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Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Espitia-Arias MD, de la Villa P, Paleo-García V, Germain F, Milla-Navarro S. Oxidative Model of Retinal Neurodegeneration Induced by Sodium Iodate: Morphofunctional Assessment of the Visual Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1594. [PMID: 37627589 PMCID: PMC10451746 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium iodate (NaIO3) has been shown to cause severe oxidative stress damage to retinal pigment epithelium cells. This results in the indirect death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of visual capabilities. The aim of this work is the morphological and functional characterization of the retina and the visual pathway of an animal model of retinal neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress. Following a single intraperitoneal dose of NaIO3 (65 mg/kg) to C57BL/6J mice with a mutation in the Opn4 gene (Opn4-/-), behavioral and electroretinographic tests were performed up to 42 days after administration, as well as retinal immunohistochemistry at day 57. A near total loss of the pupillary reflex was observed at 3 days, as well as an early deterioration of visual acuity. Behavioral tests showed a late loss of light sensitivity. Full-field electroretinogram recordings displayed a progressive and marked decrease in wave amplitude, disappearing completely at 14 days. A reduction in the amplitude of the visual evoked potentials was observed, but not their total disappearance. Immunohistochemistry showed structural alterations in the outer retinal layers. Our results show that NaIO3 causes severe structural and functional damage to the retina. Therefore, the current model can be presented as a powerful tool for the study of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of retinal pathologies mediated by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Espitia-Arias
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Paleo-García
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
| | - Francisco Germain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Milla-Navarro
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Yao J, Wang T, Jia L, Qiu Y, Zacks DN. Loss of Fas Receptor Function Preserves Photoreceptor Structure and Function in Two Mouse Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 36083588 PMCID: PMC9469031 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The genetic heterogeneity of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) has limited the development of mutation-specific therapies, necessitating the development of therapeutic approaches targeting broadly shared pathophysiologic pathways. The Fas receptor has been reported as a contributor to retinal cell death and inflammation in a wide variety of ocular diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess targeting the Fas pathway as a novel mutation-independent approach to improve photoreceptor survival in IRD. Methods We examined the effects of genetic inactivation of the Fas receptor on retinal degeneration in two distinct IRD mouse models, P23H and rd10. The Fas-lpr mouse, which contains a functionally inactive Fas receptor, was crossed with the P23H and rd10 mice to generate P23H/Fas-lpr and rd10/Fas-lpr mice. Fas activation, photoreceptor survival and retinal function were assessed. Results We detected elevated levels of Fas receptor and microglial activation in the retinas of both P23H and rd10 mice. Inactivation of Fas in these two IRD models (P23H/Fas-lpr and rd10/Fas-lpr mice) resulted in reduced cell death, increased photoreceptor survival, improved retinal function, and reduced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Conclusions The protective effect of a nonfunctional Fas receptor in two different mouse models of retinal degeneration suggests that whereas the individual IRD mutation may be specific, the retina's response to the different stressors appears to be shared and driven by Fas. Reducing Fas activity might represent a potential mutation-independent therapeutic approach to preserve retinal structure and function in patients with IRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yaoyan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Wang S, Du L, Yuan S, Peng GH. Complement C3a receptor inactivation attenuates retinal degeneration induced by oxidative damage. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951491. [PMID: 36110094 PMCID: PMC9469738 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration causes vision loss and threatens the health of elderly individuals worldwide. Evidence indicates that the activation of the complement system is associated with retinal degeneration. However, the mechanism of complement signaling in retinal degeneration needs to be further studied. In this study, we show that the expression of C3 and C3a receptor (C3ar1) is positively associated with the inflammatory response and retinal degeneration. Genetic deletion of C3 and pharmacological inhibition of C3ar1 resulted in the alleviation of neuroinflammation, prevention of photoreceptor cell apoptosis and restoration of visual function. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified a C3ar1-dependent network shown to regulate microglial activation and astrocyte gliosis formation. Mechanistically, we found that STAT3 functioned downstream of the C3-C3ar1 pathway and that the C3ar1-STAT3 pathway functionally mediated the immune response and photoreceptor cell degeneration in response to oxidative stress. These findings reveal an important role of C3ar1 in oxidative-induced retinal degeneration and suggest that intervention of the C3ar1 pathway may alleviate retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Wang
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Du
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shunzong Yuan
- Department of Lymphoma, Head and Neck Cancer, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital (Former 307th Hospital of the PLA), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shunzong Yuan,
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Guang-Hua Peng,
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Neuroprotection for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100192. [PMID: 36570623 PMCID: PMC9767822 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Early to intermediate AMD is characterized by the accumulation of lipid- and protein-rich drusen. Late stages of the disease are characterized by the development of choroidal neovascularization, termed "exudative" or "neovascular AMD," or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell and photoreceptor death, termed "geographic atrophy" (GA) in advanced nonexudative AMD. Although we have effective treatments for exudative AMD in the form of anti-VEGF agents, they have no role for patients with GA. Neuroprotection strategies have emerged as a possible way to slow photoreceptor degeneration and vision loss in patients with GA. These approaches include reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of the visual cycle, reduction of toxic molecules, inhibition of pathologic protein activity, prevention of cellular apoptosis or programmed necrosis (necroptosis), inhibition of inflammation, direct activation of neurotrophic factors, delivery of umbilical tissue-derived cells, and RPE replacement. Despite active investigation in this area and significant promise based on preclinical studies, many clinical studies have not yielded successful results. We discuss selected past and current neuroprotection trials for AMD, highlight the lessons learned from these past studies, and discuss our perspective regarding remaining questions that must be answered before neuroprotection can be successfully applied in the field of AMD research.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALA, alpha lipoic acid
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- AREDS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study
- AREDS2, Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2
- Age-related macular degeneration
- CFH, complement factor H
- CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- GA, geographic atrophy
- HTRA1, high-temperature requirement A1
- IOP, intraocular pressure
- Neuroprotection
- RBP, retinol-binding protein
- RGC, retinal ganglion cell
- RIPK3, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- Retinal degeneration
- VA, visual acuity
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
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Xie D, Hu J, Wu T, Cao K, Luo X. Potential Biomarkers and Drugs for Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity in the Retina: Based on Regulation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095664. [PMID: 35565057 PMCID: PMC9099825 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a superficial organ directly exposed to the surrounding environment. Thus, the toxicity of nanoparticle (NP) pollutants to the eye may be potentially severer relative to inner organs and needs to be monitored. However, the cytotoxic mechanisms of NPs on the eyes remain rarely reported. This study was to screen crucial genes associated with NPs-induced retinal injuries. The gene expression profiles in the retina induced by NPs [GSE49371: Au20, Au100, Si20, Si100; GSE49048: presumptive therapeutic concentration (PTC) TiO2, 10PTC TiO2] and commonly used retinal cell injury models (optic nerve injury procedure: GSE55228, GSE120257 and GSE131486; hypoxia exposure: GSE173233, GSE151610, GSE135844; H2O2 exposure: GSE122270) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 381 differentially expressed genes (including 372 mRNAs and 9 lncRNAs) were shared between NP exposure and the optic nerve injury model when they were compared with their corresponding controls. Function enrichment analysis of these overlapped genes showed that Tlr2, Crhbp, Ccl2, Cxcl10, Fas, Irf8, Socs3, Stat3, Gbp6, Casp1 and Syk were involved in inflammatory- and apoptotic-related processes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed eight of them (Tlr2, Ccl2, Cxcl10, Irf8, Socs3, Stat3, Casp1 and Syk) were hub genes. Moreover, Socs3 could interact with upstream Stat3 and downstream Fas/Casp1/Ccl2/Cxcl10; Irf8 could interact with upstream Tlr2, Syk and downstream Cxcl10. Competing endogenous RNAs network analysis identified Socs3, Irf8, Gdf6 and Crhbp could be regulated by lncRNAs and miRNAs (9330175E14Rik-mmu-miR-762-Socs3, 6430562O15Rik-mmu-miR-207-Irf8, Gm9866-mmu-miR-669b-5p-Gdf6, 4933406C10Rik-mmu-miR-9-5p-Crhbp). CMap-CTD database analyses indicated the expression levels of Tlr2, Ccl2, Cxcl10, Fas, Irf8, Socs3, Stat3, Gbp6, Casp1 and Syk could be reversed by folic acid. Crhbp and Gdf6 were also verified to be downregulated, while Tlr2, Ccl2, Irf8, Socs3 and Stat3 were upregulated in hypoxia/H2O2-induced retinal injury models. Hereby, our findings suggest that Crhbp, Irf8, Socs3 and Gdf6 as well as their upstream mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs may be potential monitoring biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NP-induced retinal injuries. Folic acid supplementation may be a preventive and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianchen Hu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Tong Wu
- Shanghai Jing Rui Yang Industrial Co., Ltd., 3188 Xiupu Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200122, China;
| | - Kangli Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Spacecraft Equipment, 251 Huaning Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.X.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0512-67162531
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Kim SY, Qian H. Comparison between sodium iodate and lipid peroxide murine models of age-related macular degeneration for drug evaluation-a narrative review. ANNALS OF EYE SCIENCE 2022; 7:8. [PMID: 37622161 PMCID: PMC10448775 DOI: 10.21037/aes-21-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective In this review, non-transgenic models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are discussed, with focuses on murine retinal degeneration induced by sodium iodate and lipid peroxide (HpODE) as preclinical study platforms. Background AMD is the most common cause of vision loss in a world with an increasingly aging population. The major phenotypes of early and intermediate AMD are increased drusen and autofluorescence, Müller glia activation, infiltrated subretinal microglia and inward moving retinal pigment epithelium cells. Intermediate AMD may progress to advanced AMD, characterized by geography atrophy and/or choroidal neovascularization. Various transgenic and non-transgenic animal models related to retinal degeneration have been generated to investigate AMD pathogenesis and pathobiology, and have been widely used as potential therapeutic evaluation platforms. Methods Two retinal degeneration murine models induced by sodium iodate and HpODE are described. Distinct pathological features and procedures of these two models are compared. In addition, practical protocol and material preparation and assessment methods are elaborated. Conclusion Retina degeneration induced by sodium iodate and HpODE in mouse eye resembles many clinical aspects of human AMD and complimentary to the existent other animal models. However, standardization of procedure and assessment protocols is needed for preclinical studies. Further studies of HpODE on different routes, doses and species will be valuable for the future extensive use. Despite many merits of murine studies, differences between murine and human should be always considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Koster C, van den Hurk KT, ten Brink JB, Lewallen CF, Stanzel BV, Bharti K, Bergen AA. Sodium-Iodate Injection Can Replicate Retinal Degenerative Disease Stages in Pigmented Mice and Rats: Non-Invasive Follow-Up Using OCT and ERG. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062918. [PMID: 35328338 PMCID: PMC8953416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The lack of suitable animal models for (dry) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has hampered therapeutic research into the disease, so far. In this study, pigmented rats and mice were systematically injected with various doses of sodium iodate (SI). After injection, the retinal structure and visual function were non-invasively characterized over time to obtain in-depth data on the suitability of these models for studying experimental therapies for retinal degenerative diseases, such as dry AMD. Methods: SI was injected into the tail vein (i.v.) using a series of doses (0–70 mg/kg) in adolescent C57BL/6J mice and Brown Norway rats. The retinal structure and function were assessed non-invasively at baseline (day 1) and at several time points (1–3, 5, and 10-weeks) post-injection by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG). Results: After the SI injection, retinal degeneration in mice and rats yielded similar results. The lowest dose (10 mg/kg) resulted in non-detectable structural or functional effects. An injection with 20 mg/kg SI did not result in an evident retinal degeneration as judged from the OCT data. In contrast, the ERG responses were temporarily decreased but returned to baseline within two-weeks. Higher doses (30, 40, 50, and 70 mg/kg) resulted in moderate to severe structural RPE and retinal injury and decreased the ERG amplitudes, indicating visual impairment in both mice and rat strains. Conclusions: After the SI injections, we observed dose-dependent structural and functional pathological effects on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retina in the pigmented mouse and rat strains that were used in this study. Similar effects were observed in both species. In particular, a dose of 30 mg/kg seems to be suitable for future studies on developing experimental therapies. These relatively easily induced non-inherited models may serve as useful tools for evaluating novel therapies for RPE-related retinal degenerations, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Koster
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Location AMC, Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.K.); (K.T.v.d.H.); (J.B.t.B.)
| | - Koen T. van den Hurk
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Location AMC, Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.K.); (K.T.v.d.H.); (J.B.t.B.)
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Location AMC, Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.K.); (K.T.v.d.H.); (J.B.t.B.)
| | - Colby F. Lewallen
- Georgia Institute of Technology, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Boris V. Stanzel
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, 66280 Sulzbach/Saar, Germany;
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Ocular and Stem Cell Research Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Location AMC, Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.K.); (K.T.v.d.H.); (J.B.t.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, AUMC, UvA, Location AMC, Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Raming K, Gliem M, Charbel Issa P, Birtel J, Herrmann P, Holz FG, Pfau M, Hess K. Visual Dysfunction and Structural Correlates in Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 234:274-284. [PMID: 34352251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate morphological determinants of rod and cone dysfunction in Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), and to systematically compare visual function tests for interventional trials. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Patients with SFD (n = 16) and controls (n = 20) underwent visual function testing (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] and low luminance visual acuity [LLVA], contrast sensitivity, mesopic and dark-adapted (DA) fundus-controlled perimetry [FCP], rod-mediated dark adaptation [RMDA]), and multimodal imaging. Vision-related quality of life was evaluated. FCP and RMDA thresholds were analyzed using mixed models and structure-function correlation using machine learning (ML). Longitudinal data of 1 patient with high-dose vitamin A supplementation were available. RESULTS Although photopic BCVA was normative in SFD, LLVA was impaired (0.30 LogMAR [0.20; 0.45] vs 0.20 LogMAR [0.03; 0.28], P < .05). Scotopic visual function exhibited a delayed rod-intercept time (21 minutes [12.15; 21] vs 4.05 minutes [3.22; 5.36], P < .001), and marked DA cyan mean sensitivity loss (-11.80 dB [-3.47; -19.85]), paralleled by a reduced vision-related quality of life. ML-based structure-function correlation allowed prediction of mesopic, DA cyan, and red sensitivity with high accuracy (cross-validated mean absolute error: 4.36, 7.77, and 5.31 dB, respectively), whereas RMDA could be slowed even in the absence of fundus alterations on multimodal imaging. After high-dose vitamin A supplementation, RMDA and DA thresholds improved markedly. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SFD exhibit severely impaired scotopic visual function even in the absence of funduscopic alterations on multimodal imaging. In contrast to BCVA, scotopic visual function tests are suitable to quantify dysfunction in the early stages. Improvement of scotopic dysfunction after (off-label) high-dose vitamin A intake, as observed in one patient in our study, is compatible with the hypothesized local deficiency of vitamin A secondary to Bruch's membrane alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Raming
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (K.R., J.B., P.H., F.G.H., M.P., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases (K.R., P.H., F.G.H., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Gliem
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH (M.G.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Oxford Eye Hospital (P.C.I., J.B.,), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (P.C.I., J.B.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Birtel
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (K.R., J.B., P.H., F.G.H., M.P., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Oxford Eye Hospital (P.C.I., J.B.,), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (P.C.I., J.B.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Herrmann
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (K.R., J.B., P.H., F.G.H., M.P., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases (K.R., P.H., F.G.H., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (K.R., J.B., P.H., F.G.H., M.P., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases (K.R., P.H., F.G.H., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pfau
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (K.R., J.B., P.H., F.G.H., M.P., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch (M.P.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristina Hess
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (K.R., J.B., P.H., F.G.H., M.P., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases (K.R., P.H., F.G.H., K.H.), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications (K.H.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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10
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Zacks DN, Kocab AJ, Choi JJ, Gregory-Ksander MS, Cano M, Handa JT. Cell Death in AMD: The Rationale for Targeting Fas. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030592. [PMID: 35160044 PMCID: PMC8836408 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. While great advances have been made in the treatment of the neovascular (“wet”) form of the disease, there is still a significant need for therapies that prevent the vision loss associated with the advanced forms of dry, atrophic AMD. In this atrophic form, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss. In this review, we summarize the cell death pathways and their relation to RPE and retinal cell death in AMD. We review the data that support targeting programmed cell death through inhibition of the Fas receptor as a novel approach to preserve these structures and that this effect results from inhibiting both canonical death pathway activation and reducing the associated inflammatory response. These data lay the groundwork for current clinical strategies targeting the Fas pathway in this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-936-0871
| | | | - Joanne J. Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Meredith S. Gregory-Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.C.); (J.T.H.)
| | - James T. Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.C.); (J.T.H.)
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11
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Soluble CD95L in cancers and chronic inflammatory disorders, a new therapeutic target? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188596. [PMID: 34324950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although CD95L (also known as FasL) is still predominantly considered as a death ligand that induces apoptosis in infected and transformed cells, substantial evidence indicate that it can also trigger non-apoptotic signaling pathways whose pathophysiological roles remain to be fully elucidated. The transmembrane ligand CD95L belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. After cleavage by metalloprotease, its soluble form (s-CD95L) fails to trigger the apoptotic program but instead induces signaling pathways promoting the aggressiveness of certain inflammatory disorders such as autoimmune diseases and cancers. We propose to evaluate the various pathologies in which the metalloprotease-cleaved CD95L is accumulated and analyze whether this soluble ligand may play a significant role in the pathology progression. Based on the TNFα-targeting therapeutics, we envision that targeting the soluble form of CD95L may represent a very attractive therapeutic option in the pathologies depicted herein.
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12
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Maugeri G, Bucolo C, Drago F, Rossi S, Di Rosa M, Imbesi R, D'Agata V, Giunta S. Attenuation of High Glucose-Induced Damage in RPE Cells through p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway Inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:684680. [PMID: 34025440 PMCID: PMC8138305 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.684680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the high glucose damage on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the role of p38 MAPK signaling pathway and how dimethyl fumarate can regulate that. We carried out in vitro studies on ARPE-19 cells exposed to physiological and high glucose (HG) conditions, to evaluate the effects of DMF on cell viability, apoptosis, and expression of inflammatory and angiogenic biomarkers such as COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, and VEGF. Our data have demonstrated that DMF treatment attenuated HG-induced apoptosis, as confirmed by reduction of BAX/Bcl-2 ratio. Furthermore, in RPE cells exposed to HG we observed a significant increase of iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1β expression, that was reverted by DMF treatment. Moreover, DMF reduced the VEGF levels elicited by HG, inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The present study demonstrated that DMF provides a remarkable protection against high glucose-induced damage in RPE cells through p38 MAPK inhibition and the subsequent down-regulation of VEGF levels, suggesting that DMF is a small molecule that represents a good candidate for diabetic retinopathy treatment and warrants further in vivo and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology (CERFO), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology (CERFO), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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13
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Van Hove I, Van Bergen T, Etienne I, Holgado A, Afonina IS, Beyaert R, Feyen JH, Hu TT. IL-33trap-mediated IL-33 neutralization does not exacerbate choroidal neovascularization, but fails to protect against retinal degeneration in a dry age-related macular degeneration model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108608. [PMID: 33930400 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The progressive and sight-threatening disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a growing public health concern due to ageing demographics, with the highest unmet medical need for the advanced stage of dry AMD, geographic atrophy. The pathogenesis underlying AMD is driven by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. There is ample evidence that inflammation is strongly involved in AMD development. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has been proposed to be critically involved in retinal degeneration, but a protective role in eye pathophysiology was also demonstrated. The current study investigated the therapeutic potential of IL-33trap, a novel IL-33-neutralizing biologic, in dry AMD/geographic atrophy and, based on controversial data regarding the protective versus detrimental functions of IL-33 in neovascularization, evaluated the risk of progression to wet AMD by IL-33 neutralization. Repeated intravitreal (IVT) injections of IL-33trap in the mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization model did not exacerbate neovascularization or leakage, while it significantly inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. On the contrary, IVT treatment with IL-33trap significantly induced retinal inflammation and could not prevent retinopathy induction in the mouse sodium iodate (NaIO3) model. Overall, these data suggest a complex and dichotomous role of IL-33 in eye pathology and indicate that IL-33 neutralization is not able to prevent onset and progression of dry AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Hove
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Aurora Holgado
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inna S Afonina
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Hm Feyen
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Yu HJ, Wykoff CC. Investigational Agents in Development for the Treatment of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. BioDrugs 2021; 35:303-323. [PMID: 33893984 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration, a late-onset, complex, genetic degenerative disease of the retina. Multiple environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in the development of GA, a pathology ultimately defined by loss of photoreceptors and the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. The personal burden of GA has been documented to have a substantial negative impact on quality of life, with progressive and cumulative loss of visual function each year. Currently, there are no treatments to prevent or slow the development or progression of GA. Multiple genetic and histopathologic studies have implicated dysregulation of the complement cascade in GA pathogenesis, leading to the development of several investigational pharmaceuticals targeting key factors in this inflammatory pathway. Several other biochemical pathways have also been implicated in GA development and progression, such as mitochondrial components, mediators of apoptosis and molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, many of which are also being investigated for their potential value as therapeutic targets for GA treatment. Recent advancements in our understanding of GA pathogenesis and the progression of multiple potential therapeutics into later-stage human clinical trials hold great promise for a clinically effective therapeutic for patients with GA to emerge within the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Yu
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Retina Consultants of America, 4460 Bissonnet St., Suite 200, Bellaire, Texas, 77401, United States
| | - Charles C Wykoff
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Retina Consultants of America, 4460 Bissonnet St., Suite 200, Bellaire, Texas, 77401, United States.
- Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Autophagy activation and photoreceptor survival in retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108492. [PMID: 33609513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We assess the effect of autophagy inhibition on photoreceptor (PR) survival during experimental retinal detachment (RD) and examine the and examine the relationship between autophagy and the expression of glycolytic enzymes HK2 and PKM2 in the retina. We find that inhibiting autophagy by genetic knock out of the autophagy activator Atg5 in rod PRs resulted in increased apoptotic and necroptotic cell death during RD, demonstrated by elevated terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, caspase 8 activity, transcript levels of Fas receptor and RIPK3 as compared to controls. The absence of autophagy in rods resulted in downregulation of hexokinase 2 and pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 levels. More than 460 proteins were identified by mass spectroscopy in autophagosomes isolated from detached retinas compared with less than 150 proteins identified in autophagosomes from attached retinas. Among various cellular compartments, proteins from cytoskeleton, cytoplasm and intracellular organelles constituted a large portion of increased autophagosome contents. These proteins represent numerous biological processes, including phototransduction, cell-cell signaling, metabolism and inflammation. Our findings suggest that competent autophagy machinery is necessary for PR homeostasis and improving PR survival during periods of nutrient deprivation.
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16
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Kim MH, Kwon SY, Woo SY, Seo WD, Kim DY. Antioxidative Effects of Chrysoeriol via Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Modulation of Mitochondrial Function. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020313. [PMID: 33435366 PMCID: PMC7826659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell dysfunction caused by excessive oxidative damage is partly involved in age-related macular degeneration, which is among the leading causes of visual impairment in elderly people. Here, we investigated the protective role of chrysoeriol against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. The cellular viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial function of retinal ARPE-19 cells were monitored under oxidative stress or pre-treatment with chrysoeriol. The expression levels of mitochondrial-related genes and associated transcription factors were assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Moreover, the protein expression of antioxidant signal molecules was characterized by Western blot analysis. Chrysoeriol significantly increased cell viability, reduced ROS generation, and increased the occurrence of antioxidant molecules in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction caused by H2O2-induced oxidative stress was also considerably diminished by chrysoeriol treatment, which reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and upregulated mitochondrial-associated genes and proteins. Chrysoeriol also markedly enhanced key transcription factors (Nrf2) and antioxidant-associated genes (particularly HO-1 and NQO-1). Therefore, our study confirms the protective effect of chrysoeriol against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells, thus confirming that it may prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating antioxidant-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Kim
- Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - So Yeon Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - So-Yeun Woo
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Crop Science, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (S.-Y.W.); (W.D.S.)
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Crop Science, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (S.-Y.W.); (W.D.S.)
| | - Dae Yu Kim
- Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Sensor Systems, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-860-7394
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17
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Jiang GJ, Fan TJ. Novel techniques to prevent apoptosis and improve regeneration in corneal endothelial cells. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1794821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jian Jiang
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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18
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Evaluations of the Chuanqi Ophthalmic Microemulsion In Situ Gel on Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3805967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third largest eye disease. However, the eye has a variety of drug delivery barriers, which prevent the drug from reaching the lesions in the posterior segment of the eye, coupled with the pathogenesis of dry-AMD; these lead to the lack of effective treatment drugs for dry-AMD. Therefore, the developments of a suitable therapeutic drug and a novel ophthalmic preparation are of great significance for the treatment of dry-AMD. The purposes of this study were to construct a novel traditional Chinese medicine (Chuanqi Fang) anti-AMD microemulsion in situ gel for treating dry-AMD and investigate its characteristic, efficiency, irritation, and tissue distribution. In this study, the characteristic of the Chuanqi microemulsion in situ gel was measured by dynamic light scattering. The electroretinogram (ERG) indicators and the number of retinal pigment epithelial cells were measured to evaluate the therapeutic effect of the novel ophthalmic nanopreparations. Irritation was evaluated according to Technical Guideline Principles (ZGPT4-1). The analysis of tissue distribution was carried out with LC-MS. The research showed that the particle size of microemulsion was 38.56 ± 0.21 nm. The Chuanqi microemulsion in situ gel had certain roles in repairing retina damage of the dry-AMD animal model and showed no irritation. The tissue distribution study found that the microemulsion in situ gel could effectively deliver the drug to the posterior eye of the AMD model rat through the route of cornea-vitreous body-retina. In conclusion, this study provided a meaningful research strategy and research basis for the development of new dry-AMD therapeutic drugs.
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Krishnan A, Kocab AJ, Zacks DN, Marshak-Rothstein A, Gregory-Ksander M. A small peptide antagonist of the Fas receptor inhibits neuroinflammation and prevents axon degeneration and retinal ganglion cell death in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:184. [PMID: 31570110 PMCID: PMC6767653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a complex, multifactorial disease where apoptosis, microglia activation, and inflammation have been linked to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axon degeneration. We demonstrated previously that FasL-Fas signaling was required for axon degeneration and death of RGCs in chronic and inducible mouse models of glaucoma and that Fas activation triggered RGC apoptosis, glial activation, and inflammation. Here, we investigated whether targeting the Fas receptor with a small peptide antagonist, ONL1204, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a microbead-induced mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Intracameral injection of microbeads was used to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP) in Fas-deficient (Faslpr) mice and WT C57BL/6J mice that received an intravitreal injection of the Fas inhibitor, ONL1204 (2 μg/1 μl) (or vehicle only), on day 0 or day 7 after microbead injection. The IOP was monitored by rebound tonometry, and at 28 days post-microbead injection, Brn3a-stained RGCs and paraphenylenediamine (PPD)-stained axons were analyzed. The effects of ONL1204 on retinal microglia activation and the expression of inflammatory genes were analyzed by immunostaining of retinal flatmounts and quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Rebound tonometry showed equivalent elevation of IOP in all groups of microbead-injected mice. At 28 days post-microbead injection, the RGC and axon counts from microbead-injected Faslpr mice were equivalent to saline-injected (no IOP elevation) controls. Treatment with ONL1204 also significantly reduced RGC death and loss of axons in microbead-injected WT mice when compared to vehicle-treated controls, even when administered after IOP elevation. Confocal analysis of Iba1-stained retinal flatmounts and qPCR demonstrated that ONL1204 also abrogated microglia activation and inhibited the induction of multiple genes implicated in glaucoma, including cytokines and chemokines (GFAP, Caspase-8, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, MCPI, and IP10), components of the complement cascade (C3, C1Q), Toll-like receptor pathway (TLR4), and inflammasome pathway (NLRP3). CONCLUSIONS These results serve as proof-of-principal that the small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, ONL1204, can provide robust neuroprotection in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma, even when administered after IOP elevation. Moreover, Fas signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of glaucoma through activation of both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Young BM, Jones K, Massengill MT, Walsh E, Li H, Lewin AS, Ildefonso CJ. Expression of a CARD Slows the Retinal Degeneration of a Geographic Atrophy Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:113-125. [PMID: 31334304 PMCID: PMC6624323 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been linked to oxidative damage and para-inflammation, an activation of inflammasome signaling in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the underlying choriocapillaris. Herein, we tested the efficacy of a gene-delivered caspase-1 inhibitor in controlling the retinal degeneration observed in two models of RPE-choroid oxidative damage. In an acute model of oxidative stress (NaIO3 injection), eyes pre-treated with the sGFP-TatCARD (trans-activator of transcription; caspase activation and recruitment domain) vector demonstrated a recovery of retinal function and partial protection of RPE structure 1 month after damage, in contrast with control-treated eyes. In a model of chronic oxidative stress (RPE-specific deletion of Sod2), eyes treated with the sGFP-TatCARD vector after the onset of degeneration had a significantly slower decline in retinal function when compared to control-treated eyes. Earlier treatment of this model with the same adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector resulted in a greater protection of RPE function in eyes treated with the TatCARD when compared to control-treated eyes. Our results demonstrate that intravitreal delivery of sGFP-TatCARD reduces inflammation and can protect the retina from both acute and sustained oxidative damage within the RPE and choroid. Therefore, gene therapy with a cell-penetrating inflammasome inhibitor such as CARD may stem the progression of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Kyle Jones
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael T Massengill
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin Walsh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cristhian J Ildefonso
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0284, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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22
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Moriguchi M, Nakamura S, Inoue Y, Nishinaka A, Nakamura M, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Irreversible Photoreceptors and RPE Cells Damage by Intravenous Sodium Iodate in Mice Is Related to Macrophage Accumulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3476-3487. [PMID: 30025075 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the mechanism causing degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors in mice after an intravenous injection of sodium iodate (NaIO3). Methods The time-dependent changes in NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration were determined by analyzing the retinal morphology by optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images, histological sections of the retina, physiology of the retina by electroretinography (ERG), and retinal blood flow by laser speckle flowgraphy. In addition, the expression of the genes associated with age-related macular degeneration in humans was assessed in the NaIO3-treated mice by RT-PCR. We also investigated whether macrophages were involved in the NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration. Results The intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg NaIO3 altered the morphology of the RPE cells and the ERGs transiently. With 40 mg/kg of NaIO3, the degeneration of the RPE cells was still present at 28 days. Aggregated melanin granules were surrounded by zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1)-positive cells. In addition, 40 mg/kg of NaIO3 led to a reduction in the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of the dark-adapted ERGs. Histological studies showed that macrophages had infiltrated the retina and were present around the altered RPE cells. Depletion of the macrophages by a prior injection of clodronate liposomes prevented the damage of the outer retina after the NaIO3 injection but not the RPE. Conclusions The NaIO3-induced retinal damage was reversible at low concentrations but permanent at high concentrations of NaIO3. The accumulation of macrophages around the RPE cells caused the photoreceptor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Moriguchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Maho Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Zhang L, Zhou R, Zhang W, Yao X, Li W, Xu L, Sun X, Zhao L. Cysteine-rich intestinal protein 1 suppresses apoptosis and chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer through ubiquitin-mediated Fas degradation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:120. [PMID: 30850009 PMCID: PMC6408822 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cysteine-rich intestinal protein 1 (CRIP1) is highly expressed in human intestine and aberrantly expressed in several types of tumor. However, studies on CRIP1 are limited and its role on tumor development and progression remains controversial and elusive. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of CRIP1 in paired normal and colorectal tumor specimens, as well as colorectal cell lines. Functional assays, such as CCK8, TUNEL assay and in vivo tumor growth assay, were used to detect the proliferation, apoptosis and response to 5-FU of CRIP1. Western blot was used to analyze Fas-mediated pathway induced by CRIP1. Rescue experiments were performed to evaluate the essential role of CRIP1 for Fas-mediated apoptosis. Results We demonstrated that CRIP1 is overexpressed in CRC tissues compared with adjacent normal mucosa. CRIP1 could dramatically recover the 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibited CRC cell proliferation in vitro and stimulate the tumor formation of CRC in vivo, probably through inhibiting CRC cell apoptosis. Moreover, CRIP1 also dramatically recovered the 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) induced tumor cell apoptosis in vitro. Further study demonstrated that CRIP1 down-regulated the expression of Fas protein and proteins related to Fas-mediated apoptosis. CRIP1 could interact with Fas protein and stimulate its ubiquitination and degradation. In addition, a negative correlation was detected between the expression of CRIP1 and Fas protein in most of the clinical human CRC samples. Conclusion The current research reveals a vital role of CRIP1 in CRC progression, which provide a novel target for clinical drug resistance of colorectal cancer and undoubtedly contributing to the therapeutic strategies in CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1117-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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Bucolo C, Drago F, Maisto R, Romano GL, D'Agata V, Maugeri G, Giunta S. Curcumin prevents high glucose damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells through ERK1/2-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17295-17304. [PMID: 30770549 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of curcumin on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells exposed to high glucose (HG) insult, we performed in vitro studies on RPE cells cultured both in normal and HG conditions to assess the effects of curcumin on the cell viability, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, HO-1 activity, and ERK1/2 expression. RPE cells exposed to HG insult were treated with curcumin. The cell viability, apoptosis, HO-1 activity, ERK, and Nrf2 expression were evaluated. The data indicated that treatment with curcumin caused a significant decrease in terms of apoptosis. Further, curcumin was able to induce HO-1 expression via Nrf2 activation and counteracts the damage elicited by HG. The present study demonstrated that curcumin provides protection against HG-induced damage in RPE cells through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling that involves the ERK pathway, suggesting that curcumin may have therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO-, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO-, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Maisto
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontologìa Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain
| | - Giovanni Luca Romano
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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25
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Bhutto IA, Ogura S, Baldeosingh R, McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Edwards MM. An Acute Injury Model for the Phenotypic Characteristics of Geographic Atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:AMD143-AMD151. [PMID: 30208410 PMCID: PMC6133234 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Geographic atrophy (GA) is the late stage of non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration. A lack of animal models for GA has hampered treatment efforts. Presented herein is a rat model for GA using subretinal injection of sodium iodate (NaIO3). Methods Rats were given subretinal injections of NaIO3 (5 μg/μL) using a pico-injector. Fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherent tomography scans were collected at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after injection, at which time rats were euthanized and eyes were enucleated. Eyes were either cryopreserved or dissected into retinal and choroidal flatmounts. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry was performed for retinal glial fibrillary acidic protein (activated Müller cells and astrocytes) and vimentin (Müller cells), as well as peanut agglutin lectin (photoreceptors) labeling. RPE/choroids were labeled for RPE65 and CD34. Images were collected on Zeiss confocal microscopes. Results Fundus photos, spectral domain optical coherent tomography, and RPE65 staining revealed well-demarcated areas with focal loss of RPE and photoreceptors in NaIO3-treated rats. At 1 day after injection, RPE cells appeared normal. By 3 days, there was patchy RPE and photoreceptor loss in the injected area. RPE and photoreceptors were completely degenerated in the injected area by 7 days. A large subretinal glial membrane occupied the degenerated area. Choriocapillaris was highly attenuated in the injected area at 14 and 28 days. Conclusions The rat model reported herein mimics the photoreceptor cell loss, RPE atrophy, glial membrane formation, and choriocapillaris degeneration seen in GA. This model will be valuable for developing and testing drugs and progenitor cell regenerative therapies for GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shuntaro Ogura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rajkumar Baldeosingh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Malia M Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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26
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Mande P, Zirak B, Ko WC, Taravati K, Bride KL, Brodeur TY, Deng A, Dresser K, Jiang Z, Ettinger R, Fitzgerald KA, Rosenblum MD, Harris JE, Marshak-Rothstein A. Fas ligand promotes an inducible TLR-dependent model of cutaneous lupus-like inflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2966-2978. [PMID: 29889098 PMCID: PMC6025993 DOI: 10.1172/jci98219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR9 are both implicated in the activation of autoreactive B cells and other cell types associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. However, Tlr9-/- autoimmune-prone strains paradoxically develop more severe disease. We have now leveraged the negative regulatory role of TLR9 to develop an inducible rapid-onset murine model of systemic autoimmunity that depends on T cell detection of a membrane-bound OVA fusion protein expressed by MHC class II+ cells, expression of TLR7, expression of the type I IFN receptor, and loss of expression of TLR9. These mice are distinguished by a high frequency of OVA-specific Tbet+, IFN-γ+, and FasL-expressing Th1 cells as well as autoantibody-producing B cells. Unexpectedly, contrary to what occurs in most models of SLE, they also developed skin lesions that are very similar to those of human cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) as far as clinical appearance, histological changes, and gene expression. FasL was a key effector mechanism in the skin, as the transfer of FasL-deficient DO11gld T cells completely failed to elicit overt skin lesions. FasL was also upregulated in human CLE biopsies. Overall, our model provides a relevant system for exploring the pathophysiology of CLE as well as the negative regulatory role of TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi Mande
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei-Che Ko
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keyon Taravati
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen L Bride
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tia Y Brodeur
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - April Deng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Dresser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Respiratory, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation Department, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Sánchez-Bretaño A, Baba K, Janjua U, Piano I, Gargini C, Tosini G. Melatonin partially protects 661W cells from H 2O 2-induced death by inhibiting Fas/FasL-caspase-3. Mol Vis 2017; 23:844-852. [PMID: 29259391 PMCID: PMC5723148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that melatonin (MEL) signaling is involved in the modulation of photoreceptor viability during aging. Recent work by our laboratory suggested that MEL may protect cones by modulating the Fas/FasL-caspase-3 pathway. In this study, we first investigated the presence of MEL receptors (MT1 and MT2) in 661W cells, then whether MEL can prevent H2O2-induced cell death, and last, through which pathway MEL confers protection. METHODS The mRNA and proteins of the MEL receptors were detected with quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and immunocytochemistry, respectively. To test the protective effect of MEL, 661W cells were treated with H2O2 for 2 h in the presence or absence of MEL, a MEL agonist, and an antagonist. To study the pathways involved in H2O2-mediated cell death, a Fas/FasL antagonist was used before the exposure to H2O2. Finally, Fas/FasL and caspase-3 mRNA was analyzed with q-PCR and immunocytochemistry in cells treated with H2O2 and/or MEL. Cell viability was analyzed by using Trypan Blue. RESULTS Both MEL receptors (MT1 and MT2) were detected at the mRNA and protein levels in 661W cells. MEL partially prevented H2O2-mediated cell death (20-25%). This effect was replicated with IIK7 (a melatonin receptor agonist) when used at a concentration of 1 µM. Preincubation with luzindole (a melatonin receptor antagonist) blocked MEL protection. Kp7-6, an antagonist of Fas/FasL, blocked cell death caused by H2O2 similarly to what was observed for MEL. Fas, FasL, and caspase-3 expression was increased in cells treated with H2O2, and this effect was prevented by MEL. Finally, MEL treatment partially prevented the activation of caspase-3 caused by H2O2. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that MEL receptors are present and functional in 661W cells. MEL can prevent photoreceptor cell death induced by H2O2 via the inhibition of the proapoptotic pathway Fas/FasL-caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aída Sánchez-Bretaño
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kenkichi Baba
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Uzair Janjua
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ilaria Piano
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Tosini
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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