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Serpa E, Alecka M, Ceple I, Krumina G, Svede A, Kassaliete E, Goliskina V, Volberga L, Berzina A, Mikelsone R, Ozola E, Toloka D, Ruza T, Klavinska A, Vasiljeva S, Koleda M. The impact of eye dominance on fixation stability in school-aged children. J Eye Mov Res 2023; 16:10.16910/jemr.16.3.6. [PMID: 38370528 PMCID: PMC10874631 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of dominant and non-dominant eye fixations, as well as the influence of development on fixation stability. The study analyzed fixation stability in 280 school-age children, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old. Fixation stability was determined by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). During the fixation task, eye movements were recorded using the Tobii Pro Fusion eye tracking device at a 250 Hz sampling frequency. The results indicate that the fixation stability of dominant and non-dominant eyes, as well as the fixation stability of each eye regardless of dominance, improves as children grow older. It was found that for 7 and 8- year-old children, fixation in the dominant eye is significantly more stable than in the non-dominant eye, while in older children, there is no significant difference in fixation stability between the dominant and non-dominant eye.
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Paire A, Hillairet de Boisferon A, Paeye C. Empirical validation of QUEST+ in PSE and JND estimations in visual discrimination tasks. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:3984-4001. [PMID: 36538168 PMCID: PMC10700427 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-02001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most precise methods to establish psychometric functions and estimate threshold and slope parameters is the constant stimuli procedure. The large distribution of predetermined stimulus values presented to observers enables the psychometric functions to be fully developed, but makes this procedure time-consuming. Adaptive procedures enable reliable threshold estimation while reducing the number of trials by concentrating stimulus presentations around observers' supposed threshold. Here, the stimulus value for the next trial depends on observer's responses to the previous trials. One recent improvement of these procedures is to also estimate the slope (related to discrimination sensitivity). The Bayesian QUEST+ procedure (Watson Journal of Vision, 17(3), 10, 2017), a generalization and extension of the QUEST procedure, includes this refinement. Surprisingly, this procedure is barely used. Our goal was to empirically assess its precision to evaluate size, orientation, or temporal perception, in three yes/no discrimination tasks that increase in demands. In 72 adult participants in total, we compared points of subjective equivalence (PSEs) or simultaneity (PSSs) as well as discrimination sensitivity obtained with the QUEST+, constant stimuli, and simple up-down staircase procedures. While PSEs did not differ between procedures, sensitivity estimates obtained with the 64-trials QUEST+ procedure were overestimated (i.e., just-noticeable differences, or JNDs, were underestimated). Overall, agreement between procedures was good, and was at its best for the easiest tasks. This study empirically confirmed that the QUEST+ procedure can be considered as a method of choice to accelerate PSE estimation, while keeping in mind that sensitivity estimation should be handled with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Paire
- Université Paris Cité, Vision Action Cognition, F-92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Céline Paeye
- Université Paris Cité, Vision Action Cognition, F-92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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Baldev V, Tibrewal S, Ganesh S, Majumdar A, Chandna A. Measures and variability with age of low contrast acuity and near stereoacuity in children. Clin Exp Optom 2023; 106:759-768. [PMID: 36031926 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Low contrast acuity (LCA) and near stereoacuity (NS) testing are integral to the comprehensive assessment of sensory visual function in children. However, routine ophthalmological evaluations seldom take these measures into consideration. Additionally, there is limited literature regarding the normative values of these parameters in children. BACKGROUND This study investigated LCA and NS measures and their variability in children with normal visual acuity. The aim was to provide a benchmark for distinguishing normal measures from abnormal ones. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted in primary and secondary schools across North India. The participants numbered 240 children, aged between 3 and 15 years. They were split into 12 smaller groups of 20 participants in each age group. Only participants with normal monocular uncorrected visual acuity, no refractive error, normal birth history, and no systemic ailments, were recruited. All the participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and non-cycloplegic retinoscopy. LCA was measured, using the low contrast Lea number chart at three metres. NS was measured using the Randot® stereo test at 40 cm. RESULTS The percentages of males and females, were found to be 55%, and 45%, respectively (p = 0.093). The mean NS was found to be 38.7 ± 11.5 arcsecs in the 3-9-year age group, and 26.7 ± 5.6 arcsecs in the 9-15-year age group (p-value <0.001). The mean NS showed an increasing trend up to 9 years of age. The mean LCA was 64.4 ± 20.1 in the age group of 3-8 years, and 76.38 ± 11.39 in the age group of 8-15 years (p-value <0.001). Considerable variability was noted in the LCA in the younger age group (p-value = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS LCA and NS mature gradually during childhood. LCA stabilises after the age of 8, while NS stabilises after the age of 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Baldev
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr Om Parkash Eye Institute, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shailja Tibrewal
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-ophthalmology, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suma Ganesh
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-ophthalmology, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Atanu Majumdar
- Department of Biostatistics, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Chandna
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, SEELAB, San Francisco, USA
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Ye Y, Xian Y, Liu F, Lu ZL, Zhou X, Zhao J. Characteristics and Related Parameters of Quick Contrast Sensitivity Function in Chinese Ametropia Children. Eye Contact Lens 2023; 49:224-233. [PMID: 37126017 PMCID: PMC10194057 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the characteristics of quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) and its related parameters in Chinese ametropia children. METHODS This case series study enrolled 106 eyes of 53 children (male/female=29/24, age: 9.04±2.06 years). Examinations included manifest refraction, axial length, corneal curvature, and monocular and binocular qCSF readings without refractive correction (area under log CSF [AULCSF], CSF acuity, and contrast sensitivity [CS] at 1.0 to 18.0 cpd). The subjects were divided into groups according to age and refractive parameters for analysis. RESULTS The mean spherical equivalent (SE), AULCSF, and CSF acuity of the test eyes were -0.94±1.53 D, 0.44±0.33, and 8.50±5.97 cpd, respectively. In the monocular qCSF comparison, the refraction sphere (RS) was the major factor correlated with qCSF readings (B=0.186, P =0.009 for AULCSF; B=0.543, P =0.019 for CSF acuity; generalized linear model). The three groups stratified by RS/SE (<-1.00D, -1.00D to 0D, and >0D) showed significant differences in CS at medium spatial frequencies (3.0 and 6.0 cpd; all P <0.05). In the low RS/SE group (within -1 to 0 D), the CS at 12.0 cpd was significantly lower than that in the hyperopia group (all P <0.05). Binocular qCSF readings were significantly correlated with those of the eyes with lower RS (all P <0.05). CONCLUSION RS and SE are the major contributing factors of qCSF without refractive correction in children. The CS at medium spatial frequencies decrease significantly as the RS/SE increase. In low myopia children, the CS at medium and high spatial frequencies are significantly decreased, providing practical value in visual function screening in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.)Division of Arts and Sciences (Z.-L.L.), NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyong Xian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.)Division of Arts and Sciences (Z.-L.L.), NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.)Division of Arts and Sciences (Z.-L.L.), NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.)Division of Arts and Sciences (Z.-L.L.), NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.)Division of Arts and Sciences (Z.-L.L.), NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.), Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000) (Y.Y., Y.X., F.L., X.Z., J.Z.)Division of Arts and Sciences (Z.-L.L.), NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Pérez Roche MT, Yam JC, Liu H, Gutierrez D, Pham C, Balasanyan V, García G, Cedillo Ley M, de Fernando S, Ortín M, Pueyo V. Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Preterm and Full-Term Children Using a Novel Digital Test. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010087. [PMID: 36670638 PMCID: PMC9856886 DOI: 10.3390/children10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Visual assessment in preverbal children mostly relies on the preferential looking paradigm. It requires an experienced observer to interpret the child's responses to a stimulus. DIVE (Device for an Integral Visual Examination) is a digital tool with an integrated eye tracker (ET) that lifts this requirement and automatizes this process. The aim of our study was to assess the development of two visual functions, visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS), with DIVE, in a large sample of children from 6 months to 14 years (y) of age, and to compare the results of preterm and full-term children. Participants were recruited in clinical settings from five countries. There were 2208 children tested, 609 of them were born preterm. Both VA and CS improved throughout childhood, with the maximum increase during the first 5 years of age. Gestational age, refractive error and age had an impact on VA results, while CS values were only influenced by age. With this study we report normative reference outcomes for VA and CS throughout childhood and validate the DIVE tests as a useful tool to measure basic visual functions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Pérez Roche
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Hu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Diego Gutierrez
- I3A Institute for Research in Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chau Pham
- National Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | - Gerardo García
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Cedillo Ley
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Sandra de Fernando
- Ophthalmology Department, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Pueyo
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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