1
|
Tang M, Zhong L, Rong H, Li K, Ye M, Peng J, Ge J. Efficient retinal ganglion cells transduction by retro-orbital venous sinus injection of AAV-PHP.eB in mature mice. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109931. [PMID: 38763353 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is one of the strategies that may reduce or reverse progressive neurodegeneration in retinal neurodegenerative diseases. However, efficiently delivering transgenes to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) remains hard to achieve. In this study, we innovatively investigated transduction efficiency of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-PHP.eB in murine RGCs by retro-orbital venous sinus injection. Five doses of AAV-PHP.eB-EGFP were retro-orbitally injected in venous sinus in adult C57/BL6J mice. Two weeks after administration, RGCs transduction efficiency was quantified by retinal flat-mounts and frozen section co-labeling with RGCs marker Rbpms. In addition, safety of this method was evaluated by RGCs survival rate and retinal morphology. To conform efficacy of this new method, AAV-PHP.eB-CNTF was administrated into mature mice through single retro-orbital venous injection after optic nerve crush injury to evaluate axonal elongation. Results indicated that AAV- PHP.eB readily crossed the blood-retina barrier and was able to transduce more than 90% of RGCs when total dose of virus reached 5 × 1010 vector genomes (vg). Moreover, this technique did not affect RGCs survival rate and retinal morphology. Furthermore, retro-orbital venous delivery of AAV-PHP.eB-CNTF effectively transduced RGCs, robustly promoted axonal regeneration after optic nerve crush injury. Thus, novel AAV-PHP.eB retro-orbital injection provides a minimally invasive and efficient route for transgene delivery in treatment of retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Liuxueying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Huifeng Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kaijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Meifang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jingyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoshimoto T, Chaya T, Varner LR, Ando M, Tsujii T, Motooka D, Kimura K, Furukawa T. The Rax homeoprotein in Müller glial cells is required for homeostasis maintenance of the postnatal mouse retina. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105461. [PMID: 37977220 PMCID: PMC10714373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Müller glial cells, which are the most predominant glial subtype in the retina, play multiple important roles, including the maintenance of structural integrity, homeostasis, and physiological functions of the retina. We have previously found that the Rax homeoprotein is expressed in postnatal and mature Müller glial cells in the mouse retina. However, the function of Rax in postnatal and mature Müller glial cells remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we first investigated Rax function in retinal development using retroviral lineage analysis and found that Rax controls the specification of late-born retinal cell types, including Müller glial cells in the postnatal retina. We next generated Rax tamoxifen-induced conditional KO (Rax iCKO) mice, where Rax can be depleted in mTFP-labeled Müller glial cells upon tamoxifen treatment, by crossing Raxflox/flox mice with Rlbp1-CreERT2 mice, which we have produced. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a characteristic of reactive gliosis and enhanced gliosis of Müller glial cells in Rax iCKO retinas under normal and stress conditions, respectively. We performed RNA-seq analysis on mTFP-positive cells purified from the Rax iCKO retina and found significantly reduced expression of suppressor of cytokinesignaling-3 (Socs3). Reporter gene assays showed that Rax directly transactivates the Socs3 promoter. We observed decreased expression of Socs3 in Müller glial cells of Rax iCKO retinas by immunostaining. Taken together, the present results suggest that Rax suppresses inflammation in Müller glial cells by transactivating Socs3. This study sheds light on the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying retinal Müller glial cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshimoto
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Leah R Varner
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ando
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Tsujii
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yasuda T, Nakazawa T, Hirakawa K, Matsumoto I, Nagata K, Mori S, Igarashi K, Sagara H, Oda S, Mitani H. Retinal regeneration after injury induced by gamma-ray irradiation during early embryogenesis in medaka, Oryzias latipes. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:131-138. [PMID: 37555698 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2242932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Zebrafish, a small fish model, exhibits a multipotent ability for retinal regeneration after damage throughout its lifetime. Compared with zebrafish, birds and mammals exhibit such a regenerative capacity only during the embryonic period, and this capacity decreases with age. In medaka, another small fish model that has also been used extensively in biological research, the retina's inner nuclear layer (INL) failed to regenerate after injury in the hatchling at eight days postfertilization (dpf). We characterized the regenerative process of the embryonic retina when the retinal injury occurred during the early embryonic period in medaka. METHODS We employed a 10 Gy dose of gamma-ray irradiation to initiate retinal injury in medaka embryos at 3 dpf and performed histopathological analyses up to 21 dpf. RESULTS One day after irradiation, numerous apoptotic neurons were observed in the INL; however, these neurons were rarely observed in the ciliary marginal zone and the photoreceptor layer. Numerous pyknotic cells were clustered in the irradiated retina until two days after irradiation. These disappeared four days after irradiation, but the abnormal bridging structures between the INL and ganglion cell layer (GCL) were present until 11 days after irradiation, and the neural layers were completely regenerated 18 days after irradiation. After gamma-ray irradiation, the spindle-like Müller glial cells in the INL became rounder but did not lose their ability to express SOX2. CONCLUSIONS Irradiated retina at 3 dpf of medaka embryos could be completely regenerated at 18 days after irradiation (21 dpf), although the abnormal layer structures bridging the INL and GCL were transiently formed in the retinas of all the irradiated embryos. Four days after irradiation, embryonic medaka Müller glia were reduced in number but maintained SOX2 expression as in nonirradiated embryos. This finding contrasts with previous reports that 8 dpf medaka larvae could not fully regenerate damaged retinas because of loss of SOX2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yasuda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakazawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kei Hirakawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Matsumoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kento Nagata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunta Mori
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kento Igarashi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sagara
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mercurio S. SOX2-Sensing: Insights into the Role of SOX2 in the Generation of Sensory Cell Types in Vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087637. [PMID: 37108798 PMCID: PMC10141063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOX2 transcription factor is a key regulator of nervous system development, and its mutation in humans leads to a rare disease characterized by severe eye defects, cognitive defects, hearing defects, abnormalities of the CNS and motor control problems. SOX2 has an essential role in neural stem cell maintenance in specific regions of the brain, and it is one of the master genes required for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sox2 is expressed in sensory organs, and this review will illustrate how it regulates the differentiation of sensory cell types required for hearing, touching, tasting and smelling in vertebrates and, in particular, in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Yang X, Li Q, Zhang Y, Chen L, Hong L, Xie Z, Yang S, Deng X, Cao M, Yi G, Fu M. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the Müller subtypes and inner blood-retinal barrier regulatory network in early diabetic retinopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1048634. [PMID: 36533134 PMCID: PMC9754943 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1048634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the basic pathological changes of diabetic retinopathy (DR), the destruction of the blood-retina barrier (BRB) and vascular leakage have attracted extensive attention. Without timely intervention, BRB damage will eventually lead to serious visual impairment. However, due to the delicate structure and complex function of the BRB, the mechanism underlying damage to the BRB in DR has not been fully clarified. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology to analyze 35,910 cells from the retina of healthy and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, focusing on the degeneration of the main cells constituting the rat BRB in DR and the new definition of two subpopulations of Müller cells at the cell level, Ctxn3 +Müller and Ctxn3 -Müller cells. We analyzed the characteristics and significant differences between the two groups of Müller cells and emphasized the importance of the Ctxn3 +Müller subgroup in diseases. In endothelial cells, we found possible mechanisms of self-protection and adhesion and recruitment to pericytes. In addition, we constructed a communication network between endothelial cells, pericytes, and Müller subsets and clarified the complex regulatory relationship between cells. In summary, we constructed an atlas of the iBRB in the early stage of DR and elucidate the degeneration of its constituent cells and Müller cells and the regulatory relationship between them, providing a series of potential targets for the early treatment of DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiongyi Yang
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiumo Li
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Libing Hong
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuohang Xie
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Deng
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingzhe Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jung SS, Son J, Yi SJ, Kim K, Park HS, Kang HW, Kim HK. Development of Müller cell-based 3D biomimetic model using bioprinting technology. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36343367 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aca0d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are the principal glial cells for the maintenance of structural stability and metabolic homeostasis in the human retina. Although variousin vitroexperiments using two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures have been performed, the results provided only limited results because of the lack of 3D structural environment and different cellular morphology. We studied a Müller cell-based 3D biomimetic model for use in experiments on thein vivo-like functions of Müller cells within the sensory retina. Isolated primary Müller cells were bioprinted and a 3D-aligned architecture was induced, which aligned Müller cell structure in retinal tissue. The stereographic and functional characteristics of the biomimetic model were investigated and compared to those of the conventional 2D cultured group. The results showed the potential to generate Müller cell-based biomimetic models with characteristic morphological features such as endfeet, soma, and microvilli. Especially, the 3D Müller cell model under hyperglycemic conditions showed similar responses as observed in thein vivodiabetic model with retinal changes, whereas the conventional 2D cultured group showed different cytokine and growth factor secretions. These results show that our study is a first step toward providing advanced tools to investigate thein vivofunction of Müller cells and to develop complete 3D models of the vertebrate retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Suk Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Son
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungha Kim
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kang
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Jiang X, Li X, Sun K, Zhu X, Zhou B. Specific ablation of Hippo signalling component Yap1 in retinal progenitors and Müller cells results in late onset retinal degeneration. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2673-2689. [PMID: 35533255 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a major component of the Hippo pathway involved in development, growth, repair and homeostasis. Nonsense YAP1 mutations in humans result in autosomal dominant coloboma. Here, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model in which Yap1 was specifically deleted in embryonic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and in mature Müller cells using a Chx10-Cre driver. Our data demonstrated that the conditional ablation of Yap1 in embryonic RPCs does not prevent normal retinal development and caused no gross changes in retinal structure during embryonic and early postnatal life. Nevertheless, Yap1 deficient in retinal Müller cells in adult mice leads to impaired visual responses and extensive late-onset retinal degeneration, characterized by reduced cell number in all retinal layers. Immunofluorescence data further revealed the degeneration and death of rod and cone photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells to varying degrees in aged knockout mice. Moreover, alteration of glial homeostasis and reactive gliosis were also observed. Finally, cell proliferation and TUNEL assay revealed that the broad retinal degeneration is mainly caused by enhanced apoptosis in late period. Together, this work uncovers that YAP is essential for the normal vision and retinal maintenance, highlighting the crucial role of YAP in retinal function and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeming Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kuanxiang Sun
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Departemnt of Ophthalmology, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei W, Hu P, Qin M, Chen G, Wang F, Yao S, Jin M, Xie Z, Zhang X. SIRT4 Is Highly Expressed in Retinal Müller Glial Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:840443. [PMID: 35185463 PMCID: PMC8854368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.840443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4) is one of seven mammalian sirtuins that possesses ADP-ribosyltransferase, lipoamidase and deacylase activities and plays indispensable role in metabolic regulation. However, the role of SIRT4 in the retina is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the location and function of SIRT4 in the retina. Therefore, immunofluorescence was used to analyze the localization of SIRT4 in rat, mouse and human retinas. Western blotting was used to assess SIRT4 and glutamine synthetase (GS) protein expression at different developmental stages in C57BL/6 mice retinas. We further analyzed the retinal structure, electrophysiological function and the expression of GS protein in SIRT4-deficient mice. Excitotoxicity was caused by intravitreal injection of glutamate (50 nmol) in mice with long-term intraperitoneal injection of resveratrol (20 mg/Kg), and then retinas were subjected to Western blotting and paraffin section staining to analyze the effect of SIRT4 on excitotoxicity. We show that SIRT4 co-locates with Müller glial cell markers (GS and vimentin). The protein expression pattern of SIRT4 was similar to that of GS, and both increased with development. There were no significant retinal structure or electrophysiological function changes in 2-month SIRT4-deficient mice, while the expression of GS protein was decreased. Moreover, long-term administration of resveratrol can upregulate the expression of SIRT4 and GS while reducing the retinal injury caused by excessive glutamate. These results suggest that SIRT4 is highly expressed in retinal Müller glial cells and is relevant to the expression of GS. SIRT4 does not appear to be essential in retinal development, but resveratrol, as an activator of SIRT4, can upregulate GS protein expression and protect the retina from excitotoxicity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tworig JM, Feller MB. Müller Glia in Retinal Development: From Specification to Circuit Integration. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:815923. [PMID: 35185477 PMCID: PMC8856507 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.815923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Müller glia of the retina share many features with astroglia located throughout the brain including maintenance of homeostasis, modulation of neurotransmitter spillover, and robust response to injury. Here we present the molecular factors and signaling events that govern Müller glial specification, patterning, and differentiation. Next, we discuss the various roles of Müller glia in retinal development, which include maintaining retinal organization and integrity as well as promoting neuronal survival, synaptogenesis, and phagocytosis of debris. Finally, we review the mechanisms by which Müller glia integrate into retinal circuits and actively participate in neuronal signaling during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Tworig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joshua M. Tworig,
| | - Marla B. Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Features of Retinal Neurogenesis as a Key Factor of Age-Related Neurodegeneration: Myth or Reality? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147373. [PMID: 34298993 PMCID: PMC8303671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that constitutes the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly in the developed countries. Incomplete knowledge about its pathogenesis prevents the search for effective methods of prevention and treatment of AMD, primarily of its "dry" type which is by far the most common (90% of all AMD cases). In the recent years, AMD has become "younger": late stages of the disease are now detected in relatively young people. It is known that AMD pathogenesis-according to the age-related structural and functional changes in the retina-is linked with inflammation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an impairment of neurotrophic support, but the mechanisms that trigger the conversion of normal age-related changes to the pathological process as well as the reason for early AMD development remain unclear. In the adult mammalian retina, de novo neurogenesis is very limited. Therefore, the structural and functional features that arise during its maturation and formation can exert long-term effects on further ontogenesis of this tissue. The aim of this review was to discuss possible contributions of the changes/disturbances in retinal neurogenesis to the early development of AMD.
Collapse
|
11
|
DeOliveira-Mello L, Lara JM, Arevalo R, Velasco A, Mack AF. Sox2 expression in the visual system of two teleost species. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
12
|
Lin S, Guo J, Chen S. Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Signatures Associated With Retinal Müller Glia Development, Injury Response, and Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:4436-4450. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mercurio S, Serra L, Nicolis SK. More than just Stem Cells: Functional Roles of the Transcription Factor Sox2 in Differentiated Glia and Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4540. [PMID: 31540269 PMCID: PMC6769708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sox2 transcription factor, encoded by a gene conserved in animal evolution, has become widely known because of its functional relevance for stem cells. In the developing nervous system, Sox2 is active in neural stem cells, and important for their self-renewal; differentiation to neurons and glia normally involves Sox2 downregulation. Recent evidence, however, identified specific types of fully differentiated neurons and glia that retain high Sox2 expression, and critically require Sox2 function, as revealed by functional studies in mouse and in other animals. Sox2 was found to control fundamental aspects of the biology of these cells, such as the development of correct neuronal connectivity. Sox2 downstream target genes identified within these cell types provide molecular mechanisms for cell-type-specific Sox2 neuronal and glial functions. SOX2 mutations in humans lead to a spectrum of nervous system defects, involving vision, movement control, and cognition; the identification of neurons and glia requiring Sox2 function, and the investigation of Sox2 roles and molecular targets within them, represents a novel perspective for the understanding of the pathogenesis of these defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Linda Serra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Trujillo-Gonzalez I, Friday WB, Munson CA, Bachleda A, Weiss ER, Alam NM, Sha W, Zeisel SH, Surzenko N. Low availability of choline in utero disrupts development and function of the retina. FASEB J 2019; 33:9194-9209. [PMID: 31091977 PMCID: PMC6662989 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900444r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adequate supply of choline, an essential nutrient, is necessary to support proper brain development. Whether prenatal choline availability plays a role in development of the visual system is currently unknown. In this study, we addressed the role of in utero choline supply for the development and later function of the retina in a mouse model. We lowered choline availability in the maternal diet during pregnancy and assessed proliferative and differentiation properties of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in the developing prenatal retina, as well as visual function in adult offspring. We report that low choline availability during retinogenesis leads to persistent retinal cytoarchitectural defects, ranging from focal lesions with displacement of retinal neurons into subretinal space to severe hypocellularity and ultrastructural defects in photoreceptor organization. We further show that low choline availability impairs timely differentiation of retinal neuronal cells, such that the densities of early-born retinal ganglion cells, amacrine and horizontal cells, as well as cone photoreceptor precursors, are reduced in low choline embryonic d 17.5 retinas. Maintenance of higher proportions of RPCs that fail to exit the cell cycle underlies aberrant neuronal differentiation in low choline embryos. Increased RPC cell cycle length, and associated reduction in neurofibromin 2/Merlin protein, an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, at least in part, explain aberrant neurogenesis in low choline retinas. Furthermore, we find that animals exposed to low choline diet in utero exhibit a significant degree of intraindividual variation in vision, characterized by marked functional discrepancy between the 2 eyes in individual animals. Together, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that choline availability plays an essential role in the regulation of temporal progression of retinogenesis and provide evidence for the importance of adequate supply of choline for proper development of the visual system.-Trujillo-Gonzalez, I., Friday, W. B., Munson, C. A., Bachleda, A., Weiss, E. R., Alam, N. M., Sha, W., Zeisel, S. H., Surzenko, N. Low availability of choline in utero disrupts development and function of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isis Trujillo-Gonzalez
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Walter B. Friday
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn A. Munson
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amelia Bachleda
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen R. Weiss
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nazia M. Alam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Visual Restoration, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Wei Sha
- Bioinformatics Services Division, University of North Carolina–Charlotte, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia Surzenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Josifovska N, Lumi X, Szatmari-Tóth M, Kristóf E, Russell G, Nagymihály R, Anisimova N, Malyugin B, Kolko M, Ivastinović D, Petrovski G. Clinical and molecular markers in retinal detachment-From hyperreflective points to stem cells and inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217548. [PMID: 31185026 PMCID: PMC6559703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed ophthalmologic conditions requiring prompt surgical intervention. Combination of proper surgical technique and new diagnostic markers, both clinical and molecular, can help improve the diagnosis and prognosis of RD treatment. METHODS 12 patients with rhegmatogenous RD (rRD) were included into the study after obtaining patient consent and Regional Ethical Approval (average age: 58.1 ± 17.4 years). OCT was performed before and after 23G vitrectomy for RD. Pure subretinal fluid (SRF) was collected during surgery and analyzed by protein array profiling on a panel of 105 inflammatory cytokines (Human XL Cytokine Array), while the effect of SRF upon human macrophages-driven phagocytosis of apoptotic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells ex vivo was quantified by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of retinectomized tissue due to PVR caused by RD was performed to determine presence of markers for microglial cells (CD34), macrophages and activated microglia (CD68), regulator of the immune response to infection (NFkB), progenitor and stem cell marker (Sox2), pluripotency marker (Oct4) and intermediate filament markers (GFAP and Nestin). RESULTS OCT of fresh RD patients contained pre-operatively hyper reflective points (HRPs) at the detached neuroretina border and proximal to the RPE layer-their size and number decreased following successful reattachment surgery. IHC of the retinectomized tissue from detached retina due to severe PVR showed presence of cell conglomerates at the detached neuroretina border which were positive for CD68, NFkB, Sox2 and GFAP, less positive for CD47 and Nestin and negative for Oct4 and CD34. The SRF contained at least 37 cytokines with higher, and 4 cytokine with lower concentration compared to that in vitreous from non-RD pathology; when used as conditional medium to human macrophages ex vivo, the SRF doubled their capacity for engulfing dying RPEs. CONCLUSIONS Fresh RD can be hallmarked by presence of HRPs at the detached neuroretina border on OCT; the HRPs decrease in size and number after successful reattachment surgery, and likely resemble the macrophage conglomerates seen by IHC. The neuroretina in RD contains progenitor/stem-like cells and signs of inflammatory reaction, while the SRF contains inflammatory cytokines and other factors which increase the ability of professional phagocytes to engulf dying RPE, or for that matter, other dying cells in the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Josifovska
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xhevat Lumi
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mária Szatmari-Tóth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Endre Kristóf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Greg Russell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Richárd Nagymihály
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Natalia Anisimova
- S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Malyugin
- S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
SOX2 haploinsufficiency promotes impaired vision at advanced age. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36684-36692. [PMID: 30613351 PMCID: PMC6291181 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related vision loss has been associated with degeneration of the retina and decline in Müller glia cell activity. Sox2 is a critical transcription factor for the development and maintenance of the mammalian retina. Here we determined the role of Sox2 in retinal aging. We observed a decline in the number of Sox2-positive Müller, amacrine and ganglion cells with age. We also explored the impact of Sox2 haploinsufficiency (Sox2GFP) on the activity of Müller glia cells and vision loss with age. Reduction of Sox2-positive cells promoted impaired Müller glia cell function at advanced age of Sox2GFP. These findings correlated with a significant decline in electroretinographic response in Sox2 haploinsufficient mice. Together, these results indicate that Sox2 is required for the maintenance of the transmission of visual information from cones and rods, and suggest that decline in Sox2 expression is responsible for retinal cell aging and age-related vision loss.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cerrato V, Mercurio S, Leto K, Fucà E, Hoxha E, Bottes S, Pagin M, Milanese M, Ngan CY, Concina G, Ottolenghi S, Wei CL, Bonanno G, Pavesi G, Tempia F, Buffo A, Nicolis SK. Sox2 conditional mutation in mouse causes ataxic symptoms, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, and postnatal defects of Bergmann glia. Glia 2018; 66:1929-1946. [PMID: 29732603 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a transcription factor active in the nervous system, within different cell types, ranging from radial glia neural stem cells to a few specific types of differentiated glia and neurons. Mutations in the human SOX2 transcription factor gene cause various central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, involving hippocampus and eye defects, as well as ataxia. Conditional Sox2 mutation in mouse, with different Cre transgenes, previously recapitulated different essential features of the disease, such as hippocampus and eye defects. In the cerebellum, Sox2 is active from early embryogenesis in the neural progenitors of the cerebellar primordium; Sox2 expression is maintained, postnatally, within Bergmann glia (BG), a differentiated cell type essential for Purkinje neurons functionality and correct motor control. By performing Sox2 Cre-mediated ablation in the developing and postnatal mouse cerebellum, we reproduced ataxia features. Embryonic Sox2 deletion (with Wnt1Cre) leads to reduction of the cerebellar vermis, known to be commonly related to ataxia, preceded by deregulation of Otx2 and Gbx2, critical regulators of vermis development. Postnatally, BG is progressively disorganized, mislocalized, and reduced in mutants. Sox2 postnatal deletion, specifically induced in glia (with GLAST-CreERT2), reproduces the BG defect, and causes (milder) ataxic features. Our results define a role for Sox2 in cerebellar function and development, and identify a functional requirement for Sox2 within postnatal BG, of potential relevance for ataxia in mouse mutants, and in human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cerrato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Elisa Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sara Bottes
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Miriam Pagin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Chew-Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Giulia Concina
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sergio Ottolenghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20100, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kautzman AG, Keeley PW, Nahmou MM, Luna G, Fisher SK, Reese BE. Sox2 regulates astrocytic and vascular development in the retina. Glia 2017; 66:623-636. [PMID: 29178409 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a transcriptional regulator that is highly expressed in retinal astrocytes, yet its function in these cells has not previously been examined. To understand its role, we conditionally deleted Sox2 from the population of astrocytes and examined the consequences on retinal development. We found that Sox2 deletion does not alter the migration of astrocytes, but it impairs their maturation, evidenced by the delayed upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) across the retina. The centro-peripheral gradient of angiogenesis is also delayed in Sox2-CKO retinas. In the mature retina, we observed lasting abnormalities in the astrocytic population evidenced by the sporadic loss of GFAP immunoreactivity in the peripheral retina as well as by the aberrant extension of processes into the inner retina. Blood vessels in the adult retina are also under-developed and show a decrease in the frequency of branch points and in total vessel length. The developmental relationship between maturing astrocytes and angiogenesis suggests a causal relationship between the astrocytic loss of Sox2 and the vascular architecture in maturity. We suggest that the delay in astrocytic maturation and vascular invasion may render the retina hypoxic, thereby causing the abnormalities we observe in adulthood. These studies uncover a novel role for Sox2 in the development of retinal astrocytes and indicate that its removal can lead to lasting changes to retinal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Kautzman
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060
| | - Patrick W Keeley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060
| | - Michael M Nahmou
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060
| | - Gabriel Luna
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060
| | - Steven K Fisher
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060
| | - Benjamin E Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5060
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wohl SG, Jorstad NL, Levine EM, Reh TA. Müller glial microRNAs are required for the maintenance of glial homeostasis and retinal architecture. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1603. [PMID: 29150673 PMCID: PMC5693933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the roles of microRNAs in glial function, we used a conditional deletion of Dicer1 (Dicer-CKOMG) in retinal Müller glia (MG). Dicer1 deletion from the MG leads to an abnormal migration of the cells as early as 1 month after the deletion. By 6 months after Dicer1 deletion, the MG form large aggregations and severely disrupt normal retinal architecture and function. The most highly upregulated gene in the Dicer-CKOMG MG is the proteoglycan Brevican (Bcan) and overexpression of Bcan results in similar aggregations of the MG in wild-type retina. One potential microRNA that regulates Bcan is miR-9, and overexpression of miR-9 can partly rescue the effects of Dicer1 deletion on the MG phenotype. We also find that MG from retinitis pigmentosa patients display an increase in Brevican immunoreactivity at sites of MG aggregation, linking the retinal remodeling that occurs in chronic disease with microRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie G Wohl
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Health Sciences Center, Box 357420, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Health Sciences Center, Box 357420, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edward M Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Health Sciences Center, Box 357420, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang S, Hu T, Wang Z, Li N, Zhou L, Liao L, Wang M, Liao L, Wang H, Zeng L, Fan C, Zhou H, Xiong K, Huang J, Chen D. Macroglia-derived thrombospondin 2 regulates alterations of presynaptic proteins of retinal neurons following elevated hydrostatic pressure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185388. [PMID: 28953973 PMCID: PMC5617560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies on retinal injury and repair following elevated intraocular pressure suggest that the survival ratio of retinal neurons has been improved by various measures. However, the visual function recovery is far lower than expected. The homeostasis of retinal synapses in the visual signal pathway is the key structural basis for the delivery of visual signals. Our previous studies found that complicated changes in the synaptic structure between retinal neurons occurred much earlier than obvious degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rat retinae. The lack of consideration of these earlier retinal synaptic changes in the rescue strategy may be partly responsible for the limited visual function recovery with the types of protective methods for retinal neurons used following elevated intraocular pressure. Thus, research on the modulatory mechanisms of the synaptic changes after elevated intraocular pressure injury may give new light to visual function rescue. In this study, we found that thrombospondin 2, an important regulator of synaptogenesis in central nervous system development, was distributed in retinal macroglia cells, and its receptor α2δ-1 was in retinal neurons. Cell cultures including mixed retinal macroglia cells/neuron cultures and retinal neuron cultures were exposed to elevated hydrostatic pressure for 2 h. The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (the marker of activated macroglia cells), thrombospondin 2, α2δ-1 and presynaptic proteins were increased following elevated hydrostatic pressure in mixed cultures, but the expression levels of postsynaptic proteins were not changed. SiRNA targeting thrombospondin 2 could decrease the upregulation of presynaptic proteins induced by the elevated hydrostatic pressure. However, in retinal neuron cultures, elevated hydrostatic pressure did not affect the expression of presynaptic or postsynaptic proteins. Rather, the retinal neuron cultures with added recombinant thrombospondin 2 protein upregulated the level of presynaptic proteins. Finally, gabapentin decreased the expression of presynaptic proteins in mixed cultures by blocking the interaction of thrombospondin 2 and α2δ-1. Taken together, these results indicate that activated macroglia cells may participate in alterations of presynaptic proteins of retinal neurons following elevated hydrostatic pressure, and macroglia-derived thrombospondin 2 may modulate these changes via binding to its neuronal receptor α2δ-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tu Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lvshuang Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Libin Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leping Zeng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunling Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongkang Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (DC)
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (DC)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gorsuch RA, Lahne M, Yarka CE, Petravick ME, Li J, Hyde DR. Sox2 regulates Müller glia reprogramming and proliferation in the regenerating zebrafish retina via Lin28 and Ascl1a. Exp Eye Res 2017; 161:174-192. [PMID: 28577895 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sox2 is a well-established neuronal stem cell-associated transcription factor that regulates neural development and adult neurogenesis in vertebrates, and is one of the critical genes used to reprogram differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. We examined if Sox2 was involved in the early reprogramming-like events that Müller glia undergo as they upregulate many pluripotency- and neural stem cell-associated genes required for proliferation in light-damaged adult zebrafish retinas. In the undamaged adult zebrafish retina, Sox2 is expressed in Müller glia and a subset of amacrine cells, similar to other vertebrates. Following 31 h of light damage, Sox2 expression significantly increased in proliferating Müller glia. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of Sox2 expression resulted in decreased numbers of proliferating Müller glia, while induced overexpression of Sox2 stimulated Müller glia proliferation in the absence of retinal damage. Thus, Sox2 is necessary and sufficient for Müller glia proliferation. We investigated the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is a known regulator of sox2 expression during vertebrate retinal development. While β-catenin 2, but not β-catenin 1, was necessary for Müller glia proliferation, neither β-catenin paralog was required for sox2 expression following retinal damage. Sox2 expression was also necessary for ascl1a (neurogenic) and lin28a (reprogramming) expression, but not stat3 expression following retinal damage. Furthermore, Sox2 was required for Müller glial-derived neuronal progenitor cell amplification and expression of the pro-neural marker Tg(atoh7:EGFP). Finally, loss of Sox2 expression prevented complete regeneration of cone photoreceptors. This study is the first to identify a functional role for Sox2 during Müller glial-based regeneration of the vertebrate retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryne A Gorsuch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Manuela Lahne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Clare E Yarka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Michael E Petravick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Jingling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schäfer P, Karl MO. Prospective purification and characterization of Müller glia in the mouse retina regeneration assay. Glia 2017; 65:828-847. [PMID: 28220544 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is an umbrella term for various glia functions in neurodegenerative diseases and upon injury. Specifically, Müller glia (MG) in some species readily regenerate retinal neurons to restore vision loss after insult, whereas mammalian MG respond by reactive gliosis-a heterogeneous response which frequently includes cell hypertrophy and proliferation. Limited regeneration has been stimulated in mammals, with a higher propensity in young MG, and in vitro compared to in vivo, but the underlying processes are unknown. To facilitate studies on the mechanisms regulating and limiting glia functions, we developed a strategy to purify glia and their progeny by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Dual-transgenic nuclear reporter mice, which label neurons and glia with red and green fluorescent proteins, respectively, have enabled MG enrichment up to 93% purity. We applied this approach to MG in a mouse retina regeneration ex vivo assay. Combined cell size and cell cycle analysis indicates that most MG hypertrophy and a subpopulation proliferates which, over time, become even larger in cell size than the ones that do not proliferate. MG undergo timed differential genomic changes in genes controlling stemness and neurogenic competence; and glial markers are downregulated. Genes that are potentially required for, or associated with, regeneration and reactive gliosis are differentially regulated by retina explant culture time, epidermal growth factor stimulation, and animal age. Thus, MG enrichment facilitates cellular and molecular studies which, in combination with the mouse retina regeneration assay, provide an experimental approach for deciphering mechanisms that possibly regulate reactive gliosis and limit regeneration in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schäfer
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Mike O Karl
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| |
Collapse
|