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Bu J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Zhuang J, Zhao J, Sun L, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:154-165. [PMID: 38490475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the Meibomian glands (MGs) that is recognized as the leading cause of evaporative dry eye worldwide. Despite its prevalence, however, the pathophysiology of MGD remains elusive, and effective disease management continues to be a challenge. In the past 50 years, different models have been developed to illustrate the pathophysiological nature of MGD and the underlying disease mechanisms. An understanding of these models is crucial if researchers are to select an appropriate model to address specific questions related to MGD and to develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the various models of MGD, discuss their applications and limitations, and provide perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingbin Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Wang G, Xu L, Shi R, Ye Y, Zeng B, Yang X, Liu Z, Liu Z, Wang S, Xue Y, Li C. Organotypic culture model of mouse meibomian gland as a screening platform for risk factors related to meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:73-84. [PMID: 37619669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian glands (MGs) are crucial for maintaining tear film stability and ocular surface health. Here, we aim to establish a novel organotypic culture model of MGs and explore the risk factors of MG dysfunction (MGD). METHODS We developed a novel organotypic culture model for MGs at the air-liquid interface. The viability and cell proliferation of MGs were assessed using CCK-8, immunofluorescence, and qPCR. Lipid accumulation was evaluated by Nile red staining and microscopic examination. Protein expression levels were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blot assay. EdU assay was employed to track the proliferation of acinar cells. The validity of the model was confirmed through culturing MGs from mice of different ages and incorporating certain drugs (Dex) into the culture system. RESULTS Utilizing the novel culture model, the MG tissue exhibited sustained viability, cellular division, and continuous production of lipids for a duration of 7 days. Lipid droplets formed were directly visualized using light field microscopy. Through the cultivation of aged mice's MGs, it was discovered that aging resulted in diminished proliferation and lipid synthesis, along with an aberrant increase in Krt10 expression. Further application of this model showed that Dex treatment diminished MG's proliferation and lipid synthesis. Finally, an in vivo study was conducted to provide additional confirmation of the phenomenon of Dex-induced abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a stable organotypic culture model of the MGs was established. The organotypic culture model offers a valuable tool to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms and facilitate drug screening for MG-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Ruize Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Yingyue Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Baihui Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Xiuqin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Duong HT, Phan MAT, Madigan MC, Stapleton F, Wilcsek G, Willcox M, Golebiowski B. Culture of primary human meibomian gland cells from surgically excised eyelid tissue. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109636. [PMID: 37657529 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the most common ocular diseases, with therapeutic treatment being primarily palliative due to our incomplete understanding of meibomian gland (MG) pathophysiology. To progress in vitro studies of human MG, this study describes a comprehensive protocol, with detailed troubleshooting, for the successful isolation, cultivation and cryopreservation of primary MG cells using biopsy-size segments of human eyelid tissue that would otherwise be discarded during surgery. MG acini were isolated and used to establish and propagate lipid-producing primary human MG cells. The primary cell viability during culture procedure was maintained through the application of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase inhibitor (Y-27632, 10 μM) and collagen I from rat tails. Transcriptomic analysis of differentiated primary human MG cells confirmed cell origin and revealed high-level expression of many lipogenesis-related genes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 1 (ELOVL1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). Primary tarsal plate fibroblasts were also successfully isolated, cultured and cryopreserved. Established primary human MG cells and tarsal plate fibroblasts presented in this study have potential for applications in 3D models and bioengineered tissue that facilitate research in understanding of MG biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T Duong
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey Wilcsek
- Ocular Plastic Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Qu JY, Xie HT, Xiao YT, Zhang YY, Hu ZX, Wang JS, Zhang MC, Xi H. The inhibition of p38 MAPK blocked inflammation to restore the functions of rat meibomian gland epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109470. [PMID: 37059216 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian glands (MGs) are vital for ocular surface health. However, the roles of inflammation in the progression of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) are largely unknown. In this study, the roles of the inflammation factor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway on rat meibomian gland epithelial cells (RMGECs) were explored. Eyelids from adult rat mice at 2 months and 2 years of age were stained with specific antibodies against IL-1β to identify inflammation levels. RMGECs were exposed to IL-1β and/or SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK signaling pathway, for 3 days. Cell proliferation, keratinization, lipid accumulation, and matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) expression were evaluated by MTT assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence staining, apoptosis assay, lipid staining, and Western blot analyses. We found that IL-1β was significantly higher in the terminal ducts of MGs in rats with age-related MGD than in young rats. IL-1β inhibited cell proliferation, suppressed lipid accumulation and peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, and promoted apoptosis while activating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Cytokeratin 1 (CK1), a marker for complete keratinization, and MMP9 in RMGECs were also up-regulated by IL-1β. SB203580 effectively diminished the effects of IL-1β on differentiation, keratinization, and MMP9 expression by blocking IL-1β-induced p38 MAPK activation, although it also inhibited cell proliferation. The inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway blocked IL-1β-induced differentiation reduction, hyperkeratinization, and MMP9 overexpression of RMGECs, which provides a potential therapy for MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 266000, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu-Ting Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia-Song Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Han Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Wang H, Zou Z, Wan L, Xue J, Chen C, Yu B, Zhang Z, Yang L, Xie L. Periplocin ameliorates mouse age-related meibomian gland dysfunction through up-regulation of Na/K-ATPase via SRC pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112487. [PMID: 34883449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the main cause of evaporative dry eye disease in an aging population. Decreased meibocyte cell renewal and lipid synthesis are associated with age-related MGD. Here, we found an obvious decline of Ki67, ΔNp63, and Na+/K+ ATPase expression in aged meibomian glands. Potential Na+/K+ ATPase agonist periplocin, a naturally occurring compound extracted from the traditional herbal medicine cortex periplocae, could promote the proliferation and stem cell activity of meibocyte cells in vitro. Moreover, we observed that periplocin treatment effectively increased the expression of Na+ /K+ ATPase, accompanied with the enhanced expression of Ki67 and ΔNp63 in aged meibomian glands, indicating that periplocin may accelerate meibocyte cell renewal in aged mice. LipidTox staining showed increased lipid accumulation after periplocin treatment in cultured meibomian gland cells and aged meibomian glands. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the SRC pathway was inhibited in aged meibomian glands; however, it was activated by periplocin. Accordingly, the inhibition of the SRC signaling pathway by saracatinib blocked periplocin-induced proliferation and lipid accumulation in meibomian gland cells. In sum, we suggest periplocin-ameliorated meibocyte cell renewal and lipid synthesis in aged meibomian glands via the SRC pathway, which could be a promising candidate for age-related MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wang
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Zongzheng Zou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Luqin Wan
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Junfa Xue
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Bingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China.
| | - Lixin Xie
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China.
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Qu JY, Xiao YT, Zhang YY, Xie HT, Zhang MC. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Rat Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:33. [PMID: 33616621 PMCID: PMC7910630 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Meibomian glands play a vital role in maintaining ocular surface stability. This study aimed to investigate whether Hedgehog signaling is involved in the regulation of meibomian gland epithelial cells. Methods Rat meibomian glands epithelial cells (RMGECs) were isolated from ducts and ductules, and then were cultivated to passage two on Matrigel coated wells in meibomian gland epithelial cells medium (MGECM). Cells were switched from MGECM to differentiation medium (DM) or DM added 10 µg/mL azithromycin (DM + AZM) when reached 50% to 60% confluence. The effects of the Smoothened (Smo) agonist (Smo agonist [SAG]) and antagonist (by cyclopamine) on RMGECs were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, cell proliferation analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and Nile red staining. Results The Hedgehog receptor, Smo, and its downstream molecules, Glis, were expressed both in vivo and in vitro. Smo and Gli1 both decreased with the increase of differentiation in vitro. Smo antagonist, cyclopamine, reduced cell numbers, and the expression of Ki67 in MGECM, and promoted the expression of SREBP1 and lipid production in DM + AZM. Smo agonist, SAG, inhibited the expression of SREBP1 and lipid accumulation in DM + AZM but showed no significant effects on raising cell numbers and the expression of Ki67 in MGECM. Conclusions The Hedgehog signaling pathway appears to play important roles in RMGECs proliferation and differentiation. This may provide a potential therapeutic way to treat meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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García-Posadas L, Diebold Y. Three-Dimensional Human Cell Culture Models to Study the Pathophysiology of the Anterior Eye. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1215. [PMID: 33333869 PMCID: PMC7765302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the establishment of complex three-dimensional (3D) models of tissues has allowed researchers to perform high-quality studies and to not only advance knowledge of the physiology of these tissues but also mimic pathological conditions to test novel therapeutic strategies. The main advantage of 3D models is that they recapitulate the spatial architecture of tissues and thereby provide more physiologically relevant information. The eye is an extremely complex organ that comprises a large variety of highly heterogeneous tissues that are divided into two asymmetrical portions: the anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment consists of the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, sclera, aqueous humor, and the lens. Different diseases in these tissues can have devastating effects. To study these pathologies and develop new treatments, the use of cell culture models is instrumental, and the better the model, the more relevant the results. Thus, the development of sophisticated 3D models of ocular tissues is a significant challenge with enormous potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the development of 3D in vitro models of the anterior segment of the eye, with a special focus on those that use human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Li H, Li F, Zhou R, Gao K, Liang L, Zhang X. Aerobic Exercise Increases Tear Secretion and Decreases Inflammatory Cytokines in Healthy Subjects. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:404-411. [PMID: 32433250 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of tear secretion and inflammatory cytokines induced by aerobic exercise (AE) on healthy Chinese. DESIGN A prospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS A total of 73 eyes from 43 healthy participants were included in this study, which was composed of 2 parts. Thirty individuals were included to investigate the effect of AE on tear secretion. Tear samples from extra 13 healthy subjects were collected to explore the effect of AE on tear cytokines profiles. RESULTS In the first section, both areas of lower tear meniscus and volume of lower tear meniscus showed significant increase at 10 minutes after AE (P < 0.01). In the second section, a total of 15 tear cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12P70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-27 were significantly lower at 20 minutes after AE than that of baseline (P < 0.01), whereas CCL/MIP-3α persisted to decrease at 60 minutes after exercise (P = 0.031). However, there was no significant difference of IL-2 concentration between baseline and any time point after exercise (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AE could promote tear secretion and decrease inflammatory cytokines in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rouxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu X, Wang S, Li M, Li J, Shen J, Zhao Y, Pang J, Wen Q, Chen M, Wei B, Kaboli PJ, Du F, Zhao Q, Cho CH, Wang Y, Xiao Z, Wu X. Conditional reprogramming: next generation cell culture. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1360-1381. [PMID: 32963937 PMCID: PMC7488362 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term primary culture of mammalian cells has been always difficult due to unavoidable senescence. Conventional methods for generating immortalized cell lines usually require manipulation of genome which leads to change of important biological and genetic characteristics. Recently, conditional reprogramming (CR) emerges as a novel next generation tool for long-term culture of primary epithelium cells derived from almost all origins without alteration of genetic background of primary cells. CR co-cultures primary cells with inactivated mouse 3T3-J2 fibroblasts in the presence of RHO-related protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632, enabling primary cells to acquire stem-like characteristics while retain their ability to fully differentiate. With only a few years' development, CR shows broad prospects in applications in varied areas including disease modeling, regenerative medicine, drug evaluation, drug discovery as well as precision medicine. This review is thus to comprehensively summarize and assess current progress in understanding mechanism of CR and its wide applications, highlighting the value of CR in both basic and translational researches and discussing the challenges faced with CR.
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Key Words
- 3T3-J2 fibroblast
- AACR, American Association for Cancer Research
- ACC, adenoid cystic carcinoma
- AR, androgen receptor
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators
- CR, conditional reprogramming
- CYPs, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- Conditional reprogramming
- DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- HCMI, human cancer model initiatives
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNE, human nasal epithelial
- HPV, human papillomaviruses
- ICD, intracellular domain
- LECs, limbal epithelial cells
- NCI, National Cancer Institute
- NGFR, nerve growth factor receptor
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- NSG, NOD/SCID/gamma
- PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PDX, patient derived xenograft
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A
- RB, retinoblastoma-associated protein
- ROCK
- ROCK, Rho kinase
- SV40, simian virus 40 large tumor antigen
- Senescence
- UVB, ultraviolet radiation b
- Y-27632
- dECM, decellularized extracellular matrix
- hASC, human adipose stem cells
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- iPSCs, induction of pluripotent stem cells
- ΔNP63α, N-terminal truncated form of P63α
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jun Pang
- Center of Radiation Oncology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, China
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11
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Tricoli L, Naeem A, Parasido E, Mikhaiel JP, Choudhry MU, Berry DL, Abdelgawad IA, Lee RJ, Feldman AS, Ihemelandu C, Avantaggiati M, Kumar D, Byers S, Gallagher R, Wulfkuhle J, Petricoin E, Rodriguez O, Albanese C. Characterization of the effects of defined, multidimensional culture conditions on conditionally reprogrammed primary human prostate cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:2193-2207. [PMID: 29416764 PMCID: PMC5788632 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to propagate human prostate epithelial cells indefinitely has historically presented a serious impediment to prostate cancer research. The conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) approach uses the combination of irradiated J2 mouse fibroblasts and a Rho kinase inhibitor such as Y27632 to support the continuous culture of cells derived from most epithelial tissues, including the prostate. Due to their rapid establishment and overall ease of use, CRCs are now widely used in a variety of basic and preclinical settings. In addition, CRCs were successfully used to clinically treat respiratory papillomatosis. Although both normal and tumor-derived prostate CRCs have been used to study the basic biology of prostate cancer and to test new therapies, certain limitations exist. We have previously reported that prostate CRCs form functional prostate glands when implanted under the mouse renal capsule. However in conventional culture, the prostate CRCs exist in an adult stem-like, transient amplifying state and consequently do not adequately recapitulate several important features of a differentiated prostate epithelium. To address these limitations, we previously described a transwell dish-based model that supported the culturing of prostate CRCs and the collection of cells and cell extracts for molecular and genetic analyses. Using normal and tumor-derived prostate CRCs, we describe the combined effects of the multi-dimensional transwell platform and defined culture media on prostate cellular proliferation, differentiation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tricoli
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aisha Naeem
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Erika Parasido
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John P. Mikhaiel
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Muhammad Umer Choudhry
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah L. Berry
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Richard J. Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S. Feldman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka Ihemelandu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maria Avantaggiati
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Byers
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rosa Gallagher
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Preclinical Imaging Research Laboratory, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Preclinical Imaging Research Laboratory, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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Yu D, Saini Y, Chen G, Ghio AJ, Dang H, Burns KA, Wang Y, Davis RM, Randell SH, Esther CR, Paulsen F, Boucher RC. Loss of β Epithelial Sodium Channel Function in Meibomian Glands Produces Pseudohypoaldosteronism 1-Like Ocular Disease in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:95-110. [PMID: 29107074 PMCID: PMC5745530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human subjects with pseudohypoaldosteronism-1 because of loss-of-function mutations in epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits exhibit meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction. A conditional βENaC MG knockout (KO) mouse model was generated to elucidate the pathogenesis of absent ENaC function in the MG and associated ocular surface disease. βENaC MG KO mice exhibited a striking age-dependent, female-predominant MG dysfunction phenotype, with white toothpaste-like secretions observed obstructing MG orifices at 7 weeks of age. There were compensatory increases in tear production but higher tear sodium and indexes of mucin concentration in βENaC MG KO mice. Histologically, MG acinar atrophy was observed with ductal enlargement and ductal epithelial hyperstratification. Inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in both MG and conjunctiva of βENaC MG KO mice. In older βENaC MG KO mice (5 to 11 months), significant ocular surface pathologies were noted, including corneal opacification, ulceration, neovascularization, and ectasia. Inflammation in MG and conjunctiva was confirmed by increased cytokine gene and protein expression and positive Ly-6B.2 immunostaining. Cell proliferation assays revealed lower proliferation rates of MG cells derived from βENaC MG KO than control mice, suggesting that βENaC plays a role in cell renewal of mouse MG. Loss of βENaC function resulted in MG disease and severe ocular surface damage that phenocopied aspects of human pseudohypoaldosteronism-1 MG disease and was sex dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Yu
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Yogesh Saini
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Gang Chen
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kimberlie A Burns
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yang Wang
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Richard M Davis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charles R Esther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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