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Ramos R, Cabré E, Vinyals A, Lorenzo D, Ferreres JR, Varela M, Gomá M, Paules MJ, Gutierrez C, Piulats JM, Fabra À, Caminal JM. Orthotopic murine xenograft model of uveal melanoma with spontaneous liver metastasis. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:1-11. [PMID: 36302215 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Despite the effective primary treatment, up to 50% of patients with uveal melanoma will develop metastatic lesions mainly in the liver, which are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and lead to patient's death. To date, no orthotopic murine models of uveal melanoma which can develop spontaneous metastasis are available for preclinical studies. Here, we describe a spontaneous metastatic model of uveal melanoma based on the orthotopic injection of human uveal melanoma cells into the suprachoroidal space of immunodeficient NSG mice. All mice injected with bioluminescent OMM2.5 ( n = 23) or MP41 ( n = 19) cells developed a primary tumor. After eye enucleation, additional bioluminescence signals were detected in the lungs and in the liver. At necropsy, histopathological studies confirmed the presence of lung metastases in 100% of the mice. Liver metastases were assessed in 87 and in 100% of the mice that received OMM2.5 or MP41 cells, respectively. All tumors and metastatic lesions expressed melanoma markers and the signaling molecules insulin-like growth factor type I receptor and myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate, commonly activated in uveal melanoma. The novelty of this orthotopic mouse xenograft model is the development of spontaneous metastases in the liver from the primary site, reproducing the organoespecificity of metastasis observed in uveal melanoma patients. The faster growth and the high metastatic incidence may be attributed at least in part, to the severe immunodeficiency of NSG mice. This model may be useful for preclinical testing of targeted therapies with potential uveal melanoma antimetastatic activity and to study the mechanisms involved in liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramos
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Eduard Cabré
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Antònia Vinyals
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Daniel Lorenzo
- Ophthalmology Department, Spanish Ocular Oncology National referal center (CSUR) and Ocular Translational Eye Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB)-IDIBELL
| | | | - Mar Varela
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
| | - Montse Gomá
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
| | | | - Cristina Gutierrez
- Radiotherapy Department, Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Hospital Duran Reynals
| | - Josep M Piulats
- Medical Oncology, Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Hospital Duran Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Fabra
- Ophthalmology Department, Spanish Ocular Oncology National referal center (CSUR) and Ocular Translational Eye Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB)-IDIBELL
| | - José M Caminal
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
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Drapela S, Ilter D, Gomes AP. Metabolic reprogramming: a bridge between aging and tumorigenesis. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3295-3318. [PMID: 35666002 PMCID: PMC9490145 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most robust risk factor for cancer development, with more than 60% of cancers occurring in those aged 60 and above. However, how aging and tumorigenesis are intertwined is poorly understood and a matter of significant debate. Metabolic changes are hallmarks of both aging and tumorigenesis. The deleterious consequences of aging include dysfunctional cellular processes, the build‐up of metabolic byproducts and waste molecules in circulation and within tissues, and stiffer connective tissues that impede blood flow and oxygenation. Collectively, these age‐driven changes lead to metabolic reprogramming in different cell types of a given tissue that significantly affects their cellular functions. Here, we put forward the idea that metabolic changes that happen during aging help create a favorable environment for tumorigenesis. We review parallels in metabolic changes that happen during aging and how these changes function both as adaptive mechanisms that enable the development of malignant phenotypes in a cell‐autonomous manner and as mechanisms that suppress immune surveillance, collectively creating the perfect environment for cancers to thrive. Hence, antiaging therapeutic strategies that target the metabolic reprogramming that occurs as we age might provide new opportunities to prevent cancer initiation and/or improve responses to standard‐of‐care anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Drapela
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Didem Ilter
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ana P Gomes
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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In-vivo imaging for assessing tumor growth in mouse models of ocular melanoma. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108431. [PMID: 33406396 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) and conjunctival melanoma (CM) are ocular malignancies that give rise to life-threatening metastases. Although local disease can often be treated successfully, it is often associated with significant vision impairment and treatments are often not effective against metastatic disease. Novel treatment modalities that preserve vision may enable elimination of small tumors and may prevent subsequent metastatic spread. Very few mouse models of metastatic CM and UM are available for research and for development of novel therapies. One of the challenges is to follow tumor growth in-vivo and to determine the right size for treatment, mainly of the posterior, choroidal melanoma. Hence, the purpose of this study was to establish a simple, noninvasive imaging tool that will simplify visualization and tumor follow-up in mouse models of CM and UM. Tumors were induced by inoculation of murine B16LS9 cells into the sub-conjunctival or the choroidal space of a C57BL/6 mouse eye under a surgical microscope. Five to ten days following injection, tumor size was assessed by Phoenix MicronIV™ image-guided Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging, which included a real-time camera view and OCT scan of the conjunctiva and the retina. In addition, tumor size was evaluated by ultrasound and histopathological examination of eye sections. Tumor growth was observed 5-9 days following sub-conjunctival or sub-retinal injection of seven-thousand or seventy-thousand cells, respectively. A clear tumor mass was detected at these regions using the MicronIV™ imaging system camera and OCT scans. Histology of eye sections confirmed the presence of tumor tissue. OCT allowed an accurate measurement of tumor size in the UM model and a qualitative assessment of tumor size in the CM model. Moreover, OCT enabled assessing the success rate of the choroidal tumor induction and importantly, predicted final tumor size already on the day of cell inoculation. In conclusion, by using a simple, non-invasive imaging tool, we were able to follow intraocular tumor growth of both CM and UM, and to define, already at the time of cell inoculation, a grading scale to evaluate tumor size. This tool may be utilized for evaluation of new mouse models for CM and UM, as well as for testing new therapies for these diseases.
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Jin KM, Wang K, Bao Q, Wang HW, Xing BC. Liver resection for colorectal liver-limited metastases in elderly patients: a propensity score matching analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:275. [PMID: 33099304 PMCID: PMC7585677 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-02055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have focused on the role of hepatectomy for colorectal liver-limited metastases in elderly patients compared to matched younger patients. Methods From January 2000 to December 2018, 724 patients underwent hepatectomy for colorectal liver-limited metastases. Based on a 1:2 propensity score matching (PSM) model, 64 elderly patients (≥ 70 years of age) were matched to 128 younger patients (< 70 years of age) to obtain two balanced groups with regard to demographic, therapeutic, and prognostic factors. Results There were 73 elderly and 651 younger patients in the unmatched cohort. Compared with the younger group (YG), the elderly group (EG) had significantly higher proportion of American Society of Anesthesiologists score III and comorbidities and lower proportion of more than 3 liver metastases and postoperative chemotherapy (p < 0.05). After PSM for these factors, rat sarcoma virus proto-oncogene/B-Raf proto-oncogene (RAS/BRAF) mutation status and primary tumor sidedness, the EG had significantly less median intraoperative blood loss than the YG (175 ml vs. 200 ml, p = 0.046), a shorter median postoperative hospital stay (8 days vs. 11 days, p = 0.020), and a higher readmission rate (4.7% vs.0%, p = 0.036). The EG also had longer disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) compared to the YG, but these findings were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Old age was not an independent factor for DFS, OS, and CSS by Cox multivariate regression analysis (p > 0.05). Conclusions Hepatectomy is safe for colorectal liver-limited metastases in elderly patients, and these patients may subsequently benefit from prolonged DFS, OS, and CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Min Jin
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit I, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52, Fu Cheng Road, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit I, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52, Fu Cheng Road, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Bao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit I, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52, Fu Cheng Road, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit I, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52, Fu Cheng Road, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Cai Xing
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit I, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52, Fu Cheng Road, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
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Defective FasL expression is associated with increased resistance to melanoma liver metastases and enhanced natural killer cell activity. Melanoma Res 2020; 29:401-412. [PMID: 30932943 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine if the absence of FasL signaling would affect melanoma liver metastases by influencing the antimelanoma properties of liver natural killer (NK) cells. Melanoma liver metastases were induced in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and the gld/gld mutant C57BL/6 mouse strain that expresses a defective form of FasL (CD95L) that fails to engage and signal via the Fas receptor (CD95). Liver metastases were produced by intrasplenic injection of B16LS9 melanoma cells. Liver NK cell activity directed against murine B16LS9 melanoma cells was determined in a 24 h in-vitro cytotoxicity assay. Liver NK cells, NK T cells, and the NK cell surface activation marker, NKG2D, were measured by flow cytometry. Mice expressing defective FasL displayed reduced, rather than enhanced, melanoma liver metastases that coincided with increased liver NK cell-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity. Enhanced cytotoxicity was not mediated by perforin, tumor necrosis factor-α, or tumor necrosis-associated apoptosis-inducing ligand but was closely associated with elevated interferon-γ in the tumor-bearing liver. FasL-defective gld/gld mice also displayed reduced numbers of liver NK T cells, which have been previously implicated in suppression on liver NK cell activity. The absence of functional FasL in the liver correlates with a heightened, not diminished, resistance to melanoma liver metastases. The resistance to liver metastases coincides with a significant, albeit transient, increase in liver NK cytotoxicity and elevated levels of interferon-γ in the liver.
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Richards JR, Yoo JH, Shin D, Odelberg SJ. Mouse models of uveal melanoma: Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:264-278. [PMID: 31880399 PMCID: PMC7065156 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye, and a number of discoveries in the last decade have led to a more thorough molecular characterization of this cancer. However, the prognosis remains dismal for patients with metastases, and there is an urgent need to identify treatments that are effective for this stage of disease. Animal models are important tools for preclinical studies of uveal melanoma. A variety of models exist, and they have specific advantages, disadvantages, and applications. In this review article, these differences are explored in detail, and ideas for new models that might overcome current challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson R. Richards
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Donghan Shin
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Shannon J. Odelberg
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Schosserer M, Banks G, Dogan S, Dungel P, Fernandes A, Marolt Presen D, Matheu A, Osuchowski M, Potter P, Sanfeliu C, Tuna BG, Varela-Nieto I, Bellantuono I. Modelling physical resilience in ageing mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 177:91-102. [PMID: 30290161 PMCID: PMC6445352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Geroprotectors, a class of drugs targeting multiple deficits occurring with age, necessitate the development of new animal models to test their efficacy. The COST Action MouseAGE is a European network whose aim is to reach consensus on the translational path required for geroprotectors, interventions targeting the biology of ageing. In our previous work we identified frailty and loss of resilience as a potential target for geroprotectors. Frailty is the result of an accumulation of deficits, which occurs with age and reduces the ability to respond to adverse events (physical resilience). Modelling frailty and physical resilience in mice is challenging for many reasons. There is no consensus on the precise definition of frailty and resilience in patients or on how best to measure it. This makes it difficult to evaluate available mouse models. In addition, the characterization of those models is poor. Here we review potential models of physical resilience, focusing on those where there is some evidence that the administration of acute stressors requires integrative responses involving multiple tissues and where aged mice showed a delayed recovery or a worse outcome then young mice in response to the stressor. These models include sepsis, trauma, drug- and radiation exposure, kidney and brain ischemia, exposure to noise, heat and cold shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schosserer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gareth Banks
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Soner Dogan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Peter Dungel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Neuron-Glia Biology in Health and Disease, iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Darja Marolt Presen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ander Matheu
- Oncology Department, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marcin Osuchowski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Potter
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB) CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Department of Medical Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- MRC/Arthritis Research-UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
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