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Song M, Li L, Liu J, Gao Y, Li M, Zhou L, Qin B, Xiang A, Sun X, Fan W, Lei Y, Chen X. Peroxynitrite-Scavenging Organosilica Nanomedicines for Light-Controllable NO Release and Precision On-Demand Glaucoma Therapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20979-20990. [PMID: 37906948 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a promising approach for treating ocular hypertension and glaucoma. However, its clinical application is limited by its uncontrollable release and the unwanted overproduction of peroxynitrite. Herein, a denitrifying hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticle (HMMN) with framework cohybridization is first constructed to encapsulate S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (SNAP) to produce SNAP@HMMN with dual capacities of selective peroxynitrite removal and controllable NO release. Featuring a large corneal permeability, the well-designed SNAP@HMMN can achieve trans-corneal delivery to reach the target trabecular meshwork (TM)/Schlemm's canal (SC) site. Upon light irradiation, the intraocular pressure (IOP) is appropriately lowered in an adjustable and long-lasting manner while the outflow tissues are protected from nitrative damage, which is expected to realize precision on-demand glaucoma therapy with little biosafety concern, promising significant clinical translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ajun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical, and Biomolecular Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074 Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
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Johnstone M, Xin C, Martin E, Wang R. Trabecular Meshwork Movement Controls Distal Valves and Chambers: New Glaucoma Medical and Surgical Targets. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6599. [PMID: 37892736 PMCID: PMC10607137 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we provide evidence that human regulation of aqueous outflow is by a pump-conduit system similar to that of the lymphatics. Direct observation documents pulsatile aqueous flow into Schlemm's canal and from the canal into collector channels, intrascleral channels, aqueous veins, and episcleral veins. Pulsatile flow in vessels requires a driving force, a chamber with mobile walls and valves. We demonstrate that the trabecular meshwork acts as a deformable, mobile wall of a chamber: Schlemm's canal. A tight linkage between the driving force of intraocular pressure and meshwork deformation causes tissue responses in milliseconds. The link provides a sensory-motor baroreceptor-like function, providing maintenance of a homeostatic setpoint. The ocular pulse causes meshwork motion oscillations around the setpoint. We document valves entering and exiting the canal using real-time direct observation with a microscope and multiple additional modalities. Our laboratory-based high-resolution SD-OCT platform quantifies valve lumen opening and closing within milliseconds synchronously with meshwork motion; meshwork tissue stiffens, and movement slows in glaucoma tissue. Our novel PhS-OCT system measures nanometer-level motion synchronous with the ocular pulse in human subjects. Movement decreases in glaucoma patients. Our model is robust because it anchors laboratory studies to direct observation of physical reality in humans with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Johnstone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Chen Xin
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Ruikang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Schmitt HM, Hake KM, Perkumas KM, Lê BM, Suarez MF, De Ieso ML, Rahman RS, Johnson WM, Gomez-Caraballo M, Ashley-Koch AE, Hauser MA, Stamer WD. Lysyl oxidase-like 1-antisense 1 (LOXL1-AS1) lncRNA differentially regulates gene and protein expression, signaling and morphology of human ocular cells. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:3053-3062. [PMID: 37540217 PMCID: PMC10586201 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) is characterized by dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis that disrupts conventional outflow function and increases intraocular pressure (IOP). Prolonged IOP elevation results in optic nerve head damage and vision loss. Uniquely, PEXG is a form of open angle glaucoma that has variable penetrance, is difficult to treat and does not respond well to common IOP-lowering pharmaceuticals. Therefore, understanding modulators of disease severity will aid in targeted therapies for PEXG. Genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms in the long non-coding RNA lysyl oxidase-like 1-antisense 1 (LOXL1-AS1) as a risk factor for PEXG. Risk alleles, oxidative stress and mechanical stretch all alter LOXL1-AS1 expression. As a long non-coding RNA, LOXL1-AS1 binds hnRNPL and regulates global gene expression. In this study, we focus on the role of LOXL1-AS1 in the ocular cells (trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal) that regulate IOP. We show that selective knockdown of LOXL1-AS1 leads to cell-type-specific changes in gene expression, ECM homeostasis, signaling and morphology. These results implicate LOXL1-AS1 as a modulator of cellular homeostasis, altering cell contractility and ECM turnover, both of which are well-known contributors to PEXG. These findings support LOXL1-AS1 as a key target for modifying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Schmitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristyn M Hake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Brandon M Lê
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria F Suarez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Rashad S Rahman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William M Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Kelly RA, McDonnell FS, De Ieso ML, Overby DR, Stamer WD. Pressure Clamping During Ocular Perfusions Drives Nitric Oxide-Mediated Washout. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:36. [PMID: 37358489 PMCID: PMC10297780 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.7.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) mediates a pressure-dependent, negative feedback loop that maintains conventional outflow homeostasis and thus IOP. If true, holding pressure during ocular perfusions will result in uncontrolled production of NO, hyper-relaxation of the trabecular meshwork, and washout. Methods Paired porcine eyes were perfused at constant pressure of 15 mm Hg. After 1 hour acclimatization, one eye was exchanged with N5-[imino(nitroamino)methyl]-L-ornithine, methyl ester, monohydrochloride (L-NAME) (50 µm) and the contralateral eye with DBG, and perfused for 3 hours. In a separate group, one eye was exchanged with DETA-NO (100 nM) and the other with DBG and perfused for 30 minutes. Changes in conventional outflow tissue function and morphology were monitored. Results Control eyes exhibited a washout rate of 15% (P = 0.0026), whereas eyes perfused with L-NAME showed a 10% decrease in outflow facility from baseline over 3 hours (P < 0.01); with nitrite levels in effluent positively correlating with time and facility. Compared with L-NAME-treated eyes, significant morphological changes in control eyes included increased distal vessel size, number of giant vacuoles, and juxtacanalicular tissue separation from the angular aqueous plexi (P < 0.05). For 30-minute perfusions, control eyes showed a washout rate of 11% (P = 0.075), whereas DETA-NO-treated eyes showed an increased washout rate of 33% from baseline (P < 0.005). Compared with control eyes, significant morphological changes in DETA-NO-treated eyes also included increased distal vessel size, number of giant vacuoles and juxtacanalicular tissue separation (P < 0.05). Conclusions Uncontrolled NO production is responsible for washout during perfusions of nonhuman eyes where pressure is clamped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Kelly
- Ophthalmology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Fiona S. McDonnell
- Ophthalmology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Utah, Utah, United States
| | - Michael L. De Ieso
- Ophthalmology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Darryl R. Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Ophthalmology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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VIP Stabilizes the Cytoskeleton of Schlemm's Canal Endothelia via Reducing Caspase-3 Mediated ZO-1 Endolysosomal Degradation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9397960. [PMID: 34552687 PMCID: PMC8452417 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9397960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In glaucomatous eyes, the main aqueous humor (AH) outflow pathway is damaged by accumulated oxidative stress arising from the microenvironment, vascular dysregulation, and aging, which results in increased outflow resistance and ocular hypertension. Schlemm's canal (SC) serves as the final filtration barrier of the main AH outflow pathway. The present study is aimed at investigating the possible regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the cytoskeleton by stabilizing ZO-1 in SC. Methods Model of chronic ocular hypertension (COH) induced by episcleral venous cauterization was treated with topical VIP. The ultrastructure of junctions, ZO-1 levels, and permeability of the SC inner wall to FITC-dextran (70 kDa) were detected in the COH models. The F-actin distribution, F/G-actin ratio, and ZO-1 degradation pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HEK 293 cells were investigated. Results ZO-1 in the outer wall of the SC was less than that in the inner wall. COH elicited junction disruption, ZO-1 reduction, and increased permeability of the SC inner wall to FITC-dextran in rats. ZO-1 plays an essential role in maintaining the F/G-actin ratio and F-actin distribution. VIP treatment attenuated the downregulation of ZO-1 associated with COH or H2O2-induced oxidative damage. In H2O2-stimulated HUVECs, the caspase-3 inhibitor prevents ZO-1 disruption. Caspase-3 activation promoted endolysosomal degradation of ZO-1. Furthermore, a decrease in caspase-3 activation and cytoskeleton redistribution was demonstrated in VIP + H2O2-treated cells. The knockdown of ZO-1 or the overexpression of caspase-3 blocked the effect of VIP on the cytoskeleton. Conclusion This study provides insights into the role of VIP in stabilizing the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and cell junctions and may provide a promising targeted strategy for glaucoma treatment.
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Fan W, Song M, Li L, Niu L, Chen Y, Han B, Sun X, Yang Z, Lei Y, Chen X. Endogenous dual stimuli-activated NO generation in the conventional outflow pathway for precision glaucoma therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121074. [PMID: 34482086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High intraocular pressure (IOP) has been regarded as a predominant risk factor for glaucoma. Nitric oxide (NO) is shown to lower IOP, but the magnitude and duration of IOP reduction are not satisfying due to the poor cornea penetration of NO drugs and limited NO generation in the trabecular meshwork (TM)/Schlemm's canal (SC) area. Herein, we introduce deep cornea penetrating biodegradable hollow mesoporous organosilica (HOS) nanocapsules for the efficient co-delivery of hydrophobic JS-K (JR) and hydrophilic l-Arginine (LO). The resulting HOS-JRLO can be reduced and oxidized by the ascorbic acid (AA) and catalysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the TM/SC microenvironment to release NO for inducing appreciable IOP reduction in various glaucoma mouse models. In addition to developing an endogenous stimuli-responsive NO nanotherapeutic, this study is also expected to establish a versatile, non-invasive, and efficacious treatment paradigm for precision glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Maomao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Liangliang Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Binze Han
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhen Yang
- Fujian Cross Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China.
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore; Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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Madekurozwa M, Stamer WD, Reina-Torres E, Sherwood JM, Overby DR. The ocular pulse decreases aqueous humor outflow resistance by stimulating nitric oxide production. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C652-C665. [PMID: 33439773 PMCID: PMC8260357 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00473.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is not static, but rather oscillates by 2-3 mmHg because of cardiac pulsations in ocular blood volume known as the ocular pulse. The ocular pulse induces pulsatile shear stress in Schlemm's canal (SC). We hypothesize that the ocular pulse modulates outflow facility by stimulating shear-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by SC cells. We confirmed that living mice exhibit an ocular pulse with a peak-to-peak (pk-pk) amplitude of 0.5 mmHg under anesthesia. Using iPerfusion, we measured outflow facility (flow/pressure) during alternating periods of steady or pulsatile IOP in both eyes of 16 cadaveric C57BL/6J mice (13-14 weeks). Eyes were retained in situ, with an applied mean pressure of 8 mmHg and 1.0 mmHg pk-pk pressure amplitude at 10 Hz to mimic the murine heart rate. One eye of each cadaver was perfused with 100 µM L-NAME to inhibit NO synthase, whereas the contralateral eye was perfused with vehicle. During the pulsatile period in the vehicle-treated eye, outflow facility increased by 16 [12, 20] % (P < 0.001) relative to the facility measured during the preceding and subsequent steady periods. This effect was partly inhibited by L-NAME, where pressure pulsations increased outflow facility by 8% [4, 12] (P < 0.001). Thus, the ocular pulse causes an immediate increase in outflow facility in mice, with roughly one-half of the facility increase attributable to NO production. These studies reveal a dynamic component to outflow function that responds instantly to the ocular pulse and may be important for outflow regulation and IOP homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Madekurozwa
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Sherwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Tan C, Yang Y, Song M, Cao Z, Sun X, Lei Y, Chen J. Cell senescence altered the miRNA expression profile in porcine angular aqueous plexus cells. Mol Vis 2020; 26:76-90. [PMID: 32165828 PMCID: PMC7043640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigates the impact of aging on the miRNA expression profile in porcine angular aqueous plexus (AAP) cells, which are the porcine equivalent of human Schlemm's canal endothelial cells. Methods AAP endothelial cells were isolated and cultured in physiologic (5% O2) or hyperoxic condition (40% O2) for 14 days to induce cell senescence. miRNA and protein expression profiles of control and senescent cells were analyzed with miRNA microarray and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), respectively. Results The miRNA microarray identified 33 differentially expressed miRNAs in senescent cells compared with controls (p<0.05), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed 12 of them (p<0.05). iTRAQ analysis identified 148 upregulated and 222 downregulated proteins (p<0.05, fold change>1.2). Bioinformatics analysis of miRNA microarray and proteomics data predicted that six out of seven miRNAs are associated with aqueous humor outflow by targeting integrin and the downstream pathways (Src/Rho kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/NO-cGMP), and one miRNA might influence gap junction by targeting the Inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) /Protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Conclusions This study identified miRNAs in senescent AAP cells that might regulate aqueous humor outflow by targeting proteins involved in focal adhesion, cytoskeleton, NO-cGMP signaling, and gap junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyan Yang
- Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Tongji University
| | - Maomao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Myopia, NHFPC (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Tongji University
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Myopia, NHFPC (Fudan University), Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Myopia, NHFPC (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Myopia, NHFPC (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
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9
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Song M, Li L, Lei Y, Sun X. NOS3 Deletion in Cav1 Deficient Mice Decreases Drug Sensitivity to a Nitric Oxide Donor and Two Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4002-4007. [PMID: 31560766 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to investigate the pharmacologic consequence of genetic deletion of nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) in caveolin 1 (Cav1)-/- mice (double knockout [DKO]) in response to a nitric oxide (NO) donor and two NOS inhibitors. Methods NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10-40 mg/mL), NOS inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10-200 μM), and cavtratin (10-75 μM ) was administered topically to the eye while the contralateral eyes were vehicle controls. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in both eyes by tonometry. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level in outflow tissue was measured by ELISA assay. Protein expression were analyzed by western blot. Results Inducible NOS (iNOS) expression significantly increased in the DKO mice compared with the wild type (WT), Cav1 knockout (Cav1 KO), and NOS3 KO mice. In contrast to WT, Cav1 KO and NOS3 KO mice, SNP concentration of up to 30 mg/mL did not significantly affect IOP in DKO mice. However, higher concentration (40 mg/mL) SNP significantly reduced IOP by 14% (n = 8, P < 0.01). Similarly, only 200 μM L-NAME produced a significant increase in IOP (n = 10, P < 0.05). Cavtratin did not significantly change IOP in DKO and NOS3 KO mice. cGMP activity in DKO mice was significantly lower than Cav1 KO mice (n = 4, P < 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, our results demonstrated that genetic deletion of NOS3 in Cav1 deficient mice resulted in reduced sensitivity to the NO donor SNP and the two NOS inhibitors possibly due to compromised NOS and cGMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Yan X, Li M, Zhang H. Relationship Between Post-Exercise Changes in the Lens and Schlemm's Canal: A Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Study. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1351-1356. [PMID: 30015521 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1498523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To observe post-exercise changes in the lens and Schlemm's canal (SC) in healthy individuals using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). METHODS Thirty-five healthy, young individuals were recruited and performed aerobic exercise by jogging for 20 minutes. The SC area, SC perimeter, trabecular meshwork (TM) length, TM thickness, lens vault (LV), and lens thickness (LT) were assessed by SS-OCT before and after exercise. RESULTS Following aerobic exercise, SC area (4260.85 ± 1476.02 vs. 5158.24 ± 1527.42 μm2, p < 0.001), SC perimeter (349.21 ± 62.22 vs. 391.24 ± 71.77 μm, p < 0.001), TM length (781.16 ± 114.83 vs. 816.46 ± 121.26 μm, p < 0.001), and TM thickness (111.52 ± 19.30 vs. 116.96 ± 17.57 μm, p = 0.004) increased significantly, while LV (-0.134 ± 0.198 vs. -0.195 ± 0.198 mm, p < 0.001) decreased significantly and LT showed no significant post-exercise changes (3.86 ± 0.32 vs. 3.85 ± 0.32 mm, p = 0.801). Moreover, post-exercise changes in SC area were significantly associated with post-exercise changes in LV (β = -6487.83; p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise induces both backward axial displacement of the lens and SC expansion. This backward axial displacement of the lens could be an important causative factor of the post-exercise SC expansion via the lens-zonular-ciliotrabecular vector and the connecting fibrils between ciliary body and SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Yan
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Mu Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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11
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Dang Y, Wang C, Shah P, Waxman S, Loewen RT, Hong Y, Esfandiari H, Loewen NA. Outflow enhancement by three different ab interno trabeculectomy procedures in a porcine anterior segment model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:1305-1312. [PMID: 29721662 PMCID: PMC7804591 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-3990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate three different microincisional ab interno trabeculectomy procedures in a porcine eye perfusion model. METHODS In perfused porcine anterior segments, 90° of trabecular meshwork (TM) was ablated using the Trabectome (T; n = 8), Goniotome (G; n = 8), or Kahook device (K; n = 8). After 24 h, additional 90° of TM was removed. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and outflow facility were measured at 5 and 10 μl/min perfusion to simulate an elevated IOP. Structure and function were assessed with canalograms and histology. RESULTS At 5 μl/min infusion rate, T resulted in a greater IOP reduction than G or K from baseline (76.12% decrease versus 48.19% and 47.96%, P = 0.013). IOP reduction between G and K was similar (P = 0.420). Removing another 90° of TM caused an additional IOP reduction only in T and G but not in K. Similarly, T resulted in the largest increase in outflow facility at 5 μl/min compared with G and K (first ablation, 3.41 times increase versus 1.95 and 1.87; second ablation, 4.60 versus 2.50 and 1.74) with similar results at 10 μl/min (first ablation, 3.28 versus 2.29 and 1.90 (P = 0.001); second ablation, 4.10 versus 3.01 and 2.01 (P = 0.001)). Canalograms indicated circumferential flow beyond the ablation endpoints. CONCLUSIONS T, G, and K significantly increased the outflow facility. In this model, T had a larger effect than G and K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Priyal Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Susannah Waxman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ralitsa T Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ying Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hamed Esfandiari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nils A Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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12
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Loewen RT, Roy P, Park DB, Jensen A, Scott G, Cohen-Karni D, Fautsch MP, Schuman JS, Loewen NA. A Porcine Anterior Segment Perfusion and Transduction Model With Direct Visualization of the Trabecular Meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1338-44. [PMID: 27002293 PMCID: PMC4811178 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a consistent and affordable, high quality porcine anterior segment perfusion and transduction model that allows direct visualization of the trabecular meshwork. Methods Porcine anterior segments were cultured within 2 hours of death by removing lens and uvea and securing in a specially designed petri dish with a thin bottom to allow direct visualization of the trabecular meshwork with minimal distortion. Twenty-two control eyes (CO) with a constant flow rate were compared to eight gravity perfused eyes (COgr, 15 mm Hg). We established gene delivery to the TM using eGFP expressing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vector GINSIN at 108 transducing units (TU) per eye (GINSIN_8, n = 8) and 107 TU (GINSIN_7, n = 8). Expression was assessed for 14 days before histology was obtained. Results Pig eyes were a reliable source for consistent and high quality anterior segment cultures with a low failure rate of 12%. Control eyes had an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 15.8 ± 1.9 mm Hg at fixed pump perfusion with 3 μL/min compared to gravity perfused COgr with imputed 3.7 ± 1.6 μL/min. Vector GINSIN_8 eyes experienced a transient posttransduction IOP increase of 44% that resolved at 48 hours; this was not observed in GINSIN_7 eyes. Expression was higher in GINSIN_8 than in GINSIN_7 eyes. Trabecular meshwork architecture was well preserved. Conclusions Compared with previously used human donor eyes, this inexpensive porcine anterior segment perfusion model is of sufficient, repeatable high quality to develop strategies of TM bioengineering. Trabecular meshwork could be observed directly. Despite significant anatomic differences, effects of transduction replicate the main aspects of previously explored human, feline and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa T Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Pritha Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Daniel B Park
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Adrianna Jensen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gordon Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Devora Cohen-Karni
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nils A Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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13
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Rybkin I, Gerometta R, Fridman G, Candia O, Danias J. Model systems for the study of steroid-induced IOP elevation. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:51-58. [PMID: 27450911 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-induced IOP elevation affects a significant number of patients. It results from a decrease in outflow facility of the aqueous humor. To understand the pathophysiology of this condition a number of model systems have been created. These include ex-vivo cell and organ cultures as well as in-vivo animal models in organisms ranging from rodents to primates. These model systems can be used to investigate specific aspects of steroid-induced IOP elevation. This brief review summarizes the strengths and limitations of the various model systems and provides examples of where these systems have been successfully used to advance our understanding of steroid-induced IOP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Rybkin
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate, NY, USA
| | - Rosana Gerometta
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Oscar Candia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Danias
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate, NY, USA.
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14
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Chang JYH, Stamer WD, Bertrand J, Read AT, Marando CM, Ethier CR, Overby DR. Role of nitric oxide in murine conventional outflow physiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C205-14. [PMID: 26040898 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00347.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor for glaucoma. Exogenous nitric oxide (NO) decreases IOP by increasing outflow facility, but whether endogenous NO production contributes to the physiological regulation of outflow facility is unclear. Outflow facility was measured by pressure-controlled perfusion in ex vivo eyes from C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or transgenic mice expressing human endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) superimposed on the endogenously expressed murine eNOS (eNOS-GFPtg). In WT mice, exogenous NO delivered by 100 μM S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) increased outflow facility by 62 ± 28% (SD) relative to control eyes perfused with the inactive SNAP analog N-acetyl-d-penicillamine (NAP; n = 5, P = 0.016). In contrast, in eyes from eNOS-GFPtg mice, SNAP had no effect on outflow facility relative to NAP (-9 ± 4%, P = 0.40). In WT mice, the nonselective NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 10 μM) decreased outflow facility by 36 ± 13% (n = 5 each, P = 0.012), but 100 μM l-NAME had no detectable effect on outflow facility (-16 ± 5%, P = 0.22). An eNOS-selective inhibitor (cavtratin, 50 μM) decreased outflow facility by 19 ± 12% in WT (P = 0.011) and 39 ± 25% in eNOS-GFPtg (P = 0.014) mice. In the conventional outflow pathway of eNOS-GFPtg mice, eNOS-GFP expression was localized to endothelial cells lining Schlemm's canal and the downstream vessels, with no apparent expression in the trabecular meshwork. These results suggest that endogenous NO production by eNOS within endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal or downstream vessels contributes to the physiological regulation of aqueous humor outflow facility in mice, representing a viable strategy to more successfully lower IOP in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y H Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jacques Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Thomas Read
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Catherine M Marando
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
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15
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Hann CR, Fautsch MP. Recent Developments in Understanding the Role of Aqueous Humor Outflow in Normal and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:67-73. [PMID: 26236568 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-015-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second leading cause of blindness in the world's rapidly aging population. POAG is characterized by progressive degeneration of neural structures in the posterior segment, often associated with a concomitant elevation of intraocular pressure. Changes in IOP are believed to be caused by a disruption in the normal outflow of aqueous humor. This article reviews recent research associated with normal and POAG aqueous humor outflow. Novel findings elucidating biochemical and pathological changes in the ocular tissues affected in POAG are presented. Stem cell research, identification of lymphatic markers, and increased use of mouse models give researchers exciting new tools to understand aqueous humor outflow, changes associated with POAG and identify underlying causes of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl R Hann
- Department of Ophthalmology Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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