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Zehra Z, von Bartheld CS, Agarwal AB, Vasquez-Gross H, Noorani Siddiqui S, Azam M, Qamar R. Exploring WNT2 polymorphisms in Comitant Strabismus: A genetic association study. Gene 2024:148797. [PMID: 39068999 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strabismus is a complex oculomotor condition characterized by a misalignment of the visual axis. The genetics of strabismus are poorly defined although a few candidate genes have been identified, among which is the WNT2 gene. Our study was designed to assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of WNT2 in Pakistani strabismus patients. METHODS A total of six SNPs, three intronic and three in the 3́ untranslated region, were screened in the current study. Logistic regression was performed using a dominant, recessive and additive model to determine the association of SNPs with strabismus and its clinical subtypes: esotropia and exotropia. Furthermore, haplotype analysis was performed. RESULTS Regression analysis revealed an association of rs2896218, rs3779550, rs2285544 and rs4730775 with strabismus under the dominant model. When analyzed separately, rs2896218 and rs2285544 were found to be associated with both esotropia and exotropia, while rs4730775 was significantly associated only with exotropia under the dominant model. Based on clinical parameters, rs2896218, rs2285544 and rs4730775 were also found to be associated with the group of strabismus patients who were diagnosed at birth, but not in the group of patients who were diagnosed later in life. Haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotype A T T (corresponding to rs2896218, rs3779550 and rs2285544) was significantly more prevalent in the strabismus group. CONCLUSION Overall, the results of the present study suggest an association of WNT2 polymorphisms with strabismus and its subtypes in the Pakistani population, though further studies are needed to elucidate their role in strabismus etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Zehra
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Andrea B Agarwal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Hans Vasquez-Gross
- Nevada Bioinformatics Center, RRID: SCR_017802, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | | | - Maleeha Azam
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco.
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Titova A, Nikolaev S, Bilyalov A, Filatov N, Brovkin S, Shestakov D, Khatkov I, Pismennaya E, Bondarev V, Antyuxina M, Shagimardanova E, Bodunova N, Gusev O. Extreme Tolerance of Extraocular Muscles to Diseases and Aging: Why and How? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4985. [PMID: 38732204 PMCID: PMC11084950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The extraocular muscles (EOMs) possess unique characteristics that set them apart from other skeletal muscles. These muscles, responsible for eye movements, exhibit remarkable resistance to various muscular dystrophies and aging, presenting a significant contrast to the vulnerability of skeletal muscles to these conditions. In this review, we delve into the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the distinct properties of EOMs. We explore their structural complexity, highlighting differences in fiber types, innervation patterns, and developmental origins. Notably, EOM fibers express a diverse array of myosin heavy-chain isoforms, retaining embryonic forms into adulthood. Moreover, their motor innervation is characterized by a high ratio of nerve fibers to muscle fibers and the presence of unique neuromuscular junctions. These features contribute to the specialized functions of EOMs, including rapid and precise eye movements. Understanding the mechanisms behind the resilience of EOMs to disease and aging may offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies for treating muscular dystrophies and myopathies affecting other skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Titova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Airat Bilyalov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita Filatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei Brovkin
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Khatkov
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Elena Shagimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Bodunova
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Herron MS, Wang L, von Bartheld CS. Prevalence and Types of Strabismus in Cerebral Palsy: A Global and Historical Perspective Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38635869 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2024.2331537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Strabismus is more frequent in cerebral palsy (CP) than in the normal population, but reports differ how much it is increased. We here examined the global prevalence and types of strabismus in CP, whether esotropia or exotropia is more frequent, and whether the prevalence differs between ethnicities and/or country income levels, and between generations. METHODS We compiled in a systematic review and meta-analysis the results of 147 CP studies that report the prevalence of strabismus or the ratio of esotropia to exotropia, and we conducted subgroup analyses for region (income level) and ethnicity. We performed a pooled analysis for the CP strabismus prevalence, and estimated the global number of CP cases with strabismus. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of strabismus in CP is 49.8% in high-income countries and 39.8% in lower-income countries. We estimate the global number of strabismus cases in CP as 12.2 million, with 7.6 million males and 4.6 million females, based on current estimates of 29.6 million global CP cases. Esotropia is more frequent than exotropia in Caucasians, while exotropia is more frequent than esotropia in Hispanic and in some Asian and African populations. The strabismus prevalence in CP increases with increasing country income levels. CONCLUSION Generational changes in strabismus prevalence appear to reflect a transition of CP types and an increase in prevalence as countries attain higher income and more effective maternal health care. The distribution of esotropia and exotropia in CP patients largely reflects the horizontal strabismus type that is predominant in the subject's ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Herron
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lingchen Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Christopher S von Bartheld
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Xia L, Wang Y, Luo S, Zhang Y, Qiu B, Wang X, Feng L. Abnormal occipital and frontal activity during voluntary convergence in intermittent exotropia: A task-fMRI study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26197. [PMID: 38495127 PMCID: PMC10943311 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is characterized by intermittently outward deviation of the eye and involved with vergence dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the brain areas related to voluntary convergence and cortical activation changes between IXT patients and normal subjects. A total of 21 subjects, including 11 IXT patients and 10 age- and sex-matched normal subjects, were recruited for this study. A voluntary convergence task was employed, with changes in brain function measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Correlations between cortical activation and clinical measurements were conducted by Pearson's correlation analysis. fMRI results showed that during voluntary convergence, the medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and bilateral occipital cortex were activated in the normal group, whereas only activation of the occipital cortex in IXT patients. Compared with the normal, IXT patients showed hypo-activation of both the MFG and cuneus during the task. The activation of MFG was negatively correlated to the duration of IXT. This study demonstrates that both MFG and occipital cortex may participate in voluntary convergence in normal subjects, while IXT patients have an aberrant cortical function of the MFG and cuneus, and the duration of IXT likely influences the severity of MFG. These findings may provide valuable insights for understanding the relationship between convergence and IXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Centre for Biomedical Imaging, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | - Sha Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Centre for Biomedical Imaging, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Centre for Biomedical Imaging, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | - Lixia Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Hao J, Wang M, Liu J, Yusufu M, Cao K, Fu J. Alteration of Neurotrophic Factors and Innervation in Extraocular Muscles of Individuals With Concomitant Esotropia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:1. [PMID: 38441891 PMCID: PMC10916883 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether neurotrophic factors and innervation in extraocular muscles (EOMs) were altered in different types of concomitant esotropia, and to explore the possible association between neurotrophic factors and innervation of EOMs in humans. Methods Patients with concomitant esotropia who required strabismus surgery were recruited from January to December 2022. Lateral rectus EOMs were obtained from patients, and controls were obtained from deceased organ donors. Immunofluorescence (IF) was performed to detect innervation of EOMs (neurofilament and synaptophysin), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the neurotrophic factors insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The positive IHC results were further verified using western blotting (WB). One-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett's multiple comparison post hoc test was used for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables. Spearman correlation analysis was used for the correlation analysis. Results We collected lateral rectus EOM samples from acute and chronic types of concomitant esotropia and controls. Consistent with IHC, WB showed that IGF-1 was significantly increased in patients with acute acquired comitant esotropia or essential infantile esotropia compared with controls. In IF, synaptophysins were significantly increased only in acute acquired comitant esotropia compared with controls. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the correlation between IGF-1 and synaptophysin was borderline (P = 0.057) for patients with acute acquired comitant esotropia. Conclusions Our study highlights the role of IGF-1 and altered innervation of EOMs in acute acquired comitant esotropia, suggesting that an effect of increased IGF-1 on nerve innervation may temporarily cause a compensatory increase in the strength of lateral rectus muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meixu Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Mayinuer Yusufu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kai Cao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
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Herron MS, Wang L, von Bartheld CS. Prevalence and types of strabismus in cerebral palsy: A global and historical perspective based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.23.24301684. [PMID: 38343841 PMCID: PMC10854329 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.24301684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Strabismus is more frequent in cerebral palsy (CP) than in the normal population, but reports differ how much it is increased. We here examined the global prevalence and types of strabismus in CP, whether esotropia or exotropia is more frequent, and whether the prevalence differs between ethnicities and/or country income levels, and between generations. Methods We compiled in a systematic review and meta-analysis the results of 147 CP studies that report the prevalence of strabismus or the ratio of esotropia to exotropia, and we conducted subgroup analyses for region (income level) and ethnicity. We performed a pooled analysis for the CP strabismus prevalence, and estimated the global number of CP cases with strabismus. Results The pooled prevalence of strabismus in CP is 49.8% in high-income countries and 39.8% in lower-income countries. We estimate the global number of strabismus cases in CP as 12.2 million, with 7.6 million males and 4.6 million females, based on current estimates of 29.6 million global CP cases. Esotropia is more frequent than exotropia in Caucasians, while exotropia is more frequent than esotropia in Hispanic and in some Asian and African populations. The strabismus prevalence in CP increases with increasing country income levels. Conclusion Generational changes in strabismus prevalence appear to reflect a transition of CP types and an increase in prevalence as countries attain higher income and more effective maternal health care. The distribution of esotropia and exotropia in CP patients largely reflects the horizontal strabismus type that is predominant in the subject's ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Herron
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lingchen Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Christopher S. von Bartheld
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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7
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Wu L, Shi M, Liang Y, Huang J, Xia W, Bian H, Zhuo Q, Zhao C. The profiles and clinical significance of extraocular muscle-expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in oculomotor nerve palsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1293344. [PMID: 38173464 PMCID: PMC10761543 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1293344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) arises from primary abnormalities in the central neural pathways that control the extraocular muscles (EOMs). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of various neuroparalytic diseases. However, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in ONP. Methods We collected medial rectus muscle tissue from ONP and constant exotropia (CXT) patients during strabismus surgeries for RNA sequencing analysis. Differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs were revealed and included in the functional enrichment analysis. Co-expression analysis was conducted between these differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs, followed by target gene prediction of differentially expressed lncRNAs. In addition, lncRNA-microRNA and lncRNA-transcription factor-mRNA interaction networks were constructed to further elaborate the pathological changes in medial rectus muscle of ONP. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was applied to further validate the expression levels of important lncRNAs and mRNAs, whose clinical significance was examined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results A total of 618 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 322 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified. The up-regulated mRNAs were significantly related to cholinergic synaptic transmission (such as CHRM3 and CHRND) and the components and metabolism of extracellular matrix (such as CHI3L1 and COL19A1), while the down-regulated mRNAs were significantly correlated with the composition (such as MYH7 and MYL3) and contraction force (such as MYH7 and TNNT1) of muscle fibers. Co-expression analysis and target gene prediction revealed the strong correlation between MYH7 and NR_126491.1 as well as MYOD1 and ENST00000524479. Moreover, the differential expressions of lncRNAs (XR_001739409.1, NR_024160.1 and XR_001738373.1) and mRNAs (CDKN1A, MYOG, MYOD1, MYBPH, TMEM64, STATH, and MYL3) were validated by RT-qPCR. ROC curve analysis showed that lncRNAs (XR_001739409.1, NR_024160.1, and NR_002766.2) and mRNAs (CDKN1A, MYOG, MYOD1, MYBPH, TMEM64, and STATH) might be promising biomarkers of ONP. Conclusions These results may shed light on the molecular biology of EOMs of ONP, as well as the possible correlation of lncRNAs and mRNAs with clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqun Wu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingsu Shi
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqiu Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Xia
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Hewei Bian
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Zhuo
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
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Shi M, Fang Y, Liang Y, Hu Y, Huang J, Xia W, Bian H, Zhuo Q, Wu L, Zhao C. Identification and characterization of differentially expressed circular RNAs in extraocular muscle of oculomotor nerve palsy. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:617. [PMID: 37848864 PMCID: PMC10583365 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) is a neuroparalytic disorder resulting in dysfunction of innervating extraocular muscles (EOMs), of which the pathological characteristics remain underexplored. METHODS In this study, medial rectus muscle tissue samples from four ONP patients and four constant exotropia (CXT) patients were collected for RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs) were identified and included in functional enrichment analysis, followed by interaction analysis with microRNAs and mRNAs as well as RNA binding proteins. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was used to validate the expression level of the differentially expressed circRNAs. RESULTS A total of 84 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified from 10,504 predicted circRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed circRNAs significantly correlated with skeletal muscle contraction. In addition, interaction analyses showed that up-regulated circRNA_03628 was significantly interacted with RNA binding protein AGO2 and EIF4A3 as well as microRNA hsa-miR-188-5p and hsa-miR-4529-5p. The up-regulation of circRNA_03628 was validated by RT-qPCR, followed by further elaboration of the expression, location and clinical significance of circRNA_03628 in EOMs of ONP. CONCLUSIONS Our study may shed light on the role of differentially expressed circRNAs, especially circRNA_03628, in the pathological changes of EOMs in ONP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsu Shi
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yanxi Fang
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaqiu Huang
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weiyi Xia
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hewei Bian
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiao Zhuo
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lianqun Wu
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Yu X, Shi S, Cui Y, Shentu X, Sun Z. Clinical significance of CTGF and Cry61 protein in extraocular muscles of strabismic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2845-2851. [PMID: 37162563 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between clinical features and protein amounts of Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61/CCN1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), which are vital components and regulators of the extracellular matrix in resected muscles from strabismus surgery. METHODS Strabismus patients who were diagnosed with horizontal concomitant strabismus or inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) and required extraocular muscles (EOMs) resection to correct eye position were included in this study. The protein amounts were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in resected EOMs. Multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the associations, adjusting for gender, age (continuous), amblyopia, and disease duration. RESULTS A total of 141 muscles (including 38 lateral, 81 medial rectus, and 22 inferior oblique muscles) from 128 patients were collected in this study. The amount of Cry61 and CTGF per millimeter was significantly negatively associated with deviation angle in intermittent exotropia patients (Cry61: β, - 1.44; 95%CI, - 2.79 to - 0.10, p = 0.035; CTGF: β, - 3.14; 95%CI, - 5.06 to - 1.22, p = 0.002). The same relationship was also detected in the partially accommodative and non-accommodative esotropia patients, although it was not statistically significant (Cry61: β, - 2.40; 95%CI, - 5.05 to 0.24; p = 0.073; CTGF: β, - 3.47; 95%CI, - 9.18 to 2.87; p = 0.269). The amount of Cry61 and CTGF per millimeter showed significant associations with the degree of IOOA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrated a significant relationship between deviation angle and protein amount of Cry61 and CTGF and implied that Cry61 and CTGF may play important roles in modulation of EOM contractility, which provide new insights into strabismus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Yu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 1 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Silu Shi
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 1 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Cui
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 1 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingchao Shentu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 1 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 1 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Zehra Z, von Bartheld CS, Azam M, Qamar R. Expression profiling of extracellular matrix related genes in patients with strabismus. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 51:646-649. [PMID: 37201960 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Zehra
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Christopher S von Bartheld
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco
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11
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Rahpeyma M, Sabermoghaddam A, Kiarudi MY, Aghabozorgi AS, Pasdar A. Role of Abelson Helper Integration Site 1, Nebulin, and Paired Box 3 Genes in the Development of Nonsyndromic Strabismus in a Series of Iranian Families: Sequence Analysis and Systematic Review of the Genetics of Nonsyndromic Strabismus. J Curr Ophthalmol 2023; 35:216-225. [PMID: 38681684 PMCID: PMC11047811 DOI: 10.4103/joco.joco_53_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To look for causative genetic mutations in a series of Iranian families with strabismus. In addition, we systematically reviewed all the published articles regarding the role of genetic variations in primary and nonsyndromic comitant strabismus. Methods Four families with a history of multiple cases of primary and nonsyndromic comitant strabismus were enrolled in this study. Polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing of exons 23, 11, and 3 of the Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1), nebulin (NEB), and paired box 3 (PAX3) genes were performed, respectively. One offspring of a consanguineous marriage underwent whole-exome sequencing (WES) to look for possible causative variants. To conduct a systematic review, we thoroughly searched PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge extracting relevant publications, released by April 2021. Results We examined four Iranian strabismus pedigrees with multiple affected offspring in different generations. Among these 17 participants, 10 family members had strabismus and 7 were healthy. Sanger sequencing did not reveal a causative mutation. Therefore, to further investigate, one affected offspring was chosen for WES. The WES study demonstrated two possible variants in MYO5B and DHODH genes. These genetic variants showed high allele frequency in our population and are thought to be polymorphisms in our series of Iranian families. Conclusions We demonstrated that mutations in AHI1, NEB, and PAX3 genes were not common in a series of Iranian patients with familial strabismus. Moreover, by performing WES, we revealed that two variants of uncertain significance as possible causative variants for strabismus are not related to this disease in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Rahpeyma
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Bao B, Liu J, Li T, Yang Z, Wang G, Xin J, Bi H, Guo D. Elevated retinal fibrosis in experimental myopia is involved in the activation of the PI3K/AKT/ERK signaling pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 743:109663. [PMID: 37290701 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of the PI3K/AKT/ERK signaling pathway in retinal fibrosis in -6.0 diopter (D) lens-induced myopic (LIM) guinea pigs. METHODS Biological measurements of eye tissues were performed on guinea pigs to obtain their refraction, axial length, retinal thickness, physiological function, and fundus retinal status. In addition, Masson staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) assay were further done to explore the changes in retinal morphology after myopic induction. Meanwhile, hydroxyproline (HYP) content was measured to evaluate the degree of retinal fibrosis. Moreover, the levels of the PI3K/AKT/ERK signaling pathway and fibrosis-related molecules in retinal tissues including matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP2), collagen type I (Collagen I), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot. RESULTS The LIM guinea pigs showed a significant myopic shift in refractive error and an increase in axial length compared with those of the normal control (NC) group. Masson staining, hydroxyproline content determination, and IHC showed an increase in retinal fibrosis. After myopic induction, qPCR and western blot analyses showed that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA), protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), MMP2, Collagen I, and α-SMA were consistently elevated in the LIM group than those in the NC group. CONCLUSION The PI3K/AKT/ERK signaling pathway was activated in the retinal tissues of myopic guinea pigs, which exaggerated fibrotic lesions and reduced retinal thickness, ultimately leading to retinal physiological dysfunctions in myopic guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Tuling Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Guimin Wang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Jizhao Xin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China.
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250002, China.
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13
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Sunyer-Grau B, Quevedo L, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Argilés M. Comitant strabismus etiology: extraocular muscle integrity and central nervous system involvement-a narrative review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s00417-022-05935-9. [PMID: 36680614 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Strabismus is not a condition in itself but the consequence of an underlying problem. Eye misalignment can be caused by disease, injury, and/or abnormalities in any of the structures and processes involved in visual perception and oculomotor control, from the extraocular muscles and their innervations to the oculomotor and visual processing areas in the brain. A small percentage of all strabismus cases are the consequence of well-described genetic syndromes, acquired insult, or disease affecting the extraocular muscles (EOMs) or their innervations. We will refer to them as strabismus of peripheral origin since their etiology lies in the peripheral nervous system. However, in most strabismus cases, that is comitant, non-restrictive, non-paralytic strabismus, the EOMs and their innervations function properly. These cases are not related to specific syndromes and their precise causes remain poorly understood. They are generally believed to be caused by deficits in the central neural pathways involved in visual perception and oculomotor control. Therefore, we will refer to them as central strabismus. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the possible causes behind this particular type of eye misalignment and to raise awareness among eyecare professionals about the important role the central nervous system plays in strabismus etiology, and the subsequent implications regarding its treatment. A non-systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases with the keywords "origins," "causes," and "etiology" combined with "strabismus." A snowball approach was also used to find relevant references. In the following article, we will first describe EOM integrity in central strabismus; next, we will address numerous reasons that support the idea of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in the origin of the deviation, followed by listing several possible central causes of the ocular misalignment. Finally, we will discuss the implications CNS etiology has on strabismus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Sunyer-Grau
- School of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Quevedo
- School of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain.
| | | | - Marc Argilés
- School of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
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14
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Liu Q, Li Y, Wang S, Zheng W, Ye H, Li W, Qiao T. Surgical treatment and muscle protein analysis of V-pattern exotropia in craniosynostosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11524. [PMID: 35798790 PMCID: PMC9263103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of V-pattern exotropia in craniosynostosis and normal children. 39 children were included in this study, 19 craniosynostosis and 20 children in control group. They underwent comprehensive ocular examinations and received strabismus surgery. The extraocular muscle samples were analysed. Compared with the control group, craniosynostosis group had larger deviation in primary and up gaze, larger V pattern, and more severe inferior oblique overaction. For 20-40, and 50-60 prism diopter exotropia, the lateral recession in the craniosynostosis group was larger than that in the control group, 7.13 ± 0.44 mm vs 6.71 ± 0.47 mm, 8.90 ± 0.21 mm vs 7.75 ± 0.46 mm (p = 0.025, 0.000). The anterior transposition of craniosynostosis group was more anterior than that of control group, posterior 1.03 ± 1.24 vs 2.68 ± 0.94 mm (p = 0.000). Compared with the control group, the extraocular muscle abnormality in craniosynostosis was significant, 32% vs 5% (p = 0.031). There were 40 proteins in craniosynostosis group, which were different from those in control group. A larger V pattern and larger deviation is common in craniosynostosis children. For the same PD of deviation, it usually needs more recession in craniosynostosis because of the thinner and weaker extraocular muscles. Collagen related proteins were increased in craniosynostosis, and decreased contraction related protein tropomodulin might play key role for the weakness of EOMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Qiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Ocular manifestations of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J AAPOS 2021; 25:303-305.e1. [PMID: 34582951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS; OMIM #130650) is a pediatric overgrowth disorder with few known ocular manifestations. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with BWS evaluated at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute over a 10-year period and identified 5 patients, of whom 4 presented with ocular misalignment and 1 with eye rubbing. Three patients were noted to have strabismus, and 1 patient manifested with significant astigmatism. No patients received surgical intervention.
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16
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Rudell JC, McLoon LK. Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 on Extraocular Muscle Structure and Function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:34. [PMID: 34293078 PMCID: PMC8300058 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor can result in strabismus, but little is known about how FGFs affect extraocular muscle structure and function. These were assessed after short-term and long-term exposure to exogenously applied FGF2 to determine the effect of enhanced signaling. Methods One superior rectus muscle of adult rabbits received either a series of three injections of 500 ng, 1 µg, or 5 µg FGF2 and examined after 1 week, or received sustained treatment with FGF2 and examined after 1, 2, or 3 months. Muscles were assessed for alterations in force generation, myofiber size, and satellite cell number after each treatment. Results One week after the 5 µg FGF2 injections, treated muscles showed significantly increased force generation compared with naïve controls, which correlated with increased myofiber cross-sectional areas and Pax7-positive satellite cells. In contrast, 3 months of sustained FGF2 treatment resulted in decreased force generation, which correlated with decreased myofiber size and decreased satellite cells compared with naïve control and the untreated contralateral side. Conclusions FGF2 had distinctly different effects when short-term and long-term treatments were compared. The decreased size and ability to generate force correlated with decreased myofiber areas seen in individuals with Apert syndrome, where there is sustained activation of FGF signaling. Knowing more about signaling pathways critical for extraocular muscle function, development, and disease will pave the way for improved treatment options for strabismus patients with FGF abnormalities in craniofacial disease, which also may be applicable to other strabismus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene C Rudell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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17
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Rudell JC, Fleuriet J, Mustari MJ, McLoon LK. Childhood Onset Strabismus: A Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil 2021; 71:35-40. [PMID: 33872122 PMCID: PMC8102408 DOI: 10.1080/2576117x.2021.1893585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strabismus is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with complex molecular and neurophysiological causes. Evidence in the literature suggests a strong role for motor innervation in the etiology of strabismus, which connects central neural processes to the peripheral extraocular muscles. Current treatments of strabismus through surgery show that an inherent sensorimotor plasticity in the ocular motor system decreases the effectiveness of treatment, often driving eye alignment back toward its misaligned pre-surgical state by altering extraocular muscle tonus. There is recent interest in capitalizing on existing biological processes in extraocular muscles to overcome these compensatory mechanisms. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that regulate survival and development in neurons and muscle, including extraocular muscles. Local administration of neurotrophins to extraocular muscles partially reversed strabismus in an animal model of strabismus. The hypothesis is that sustained release of neurotrophins gives more time for the ocular motor system to adapt to a slow change in alignment in the desired direction. The effect of neurotrophins on extraocular muscles is complex, as different neurotrophic factors have diverse effects on extraocular muscle contraction profiles, patterns of innervation, and density of extraocular muscle precursor cells. Neurotrophic factors show promise as a therapeutic option for strabismus, which may help to improve treatment outcomes and offset devastating amblyopia and psychosocial effects of disease in strabismus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene C Rudell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jérome Fleuriet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Michael J Mustari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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18
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Europa TA, Nel M, Heckmann JM. Gene expression profiling of orbital muscles in treatment-resistant ophthalmoplegic myasthenia gravis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:346. [PMID: 33308266 PMCID: PMC7731744 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unbiased in silico approaches applied to genome-wide data prioritized putative functional gene variants associating with treatment-resistant ophthalmoplegic myasthenia gravis (OP-MG). Although altered expression of genes harbouring these variants, or associated pathways, were shown in patient-derived transdifferentiated-myocyte models, gene expression in orbital-derived muscle was required to test the validity of the predictions.
Methods We sampled orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) and one paralysed extraocular muscle (EOM) from six individuals with OP-MG during blepharoptosis and re-alignment surgeries, respectively. For controls, the OOMs were sampled from four individuals without myasthenia undergoing surgery for non-muscle causes of ptosis, and one non-paralysed EOM. Using a qPCR array, expression of 120 genes was compared between OP-MG and control OOMs, profiling putative “OP-MG” genes, genes in related biological pathways and genes reported to be dysregulated in MG cases or experimental MG models, and in EOMs of cases with strabismus. Normalization was performed with two stable reference genes. Differential gene expression was compared between OP-MG and control samples using the ΔΔCT method. Co-expression was analysed by pairwise correlation of gene transcripts to infer expression networks.
Results Overall, transcript levels were similar in OOMs and EOMs (p = 0.72). In OOMs, significant downregulated expression of eight genes was observed in OP-MG cases compared with controls (> twofold; p ≤ 0.016), including TFAM, a mitochondrial transcription factor, and genes related to the following pathways: atrophy signalling; muscle regeneration and contraction; glycogen synthesis; and extracellular matrix remodelling. Several microRNAs, known to be highly expressed in EOMs, are predicted to regulate some of these genes. Co-expression analyses of gene-pairs suggested high interconnectedness of gene expression networks in OP-MG muscle, but not controls (r > 0.96, p < 0.01). Significant inverse directions of gene-pair correlations were noted in OP-MG versus controls OOM networks (r ≥ 0.92, p < 0.001) involving most OP-MG genes overlapping prominently with muscle atrophy/contractility and oxidative metabolism genes. Conclusions The gene expression in orbital muscles derived from OP-MG individuals compared with normal controls, support the pathogenic hypothesis previously generated from whole genome sequence analyses. Repression of gene transcripts in OP-MG orbital muscle implicate tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms, which may inform future biomarker discovery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarin A Europa
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melissa Nel
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. .,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
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19
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Zhu L, Li S, He S, Tong Q, Wang L, Li X, Wu X, Meng Q, Jin E, Zhang C, Li T, Xu N, Huang L, Wang Y, Zhao M. The critical role of m 6A methylation in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. EYE AND VISION 2020; 7:55. [PMID: 33292635 PMCID: PMC7708247 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-020-00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). METHODS Surgically excised extraocular muscles from 7 patients with GO and 5 subjects without GO were used. The global m6A levels in the specimens were determined using an m6A RNA methylation quantification kit. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to analyze the molecules involved in the regulation of m6A RNA methylation and the differential expression of mRNAs between the two groups (4 eyes, respectively). The expression of m6A RNA modification genes was evaluated by real-time PCR. The functional implications of the gene alterations between the GO and control specimens were determined by Gene Ontology analysis. RESULTS The m6A level was significantly increased in the specimens of GO patients compared to the control specimens (P < 0.05). The expression of m6A methylation regulators, such as WT1 associated protein (WTAP), alkylation repair homolog protein 5 (ALKBH5), E74 like ETS transcription factor 3 (ELF3), YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2), YTHDF3 and YTH domain containing 2 (YTHDC2), was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the most highly upregulated genes and biological pathways were related to the immune response and inflammatory processes such as lymphocyte activation, leukocyte differentiation, cytokine production and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that m6A methylation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of GO and that targeting genes that regulate m6A methylation may provide a new therapeutic approach for GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Siyan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shikun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qizhe Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lejin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Enzhong Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Tianyuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ningda Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Eye alignment changes caused by sustained GDNF treatment of an extraocular muscle in infant non-human primates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11927. [PMID: 32681083 PMCID: PMC7368047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of sustained treatment of a single extraocular muscle with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to produce a strabismus in infant non-human primates was tested. Six infant non-human primates received a pellet containing GDNF, releasing 2 µg/day for 90 days, on one medial rectus muscle. Eye alignment was assessed up to 6 months. Five of the six animals showed a slow decrease in eye misalignment from the significant exotropia present at birth, ending with approximately 10° of exotropia. Controls became orthotropic. Misalignment averaged 8° three months after treatment ended. After sustained GDNF treatment, few changes were seen in mean myofiber cross-sectional areas compared to age-matched naïve controls. Neuromuscular junction number was unaltered in the medial rectus muscles, but were significantly reduced in the untreated lateral recti. Neuromuscular junctions on slow fibers became multiply innervated after this sustained GDNF treatment. Pitx2-positive cells significantly decreased in treated and contralateral medial rectus muscles. Our study suggests that balanced GDNF signaling plays a role in normal development and maintenance of orthotropia. Sustained GDNF treatment of one medial rectus muscle resulted in a measurable misalignment largely maintained 3 months after treatment ended. Structural changes suggest mechanisms for producing an imbalance in muscle function.
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Yin G, Zeng W, Hu K, Gao J, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen F. Parental Uveitis Influences Offspring With an Increased Susceptibility to the Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1053. [PMID: 32612602 PMCID: PMC7308830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Previous studies have shown that parental abnormal physiological conditions such as inflammation, stress, and obesity can be transferred to offspring. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of parental uveitis on the development and susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in offspring. Methods: Parental male and female B10RIII mice were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) 161–180 in complete Freund's adjuvant and were immediately allowed to mate. Gross examination of the offspring gestated with EAU was performed to determine the influence of parental uveitis on offspring development after birth. Gene expression profiles were analyzed in the affected eyes of offspring under EAU to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Adult offspring were given 5, 25, and 50 μg IRBP161−180 to compare their susceptibility to EAU. Immunized mice were clinically and pathologically evaluated for the development of EAU. Ag-specific T-cell proliferation and IL-17 production from spleens and lymph nodes were evaluated on day 14 or 35 after immunization. Results: Hair loss, delay of eye opening, and swollen spleens in the offspring from parents with uveitis were observed from day 14 to 39 after birth. DEGs were involved in the immune system process, muscle system process, and cell development. The altered antigen processing and presentation, cell adhesion molecules, and phagosome in the eyes of the offspring from uveitis-affected parents were enriched. Offspring gestated with EAU showed a susceptibility to EAU and an earlier onset and higher severity of EAU compared to the control group mice. IRBP-specific lymphocyte proliferation and IL-17 production were observed in the EAU offspring with exposure to parental uveitis. Conclusions: The results suggest that mouse parents with uveitis can increase their offspring's susceptibility to EAU, probably through altering cell adhesion molecules and antigen processing and presentation related to the T-cell proliferation and Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangnian Yin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rodent Laboratory Animals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxin Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rodent Laboratory Animals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaijiao Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rodent Laboratory Animals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rodent Laboratory Animals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Pathology Department, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Feilan Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rodent Laboratory Animals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Lee YP, Choi DG. MMPs, TIMPs and BMP-4 in medial rectus muscle obtained from intermittent exotropia patients and their clinical correlations. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e107-e112. [PMID: 31421016 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To measure the amounts of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 in medial rectus muscle (MR) tissue obtained from intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients and to investigate the correlation between each protein amount and the clinical features of IXT including angles of deviation, age at surgery, duration of IXT and postoperative recurrence. METHODS The protein amounts were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in MR collected during surgery for 78 IXT patients. RESULTS The mean amount of MMP-2 per mm of resected MR was 0.86 ng, of MMP-9, 2.72 ng, of TIMP-1, 1.99 ng, of TIMP-2, 0.92 ng and of BMP-4, 0.82 pg. MMP-2 showed a positive correlation with angle of deviation at distance and at near, age at surgery and duration of IXT (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.022, respectively, Spearman's rank correlation analysis). MMP-9 showed a positive correlation with angle of deviation at distance and at near (p = 0.001, p = 0.024) and BMP-4 showed a positive correlation with angle of deviation at distance (p = 0.012). TIMP-1 showed a negative correlation with angle of deviation at distance and at near (p = 0.003, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION In IXT patients, MMPs and BMP-4 tended to increase and TIMPs to decrease with increasing angle of deviation, greater age at surgery and longer duration of IXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Pyo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital Hallym University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital Hallym University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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23
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Rodríguez MA, Sandgren Hochhard K, Vicente A, Liu JX, Pedrosa Domellöf F. Gene expression profile of extraocular muscles following resection strabismus surgery. Exp Eye Res 2019; 182:182-193. [PMID: 30953624 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to identify key biological processes triggered by resection surgery in the extraocular muscles (EOMs) of a rabbit model of strabismus surgery by studying changes in gene expression. Resection surgery was performed in the superior rectus of 16 rabbits and a group of non-operated rabbits served as control. Muscle samples were collected from groups of four animals 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after surgery and processed for RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry. We identified a total of 164; 136; 64 and 12 differentially expressed genes 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were involved in biological pathways related to metabolism, response to stimulus mainly related with regulation of immune response, cell cycle and extracellular matrix. A complementary pathway analysis and network analysis performed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool corroborated and completed these findings. Collagen I, fibronectin and versican, evaluated by immunofluorescence, showed that changes at the gene expression level resulted in variation at the protein level. Tenascin-C staining in resected muscles demonstrated the formation of new tendon and myotendinous junctions. These data provide new insights about the biological response of the EOMs to resection surgery and may form the basis for future strategies to improve the outcome of strabismus surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André Vicente
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, 907 87, Umea, Sweden
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, 901 87, Umea, Sweden
| | - Fatima Pedrosa Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, 907 87, Umea, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, 901 87, Umea, Sweden.
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24
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Ye XC, van der Lee R, Wasserman WW. Curation and bioinformatic analysis of strabismus genes supports functional heterogeneity and proposes candidate genes with connections to RASopathies. Gene 2019; 697:213-226. [PMID: 30772522 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Strabismus refers to the misalignment of the eyes and occurs in 2-4% of individuals. The low-resolution label "strabismus" covers a range of heterogeneous defects, which makes it challenging to unravel this condition. Consequently a coherent understanding of the causes is lacking. Here, we attempt to gain a better understanding of the underlying genetics by combining gene curation, diverse bioinformatic analyses (including gene ontology, pathway mapping, expression and network-based methods) and literature review. Through a phenotype-based curation process, we identify high-confidence and permissive sets of 54 and 233 genes potentially involved in strabismus. These genes can be grouped into 10 modules that together span a heterogeneous set of biological and molecular functions, and can be linked to clinical sub-phenotypes. Multiple lines of evidence associate retina and cerebellum biology with the strabismus genes. We further highlight a potential role of the Ras-MAPK pathway. Independently, sets of 11 genes and 15 loci tied to strabismus with definitive genetic basis have been compiled from the literature. We identify strabismus candidate genes for 5 of the 15 reported loci (CHD7; SLC9A6; COL18A1, COL6A2; FRY, BRCA2, SPG20; PARK2). Finally, we synthesize a Strabismus Candidate Gene Collection, which together with our curated gene sets will serve as a resource for future research. The results of this informatics study support the heterogeneity and complexity of strabismus and point to specific biological pathways and brain regions for future focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cynthia Ye
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robin van der Lee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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25
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Mustari MJ. Nonhuman Primate Studies to Advance Vision Science and Prevent Blindness. ILAR J 2018; 58:216-225. [PMID: 28575309 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most primate behavior is dependent on high acuity vision. Optimal visual performance in primates depends heavily upon frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. To see an object clearly its image must be placed on or near the fovea of each eye. The oculomotor system is responsible for maintaining precise eye alignment during fixation and generating eye movements to track moving targets. The visual system of nonhuman primates has a similar anatomical organization and functional capability to that of humans. This allows results obtained in nonhuman primates to be applied to humans. The visual and oculomotor systems of primates are immature at birth and sensitive to the quality of binocular visual and eye movement experience during the first months of life. Disruption of postnatal experience can lead to problems in eye alignment (strabismus), amblyopia, unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. Recent studies in nonhuman primates have begun to discover the neural mechanisms associated with these conditions. In addition, genetic defects that target the retina can lead to blindness. A variety of approaches including gene therapy, stem cell treatment, neuroprosthetics, and optogenetics are currently being used to restore function associated with retinal diseases. Nonhuman primates often provide the best animal model for advancing fundamental knowledge and developing new treatments and cures for blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mustari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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26
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Fleuriet J, McLoon LK. Visualizing Neuronal Adaptation Over Time After Treatment of Strabismus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:5022-5024. [PMID: 30326069 PMCID: PMC6188464 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Fleuriet
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States;
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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27
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Fitzpatrick KR, Cucak A, McLoon LK. Changing muscle function with sustained glial derived neurotrophic factor treatment of rabbit extraocular muscle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202861. [PMID: 30142211 PMCID: PMC6108505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent microarray and RNAseq experiments provided evidence that glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels were decreased in extraocular muscles from human strabismic subjects compared to age-matched controls. We assessed the effect of sustained GDNF treatment of the superior rectus muscles of rabbits on their physiological and morphological characteristics, and these were compared to naïve control muscles. Superior rectus muscles of rabbits were implanted with a sustained release pellet of GDNF to deliver 2μg/day, with the contralateral side receiving a placebo pellet. After one month, the muscles were assessed using in vitro physiological methods. The muscles were examined histologically for alteration in fiber size, myosin expression patterns, neuromuscular junction size, and stem cell numbers and compared to age-matched naïve control muscles. GDNF resulted in decreased force generation, which was also seen on the untreated contralateral superior rectus muscles. Muscle relaxation times were increased in the GDNF treated muscles. Myofiber mean cross-sectional areas were increased after the GDNF treatment, but there was a compensatory increase in expression of developmental, neonatal, and slow tonic myosin heavy chain isoforms. In addition, in the GDNF treated muscles there was a large increase in Pitx2-positive myogenic precursor cells. One month of GDNF resulted in significant extraocular muscle adaptation. These changes are interesting relative to the decreased levels of GDNF in the muscles from subjects with strabismus and preliminary data in infant non-human primates where sustained GDNF treatment produced a strabismus. These data support the view that GDNF has the potential for improving eye alignment in subjects with strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta R. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anja Cucak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Zhu PW, Huang X, Ye L, Jiang N, Zhong YL, Yuan Q, Zhou FQ, Shao Y. Altered intrinsic functional connectivity of the primary visual cortex in youth patients with comitant exotropia: a resting state fMRI study. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:668-673. [PMID: 29675389 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.04.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the differences in the functional connectivity (FC) of the primary visual cortex (V1) between the youth comitant exotropia (CE) patients and health subjects using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. METHODS Totally, 32 CEs (25 males and 7 females) and 32 healthy control subjects (HCs) (25 males and 7 females) were enrolled in the study and underwent the MRI scanning. Two-sample t-test was used to examine differences in FC maps between the CE patients and HCs. RESULTS The CE patients showed significantly less FC between the left brodmann area (BA17) and left lingual gyrus/cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle occipital gyrus, left precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus. Meanwhile, CE patients showed significantly less FC between right BA17 and right middle occipital gyrus (BA19, 37). CONCLUSION Our findings show that CE involves abnormal FC in primary visual cortex in many regions, which may underlie the pathologic mechanism of impaired fusion and stereoscopic vision in CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.,Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fu-Qing Zhou
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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29
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Ma WX, Huang XG, Yang TK, Yao JY. Involvement of dysregulated coding and long non‑coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of strabismus. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7737-7745. [PMID: 29620205 PMCID: PMC5983965 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Strabismus is a common ocular disorder in children and may result in exterior abnormalities and impaired visual functions. However, the detailed pathogenesis of strabismus unclear. The present study assessed the comprehensive analyses on the roles of RNAs in the development of strabismus. The public datasets of strabismus and the corresponding control tissues were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Reannotations of the dysregulated coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and functional enrichments of the differently expressed genes (DEGs) were conducted. A total of 790 DEGs were screened (648 upregulated and 142 downregulated) in the present study. Among the DEGs, a total of 32 differently expressed lncRNAs were detected (14 upregulated and 18 downregulated). When the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment was considered, it was identified that a total of 143 GO terms (82 for biological process, 31 for cellular component and 30 for molecular function) were identified. Among all the 57 detected Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, the phagosome pathway, which was labeled as hsa004145, demonstrated the most bioinformatics importance. However, most lncRNAs, except LINC01279 and LOC643733, indicated <3 target mRNAs and were not suitable for advanced bioinformatics analyses. Bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that there was a GO term for each lncRNA (proteinaceous extracellular for LINC01279 and cell surface for LOC643733). In conclusion, a set of coding RNA as well as lncRNAs differentially expressed in strabismus EOM samples were indicated. Notably, the present findings important information for advanced pathogenesis research and biomarkers detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiu Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Gang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Ke Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yan Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
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30
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Agarwal AB, Christensen AJ, Feng CY, Wen D, Johnson LA, von Bartheld CS. Expression of schizophrenia biomarkers in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus: an explanation for the link between exotropia and schizophrenia? PeerJ 2017; 5:e4214. [PMID: 29302405 PMCID: PMC5742522 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated exotropia as a risk factor for schizophrenia. We determined whether schizophrenia biomarkers have abnormal levels of expression in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus and explored whether differences in gene expression between medial and lateral rectus muscles may explain the specific association of schizophrenia with exotropia but not esotropia. Samples from horizontal extraocular muscles were obtained during strabismus surgery and compared with age- and muscle type-matched normal muscles from organ donors. We used PCR arrays to identify differences in gene expression among 417 signaling molecules. We then focused on established schizophrenia-related growth factors, cytokines, and regulators of the extracellular matrix. Among 36 genes with significantly altered gene expression in dysfunctional horizontal rectus muscles, over one third were schizophrenia-related: CTGF, CXCR4, IL1B, IL10RA, MIF, MMP2, NPY1R, NRG1, NTRK2, SERPINA3, TIMP1, TIMP2, and TNF (adjusted p value ≤ 0.016667). By PCR array, expression of three of these genes was significantly different in medial rectus muscles, while eleven were significantly altered in lateral rectus muscles. Comparing baseline levels between muscle types, three schizophrenia-related genes (NPY1R, NTRK2, TIMP2) had lower levels of expression in medial rectus muscles. Despite the surprisingly large number of schizophrenia-related genes with altered gene expression levels in dysfunctional muscles, the lack of specificity for medial rectus muscles undermines a model of shared, region-specific gene expression abnormalities between exotropia and schizophrenia, but rather suggests consideration of the alternative model: that exotropia-induced aberrant early visual experiences may enable and/or contribute as a causative factor to the development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Agarwal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Austin J. Christensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Cheng-Yuan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dan Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to summarize the unique regenerative milieu within mature mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs). This will aid in understanding disease propensity for and sparing of EOMs in skeletal muscle diseases as well as the recalcitrance of the EOM to injury. RECENT FINDINGS The EOMs continually remodel throughout life and contain an extremely enriched number of myogenic precursor cells that differ in number and functional characteristics from those in limb skeletal muscle. The EOMs also contain a large population of Pitx2-positive myogenic precursor cells that provide the EOMs with many of their unusual biological characteristics, such as myofiber remodeling and skeletal muscle disease sparing. This environment provides for rapid and efficient remodeling and regeneration after various types of injury. In addition, the EOMs show a remarkable ability to respond to perturbations of single muscles with coordinated changes in the other EOMs that move in the same plane. SUMMARY These data will inform Ophthalmologists as they work toward developing new treatments for eye movement disorders, new approaches for repair after nerve or direct EOMs injury, as well as suggest potential explanations for the unusual disease propensity and disease sparing characteristics of human EOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Verma
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Krysta Fitzpatrick
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Walton MMG, Pallus A, Fleuriet J, Mustari MJ, Tarczy-Hornoch K. Neural mechanisms of oculomotor abnormalities in the infantile strabismus syndrome. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:280-299. [PMID: 28404829 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00934.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile strabismus is characterized by numerous visual and oculomotor abnormalities. Recently nonhuman primate models of infantile strabismus have been established, with characteristics that closely match those observed in human patients. This has made it possible to study the neural basis for visual and oculomotor symptoms in infantile strabismus. In this review, we consider the available evidence for neural abnormalities in structures related to oculomotor pathways ranging from visual cortex to oculomotor nuclei. These studies provide compelling evidence that a disturbance of binocular vision during a sensitive period early in life, whatever the cause, results in a cascade of abnormalities through numerous brain areas involved in visual functions and eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M G Walton
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;
| | - Adam Pallus
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jérome Fleuriet
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Mustari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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