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Araj H. Consilience and unity in ocular anterior segment research. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1173-1183. [PMID: 39026918 PMCID: PMC11246940 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In his beautiful book, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, the eminent biologist Edward O Wilson, advocates the need for integration and reconciliation across the sciences. He defines consilience as "literally a 'jumping together' of knowledge with a linking of facts ... to create a common groundwork of explanation". It is the premise of this paper that as much as basic biomedical research is in need of data generation using the latest available techniques- unifying available knowledge is just as critical. This involves the necessity to resolve contradictory findings, reduce silos, and acknowledge complexity. We take the cornea and the lens as case studies of our premise. Specifically, in this perspective, we discuss the conflicting and fragmented information on protein aggregation, oxidative damage, and fibrosis. These are fields of study that are integrally tied to anterior segment research. Our goal is to highlight the vital need for Wilson's consilience and unity of knowledge which in turn should lead to enhanced rigor and reproducibility, and most importantly, to greater understanding and not simply knowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houmam Araj
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health (NEI/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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2
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Zhao Z, Chen J, Jiang Y, Lu Y. The E156K mutation in the CRYAA gene affects the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of human lens epithelial cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23690. [PMID: 38187316 PMCID: PMC10770500 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigated the biological effects of E156K-mutated αA-crystallin (CRYAA) in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). Methods FLAG-tagged, human, full-length, wild-type (WT), or E156K-mutated CRYAA was expressed in HLECs under CRYAA knockdown. CRYAA expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting (WB). Rhodamine cytoskeleton staining was used to observe the changes in cell morphology following transfection with WT or E156K-mutated CRYAA plasmids. WB was performed to assess the expression of markers related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration. Results Rhodamine cytoskeleton staining revealed changes in the morphology of cells transfected with E156K-mutated CRYAA and opposite responses occurred after treatment with a β-catenin inhibitor. Cells transfected with E156K-mutated CRYAA expressed remarkably higher levels of the mesenchymal biomarkers N-cadherin and vimentin but decreased levels of the epithelial biomarker E-cadherin, whereas opposite trends were observed in cells treated with the β-catenin inhibitor, ICG001. The migratory capability of E156K-mutated CRYAA cells was significantly greater than that of WT cells (P < 0.001). This effect was accompanied by significantly increased expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p-Src. These changes were decreased significantly by treatment with FAK and Src inhibitors. Conclusion E156K-mutated CRYAA induced EMT, in which the HLECs lost cell polarity, and acquired a mesenchymal phenotype with greater migratory capability. These biological effects may be associated with activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin and FAK/Src signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxiang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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3
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The Role of Aldose Reductase in Beta-Amyloid-Induced Microglia Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315088. [PMID: 36499422 PMCID: PMC9739496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Alzheimer's disease has been associated with the accumulation of beta-amyloid (β-amyloid) plaques. These plaques activate microglia to secrete inflammatory molecules, which damage neurons in the brain. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanism of microglia activation can provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating microglia-induced neuroinflammation. The aldose reductase (AR) enzyme catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway. In addition to mediating diabetic complications in hyperglycemic environments, AR also helps regulate inflammation in microglia. However, little is known about the role of AR in β-amyloid-induced inflammation in microglia and subsequent neuronal death. In this study, we confirmed that AR inhibition attenuates increased β-amyloid-induced reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor α secretion by suppressing ERK signaling in BV2 cells. In addition, we are the first to report that AR inhibition reduced the phagocytotic capability and cell migration of BV2 cells in response to β-amyloid. To further investigate the protective role of the AR inhibitor sorbinil in neurons, we co-cultured β-amyloid-induced microglia with stem cell-induced neurons. sorbinil ameliorated neuronal damage in both cells in the co-culture system. In summary, our findings reveal AR regulation of microglia activation as a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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4
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Caban M, Owczarek K, Lewandowska U. The Role of Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors on Ocular Diseases: Focusing on Potential Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084256. [PMID: 35457074 PMCID: PMC9026850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye diseases are associated with visual impairment, reduced quality of life, and may even lead to vision loss. The efficacy of available treatment of eye diseases is not satisfactory. The unique environment of the eye related to anatomical and physiological barriers and constraints limits the bioavailability of existing agents. In turn, complex ethiopathogenesis of ocular disorders that used drugs generally are non-disease specific and do not act causally. Therefore, there is a need for the development of a new therapeutic and preventive approach. It seems that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have a significant role in the development and progression of eye diseases and could be used in the therapy of these disorders as pharmacological targets. MMPs and TIMPs play an important role in the angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell invasion, and migration, which occur in ocular diseases. In this review, we aim to describe the participation of MMPs and TIMPs in the eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and ocular cancers, posterior capsule opacification focusing on potential mechanisms.
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Basta MD, Paulson H, Walker JL. The local wound environment is a key determinant of the outcome of TGFβ signaling on the fibrotic response of CD44 + leader cells in an ex vivo post-cataract-surgery model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108829. [PMID: 34774488 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) has a role in regulating the normal and pathological response to wound healing, yet how it shifts from a pro-repair to a pro-fibrotic function within the wound environment is still unclear. Using a clinically relevant ex vivo post-cataract surgery model that mimics the lens fibrotic disease posterior capsule opacification (PCO), we investigated the influence of two distinct wound environments on shaping the TGFβ-mediated injury response of CD44+ vimentin-rich leader cells. The substantial fibrotic response of this cell population occurred within a rigid wound environment under the control of endogenous TGFβ. However, TGFβ was dispensable for the role of leader cells in wound healing on the endogenous basement membrane wound environment, where repair occurs in the absence of a major fibrotic outcome. A difference between leader cell function in these distinct environments was their cell surface expression of the latent TGFβ activator, αvβ3 integrin. This receptor is exclusively found on this CD44+ cell population when they localize to the leading edge of the rigid wound environment. Providing exogenous TGFβ to bypass any differences in the ability of the leader cells to sustain activation of TGFβ in different environments revealed their inherent ability to induce pro-fibrotic reactions on the basement membrane wound environment. Furthermore, exposure of the leader cells in the rigid wound environment to TGFβ led to an accelerated fibrotic response including the earlier appearance of pro-collagen + cells, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ myofibroblasts, and increased fibrotic matrix production. Collectively, these findings show the influence of the local wound environment on the extent and severity of TGFβ-induced fibrotic responses. These findings have important implications for understanding the development of the lens fibrotic disease PCO in response to cataract surgery wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D Basta
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Heather Paulson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Fichtner JE, Patnaik J, Christopher KL, Petrash JM. Cataract inhibitors: Present needs and future challenges. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109679. [PMID: 34600869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cataracts result from opacification of the ocular lens and represent the leading cause of blindness worldwide. After surgical removal of the diseased lens material and implantation of an artificial intraocular lens, up to 50% of cataract patients develop a secondary lens defect called posterior capsular opacification (PCO). While vision can be restored in PCO patients by a laser-mediated capsulotomy, novel therapies involving inhibition of aldose reductase are now being developed to prevent PCO development and complications of laser capsulotomy. A question we wished to address was whether cataract surgeons believe there is an unmet need for a preventative PCO therapy, whether they would prescribe such a therapy were it available, and to assess their perceptions regarding the benefits of and obstacles to adopting novel PCO therapies in the place of laser capsulotomy. We gathered perspectives from adult, pediatric, and veterinary cataract surgeons using an online questionnaire. From 161 surgeon responses, we found that the majority of adult, pediatric, and veterinary cataract surgeons (78% n = 35, 88% n = 37, and 96% n = 71 respectively) believed there is an unmet need for preventative PCO therapy, with more than 95% expressing interest in incorporating such therapy into surgical protocols. Perceived benefits included optimizing visual outcomes, avoiding the need for additional procedures, eliminating complications related to neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, preserving the posterior capsule particularly in patients receiving multifocal intraocular lens implants, providing a viable solution for PCO in animals, and using it in developing countries that lack access to neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet lasers. Perceived obstacles included potential lack of reimbursement by insurance companies, and the need for strong efficacy and safety profiles. Among adult surgeons, 70% (n = 31) indicated that preventative PCO therapy could add value to premium intraocular lens packages. Our studies revealed that cataract surgeons overwhelmingly support the development of preventative PCO therapy, and that clinical trials will play a critical role to test the safety and efficacy of specific therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Fichtner
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Patnaik
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - J Mark Petrash
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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7
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Cao Y, Fan L, Li L, Zhou J. Propofol suppresses cell proliferation in gastric cancer cells through NRF2-mediated polyol pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 49:264-274. [PMID: 34570396 PMCID: PMC9299175 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Propofol, a widely used short‐acting intravenous sedative agent, has gradually gained attention due to the tumour‐suppressing role and non‐anaesthetic effect. Dysfunction of metabolic reprogramming has been recognised as a well‐documented factor for tumour progression. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of propofol on the polyol pathway in gastric cancer cells. In this study, we found that propofol treatment led to a significant downregulation of cell proliferation in BGC823 and GES‐1 cells, which was attributed to the decreased AR‐mediated polyol pathway. Both aldo‐keto reductase family 1, member B1 (AKR1B1) and AKR1B10 were significantly reduced in BGC823 and GES‐1 cells in response to propofol stimulation, leading to decreased AR activity and sorbitol level. Addition of sorbitol could reverse the inhibitory effect of propofol on cell proliferation. Mechanically, propofol treatment drastically inhibited phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (NRF2), subsequently decreased the binding of NRF2 to AR promoter. Overexpression of NRF2 resulted in the recovery of AR expression in gastric cancer cell with propofol treatment. Taken together, these finding showed that propofol suppressed cell proliferation in BGC823 and GES‐1 cell through NRF2‐mediated polyol pathway, which would aid the selection of sedation for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Cao
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, China
| | - Long Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, China
| | - Linkai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiexian Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, China
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8
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Nanogel-Facilitated In-Situ Delivery of a Cataract Inhibitor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081150. [PMID: 34439816 PMCID: PMC8391309 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Surgical removal of cataracts is a safe and effective procedure to restore vision. However, a large number of patients later develop vision loss due to regrowth of lens cells and subsequent degradation of the visual axis leading to visual disability. This postsurgical complication, known as posterior capsular opacification (PCO), occurs in up to 30% of cataract patients and has no clinically proven pharmacological means of prevention. Despite the availability of many compounds capable of preventing early steps in PCO development, there is currently no effective means to deliver such therapies into the eye for a suitable duration. To model a solution to this unmet medical need, we fabricated acrylic substrates as intraocular lens (IOL) mimics scaled to place into the capsular bag of the mouse lens following a mock-cataract surgery. Substrates were coated with a hydrophilic crosslinked acrylate nanogel designed to elute Sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor previously shown to suppress PCO. Insertion of the Sorbinil-eluting device into the lens capsule at the time of cataract surgery resulted in substantial prevention of cellular changes associated with PCO development. This model demonstrates that a cataract inhibitor can be delivered into the postsurgical lens capsule at therapeutic levels.
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9
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Patnaik JL, Christopher KL, Pedler MG, Shieh B, Petrash CC, Wagner BD, Mandava N, Lynch AM, Palestine AG, Petrash JM. The Protective Effect of Metformin Use on Early Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:24. [PMID: 34415985 PMCID: PMC8383914 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.10.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effect of metformin on early Nd:YAG laser treatment for posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and to explore a molecular mechanism to explain a possible protective effect of metformin against PCO. Methods We conducted: 1) a retrospective cohort study of patient eyes undergoing phacoemulsification at our institution; and 2) laboratory investigation of the effect of metformin on the behavior of lens epithelial cells in the context of an animal model for PCO. Population-averaged Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate risk for time to Nd:YAG. For laboratory studies, expression of markers for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) implicated in PCO pathogenesis was measured in tissue culture and following extracapsular lens extraction in a mouse model. Results The rate of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was 13.1% among the 9798 eyes. Both metformin use and diabetes were protective factors for Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in univariate analysis. However, in multivariable analysis with nondiabetics as the reference group, only metformin use among diabetics was significantly protective of Nd:YAG (hazard ratio: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54–0.85, P = 0.0008), while eyes of patients with diabetes without metformin use did not significantly differ (P = 0.5026). Treatment of lens epithelial cells with metformin reduced the level of the EMT markers ⍺-SMA and pERK induced by TGF-β2. Similarly, metformin treatment reduced ⍺-SMA expression in lens epithelial cells following extracapsular lens extraction in a mouse model. Conclusions The protective effect of metformin against early Nd:YAG may relate to its ability to downregulate EMT in residual lens epithelial cells that otherwise trend toward myofibroblast development and PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Patnaik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Karen L Christopher
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Michelle G Pedler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Carson C Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Naresh Mandava
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Anne M Lynch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Alan G Palestine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Petrash JM, Shieh B, Ammar DA, Pedler MG, Orlicky DJ. Diabetes-Independent Retinal Phenotypes in an Aldose Reductase Transgenic Mouse Model. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070450. [PMID: 34357344 PMCID: PMC8305400 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway, has been implicated in the onset and development of the ocular complications of diabetes, including cataracts and retinopathy. Despite decades of research conducted to address possible mechanisms, questions still persist in understanding if or how AR contributes to imbalances leading to diabetic eye disease. To address these questions, we created a strain of transgenic mice engineered for the overexpression of human AR (AR-Tg). In the course of monitoring these animals for age-related retinal phenotypes, we observed signs of Müller cell gliosis characterized by strong immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein. In addition, we observed increased staining for Iba1, consistent with an increase in the number of retinal microglia, a marker of retinal inflammation. Compared to age-matched nontransgenic controls, AR-Tg mice showed an age-dependent loss of Brn3a-positive retinal ganglion cells and an associated decrease in PERG amplitude. Both RGC-related phenotypes were rescued in animals treated with Sorbinil in drinking water. These results support the hypothesis that increased levels of AR may be a risk factor for structural and functional changes known to accompany retinopathy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (B.S.); (M.G.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1635 Aurora Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (B.S.); (M.G.P.)
| | - David A. Ammar
- Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, 1410 N 21st St, Tampa, FL 33605, USA;
| | - Michelle G. Pedler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (B.S.); (M.G.P.)
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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11
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Hupy ML, Pedler MG, Shieh B, Wang D, Wang XJ, Petrash JM. Suppression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers in mouse lens by a Smad7-based recombinant protein. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 344:109495. [PMID: 33961834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cataracts, a clouding of the eye lens, are a leading cause of visual impairment and are responsible for one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Although generally safe and effective, cataract surgery can lead to a secondary lens abnormality due to transition of lens epithelial cells to a mesenchymal phenotype (EMT) and opacification of the posterior lens capsular bag. Occurring in up to 40% of cataract cases over time, posterior capsule opacification (PCO) introduces additional treatment costs and reduced quality of life for patients. Studies have shown that PCO pathogenesis is driven in part by TGF-β, signaling through the action of the family of Smad coactivators to effect changes in gene transcription. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of Smad-7, a well characterized inhibitor of TGF-β -mediated Smad signaling, to suppress the EMT response in lens epithelial cells associated with PCO pathogenesis. Treatment of lens epithelial cells with a cell-permeable form of Smad7 variant resulted in suppressed expression of EMT markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. A single application of cell-permeable Smad7 variant in the capsular bag of a mouse cataract surgery model resulted in suppression of gene transcripts encoding alpha smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. These results point to Smad7 as a promising biotherapeutic agent for prevention or substantial reduction in the incidence of PCO following cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hupy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michelle G Pedler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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12
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Jiang H, Gao Y, Chen Z, Xu H. Association between MMP-2 gene polymorphism and cataract susceptibility: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25392. [PMID: 33832130 PMCID: PMC8036040 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) polymorphisms have been considered as risk factors of cataracts, but the results still remain controversial. In this study, we have performed a systematic meta-analysis to evaluate the association between MMP-2 polymorphisms and cataract risks. METHODS Published literature was retrieved from Wanfang, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The case-control studies that explored the association between MMP-2 polymorphisms and cataract risks were included. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random- or fixed-effects model. RESULTS This study could provide high-quality and evidence-based medical evidence for the correlation between MMP-2 polymorphisms and cataract risks. CONCLUSION The study could provide updated evidence for the evaluation of the relationship between MMP-2 polymorphism and cataract risk. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The private information from individuals will not be published. This systematic review also will not involve endangering participant rights. Ethical approval is not available. The results may be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated in relevant conferences. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/KU9NE.
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Mohammadinejad R, Biagioni A, Arunkumar G, Shapiro R, Chang KC, Sedeeq M, Taiyab A, Hashemabadi M, Pardakhty A, Mandegary A, Thiery JP, Aref AR, Azimi I. EMT signaling: potential contribution of CRISPR/Cas gene editing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2701-2722. [PMID: 32008085 PMCID: PMC11104910 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex plastic and reversible cellular process that has critical roles in diverse physiological and pathological phenomena. EMT is involved in embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue repair, as well as in fibrosis, cancer metastasis and drug resistance. In recent years, the ability to edit the genome using the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated protein (Cas) system has greatly contributed to identify or validate critical genes in pathway signaling. This review delineates the complex EMT networks and discusses recent studies that have used CRISPR/Cas technology to further advance our understanding of the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alessio Biagioni
- Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ganesan Arunkumar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Mohammed Sedeeq
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Aftab Taiyab
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Iman Azimi
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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14
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Yao L, Yang L, Song H, Liu T, Yan H. MicroRNA miR-29c-3p modulates FOS expression to repress EMT and cell proliferation while induces apoptosis in TGF-β2-treated lens epithelial cells regulated by lncRNA KCNQ1OT1. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110290. [PMID: 32534225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cataract (ARC) is a main cause of blindness for elderly people. MicroRNA hsa_miR-29c-3p (miR-29c-3p) was implicated in many biological processes in complicated diseases. However, the biological mechanism of miR-29c-3p in ARC is still undefined. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that miR-29c-3p was lowly expressed, while FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS) and KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) were highly expressed in cataract tissues and in TGF-β2-treated SRA01/04 cells. Western blot assay indicated that TGF-β2 could promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, our data suggested that miR-29c-3p overexpression suppressed EMT, cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in TGF-β2-treated SRA01/04 cells. The dual-luciferase reporter assay verified that FOS was a target of miR-29c-3p and miR-29c-3p was directly targeted by KCNQ1OT1. Furthermore, KCNQ1OT1 could regulate FOS expression by sponging miR-29c-3p. Functional assays revealed that miR-29c-3p regulated FOS to repress EMT, cell proliferation and facilitate apoptosis in TGF-β2-treated SRA01/04 cells mediated by KCNQ1OT1. In conclusion, KCNQ1OT1/miR-29c-3p/FOS axis played a vital role in the progression of ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiegang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Capital International Airport Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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15
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miR-30a reverses TGF-β2-induced migration and EMT in posterior capsular opacification by targeting Smad2. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3899-3907. [PMID: 31049834 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) leads to secondary vision loss following cataract surgery. TGF-β2 and miRNA play important roles in PCO. The aim of this study was to investigate the reciprocal crosstalk between miR-30a and TGF-β2/Smad2 during PCO progression. The expressions of and relationship between miR-30a and Smad2 were detected by RT-qPCR. Migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were used to evaluate the functions of miR-30a and TGF-β2/Smad2. We found that miR-30a was downregulated by TGF-β2 and that it suppressed migration and EMT induced by TGF-β2. Moreover, we identified Smad2 as a direct target of miR-30a, suggesting that miR-30a may function partly through regulating Smad2. Altogether, we verified the function of and crosstalk between miR-30a and TGF-β2. We also provide evidence that miR-30a may serve as a potential candidate for PCO treatment.
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16
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Aldose reductase inhibition enhances lens regeneration in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:58-62. [PMID: 31026421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After cataract surgery, epithelial cells lining the anterior lens capsule can transition to one of two divergent pathways, including fibrosis which leads to posterior capsular opacification (PCO), or lens fiber cell differentiation which leads to regeneration of lens material. We previously showed that the PCO response can be suppressed with aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors. In this present study we show that AR inhibition, both genetic and pharmacologic with Sorbinil, can augment the process of lens regeneration. Extracapsular lens extraction (ECLE) was carried out in C57BL/6 (WT), AR overexpression (AR-Tg), and AR knockout (ARKO) mice, and in some cases in mice treated with the AR inhibitor sorbinil. Whole eyes were harvested approximately 8 weeks after ECLE and evaluated by histological analysis and immunostaining for the fiber cell marker γ-crystallin. All eyes examined for lens regeneration were paraffin embedded for serial sectioning to produce three-dimensional reconstructed models of lens morphology and size. We observed that AR-null mice respond to ECLE by regenerating a lens-like structure with a circular shape and array of cell nuclei reminiscent of the lens bow region typical of the native mammalian lens. Although WT and AR-Tg eyes also produced some regenerated lens material after ECLE, their structures were consistently smaller than ARKO regenerated lenses. WT mice treated with sorbinil showed higher levels of lens regeneration after ECLE compared to WT mice, as assessed by size and three-dimensional morphology. Altogether, this study adds evidence for a critical role for AR in the response of lens epithelial cells to cataract extraction and lens regeneration.
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17
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Zhang Y, Huang WR. Sanguinarine induces apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells by increasing reactive oxygen species via the MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4449-4456. [PMID: 30942394 PMCID: PMC6472141 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) remains a major complication of cataract surgery and is the most common reason for loss of vision. PCO is primarily associated with uncontrolled proliferation of residual human lens epithelial cells (HLEs). Sanguinarine is a type of benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from the herbaceous plant Sanguinaria canadensis, which is widely used for its anti‑microbial, anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative and anti‑proliferative properties. However, studies examining the effect of sanguinarine on HLEs and the underlying mechanism are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sanguinarine on HLEs. An MTT assay was used to determine the effect of sanguinarine on cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell apoptosis, and the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. A caspase 3/7 activity assay was also used to evaluate cell apoptosis, while western blotting was performed to determine protein levels. The results demonstrated that sanguinarine exerted an anti‑proliferative effect by inducing ROS, and caused cell apoptosis via mitochondrial and caspase‑dependent pathways. Treatment with sanguinarine led to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Sanguinarine also significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase and p38, which indicated the involvement of the mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These results suggested that sanguinarine may have a noteworthy pro‑apoptotic effect on HLEs, and may be used as a potential drug for PCO or even cataract prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Rong Huang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
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18
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Menko AS, Walker JL, Stepp MA. Fibrosis: Shared Lessons From the Lens and Cornea. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1689-1702. [PMID: 30768772 PMCID: PMC6697240 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative repair in response to wounding involves cell proliferation and migration. This is followed by the reestablishment of cell structure and organization and a dynamic process of remodeling and restoration of the injured cells' extracellular matrix microenvironment and the integration of the newly synthesized matrix into the surrounding tissue. Fibrosis in the lungs, liver, and heart can lead to loss of life and in the eye to loss of vision. Learning to control fibrosis and restore normal tissue function after injury repair remains a goal of research in this area. Here we use knowledge gained using the lens and the cornea to provide insight into how fibrosis develops and clues to how it can be controlled. The lens and cornea are less complex than other tissues that develop life‐threatening fibrosis, but they are well characterized and research using them as model systems to study fibrosis is leading toward an improved understanding of fibrosis. Here we summarize the current state of the literature and how it is leading to promising new treatments. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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19
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Zukin LM, Pedler MG, Groman-Lupa S, Pantcheva M, Ammar DA, Petrash JM. Aldose Reductase Inhibition Prevents Development of Posterior Capsular Opacification in an In Vivo Model of Cataract Surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3591-3598. [PMID: 30025084 PMCID: PMC6049986 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cataract surgery is a procedure by which the lens fiber cell mass is removed from its capsular bag and replaced with a synthetic intraocular lens. Postoperatively, remnant lens epithelial cells can undergo an aberrant wound healing response characterized by an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to posterior capsular opacification (PCO). Aldose reductase (AR) inhibition has been shown to decrease EMT markers in cell culture models. In this study, we aim to demonstrate that AR inhibition can attenuate induction of EMT markers in an in vivo model of cataract surgery. Methods A modified extracapsular lens extraction (ECLE) was performed on C57BL/6 wildtype, AR overexpression (AR-Tg), and AR knockout mice. Immunofluorescent staining for the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), epithelial marker E-cadherin, and lens fiber cell markers αA-crystallin and Aquaporin 0 was used to characterize postoperative PCO. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to quantify postoperative changes in α-SMA, vimentin, fibronectin, and E-cadherin. In a separate experiment, the AR inhibitor Sorbinil was applied postoperatively and qRT-PCR was used to assess changes in EMT markers. Results Genetic AR knockout reduced ECLE-induced upregulation of α-SMA and downregulation of E-cadherin. These immunofluorescent changes were mirrored quantitatively in changes in mRNA levels. Similarly, Sorbinil blocked characteristic postoperative EMT changes in AR-Tg mice. Interestingly, genetic AR knockout did not prevent postoperative induction of the lens fiber cell markers αA-crystallin and Aquaporin 0. Conclusions AR inhibition prevents the postoperative changes in EMT markers characteristic of PCO yet preserves the postoperative induction of lens fiber cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid M Zukin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Michelle G Pedler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Sergio Groman-Lupa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States.,Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mina Pantcheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - David A Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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20
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Zhang Z, Zhu H, Liu Y, Quan F, Zhang X, Yu L. LncRNA HOTAIR mediates TGF-β2-induced cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1028-1037. [PMID: 30239553 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) results from the proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) and fibers in the capsular bag. Previous reports have demonstrated that transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) affects the cellular processes via modulation of EMT in LECs. However, the mechanisms that underlie the TGF-β2-induced EMT in LECs are still largely unknown. In this study, we confirmed that TGF-β2 induces EMT in SRA01/04 cells via the up-regulation of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR. To study the effects of HOTAIR on the proliferation, migration and EMT of SRA01/04 cells as well as the underlying mechanism, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to specifically attenuate HOTAIR expression in SRA01/04 cells. CCK8 cell-counting kit was used to examine SRA01/04 cell viability; EdU cell proliferation kit was used to examine SRA01/04 cell proliferation; Transwell system and scratch assays were used to observe cell migration; and qPCR and western blot analysis were used to evaluate EMT progression. We found that inhibition of HOTAIR expression repressed SRA01/04 cell viability, proliferation, migration and prevented the TGF-β2-induced changes in cellular processes via modulation of EMT. Ultimately, we found that HOTAIR affected the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. In summary, we elucidated that HOTAIR affected the cell viability, proliferation, and migration in the TGF-β2-induced EMT in SRA01/04 cells and suggested that modulation of HOTAIR may be helpful in PCO prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huirong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fu Quan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xibo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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21
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Functional Role of Non-Coding RNAs during Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4020014. [PMID: 29843425 PMCID: PMC6027143 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key biological process involved in a multitude of developmental and pathological events. It is characterized by the progressive loss of cell-to-cell contacts and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, leading to filopodia formation and the progressive up-regulation of a mesenchymal gene expression pattern enabling cell migration. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is already observed in early embryonic stages such as gastrulation, when the epiblast undergoes an EMT process and therefore leads to the formation of the third embryonic layer, the mesoderm. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is pivotal in multiple embryonic processes, such as for example during cardiovascular system development, as valve primordia are formed and the cardiac jelly is progressively invaded by endocardium-derived mesenchyme or as the external cardiac cell layer is established, i.e., the epicardium and cells detached migrate into the embryonic myocardial to form the cardiac fibrous skeleton and the coronary vasculature. Strikingly, the most important biological event in which EMT is pivotal is cancer development and metastasis. Over the last years, understanding of the transcriptional regulatory networks involved in EMT has greatly advanced. Several transcriptional factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist, Zeb1 and Zeb2 have been reported to play fundamental roles in EMT, leading in most cases to transcriptional repression of cell⁻cell interacting proteins such as ZO-1 and cadherins and activation of cytoskeletal markers such as vimentin. In recent years, a fundamental role for non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs and more recently long non-coding RNAs, has been identified in normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as in several oncogenic processes. In this study, we will provide a state-of-the-art review of the functional roles of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs, in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in both developmental and pathological EMT.
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22
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Chen B, Ma J, Li C, Wang Y. Long noncoding RNA KCNQ1OT1 promotes proliferation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by regulation of SMAD4 expression in lens epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:16-24. [PMID: 29749509 PMCID: PMC6059665 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are associated with various diseases including cataracts. The role of lncRNA potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) on lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cataracts disease remains unclear. In the present study, KCNQ1OT1 and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD)4 expression levels were upregulated in human cataract lens posterior capsular samples and in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2-treated SRA01/04 cells, as demonstrated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical staining and western blot analyses. A further loss of function test revealed that suppression of KCNQ1OT1 inhibited the proliferation and EMT of TGF-β2-treated SRA01/04 cells. Additionally, the present study reported that increase and decrease of KCNQ1OT1 regulated SMAD4 expression, which indicated that SMAD4 may be a downstream gene of KCNQ1OT1. Finally, a constructed SMAD4 RNA interference experiment confirmed that the function of KCNQ1OT1 was to act on LEC proliferation and EMT, and this was achieved via the SMAD4 signaling pathway. The findings of the present study may provide a novel target for molecular therapy of cataracts disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- The Sixth Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110031, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Research Office, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110024, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- The Fourth Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110024, P.R. China
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23
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Nahomi RB, Nagaraj RH. The role of HIF-1α in the TGF-β2-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of human lens epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6814-6827. [PMID: 29693273 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human lens epithelial cells (HLE) undergo mesenchymal transition and become fibrotic during posterior capsule opacification (PCO), which is a frequent complication after cataract surgery. TGF-β2 has been implicated in this fibrosis. Previous studies have focused on the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in fibrotic diseases, but the role of HIF-1α in the TGF-β2-mediated fibrosis in HLE is not known. TGF-β2 treatment (10 ng/mL, 48 h) increased the HIF-1α levels along with the EMT markers in cultured human lens epithelial cells (FHL124 cells). The increase in HIF-1α corresponded to an increase in VEGF-A in the culture medium. However, exogenous addition of VEGF-A (up to 10 ng/mL) did not alter the EMT marker levels in HLE. Addition of a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG, up to 10 µM), enhanced the levels of HIF-1α, and secreted VEGF-A but did not alter the EMT marker levels. However, treatment of cells with a HIF-1α translational inhibitor, KC7F2, significantly reduced the TGF-β2-mediated EMT response. This was accompanied by a reduction in the ERK phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail and Slug. Together, these data suggest that HIF-1α is important for the TGF-β2-mediated EMT of human lens epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooban B Nahomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ram H Nagaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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24
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Matrix-bound AGEs enhance TGFβ2-mediated mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells via the noncanonical pathway: implications for secondary cataract formation. Biochem J 2018; 475:1427-1440. [PMID: 29588342 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are post-translational modifications formed from the reaction of reactive carbonyl compounds with amino groups in proteins. Our laboratory has previously shown that AGEs in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins promote TGFβ2 (transforming growth factor-beta 2)-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs), which could play a role in fibrosis associated with posterior capsule opacification. We have also shown that αB-crystallin plays an important role in TGFβ2-mediated EMT of LECs. Here, we investigated the signaling mechanisms by which ECM-AGEs enhance TGFβ2-mediated EMT in LECs. We found that in LECs cultured on AGE-modified basement protein extract (AGE-BME), TGFβ2 treatment up-regulated the mesenchymal markers α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) and αB-crystallin and down-regulated the epithelial marker E-cadherin more than LECs cultured on unmodified BME and treated with TGFβ2. Using a Multiplex Assay, we found that AGE-BME significantly up-regulated the noncanonical pathway by promoting phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), AKT, and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) during TGFβ2-mediated EMT. This EMT response was strongly suppressed by inhibition of AKT and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The AKT inhibitor LY294002 also suppressed TGFβ2-induced up-regulation of nuclear Snail and reduced phosphorylation of GSK3β. Inhibition of Snail expression suppressed TGFβ2-mediated α-SMA expression. αB-Crystallin was up-regulated in an AKT-dependent manner during AGE-BME/TGFβ2-mediated EMT in LECs. The absence of αB-crystallin in LECs suppressed TGFβ2-induced GSK3β phosphorylation, resulting in lower Snail levels. Taken together, these results show that ECM-AGEs enhance the TGFβ2-mediated EMT response through activation of the AKT/Snail pathway, in which αB-crystallin plays an important role as a linker between the TGFβ2 and AGE-mediated signaling pathways.
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25
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Schwab A, Siddiqui A, Vazakidou ME, Napoli F, Böttcher M, Menchicchi B, Raza U, Saatci Ö, Krebs AM, Ferrazzi F, Rapa I, Dettmer-Wilde K, Waldner MJ, Ekici AB, Rasheed SAK, Mougiakakos D, Oefner PJ, Sahin O, Volante M, Greten FR, Brabletz T, Ceppi P. Polyol Pathway Links Glucose Metabolism to the Aggressiveness of Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1604-1618. [PMID: 29343522 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells alter their metabolism to support their malignant properties. In this study, we report that the glucose-transforming polyol pathway (PP) gene aldo-keto-reductase-1-member-B1 (AKR1B1) strongly correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This association was confirmed in samples from lung cancer patients and from an EMT-driven colon cancer mouse model with p53 deletion. In vitro, mesenchymal-like cancer cells showed increased AKR1B1 levels, and AKR1B1 knockdown was sufficient to revert EMT. An equivalent level of EMT suppression was measured by targeting the downstream enzyme sorbitol-dehydrogenase (SORD), further pointing at the involvement of the PP. Comparative RNA sequencing confirmed a profound alteration of EMT in PP-deficient cells, revealing a strong repression of TGFβ signature genes. Excess glucose was found to promote EMT through autocrine TGFβ stimulation, while PP-deficient cells were refractory to glucose-induced EMT. These data show that PP represents a molecular link between glucose metabolism, cancer differentiation, and aggressiveness, and may serve as a novel therapeutic target.Significance: A glucose-transforming pathway in TGFβ-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition provides novel mechanistic insights into the metabolic control of cancer differentiation. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1604-18. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Schwab
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aarif Siddiqui
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Eleni Vazakidou
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bianca Menchicchi
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Saatci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Angela M Krebs
- Experimental Medicine I, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ida Rapa
- Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Katja Dettmer-Wilde
- Institute of Functional Genomics University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marco Volante
- Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Florian R Greten
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Experimental Medicine I, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paolo Ceppi
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Chang KC, Petrash JM. Aldo-Keto Reductases: Multifunctional Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes and Inflammatory Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:173-202. [PMID: 30362099 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase that has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several blinding diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataract. However, possible mechanisms linking the action of AR to these diseases are not well understood. As DR and cataract are among the leading causes of blindness in the world, there is an urgent need to explore therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay their onset. Studies with AR inhibitors and gene-targeted mice have demonstrated that the action of AR is also linked to cancer onset and progression. In this review we examine possible mechanisms that relate AR to molecular signaling cascades and thus explain why AR inhibition is an effective strategy against colon cancer as well as diseases of the eye such as uveitis, cataract, and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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27
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Boswell BA, Korol A, West-Mays JA, Musil LS. Dual function of TGFβ in lens epithelial cell fate: implications for secondary cataract. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:907-921. [PMID: 28209733 PMCID: PMC5385940 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common vision-disrupting complication of cataract surgery is posterior capsule opacification (PCO; secondary cataract). PCO is caused by residual lens cells undergoing one of two very different cell fates: either transdifferentiating into myofibroblasts or maturing into lens fiber cells. Although TGFβ has been strongly implicated in lens cell fibrosis, the factors responsible for the latter process have not been identified. We show here for the first time that TGFβ can induce purified primary lens epithelial cells within the same culture to undergo differentiation into either lens fiber cells or myofibroblasts. Marker analysis confirmed that the two cell phenotypes were mutually exclusive. Blocking the p38 kinase pathway, either with direct inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase or a small-molecule therapeutic that also inhibits the activation of p38, prevented TGFβ from inducing epithelial-myofibroblast transition and cell migration but did not prevent fiber cell differentiation. Rapamycin had the converse effect, linking MTOR signaling to induction of fiber cell differentiation by TGFβ. In addition to providing novel potential therapeutic strategies for PCO, our findings extend the so-called TGFβ paradox, in which TGFβ can induce two disparate cell fates, to a new epithelial disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Boswell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Anna Korol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Science Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Judith A West-Mays
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Science Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Linda S Musil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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28
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Chang KC, Shieh B, Petrash JM. Influence of aldose reductase on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling in lens epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 276:149-154. [PMID: 28137510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is the most frequent cause of blindness worldwide and is treated by surgical removal of the opaque lens to restore the light path to the retina. While cataract surgery is a safe procedure, some patients develop a complication of the surgery involving opacification and wrinkling of the posterior lens capsule. This process, called posterior capsule opacification (PCO), requires a second clinical treatment that can in turn lead to additional complications. Prevention of PCO is a current unmet need in the vision care enterprise. The pathogenesis of PCO involves the transition of lens epithelial cells to a mesenchymal phenotype, designated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our previous studies showed that transgenic mice designed for overexpression of human aldose reductase developed lens defects reminiscent of PCO. In the current study, we evaluated the impact of aldose reductase (AR) on expression of expression of EMT markers in the lens. Primary lens epithelial cells from AR-transgenic mice showed downregulated expression of Foxe3 and Pax6 and increased expression of α-SMA, fibronectin and snail, a pattern of gene expression typical of cells undergoing EMT. A role for AR in these changes was further confirmed when we observed that they could be normalized by treatment of cells with Sorbinil, an AR inhibitor. Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways are known to contribute to EMT. Interestingly, AR overexpression induced ERK but not Smad-2 activation. These results suggest that elevation of AR may lead to activation of ERK signaling and thus play a role in TGF-β/Smad independent induction of EMT in lens epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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29
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Tan X, Zhu Y, Chen C, Chen X, Qin Y, Qu B, Luo L, Lin H, Wu M, Chen W, Liu Y. Sprouty2 Suppresses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Lens Epithelial Cells through Blockade of Smad2 and ERK1/2 Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159275. [PMID: 27415760 PMCID: PMC4944964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and capsule opacification. In mouse lens, Sprouty2 (Spry2) has a negative regulatory role on TGFβ signaling. However, the regulation of Spry2 during ASC development and how Spry2 modulates TGFβ signaling pathway in human LECs have not been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that Spry2 expression level is decreased in anterior capsule LECs of ASC patients. Spry2 negatively regulates TGFβ2-induced EMT and migration of LECs through inhibition of Smad2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Also, blockade of Smad2 or ERK1/2 activation suppresses EMT caused by Spry2 downregulation. Collectively, our results for the first time show in human LECs that Spry2 has an inhibitory role in TGFβ signaling pathway. Our findings in human lens tissue and epithelial cells suggest that Spry2 may become a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of ASC and capsule opacification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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30
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Chang KC, Li L, Sanborn TM, Shieh B, Lenhart P, Ammar D, LaBarbera DV, Petrash JM. Characterization of Emodin as a Therapeutic Agent for Diabetic Cataract. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1439-44. [PMID: 27140653 PMCID: PMC5578730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) in the lens plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract (DC) by contributing to osmotic and oxidative stress associated with accelerated glucose metabolism through the polyol pathway. Therefore, inhibition of AR in the lens may hold the key to prevent DC formation. Emodin, a bioactive compound isolated from plants, has been implicated as a therapy for diabetes. However, its inhibitory activity against AR remains unclear. Our results showed that emodin has good selectively inhibitory activity against AR (IC50 = 2.69 ± 0.90 μM) but not other aldo-keto reductases and is stable at 37 °C for at least 7 days. Enzyme kinetic studies demonstrated an uncompetitive inhibition against AR with a corresponding inhibition constant of 2.113 ± 0.095 μM. In in vivo studies, oral administration of emodin reduced the incidence and severity of morphological markers of cataract in lenses of AR transgenic mice. Computational modeling of the AR-NADP(+)-emodin ternary complex indicated that the 3-hydroxy group of emodin plays an essential role by interacting with Ser302 through hydrogen bonding in the specificity pocket of AR. All the findings above provide encouraging evidence for emodin as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cataract in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Theresa M. Sanborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Patricia Lenhart
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Daniel V. LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - J. Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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31
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Chang KC, Shieh B, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase mediates retinal microglia activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:565-71. [PMID: 27033597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinal microglia (RMG) are one of the major immune cells in charge of surveillance of inflammatory responses in the eye. In the absence of an inflammatory stimulus, RMG reside predominately in the ganglion layer and inner or outer plexiform layers. However, under stress RMG become activated and migrate into the inner nuclear layer (INL) or outer nuclear layer (ONL). Activated RMG in cell culture secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in a manner sensitive to downregulation by aldose reductase inhibitors. In this study, we utilized CX3CR1(GFP) mice carrying AR mutant alleles to evaluate the role of AR on RMG activation and migration in vivo. When tested on an AR(WT) background, IP injection of LPS induced RMG activation and migration into the INL and ONL. However, this phenomenon was largely prevented by AR inhibitors or in AR null mice, or was exacerbated in transgenic mice that over-express AR. LPS-induced increases in ocular levels of TNF-α and CX3CL-1 in WT mice were substantially lower in AR null mice or were reduced by AR inhibitor treatment. These studies demonstrate that AR expression in RMG may contribute to the proinflammatory phenotypes common to various eye diseases such as uveitis and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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αB-crystallin is essential for the TGF-β2-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Biochem J 2016; 473:1455-69. [PMID: 26987815 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2-mediated pathways play a major role in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) during secondary cataract formation, which is also known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Although αB-crystallin is a major protein in LEC, its role in the EMT remains unknown. In a human LEC line (FHL124), TGF-β2 treatment resulted in changes in the EMT-associated proteins at the mRNA and protein levels. This was associated with nuclear localization of αB-crystallin, phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) (S245/250/255), pSmad3 (S423/425), Smad4 and Snail and the binding of αB-crystallin to these transcription factors, all of which were reduced by the down-regulation of αB-crystallin. Expression of the functionally defective R120G mutant of αB-crystallin reduced TGF-β2-induced EMT in LECs of αB-crystallin knockout (KO) mice. Treatment of bovine lens epithelial explants and mouse LEC with TGF-β2 resulted in changes in the EMT-associated proteins at the mRNA and protein levels. This was accompanied by increase in phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) (T202/Y204), p38 MAPK (T180/Y182), protein kinase B (Akt) (S473) and Smad2 when compared with untreated cells. These changes were significantly reduced in αB-crystallin depleted or knocked out LEC. The removal of the fibre cell mass from the lens of wild-type (WT) mice resulted in the up-regulation of EMT-associated genes in the capsule-adherent epithelial cells, which was reduced in the αB-crystallin KO mice. Together, our data show that αB-crystallin plays a central role in the TGF-β2-induced EMT of LEC. αB-Crystallin could be targeted to prevent PCO and pathological fibrosis in other tissues.
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33
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Intraocular cytokines imbalance in congenital cataract and its impact on posterior capsule opacification. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:1013-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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