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Hizawa N. Common Pathogeneses Underlying Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -Insights from Genetic Studies. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2024; 19:633-642. [PMID: 38464563 PMCID: PMC10922945 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s441992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neither asthma nor chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a single disease consisting of a uniform pathogenesis; rather, they are both syndromes that result from a variety of basic distinct pathogeneses. Many of the basic pathogeneses overlap between the two diseases, and multiple basic pathogeneses are simultaneously involved at varying proportions in individual patients. The specific combination of different basic pathogeneses in each patient determines the phenotype of the patient, and it varies widely from patient to patient. For example, type 2 airway inflammation and neutrophilic airway inflammation may coexist in the same patient, and quite a few patients have clinical characteristics of both asthma and COPD. Even in the same patient, the contribution of each pathogenesis is expected to differ at different life stages (eg, childhood, adolescence, middle age, and older), during different seasons (eg, high seasons for hay fever and rhinovirus infection), and depending on the nature of treatments. This review describes several basic pathogeneses commonly involved in both asthma and COPD, including chronic non-type 2 inflammation, type 2 inflammation, viral infections, and lung development. Understanding of the basic molecular pathogeneses in individual patients, rather than the use of clinical diagnosis, such as asthma, COPD, or even asthma COPD overlap, will enable us to better deal with the diversity seen in disease states, and lead to optimal treatment practices tailored for each patient with less disease burden, such as drug-induced side effects, and improved prognosis. Furthermore, we can expect to focus on these molecular pathways as new drug discovery targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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2
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Mesdaghi S, Price RM, Madine J, Rigden DJ. Deep Learning-based structure modelling illuminates structure and function in uncharted regions of β-solenoid fold space. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108010. [PMID: 37544372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Repeat proteins are common in all domains of life and exhibit a wide range of functions. One class of repeat protein contains solenoid folds where the repeating unit consists of β-strands separated by tight turns. β-solenoids have distinguishing structural features such as handedness, twist, oligomerisation state, coil shape and size which give rise to their diversity. Characterised β-solenoid repeat proteins are known to form regions in bacterial and viral virulence factors, antifreeze proteins and functional amyloids. For many of these proteins, the experimental structure has not been solved, as they are difficult to crystallise or model. Here we use various deep learning-based structure-modelling methods to discover novel predicted β-solenoids, perform structural database searches to mine further structural neighbours and relate their predicted structure to possible functions. We find both eukaryotic and prokaryotic adhesins, confirming a known functional linkage between adhesin function and the β-solenoid fold. We further identify exceptionally long, flat β-solenoid folds as possible structures of mucin tandem repeat regions and unprecedentedly small β-solenoid structures. Additionally, we characterise a novel β-solenoid coil shape, the FapC Greek key β-solenoid as well as plausible complexes between it and other proteins involved in Pseudomonas functional amyloid fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Mesdaghi
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom; Computational Biology Facility, MerseyBio, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Price
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian Madine
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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3
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Nomura N, Matsumoto H, Sunadome H, Oguma T, Hirai T. Importance of mucus burden and mucociliary impairment in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1410-1411. [PMID: 36872204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Nomura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Sunadome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Oguma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Precision Medicine in Glaucoma: Artificial Intelligence, Biomarkers, Genetics and Redox State. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032814. [PMID: 36769127 PMCID: PMC9917798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative illness requiring early diagnosis and strict monitoring of the disease progression. Current exams for diagnosis and prognosis are based on clinical examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, visual field tests, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). In this scenario, there is a critical unmet demand for glaucoma-related biomarkers to enhance clinical testing for early diagnosis and tracking of the disease's development. The introduction of validated biomarkers would allow for prompt intervention in the clinic to help with prognosis prediction and treatment response monitoring. This review aims to report the latest acquisitions on biomarkers in glaucoma, from imaging analysis to genetics and metabolic markers.
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Hizawa N. The understanding of asthma pathogenesis in the era of precision medicine. Allergol Int 2023; 72:3-10. [PMID: 36195530 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a syndrome with extremely diverse clinical phenotypes in which the onset, severity, and response to treatment are defined by the complex interplay of many genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors epigenetically affect gene expression, and the disease is driven by a multidimensional dynamic network involving RNA and protein molecules derived from gene expression, as well as various metabolic products. In other words, specific pathophysiological mechanisms or endotypes are dynamic networks that arise in response to individual genotypes and the various environmental factors to which individuals have been exposed since before birth, such as diet, infection, air pollution, smoking, antibiotic use, and the bacterial flora of the intestinal tract, skin, and lungs. A key feature of asthma genome scans is their potential to reveal the molecular pathways that lead to pathogenesis. Endotypes that drive the disease have a significant impact on the phenotypes of asthma patients, including their drug responsiveness. Understanding endotypes will lead to not only the implementation of therapies that are tailored to the specific molecular network(s) underlying the patient's condition, but also to the development of therapeutic strategies that target individual endotypes, as well as to precision health, which will enable the prediction of disease onset with high accuracy from an early stage and the implementation of preventive strategies based on endotypes. Understanding of endotypes will pave the way for the practice of precision medicine in asthma care, moving away from 'one-size-fits-all' medicine and population-based prevention approaches that do not take individuals' susceptibility into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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6
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Fu Y, Liu Y, Nasiroula A, Wang Q, Cao X. Long non‑coding RNA HCG22 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by downregulating miR‑425‑5p expression. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:246. [PMID: 35222723 PMCID: PMC8815030 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Fu
- Department of Radiology, Urumqi Stomatological Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of General Special Requirements, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Aheli Nasiroula
- Department of General Special Requirements, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Qichao Wang
- Department of Oncology II, Dalian Fifth People's Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Cao
- Department of Radiology, Urumqi Stomatological Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
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7
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Gao YQ, Shi PW, Shi WK, Liu YM. Expression and mechanism of long non-coding RNA HCG22 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:658-666. [PMID: 34859625 PMCID: PMC8703100 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression and mechanism of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HCG22 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS HCG22 levels were detected in the OSCC and adjacent tissues, OSCC cells, and normal oral keratinocytes. HCG22 expression in SCC-25 and HSC-3 cells was upregulated by transfection of the overexpressing plasmi dvector. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Transwell assay were employed to detect changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion ability, while Western blotting was used to detect the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation-related proteins. The expression level of miR-650 in the cells was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to assess the targeting relationship between HCG22 and miR-650. RESULTS Compared with that in adjacent tissues, the expression of HCG22 significantly decreased in OSCC tissues (P<0.05). Moreover, the prognostic survival of patients in the low-HCG22 expression group was significantly lower than that in the high-expression group (P<0.05). Compared with that in HOK cells, the expression of HCG22 was significantly lower in SCC-25, HN13, HSC-3, and CAL-27 cells (P<0.05). Upregulation of HCG22 expression could inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of SCC-25 and HSC-3 cells, upregulatethe expression of E-cadherin, and downregulate the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin (P<0.05). miR-650 mimics could reduce the luciferase activity of HCG22 wild-type plasmid cells (P<0.05), and the expression of miR-650 in SCC-25 and HSC-3 cells decreased after upregulation of HCG22 expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HCG22 is expressed at low levels in OSCC. Upregulation of the expression of this lncRNA can inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of OSCC cells. The mechanism of action of HCG22 may be related to its targeted regulation of miR-650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiang Gao
- Dept. of Periodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Peng Wei Shi
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wen Kai Shi
- Dept. of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Ming Liu
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Lytvynchuk LM, Petrovski G, Dam A, Hiemstra J, Wimmer T, Savytska I, Binder S, Stieger K. Novel Needle for Intravitreal Drug Delivery: Comparative Study of Needle Tip Aspirates, Injection Stream and Penetration Forces. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:723-734. [PMID: 33642853 PMCID: PMC7903950 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s297139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the efficacy of a novel needle for intravitreal injection (IVI) in comparison to the conventional needle under experimental conditions. Methods The newly designed 30-gauge (G) needle (NDN) (EP 18158 542.3, patent pending) with occluded outer orifice and a side port for drug delivery was compared to the conventional standard hypodermic 30 G needle for IVI (SHN). An animal study to obtain needle tip aspirates was performed on 10 albino rat eyes. During IVIs, cellular content, which was cut by the needle tip, was aspirated. Cellular material was studied in regard to cell types and their quantity. The injection stream was studied using trypan blue dye in vitro and pig cadaver eyes. The penetration force was tested on polyurethane Testing Foil Strips PU 04 (Melab, Leonberg, Germany) by applying a velocity of 100 mm/min. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation matrices and t-test methods with p<0.05 as statistically significant. Results Cytological analysis of the needle aspirates showed the presence of cellular content in each case. The amount of conjunctival, ciliary body epithelial cells and granulated basophilic protein sediments (sign of cellular damage) in the case of the NDN tips was significantly lower compared to the SHN. The average penetration force of the NDN was 0.791 N, and in the case of the SHN was 0.566 N. The injection stream study revealed a difference in the initial injection phase between the two needle types, although the diffuse filling of the vitreous area which surrounded the needle tip appeared to be similar. Discussion The NDN demonstrated superior performance with regard to a significantly reduced number of cells being captured by the needle tip. Delivery of the injected fluid into the vitreous cavity was comparable. In order to investigate superior properties of the NDN needle design, further studies with improved prototypes would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubomyr M Lytvynchuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Eye Clinic, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Karl Landsteiner Institute for Retinal Research and Imaging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center of Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adien Dam
- Vitreq B.V., MG Vierpolders, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tobias Wimmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Eye Clinic, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iryna Savytska
- Department of Experimental Surgery, A.A.Shalimov National Institute of Surgery and Transplantology, National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Susanne Binder
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Retinal Research and Imaging, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sigmund Freud University, Eye Center Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Knut Stieger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Eye Clinic, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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9
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Bi W, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B, Kim S, Lee S. A Fast and Accurate Method for Genome-Wide Time-to-Event Data Analysis and Its Application to UK Biobank. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:222-233. [PMID: 32589924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing biobanking efforts connecting electronic health records and national registries to germline genetics, the time-to-event data analysis has attracted increasing attention in the genetics studies of human diseases. In time-to-event data analysis, the Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression model is one of the most used approaches. However, existing methods and tools are not scalable when analyzing a large biobank with hundreds of thousands of samples and endpoints, and they are not accurate when testing low-frequency and rare variants. Here, we propose a scalable and accurate method, SPACox (a saddlepoint approximation implementation based on the Cox PH regression model), that is applicable for genome-wide scale time-to-event data analysis. SPACox requires fitting a Cox PH regression model only once across the genome-wide analysis and then uses a saddlepoint approximation (SPA) to calibrate the test statistics. Simulation studies show that SPACox is 76-252 times faster than other existing alternatives, such as gwasurvivr, 185-511 times faster than the standard Wald test, and more than 6,000 times faster than the Firth correction and can control type I error rates at the genome-wide significance level regardless of minor allele frequencies. Through the analysis of UK Biobank inpatient data of 282,871 white British European ancestry samples, we show that SPACox can efficiently analyze large sample sizes and accurately control type I error rates. We identified 611 loci associated with time-to-event phenotypes of 12 common diseases, of which 38 loci would be missed within a logistic regression framework with a binary phenotype defined as event occurrence status during the follow-up period.
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10
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Yin J, Zeng X, Ai Z, Yu M, Wu Y, Li S. Construction and analysis of a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network based on competitive endogenous RNA reveal functional lncRNAs in oral cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:84. [PMID: 32571304 PMCID: PMC7310129 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can function as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge in various diseases including oral cancer. However, the pathophysiological function of lncRNAs remains unclear. Methods Based on the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) theory, we constructed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in oral cancer with the human expression profiles GSE74530 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We used topological analysis to determine the hub lncRNAs in the regulatory ceRNA network. Then, function enrichment analysis was performed using the clusterProfiler R package. Clinical information was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and survival analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results A total of 238 potential co-dysregulated competing triples were obtained in the lncRNA-associated ceRNA network in oral cancer, which consisted of 10 lncRNA nodes, 41 miRNA nodes and 122 mRNA nodes. Additionally, we found lncRNA HCG22 exhibiting superior potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of oral cancer. Conclusions Our findings provide novel insights to understand the ceRNA regulation in oral cancer and identify a novel lncRNA as a potential molecular biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zexin Ai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yang'ou Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shengjiao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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11
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Yorio T, Patel GC, Clark AF. Glucocorticoid-Induced Ocular Hypertension: Origins and New Approaches to Minimize. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020; 15:145-157. [PMID: 38274668 PMCID: PMC10810227 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1762488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) have unique actions in their combined anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities and are among the most commonly-prescribed drugs, particularly for inflammatory conditions. They are often used clinically to treat inflammatory eye diseases like uveitis, optic neuritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis and others, but are often accompanied by side effects, like ocular hypertension that can be vision threatening. Areas covered The review will focus on the complex molecular mechanism of action of GCs that involve both transactivation and transrepression and their use therapeutically that can cause significant systemic side effects, particularly ocular hypertension that can lead to glaucoma. Expert Opinion While we are still unclear as to all the mechanisms responsible for GC-induced ocular hypertension, however, there are potential novel therapies that are in development that can separate some of the anti-inflammatory therapeutic efficacy from their ocular hypertension side effect. This review provides some insight into these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yorio
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNTHSC
- North Texas Eye Research, Institute, UNTHSC
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNTHSC
- North Texas Eye Research, Institute, UNTHSC
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12
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Maroñas O, García-Quintanilla L, Luaces-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Ferreiro A, Latorre-Pellicer A, Abraldes MJ, Lamas MJ, Carracedo A. Anti-VEGF Treatment and Response in Age-related Macular Degeneration: Disease's Susceptibility, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:549-569. [PMID: 31296152 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190711105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current review is focussing different factors that contribute and directly correlate to the onset and progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). In particular, the susceptibility to AMD due to genetic and non-genetic factors and the establishment of risk scores, based on the analysis of different genes to measure the risk of developing the disease. A correlation with the actual therapeutic landscape to treat AMD patients from the point of view of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics is also exposed. Treatments commonly used, as well as different regimes of administration, will be especially important in trying to classify individuals as "responders" and "non-responders". Analysis of different genes correlated with drug response and also the emerging field of microRNAs (miRNAs) as possible biomarkers for early AMD detection and response will be also reviewed. This article aims to provide the reader a review of different publications correlated with AMD from the molecular and kinetic point of view as well as its commonly used treatments, major pitfalls and future directions that, to our knowledge, could be interesting to assess and follow in order to develop a personalized medicine model for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Maroñas
- Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura García-Quintanilla
- Servicio de Farmacia, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrea Luaces-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacia e Tecnoloxia Farmaceutica e Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Grupo de Farmacoloxia Clínica, Instituto de Investigacion en Salud de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro
- Departamento de Farmacia e Tecnoloxia Farmaceutica e Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Grupo de Farmacoloxia Clínica, Instituto de Investigacion en Salud de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS) (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Latorre-Pellicer
- Unidad de Genetica Clínica y Genomica Funcional, Departamento de Farmacologia-Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maximino J Abraldes
- Servicio de Oftalmoloxía, Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Ciruxía e Especialidades Médico- Quirúrxicas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Lamas
- Grupo de Farmacoloxia Clínica, Instituto de Investigacion en Salud de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Fini ME, Jeong S, Gong H, Martinez-Carrasco R, Laver NMV, Hijikata M, Keicho N, Argüeso P. Membrane-associated mucins of the ocular surface: New genes, new protein functions and new biological roles in human and mouse. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 75:100777. [PMID: 31493487 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal glycocalyx of the ocular surface constitutes the point of interaction between the tear film and the apical epithelial cells. Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) are the defining molecules of the glycocalyx in all mucosal epithelia. Long recognized for their biophysical properties of hydration, lubrication, anti-adhesion and repulsion, MAMs maintain the wet ocular surface, lubricate the blink, stabilize the tear film and create a physical barrier to the outside world. However, it is increasingly appreciated that MAMs also function as cell surface receptors that transduce information from the outside to the inside of the cell. A number of excellent review articles have provided perspective on the field as it has progressed since 1987, when molecular cloning of the first MAM was reported. The current article provides an update for the ocular surface, placing it into the broad context of findings made in other organ systems, and including new genes, new protein functions and new biological roles. We discuss the epithelial tissue-equivalent with mucosal differentiation, the key model system making these advances possible. In addition, we make the first systematic comparison of MAMs in human and mouse, establishing the basis for using knockout mice for investigations with the complexity of an in vivo system. Lastly, we discuss findings from human genetics/genomics, which are providing clues to new MAM roles previously unimagined. Taken together, this information allows us to generate hypotheses for the next stage of investigation to expand our knowledge of MAM function in intracellular signaling and roles unique to the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Fini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Rafael Martinez-Carrasco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Nora M V Laver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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14
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Li X, Xiao X, Chang R, Zhang C. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identifies lncRNA HCG22 as a migration inhibitor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:468-481. [PMID: 31236983 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the dominant histological type. However, the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) alterations in ESCC have not been elucidated to date. In this study, reliable databases from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which analyzed lncRNA expression in ESCC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were searched, and common differentially expressed lncRNAs and genes were analyzed. Next, cis- trans analysis was performed to predict the underlying relationships between altered lncRNAs and mRNAs, and the lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network was established. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of altered lncRNA-related genes were performed. The promising lncRNA HCG22 was validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and clinicopathological data were collected to identify the relationship between lncRNA HCG22 expression level and clinical features. Finally, Transwell assays were performed to explore the biological functions of lncRNA HCG22 in ESCC cells. Two hundred forty-one lncRNAs and 835 mRNAs were observed to be remarkably altered between ESCC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network showed the coexpression association between lncRNA HCG22 and SPINK7 and ADAMTS12. GO and KEGG analyses showed that HCG22 and ADAMTS12 had potential biological functions in the cell migration of ESCC. The downregulation of lncRNA HCG22 in ESCC tumor tissues was validated by qPCR, and the clinicopathological data showed a noticeable correlation between lncRNA HCG22 expression level and the ESCC differentiational degree and clinical TNM stage. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with ESCC having low lncRNA HCG22 expression in ESCC tissues had considerably shorter overall survival compared with patients with ESCC having high lncRNA HCG22 expression. Following Transwell assays confirmed the migratory role of lncRNA HCG22 in ESCC cells. In conclusion, lncRNA HCG22 was downregulated in ESCC tissues and can be a migration inhibitor of ESCC cells, and SPINK7 and ADAMTS12 are promising to be the regulatory targets of lncRNA HCG22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruimin Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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15
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Chan W, Wiggs JL, Sobrin L. The Genetic Influence on Corticosteroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension: A Field Positioned for Discovery. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 202:1-5. [PMID: 30763540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide evidence that corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension has a genetic component. DESIGN Evidence-based perspective. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search for studies exploring genetic influences on intraocular pressure responses to corticosteroid treatment. RESULTS Studies demonstrating increased risk of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension among first-degree relatives of affected individuals support a genetic contribution to the disease. Family and personal history of primary open-angle glaucoma also increases the risk of corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation, suggesting common genetic etiologies. A number of studies have attempted to identify predisposing genetic factors; however, reproducible findings have not yet been reported. The recent availability of large data sets with clinical and genetic data for patients affected by corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma provides new opportunities to study the genetic underpinnings of this important condition. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial evidence suggesting a genetic component to corticosteroid-related ocular hypertension and glaucoma, but specific genetic risk factors have yet to be identified. The current confluence of large genetic data sets and affordable genetic sequencing technologies has great potential for discovering the genes that increase risk for this blinding complication of corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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16
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Itakura T, Webster A, Chintala SK, Wang Y, Gonzalez JM, Tan JC, Vranka JA, Acott T, Craft CM, Sibug Saber ME, Jeong S, Stamer WD, Martemyanov KA, Fini ME. GPR158 in the Visual System: Homeostatic Role in Regulation of Intraocular Pressure. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:203-215. [PMID: 30855200 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: GPR158 is a newly characterized family C G-protein-coupled receptor, previously identified in functional screens linked with biological stress, including one for susceptibility to ocular hypertension/glaucoma induced by glucocorticoid stress hormones. In this study, we investigated GPR158 function in the visual system. Methods: Gene expression and protein immunolocalization analyses were performed in mouse and human brain and eye to identify tissues where GPR158 might function. Gene expression was perturbed in mice, and in cultures of human trabecular meshwork cells of the aqueous outflow pathway, to investigate function and mechanism. Results: GPR158 is highly expressed in the brain, and in this study, we show prominent expression specifically in the visual center of the cerebral cortex. Expression was also observed in the eye, including photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and trabecular meshwork. Protein was also localized to the outer plexiform layer of the neural retina. Gpr158 deficiency in knockout (KO) mice conferred short-term protection against the intraocular pressure increase that occurred with aging, but this was reversed over time. Most strikingly, the pressure lowering effect of the acute stress hormone, epinephrine, was negated in KO mice. In contrast, no disruption of the electroretinogram was observed. Gene overexpression in cell cultures enhanced cAMP production in response to epinephrine, suggesting a mechanism for intraocular pressure regulation. Overexpression also increased survival of cells subjected to oxidative stress linked to ocular hypertension, associated with TP53 pathway activation. Conclusions: These findings implicate GPR158 as a homeostatic regulator of intraocular pressure and suggest GPR158 could be a pharmacological target for managing ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Itakura
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Webster
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shravan K Chintala
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yuchen Wang
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Jose M Gonzalez
- 3 Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - J C Tan
- 3 Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janice A Vranka
- 4 Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ted Acott
- 4 Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cheryl Mae Craft
- 5 USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,6 Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria E Sibug Saber
- 7 Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- 8 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- 9 Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - M Elizabeth Fini
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Francisco R, Pascoal C, Marques-da-Silva D, Morava E, Gole GA, Coman D, Jaeken J, Dos Reis Ferreira V. Keeping an eye on congenital disorders of O-glycosylation: A systematic literature review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:29-48. [PMID: 30740740 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly growing family comprising >100 genetic diseases. Some 25 CDG are pure O-glycosylation defects. Even among this CDG subgroup, phenotypic diversity is broad, ranging from mild to severe poly-organ/system dysfunction. Ophthalmic manifestations are present in 60% of these CDG. The ophthalmic manifestations in N-glycosylation-deficient patients have been described elsewhere. The present review documents the spectrum and incidence of eye disorders in patients with pure O-glycosylation defects with the aim of assisting diagnosis and management and promoting research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Francisco
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Morava
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glen A Gole
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Queensland, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Coman
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ocular genetics is an emerging specialty which has accompanied the advancement of modern genetic technology. This review is to understand the current status of practice in ocular genetics in Taiwan. RECENT FINDINGS There is only one ocular genetics clinic in Taiwan. Certified clinical laboratories provide few gene tests in ocular genetics. Most ocular genetic study is focused on myopia. Financial obstacles are a major problem for patients to seek gene tests. SUMMARY Despite a relatively successful, healthcare system in Taiwan, when compared with developed countries, ocular genetics is at an early stage of development. More financial resources and labor are needed to advance clinical care and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Lai
- aDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital bDepartment of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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19
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Odhams CA, Cortini A, Chen L, Roberts AL, Viñuela A, Buil A, Small KS, Dermitzakis ET, Morris DL, Vyse TJ, Cunninghame Graham DS. Mapping eQTLs with RNA-seq reveals novel susceptibility genes, non-coding RNAs and alternative-splicing events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1003-1017. [PMID: 28062664 PMCID: PMC5409091 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies attempting to functionally interpret complex-disease susceptibility loci by GWAS and eQTL integration have predominantly employed microarrays to quantify gene-expression. RNA-Seq has the potential to discover a more comprehensive set of eQTLs and illuminate the underlying molecular consequence. We examine the functional outcome of 39 variants associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) through the integration of GWAS and eQTL data from the TwinsUK microarray and RNA-Seq cohort in lymphoblastoid cell lines. We use conditional analysis and a Bayesian colocalisation method to provide evidence of a shared causal-variant, then compare the ability of each quantification type to detect disease relevant eQTLs and eGenes. We discovered the greatest frequency of candidate-causal eQTLs using exon-level RNA-Seq, and identified novel SLE susceptibility genes (e.g. NADSYN1 and TCF7) that were concealed using microarrays, including four non-coding RNAs. Many of these eQTLs were found to influence the expression of several genes, supporting the notion that risk haplotypes may harbour multiple functional effects. Novel SLE associated splicing events were identified in the T-reg restricted transcription factor, IKZF2, and other candidate genes (e.g. WDFY4) through asQTL mapping using the Geuvadis cohort. We have significantly increased our understanding of the genetic control of gene-expression in SLE by maximising the leverage of RNA-Seq and performing integrative GWAS-eQTL analysis against gene, exon, and splice-junction quantifications. We conclude that to better understand the true functional consequence of regulatory variants, quantification by RNA-Seq should be performed at the exon-level as a minimum, and run in parallel with gene and splice-junction level quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Cortini
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lingyan Chen
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amy L Roberts
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - David L Morris
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK.,Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
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20
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Fini ME, Schwartz SG, Gao X, Jeong S, Patel N, Itakura T, Price MO, Price FW, Varma R, Stamer WD. Steroid-induced ocular hypertension/glaucoma: Focus on pharmacogenomics and implications for precision medicine. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 56:58-83. [PMID: 27666015 PMCID: PMC5237612 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) due to therapeutic use of glucocorticoids is called steroid-induced ocular hypertension (SIOH); this can lead to steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG). Glucocorticoids initiate signaling cascades ultimately affecting expression of hundreds of genes; this provides the potential for a highly personalized pharmacological response. Studies attempting to define genetic risk factors were undertaken early in the history of glucocorticoid use, however scientific tools available at that time were limited and progress stalled. In contrast, significant advances were made over the ensuing years in defining disease pathophysiology. As the genomics age emerged, it appeared the time was right to renew investigation into genetics. Pharmacogenomics is an unbiased discovery approach, not requiring an underlying hypothesis, and provides a way to pinpoint clinically significant genes and pathways that could not have been discovered any other way. Results of the first genome-wide association study to identify polymorphisms associated with SIOH, and follow-up on two novel genes linked to the disorder, GPR158 and HCG22, is discussed in the second half of the article. However, knowledge of genetic variants determining response to steroids in the eye also has value in its own right as a predictive and diagnostic tool. This article concludes with a discussion of how the Precision Medicine Initiative®, announced by U.S. President Obama in his 2015 State of the Union address, is beginning to touch the practice of ophthalmology. It is argued that SIOH/SIG may provide one of the next opportunities for effective application of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Fini
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine and Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Stephen G Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 3880 Tamiami Trail North, Naples, FL, 34103, USA.
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St., Suite 235, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Nitin Patel
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Tatsuo Itakura
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Marianne O Price
- Cornea Research Foundation of America, 9002 North Meridian Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46260, USA.
| | - Francis W Price
- Price Vision Group, 9002 North Meridian Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46260, USA.
| | - Rohit Varma
- Office of the Dean, USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave., KAM 500, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, AERI Room 4008, 2351 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
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21
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Severe Corticosteroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension Requiring Bilateral Trabeculectomies in a Patient with Takayasu's Arteritis. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2016; 2016:5253029. [PMID: 27957366 PMCID: PMC5121439 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5253029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of severe corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) after prolonged systemic corticosteroid use in a young woman with Takayasu's arteritis. As she did not sufficiently respond to ocular antihypertensive therapies, bilateral enhanced trabeculectomies were required to normalize her intraocular pressures. The systemic side effects of corticosteroids are well known, yet steroid-induced OHT and glaucoma remain silent causes of ocular morbidity. This case highlights the importance of IOP-monitoring in visually asymptomatic patients on systemic corticosteroids. It further emphasizes the need to raise awareness of the potential ocular side effects of steroids amongst physicians, in particular those looking after patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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22
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Schwartz SG, Scott IU, Stewart MW, Flynn HW. Update on corticosteroids for diabetic macular edema. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:1723-30. [PMID: 27660409 PMCID: PMC5019446 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains an important cause of visual loss. Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are generally used as first-line treatments for patients with center-involving DME, there is an important role for corticosteroids as well. Corticosteroids may be especially useful in pseudophakic patients poorly responsive to anti-VEGF therapies, in patients wishing to reduce the number of required injections, and in pregnant patients. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide has been used for many years but is not approved for this indication. An extended-release bioerodable dexamethasone delivery system and an extended-release nonbioerodable fluocinolone acetonide insert have both achieved regulatory approval for the treatment of DME. All intravitreal corticosteroids are associated with risks of cataract progression, elevation of intraocular pressure, and endophthalmitis. There is no current consensus regarding the use of corticosteroids, but they are valuable for selected patients with center-involving DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ingrid U Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Michael W Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Harry W Flynn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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23
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Schwartz SG, Hampton BM, Kovach JL, Brantley MA. Genetics and age-related macular degeneration: a practical review for the clinician. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:1229-35. [PMID: 27445455 PMCID: PMC4938141 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is a complex disease, with both genetic and environmental risk factors interacting in unknown ways. Currently, 52 gene variants within 34 loci have been significantly associated with age-related macular degeneration. Two well-studied major genes are complement factor H (CFH) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2). There exist several commercially available tests that are proposed to stratify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, as well as predict response to nutritional supplementation. However, at present, the bulk of the available peer-reviewed evidence suggests that genetic testing is more useful as a research tool than for clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Blake M Hampton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jaclyn L Kovach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Milam A Brantley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Novack GD. Do Genes Matter in Treating Eye Disease? Ocul Surf 2015; 13:346-9. [PMID: 26272274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Novack
- PharmaLogic Development, Inc., San Rafael CA and Departments of Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis
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