised PVR membranes was studied using immunohistochemistry. The effects of 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC) on human RPE cell migration and viability were evaluated using a modified Boyden chamber assay and the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression of RASAL1 mRNA and its promoter region methylation were evaluated by real-time PCR and methylation-specific PCR. Effects of 5-AZA-dC on expression of α-SMA, fibronectin (FN), and TGF-β receptor 2 (TGF-β R2) and Smad2/3 phosphorylation were analyzed by Western blotting. Effect of short interfering RNA (siRNA) knock-down of MeCP2 on expression of α-SMA and FN induced by TGFβ was determined. RESULTS MeCP2 was abundantly expressed in cells within PVR membranes where it was double labeled with cells positive for cytokeratin and α-SMA. 5-AZA-dC inhibited expression of MeCP2 and suppressed RASAL1 gene methylation while increasing expression of the RASAL1 gene. Treatment with 5-AZA-dC significantly suppressed the expression of α-SMA, FN, TGF-β R2 and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and inhibited RPE cell migration. TGF-β induced expression of α-SMA, and FN was suppressed by knock-down of MeCP2. CONCLUSIONS MeCP2 and DNA methylation regulate RPE transdifferentiation and may be involved in the pathogenesis of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun He
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Unit
| | - Ernesto Barron
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | - Hossein Nazari Khanamiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Chris Spee
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Satoru Kase
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zhuoshi Wang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Laurie Diane Dustin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Unit
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Zhang H, Song Y, Li Z, Zhang T, Zeng L, Li W, Bian Y. Evaluation of ligustrazine on the prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in rats. Int J Surg 2015; 21:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Radeke MJ, Radeke CM, Shih YH, Hu J, Bok D, Johnson LV, Coffey PJ. Restoration of mesenchymal retinal pigmented epithelial cells by TGFβ pathway inhibitors: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Genome Med 2015; 7:58. [PMID: 26150894 PMCID: PMC4491894 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. Most vision loss occurs following the transition from a disease of deposit formation and inflammation to a disease of neovascular fibrosis and/or cell death. Here, we investigate how repeated wound stimulus leads to seminal changes in gene expression and the onset of a perpetual state of stimulus-independent wound response in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, a cell-type central to the etiology of AMD. METHODS Transcriptome wide expression profiles of human fetal RPE cell cultures as a function of passage and time post-plating were determined using Agilent 44 K whole genome microarrays and RNA-Seq. Using a systems level analysis, differentially expressed genes and pathways of interest were identified and their role in the establishment of a persistent mesenchymal state was assessed using pharmacological-based experiments. RESULTS Using a human fetal RPE cell culture model that considers monolayer disruption and subconfluent culture as a proxy for wound stimulus, we show that prolonged wound stimulus leads to terminal acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype post-confluence and altered expression of more than 40 % of the transcriptome. In contrast, at subconfluence fewer than 5 % of expressed transcripts have two-fold or greater expression differences after repeated passage. Protein-protein and pathway interaction analysis of the genes with passage-dependent expression levels in subconfluent cultures reveals a 158-node interactome comprised of two interconnected modules with functions pertaining to wound response and cell division. Among the wound response genes are the TGFβ pathway activators: TGFB1, TGFB2, INHBA, INHBB, GDF6, CTGF, and THBS1. Significantly, inhibition of TGFBR1/ACVR1B mediated signaling using receptor kinase inhibitors both forestalls and largely reverses the passage-dependent loss of epithelial potential; thus extending the effective lifespan by at least four passages. Moreover, a disproportionate number of RPE wound response genes have altered expression in neovascular and geographic AMD, including key members of the TGFβ pathway. CONCLUSIONS In RPE cells the switch to a persistent mesenchymal state following prolonged wound stimulus is driven by lasting activation of the TGFβ pathway. Targeted inhibition of TGFβ signaling may be an effective approach towards retarding AMD progression and producing RPE cells in quantity for research and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte J. Radeke
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Carolyn M. Radeke
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Shih
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Jane Hu
- />Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye & Brain Research Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dean Bok
- />Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye & Brain Research Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Lincoln V. Johnson
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Pete J. Coffey
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
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Klaassen I, van Geest RJ, Kuiper EJ, van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO. The role of CTGF in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:37-48. [PMID: 25819453 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) contributes to fibrotic responses in diabetic retinopathy, both before clinical manifestations occur in the pre-clinical stage of diabetic retinopathy (PCDR) and in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), the late clinical stage of the disease. CTGF is a secreted protein that modulates the actions of many growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, leading to tissue reorganization, such as ECM formation and remodeling, basal lamina (BL) thickening, pericyte apoptosis, angiogenesis, wound healing and fibrosis. In PCDR, CTGF contributes to thickening of the retinal capillary BL and is involved in loss of pericytes. In this stage, CTGF expression is induced by advanced glycation end products, and by growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. In PDR, the switch from neovascularization to a fibrotic phase - the angio-fibrotic switch - in PDR is driven by CTGF, in a critical balance with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We discuss here the roles of CTGF in the pathogenesis of DR in relation to ECM remodeling and wound healing mechanisms, and explore whether CTGF may be a potential novel therapeutic target in the clinical management of early as well as late stages of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob J van Geest
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J Kuiper
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim SS, Wen W, Prowse P, Hamilton DW. Regulation of matrix remodelling phenotype in gingival fibroblasts by substratum topography. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1183-96. [PMID: 25766369 PMCID: PMC4459834 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gingival connective tissue often has a composition resembling that of scar surrounding dental implant abutments. Increased cell adhesion, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and increased extracellular matrix deposition are a hallmark of fibrotic cells, but how topographic features influence gingival fibroblast adhesion and adoption of the α-SMA positive myofibroblast phenotype associated with scarring is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate whether implant topographies that limit adhesion formation would reduce myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured on PT (smooth) and SLA (roughened) titanium discs for varying time-points. At 1 and 2 weeks after seeding, incorporation of α-SMA into stress-fibre bundles and fibronectin deposition was significantly higher on PT than SLA surfaces indicating differentiation of the cells towards a myofibroblast phenotype. Analysis of adhesion formation demonstrated that cells formed larger adhesions and more stable adhesions on PT, with more nascent adhesions observed on SLA. Gene expression analysis identified up-regulation of 15 genes at 24 hrs on SLA versus PT associated with matrix remodelling. Pharmacological inhibition of Src/FAK signalling in gingival fibroblasts on PT reduced fibronectin deposition and CCN2 expression. We conclude that topographical features that reduce focal adhesion stability could be applied to inhibit myofibroblast differentiation in gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna S Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Weiyan Wen
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Prowse
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Aguiar DP, de Farias GC, de Sousa EB, de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar J, Lobo JC, Casado PL, Duarte MEL, Abreu JGR. New strategy to control cell migration and metastasis regulated by CCN2/CTGF. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:61. [PMID: 25120383 PMCID: PMC4130434 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)/CCN family member 2 (CCN2) is a CCN family member of matricellular signaling modulators. It has been shown that CCN2/CTGF mediates cell adhesion, aggregation and migration in a large variety of cell types, including vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, aortic smooth muscle and also pluripotent stem cells. Others matricellular proteins are capable of interacting with CCN2/CTGF to mediate its function. Cell migration is a key feature for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. CCN2/CTGF seems to be a prognostic marker for cancer. In addition, here we intend to discuss recent discoveries and a new strategy to develop therapies against CCN2/CTGF, in order to treat cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pinheiro Aguiar
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Correa de Farias
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Branco de Sousa
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julie Calixto Lobo
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ladeira Casado
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - José Garcia Ribeiro Abreu
- Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Pennock S, Haddock LJ, Eliott D, Mukai S, Kazlauskas A. Is neutralizing vitreal growth factors a viable strategy to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy? Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:16-34. [PMID: 24412519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blinding disorder that occurs in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and in eyes that have recently undergone retinal detachment surgery. There are presently no treatment strategies to reduce the risk of developing PVR in eyes with retinal detachment, and surgical intervention is the only option for eyes with retinal detachment and established PVR. Given the poor visual outcome associated with the surgical treatment of PVR, considerable work has been done to identify pharmacologic agents that could antagonize the PVR process. Intensive efforts to identify molecular determinants of PVR implicate vitreal growth factors. A surprise that emerged in the course of testing the 'growth factor hypothesis' of PVR was the existence of a functional relationship amongst growth factors that engage platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα), a receptor tyrosine kinase that is key to pathogenesis of experimental PVR. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF), which is best known for its ability to activate VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) and induce permeability and/or angiogenesis, enables activation of PDGFRα by a wide spectrum of vitreal growth factors outside of the PDGF family (non-PDGFs) in a way that triggers signaling events that potently enhance the viability of cells displaced into vitreous. Targeting these growth factors or signaling events effectively neutralizes the bioactivity of PVR vitreous and prevents PVR in a number of preclinical models. In this review, we discuss recent conceptual advances in understanding the role of growth factors in PVR, and consider the tangible treatment strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pennock
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luis J Haddock
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dean Eliott
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shizuo Mukai
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Pei C, Ma B, Kang QY, Qin L, Cui LJ. Effects of transforming growth factor β2 and connective tissue growth factor on induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix synthesis in human lens epithelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:752-7. [PMID: 24392320 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on transdifferentiation of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) cultured in vitro and synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM). METHODS HLECs were treated with TGF-β2 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5, 10µg/L) and CTGF (0, 15, 30, 60, 100µg/L) for different times (0, 24, 48, 72h) in vitro and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the main component of the extracellular matrix type I collagen (Col-1) and fibronectin (Fn) were measured by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western-blot. RESULTS TGF-β2 and CTGF significantly increased expression of α-SMA mRNA and protein (P<0.05, P<0.001), Fn mRNA and protein (P<0.001), Col-1 mRNA and protein (P<0.001). TGF-β2 could induce HLECs expression of CTGF mRNA and protein in dose-dependent manner (P<0.05, P<0.001). TGF-β2 and CTGF could induce HLECs to express α-SMA, Fn and Col-1 in time-dependent manner. Each time of TGF-β2 and CTGF induced HELCs expression of α-SMA, Fn, Col-1 mRNA and protein was significant increase compared with control (P<0.05, P<0.001). CONCLUSION TGF-β2 and CTGF could induce HLECs epithelial mesenchymal transition and ECM synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian-Yan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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Van Geest RJ, Leeuwis JW, Dendooven A, Pfister F, Bosch K, Hoeben KA, Vogels IMC, Van der Giezen DM, Dietrich N, Hammes HP, Goldschmeding R, Klaassen I, Van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO. Connective tissue growth factor is involved in structural retinal vascular changes in long-term experimental diabetes. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 62:109-18. [PMID: 24217924 PMCID: PMC3902096 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413512656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early retinal vascular changes in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) include capillary basal lamina (BL) thickening, pericyte loss and the development of acellular capillaries. Expression of the CCN (connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma overexpressed) family member CCN2 or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a potent inducer of the expression of BL components, is upregulated early in diabetes. Diabetic mice lacking one functional CTGF allele (CTGF⁺/⁻) do not show this BL thickening. As early events in DR may be interrelated, we hypothesized that CTGF plays a role in the pathological changes of retinal capillaries other than BL thickening. We studied the effects of long-term (6-8 months) streptozotocin-induced diabetes on retinal capillary BL thickness, numbers of pericytes and the development of acellular capillaries in wild type and CTGF⁺/⁻ mice. Our results show that an absence of BL thickening of retinal capillaries in long-term diabetic CTGF⁺/⁻ mice is associated with reduced pericyte dropout and reduced formation of acellular capillaries. We conclude that CTGF is involved in structural retinal vascular changes in diabetic rodents. Inhibition of CTGF in the eye may therefore be protective against the development of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Van Geest
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (RJVG, IMCV, IK, CJFVN, ROS)
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Khodosevich K, Lazarini F, von Engelhardt J, Kaneko H, Lledo PM, Monyer H. Connective tissue growth factor regulates interneuron survival and information processing in the olfactory bulb. Neuron 2013; 79:1136-51. [PMID: 23993699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis underlies plastic changes in defined neuronal circuits in the postnatal and adult brain. Here we identify connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) as a critical factor in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) in determining the efficiency of incorporation of postnatally born inhibitory neurons, thus gating the output of glomeruli, the first relay station of olfactory processing in the brain. In the OB, CTGF expression was restricted to prenatally born external tufted cells. CTGF enhanced the proapoptotic activity of glial-derived TGF-β2, decreasing the survival of periglomerular inhibitory neurons. Changes in CTGF expression levels in the OB led to modifications in local neuronal circuitry and olfactory behaviors. We show that the odorant-specific recruitment of distinct glomeruli resulted in enhanced local CTGF expression levels in the activated glomeruli. Collectively our data reveal a molecular mechanism controlling the survival of defined postnatally born neurons, thus adapting neuronal integration to the sensory experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Khodosevich
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Heidelberg University Medical Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurobiology/A230, German Center for Cancer Research (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Lee SY, Ryan SJ. Pathophysiology of Ocular Trauma. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sohn EH, He S, Kim LA, Salehi-Had H, Javaheri M, Spee C, Dustin L, Hinton DR, Eliott D. Angiofibrotic response to vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in diabetic retinal detachment: report no. 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 130:1127-34. [PMID: 22965588 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of bevacizumab injection on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ocular fluids of patients with diabetic traction retinal detachment, and to determine whether intraoperative and postoperative complications are decreased in eyes given adjunctive preoperative bevacizumab injection. METHODS Twenty eyes of 19 patients were randomized to receive intravitreal bevacizumab or sham injection 3 to 7 days before vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. We collected aqueous samples before injection and at the time of vitrectomy and extracted undiluted vitreous samples. RESULTS Five eyes had decreased vascularization of membranes from preinjection to the time of vitrectomy (all in the bevacizumab treatment arm). Median visual acuities were 20/400 in control eyes at baseline and postoperative month 3 (POM3) and 8/200 in the bevacizumab-treated group at baseline and 20/100 at POM3 (P= .30 between control and bevacizumab-treated groups at POM3). All retinas were attached at POM3. Vitreous levels of VEGF were significantly lower in the bevacizumab group than in the control group (P= .03). Vitreous levels of CTGF were slightly lower in the bevacizumab group compared with the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P= .38). Levels of CTGF in the aqueous were strongly correlated with CTGF levels in the vitreous of controls (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.95 [P< .001]). CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal bevacizumab injection reduces vitreous levels of VEGF and produces a clinically observable alteration in diabetic fibrovascular membranes. Ocular fluid levels of CTGF are not significantly affected within the week after VEGF inhibition. Retinal reattachment rates and visual acuity are not significantly altered by preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab injection at POM3. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01270542.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott H Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Hoshijima M, Hattori T, Aoyama E, Nishida T, Yamashiro T, Takigawa M. Roles of heterotypic CCN2/CTGF-CCN3/NOV and homotypic CCN2-CCN2 interactions in expression of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes. FEBS J 2012; 279:3584-3597. [PMID: 22812570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify proteins that regulate CCN2 activity, we carried out GAL4-based yeast two-hybrid screening with a cDNA library derived from a chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. CCN2/CTGF and CCN3/NOV polypeptides were picked up as CCN2-binding proteins, and CCN2–CCN2 and CCN2–CCN3 binding domains were identified. Direct binding between CCN2 and CCN3 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in vitro and in vivo and surface plasmon resonance, and the calculated dissociation constants (K(d)) were 1.17 × 10(-9) m for CCN2 and CCN2, and 1.95 × 10(-9) m for CCN2 and CCN3. Ectopically overexpressed green fluorescent protein–CCN2 and Halo–CCN3 in COS7 cells colocalized, as determined by direct fluorescence analysis. We present evidence that CCN2–CCN3 interactions modulated CCN2 activity such as enhancement of ACAN and col2a1 expression. Curiously, CCN2 enhanced, whereas CCN3 inhibited, the expression of aggrecan and col2a1 mRNA in HCS-2/8 cells, and combined treatment with CCN2 and CCN3 abolished the inhibitory effect of CCN3. These effects were neutralized with an antibody against the von Willebrand factor type C domain of CCN2 (11H3). This antibody diminished the binding between CCN2 and CCN2, but enhanced that between CCN3 and CCN2. Our results suggest that CCN2 could form homotypic and heterotypic dimers with CCN2 and CCN3, respectively. Strengthening the binding between CCN2 and CCN3 with the 11H3 antibody had an enhancing effect on aggrecan expression in chondrocytes, suggesting that CCN2 had an antagonizing effect by binding to CCN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hoshijima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
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Doyle JJ, Gerber EE, Dietz HC. Matrix-dependent perturbation of TGFβ signaling and disease. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2003-15. [PMID: 22641039 PMCID: PMC3426037 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a multipotent cytokine that is sequestered in the extracellular matrix (ECM) through interactions with a number of ECM proteins. The ECM serves to concentrate latent TGFβ at sites of intended function, to influence the bioavailability and/or function of TGFβ activators, and perhaps to regulate the intrinsic performance of cell surface effectors of TGFβ signal propagation. The downstream consequences of TGFβ signaling cascades in turn provide feedback modulation of the ECM. This review covers recent examples of how genetic mutations in constituents of the ECM or TGFβ signaling cascade result in altered ECM homeostasis, cellular performance and ultimately disease, with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic strategies that seek to capitalize on this refined mechanistic understanding.
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