1
|
Woertz EN, Ayala GD, Wynne N, Tarima S, Zacharias S, Brilliant MH, Dunn TM, Costakos D, Summers CG, Strul S, Drack AV, Carroll J. Quantitative Foveal Structural Metrics as Predictors of Visual Acuity in Human Albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:3. [PMID: 38441889 PMCID: PMC10916884 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the degree to which quantitative foveal structural measurements account for variation in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in human albinism. Methods BCVA was measured and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images were acquired for 74 individuals with albinism. Categorical foveal hypoplasia grades were assessed using the Leicester Grading System for Foveal Hypoplasia. Foveal anatomical specialization (foveal versus parafoveal value) was quantified for inner retinal layer (IRL) thickness, outer segment (OS) length, and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. These metrics, participant sex, and age were used to build a multiple linear regression of BCVA. This combined linear model's predictive properties were compared to those of categorical foveal hypoplasia grading. Results The cohort included three participants with type 1a foveal hypoplasia, 23 participants with type 1b, 33 with type 2, ten with type 3, and five with type 4. BCVA ranged from 0.08 to 1.00 logMAR (mean ± SD: 0.53 ± 0.21). IRL ratio, OS ratio, and ONL ratio were measured in all participants and decreased with increasing severity of foveal hypoplasia. The best-fit combined linear model included all three quantitative metrics and participant age expressed as a binary variable (divided into 0-18 years and 19 years or older; adjusted R2 = 0.500). This model predicted BCVA more accurately than a categorical foveal hypoplasia model (adjusted R2 = 0.352). Conclusions A quantitative model of foveal specialization accounts for more variance in BCVA in albinism than categorical foveal hypoplasia grading. Other factors, such as optical aberrations and eye movements, may account for the remaining unexplained variance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. Woertz
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Gelique D. Ayala
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sergey Tarima
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Serena Zacharias
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Murray H. Brilliant
- Center for Precision Medicine Research, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Taylor M. Dunn
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - C. Gail Summers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Sasha Strul
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Arlene V. Drack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kohli S, Saxena R, Puri RD, Bijarnia Mahay S, Pal S, Dubey S, Arora V, Verma I. The molecular landscape of oculocutaneous albinism in India and its therapeutic implications. Eur J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s41431-023-01496-5. [PMID: 38030918 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism is an inherited disorder of melanin biosynthesis, characterized by absent or reduced pigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. Molecular alterations of genes that cause non-syndromic albinism in Asian Indians are poorly characterized. This information would be useful for developing therapies for this disorder. We analyzed 164 persons with non-syndromic albinism, belonging to unrelated families from all parts of India, for molecular changes in the causative genes. Subjects with white hair, white skin, and red iris had their tyrosinase gene sequenced and were also tested by MLPA for deletions/duplications. Subjects with negative results or with darker skin, golden/brown or darker hair had sequencing of TYR, P, TYRP1, SLC45A2 and GPR143 genes. Pathogenic variants in TYR (OCA1) were observed in 139 (84.7%) patients, in the P gene (OCA2) in 20 (12.2%), in TYRP1 (OCA3) in two (1.2%), in SLC45A2 (OCA 4) in one (0.61%), and in GPR143 (X-linked ocular albinism) in two (1.2%) patients. Of 278 alleles with variants in TYR, 179 (64.3%) alleles had (p.R278*) alteration, suggesting the possibility of therapy with a stop codon readthrough molecule. We report 20 patients with 13 disease associated variants in the P gene and 18 novel pathogenic variants in TYR, P, TYRP1, SLC45A2 and GPR143 genes. The data are compared with those reported from India, Pakistan and rest of the world. The therapeutic options in albinism are briefly described, opening this field for future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kohli
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Renu Saxena
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Ratna Dua Puri
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Sunita Bijarnia Mahay
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Swasti Pal
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Sudhisha Dubey
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Veronica Arora
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Ishwar Verma
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liñán-Barroso JM, Mantrana-Bermejo ME, Durán-Romero AJ, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Monserrat-García MT, Jiménez-Thomas GJ, Conejo-Mir Sánchez J, Bernabéu-Wittel J. Genetic and dermoscopic findings in a case series of children with oculocutaneous albinism. Pediatr Dermatol 2023; 40:1081-1085. [PMID: 37872643 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disease caused by disorders in melanin synthesis or distribution. In this descriptive study conducted in a tertiary care pediatric hospital, patients with a clinical diagnosis of OCA and genetic study were retrospectively recruited and underwent dermatological and ophthalmological exam, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and digital dermoscopy. Our findings revealed milder OCA phenotypic expression in individuals harboring single pathogenic mutations in conjunction with polymorphisms, as well as in those with mutations of uncertain significance. Regardless OCA subgroup, severe phenotypes of OCA were associated with a higher number of mutations/polymorphisms in melanin biosynthesis genes and paler dermoscopic patterns, such as vascular pattern, which was the most common pattern in our series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Ortiz-Álvarez
- Dermatology Department, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
The retinal pigmentation pathway in human albinism: Not so black and white. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101091. [PMID: 35729001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a pigment disorder affecting eye, skin and/or hair. Patients usually have decreased melanin in affected tissues and suffer from severe visual abnormalities, including foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting. Combining our data with those of the literature, we propose a single functional genetic retinal signalling pathway that includes all 22 currently known human albinism disease genes. We hypothesise that defects affecting the genesis or function of different intra-cellular organelles, including melanosomes, cause syndromic forms of albinism (Hermansky-Pudlak (HPS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS)). We put forward that specific melanosome impairments cause different forms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1-8). Further, we incorporate GPR143 that has been implicated in ocular albinism (OA1), characterised by a phenotype limited to the eye. Finally, we include the SLC38A8-associated disorder FHONDA that causes an even more restricted "albinism-related" ocular phenotype with foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting but without pigmentation defects. We propose the following retinal pigmentation pathway, with increasingly specific genetic and cellular defects causing an increasingly specific ocular phenotype: (HPS1-11/CHS: syndromic forms of albinism)-(OCA1-8: OCA)-(GPR143: OA1)-(SLC38A8: FHONDA). Beyond disease genes involvement, we also evaluate a range of (candidate) regulatory and signalling mechanisms affecting the activity of the pathway in retinal development, retinal pigmentation and albinism. We further suggest that the proposed pigmentation pathway is also involved in other retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration. The hypotheses put forward in this report provide a framework for further systematic studies in albinism and melanin pigmentation disorders.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lock EA. The Discovery of the Mode of Action of Nitisinone. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100902. [PMID: 36295804 PMCID: PMC9609752 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review briefly discusses the discovery of the mode of action of the triketone herbicide, 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluormethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione and its use as a drug Nitisinone for the treatment of inborn errors of tyrosine metabolism. Nitisinone is a potent reversible tight-binding inhibitor of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, involved in the catabolism of the amino acid tyrosine. Nitisinone is used to treat the rare disease hereditary tyrosinaemia type 1 where the last enzyme in the breakdown of tyrosine, fumarylacetoacetase is deficient. Nitisinone is also used to treat patients with alkaptonuria where the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase is deficient. Articles in this issue discuss metabolites of tyrosine catabolism in healthy patients and those with alkaptonuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lock
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin S, Sanchez-Bretaño A, Leslie JS, Williams KB, Lee H, Thomas NS, Callaway J, Deline J, Ratnayaka JA, Baralle D, Schmitt MA, Norman CS, Hammond S, Harlalka GV, Ennis S, Cross HE, Wenger O, Crosby AH, Baple EL, Self JE. Evidence that the Ser192Tyr/Arg402Gln in cis Tyrosinase gene haplotype is a disease-causing allele in oculocutaneous albinism type 1B (OCA1B). NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:2. [PMID: 35027574 PMCID: PMC8758782 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is caused by pathogenic variants in the TYR (tyrosinase) gene which encodes the critical and rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis. It is the most common OCA subtype found in Caucasians, accounting for ~50% of cases worldwide. The apparent 'missing heritability' in OCA is well described, with ~25-30% of clinically diagnosed individuals lacking two clearly pathogenic variants. Here we undertook empowered genetic studies in an extensive multigenerational Amish family, alongside a review of previously published literature, a retrospective analysis of in-house datasets, and tyrosinase activity studies. Together this provides irrefutable evidence of the pathogenicity of two common TYR variants, p.(Ser192Tyr) and p.(Arg402Gln) when inherited in cis alongside a pathogenic TYR variant in trans. We also show that homozygosity for the p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) TYR haplotype results in a very mild, but fully penetrant, albinism phenotype. Together these data underscore the importance of including the TYR p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) in cis haplotype as a pathogenic allele causative of OCA, which would likely increase molecular diagnoses in this missing heritability albinism cohort by 25-50%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Aida Sanchez-Bretaño
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joseph S Leslie
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Katie B Williams
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Helena Lee
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - N Simon Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Jonathan Callaway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - James Deline
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Melanie A Schmitt
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chelsea S Norman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Sheri Hammond
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, Buldana, India
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harold E Cross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Olivia Wenger
- New Leaf Clinic, PO Box 336, 16014 East Chestnut Street, Mount Eaton, OH, 44691, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, 214 West Bowery Street, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Jay E Self
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In vitro disease modeling of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 and 2 using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:173-186. [PMID: 35021041 PMCID: PMC8758966 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) encompasses a set of autosomal recessive genetic conditions that affect pigmentation in the eye, skin, and hair. OCA patients display reduced best-corrected visual acuity, reduced to absent ocular pigmentation, abnormalities in fovea development, and/or abnormal decussation of optic nerve fibers. It has been hypothesized that improving eye pigmentation could prevent or rescue some of the vision defects. The goal of the present study was to develop an in vitro model for studying pigmentation defects in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We developed a “disease in a dish” model for OCA1A and OCA2 types using induced pluripotent stem cells to generate RPE. The RPE is a monolayer of cells that are pigmented, polarized, and polygonal in shape, located between the neural retina and choroid, with an important role in vision. Here we show that RPE tissue derived in vitro from OCA patients recapitulates the pigmentation defects seen in albinism, while retaining the apical-basal polarity and normal polygonal morphology of the constituent RPE cells. We established a human iPSC-based in vitro model for oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) iRPE derived from OCA-iPSC retains apical-basal polarity and polygonal morphology OCA-iRPE recapitulates the pigmentation defect seen in albinism Excess pre-melanosomes and scarce mature melanosomes are found in OCA-iRPE
Collapse
|
8
|
Płonka J, Babiuch M, Barchanska H. Influence of nitisinone and its metabolites on l-tyrosine metabolism in a model system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131592. [PMID: 34311397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitisinone (NTBC) is currently used for the treatment of tyrosinemia type 1, a rare disease. It also exhibits potential in the treatment of other orphan diseases as well as nervous system disorders - this is however limited by its side effects. In all living organisms, NTBC inhibits 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase activity, thereby affecting l-tyrosine (L-TYR) catabolism, which results in the therapeutic effect. The NTBC metabolites formed in patient's body is one of the causes of its side effects. The influence of NTBC and its metabolites; 2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid, 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid, and cyclohexane-1,3-dione on L-TYR catabolism was investigated in Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus. Based on targeted LC-MS/MS analysis the concentration of NTBC and its metabolites in exposed plant tissues was determined. Based on non-targeted LC-MS/MS analysis the concentrations of products of L-TYR catabolism: levodopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine, normetanephrine, dopamine, tyramine and vitamins C, B5 and B6, additionally leucine and valine were identified as influenced by the NTBC or its metabolites. NTBC and its metabolites influenced L-TYR catabolism differently. Particularly significant changes were found in the content of epinephrine and normetanephrine: in the plant tissues exposed to NTBC, an increase in the content of these neurotransmitters was found (+42%), whereas in the plant treated with 2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid or 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid a decrease in concentration (-39% and 55%, respectively) was observed. Cyclohexane-1,3-dione does not influence epinephrine and normetanephrine concentration. The conclusions of this study provide a platform for expanded research on the causes of side effects of NTBC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Płonka
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Babiuch
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Hanna Barchanska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Introne WJ. Nitisinone: two decades treating hereditary tyrosinaemia type 1. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:409-411. [PMID: 34023006 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Introne
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreno-Artero E, Morice-Picard F, Bremond-Gignac D, Drumare-Bouvet I, Duncombe-Poulet C, Leclerc-Mercier S, Dufresne H, Kaplan J, Jouanne B, Arveiler B, Taieb A, Hadj-Rabia S. Management of albinism: French guidelines for diagnosis and care. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1449-1459. [PMID: 34042219 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a worldwide genetic disorder caused by mutations in at least 20 genes, identified to date, that affect melanin production or transport in the skin, hair and eyes. Patients present with variable degrees of diffuse muco-cutaneous and adnexal hypopigmentation, as well as ocular features including nystagmus, misrouting of optic nerves and foveal hypoplasia. Less often, albinism is associated with blood, immunological, pulmonary, digestive and/or neurological anomalies. Clinical and molecular characterizations are essential in preventing potential complications. Disease-causing mutations remain unknown for about 25% of patients with albinism. These guidelines have been developed for the diagnosis and management of syndromic and non-syndromic forms of albinism, based on a systematic review of the scientific literature. These guidelines comprise clinical and molecular characterization, diagnosis, therapeutic approach and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Moreno-Artero
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker- Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (AP-HP5), Paris, France
| | - F Morice-Picard
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Bremond-Gignac
- Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Centre for Rare Ocular Diseases (OPHTARA), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP5, Paris, France.,Université de Paris-Centre, Paris, France
| | - I Drumare-Bouvet
- Service d'exploration de la vision et neuro-ophtalmologie, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - S Leclerc-Mercier
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP5, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), Université de Paris-Centre, Paris, France
| | - H Dufresne
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker- Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (AP-HP5), Paris, France.,Service Social Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP5, Université de Paris-Centre, Paris, France
| | - J Kaplan
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - B Jouanne
- French Association for Albinism (Genespoir), Rennes, France
| | - B Arveiler
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Taieb
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker- Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (AP-HP5), Paris, France.,Université de Paris-Centre, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pillay E, Naidoo T, Asmal K, Maliwa L, Mchunua S, van Staden DB, Rampersad N. Characterization of Retinal Thickness in Individuals with Albinism: Baseline Data for a Black South African Population. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:15-22. [PMID: 33505177 PMCID: PMC7829131 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s273141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The central retina is responsible for several visual functions and continues to develop postnatally. In albinism, which is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired melanin biosynthesis, the development of the central retina is prematurely arrested and results in foveal hypoplasia. Retinal thickness measurements can be determined non-invasively using optical coherence tomography systems. This article reports on the retinal thickness measurements of individuals with albinism in South Africa to aid in the assessment and management of affected individuals. METHODS The study used a comparative research design and included 60 individuals (30 albinism and 30 controls) aged from 10 to 30 years who accessed the eye clinic at a tertiary institution in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The Optovue iVue100 optical coherence tomographer was used to measure retinal thickness in the nine Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) sectors including the central foveal, parafoveal and perifoveal regions. Study data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS The mean central foveal thickness was significantly higher in individuals with albinism compared with controls (289 µm versus 239 µm, p < 0.001). In contrast, control participants showed thicker retinal thickness measurements in the other ETDRS sectors (p < 0.001). The nasal and temporal quadrants were thickest and thinnest, respectively, in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions for the albinism and control groups. CONCLUSION Individuals with albinism, aged from 10 to 30 years, have higher central foveal thickness but thinner retinal thickness measurements in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions. Optometric personnel should consider these measurements when assessing individuals with albinism with foveal retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Pillay
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, DurbanX54001, South Africa
| | - Thiroshnee Naidoo
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, DurbanX54001, South Africa
| | - Khadija Asmal
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, DurbanX54001, South Africa
| | - Lilitha Maliwa
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, DurbanX54001, South Africa
| | - Sinenhlanhla Mchunua
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, DurbanX54001, South Africa
| | - Diane Beverly van Staden
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, DurbanX54001, South Africa
| | - Nishanee Rampersad
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, DurbanX54001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Current and emerging treatments for albinism. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:362-377. [PMID: 33129801 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a group of rare inherited disorders arising from impairment of melanin biosynthesis. The reduction of melanin synthesis leads to hypopigmentation of the skin and eyes. A wide range of ophthalmic manifestations arise from albinism, including reduction of visual acuity, nystagmus, strabismus, iris translucency, foveal hypoplasia, fundus hypopigmentation, and abnormal decussation of retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm. Currently, albinism is incurable, and treatment aims either surgically or pharmacologically to optimize vision and protect the skin; however, novel therapies that aim to directly address the molecular errors of albinism, such as l-dihydroxyphenylalanine and nitisinone, are being developed and have entered human trials though with limited success. Experimental gene-based strategies for editing the genetic errors in albinism have also met early success in animal models. The emergence of these new therapeutic modalities represents a new era in the management of albinism. We focus on the known genetic subtypes, clinical assessment, and existing and emerging therapeutic options for the nonsyndromic forms of albinism.
Collapse
|
13
|
De Silva SR, Arno G, Robson AG, Fakin A, Pontikos N, Mohamed MD, Bird AC, Moore AT, Michaelides M, Webster AR, Mahroo OA. The X-linked retinopathies: Physiological insights, pathogenic mechanisms, phenotypic features and novel therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100898. [PMID: 32860923 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
X-linked retinopathies represent a significant proportion of monogenic retinal disease. They include progressive and stationary conditions, with and without syndromic features. Many are X-linked recessive, but several exhibit a phenotype in female carriers, which can help establish diagnosis and yield insights into disease mechanisms. The presence of affected carriers can misleadingly suggest autosomal dominant inheritance. Some disorders (such as RPGR-associated retinopathy) show diverse phenotypes from variants in the same gene and also highlight limitations of current genetic sequencing methods. X-linked disease frequently arises from loss of function, implying potential for benefit from gene replacement strategies. We review X-inactivation and X-linked inheritance, and explore burden of disease attributable to X-linked genes in our clinically and genetically characterised retinal disease cohort, finding correlation between gene transcript length and numbers of families. We list relevant genes and discuss key clinical features, disease mechanisms, carrier phenotypes and novel experimental therapies. We consider in detail the following: RPGR (associated with retinitis pigmentosa, cone and cone-rod dystrophy), RP2 (retinitis pigmentosa), CHM (choroideremia), RS1 (X-linked retinoschisis), NYX (complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB)), CACNA1F (incomplete CSNB), OPN1LW/OPN1MW (blue cone monochromacy, Bornholm eye disease, cone dystrophy), GPR143 (ocular albinism), COL4A5 (Alport syndrome), and NDP (Norrie disease and X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)). We use a recently published transcriptome analysis to explore expression by cell-type and discuss insights from electrophysiology. In the final section, we present an algorithm for genes to consider in diagnosing males with non-syndromic X-linked retinopathy, summarise current experimental therapeutic approaches, and consider questions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R De Silva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony G Robson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ana Fakin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Moin D Mohamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan C Bird
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, UK; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yousaf S, Sethna S, Chaudhary MA, Shaikh RS, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Molecular characterization of SLC24A5 variants and evaluation of Nitisinone treatment efficacy in a zebrafish model of OCA6. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:556-565. [PMID: 32274888 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a highly heterogeneous trait with diverse consequences worldwide. SLC24A5, encoding a potent K+ -dependent Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger, is among the known color-coding genes that participate in melanogenesis by maintaining pH in melanosomes. Deficient SLC24A5 activity results in oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) type 6 in humans. In this study, by utilizing a exome sequencing (ES) approach, we identified two new variants [p. (Gly110Arg) and p. (IIe189Ilefs*1)] of SLC24A5 cosegregating with the OCA phenotype, including nystagmus, strabismus, foveal hypoplasia, albinotic fundus, and vision impairment, in three large consanguineous Pakistani families. Both of these variants failed to rescue the pigmentation in zebrafish slc24a5 morphants, confirming the pathogenic effects of the variants. We also phenotypically characterized a commercially available zebrafish mutant line (slc24a5ko ) that harbors a nonsense (p.Tyr208*) allele of slc24a5. Similar to morphants, homozygous slc24a5ko mutants had significantly reduced melanin content and pigmentation. Next, we used these slc24a5ko zebrafish mutants to test the efficacy of nitisinone, a compound known to increase ocular and fur pigmentation in OCA1 (TYR) mutant mice. Treatment of slc24a5ko mutant zebrafish embryos with varying doses of nitisinone did not improve melanin production and pigmentation, suggesting that treatment with nitisinone is unlikely to be therapeutic in OCA6 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sairah Yousaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saumil Sethna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Rehan S Shaikh
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu KC, Lv JN, Yang H, Yang FM, Lin R, Lin Q, Shen RJ, Wang JB, Duan WH, Hu M, Zhang J, He ZL, Jin ZB. Nonhuman Primate Model of Oculocutaneous Albinism with TYR and OCA2 Mutations. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:1658678. [PMID: 32259106 PMCID: PMC7086374 DOI: 10.34133/2020/1658678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human visual acuity is anatomically determined by the retinal fovea. The ontogenetic development of the fovea can be seriously hindered by oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), which is characterized by a disorder of melanin synthesis. Although people of all ethnic backgrounds can be affected, no efficient treatments for OCA have been developed thus far, due partly to the lack of effective animal models. Rhesus macaques are genetically homologous to humans and, most importantly, exhibit structures of the macula and fovea that are similar to those of humans; thus, rhesus macaques present special advantages in the modeling and study of human macular and foveal diseases. In this study, we identified rhesus macaque models with clinical characteristics consistent with those of OCA patients according to observations of ocular behavior, fundus examination, and optical coherence tomography. Genomic sequencing revealed a biallelic p.L312I mutation in TYR and a homozygous p.S788L mutation in OCA2, both of which were further confirmed to affect melanin biosynthesis via in vitro assays. These rhesus macaque models of OCA will be useful animal resources for studying foveal development and for preclinical trials of new therapies for OCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chao Wu
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ji-Neng Lv
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Feng-Mei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, And Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Rui Lin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ren-Juan Shen
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jun-Bin Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, And Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Wen-Hua Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Laboratory of Retinal Physiology & Disease, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhan-Long He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, And Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| |
Collapse
|