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Wang Y. Fasting Triglycerides in the Upper Normal Range Are Independently Associated with an Increased Risk of Diabetes Mortality in a Large Representative US Population. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:128. [PMID: 38667746 PMCID: PMC11050947 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between normal-range triglyceride levels and diabetes mortality remains unclear. This cohort study aimed to elucidate this relationship by examining 19,010 US adult participants with fasting serum triglycerides below 150 mg/dL. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Participants were followed up for a mean of 15.3 years, during which 342 diabetes deaths were recorded. A 1 natural log unit increase in triglycerides was associated with a 57% higher risk of diabetes mortality (adjusted HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.04-2.38). Comparable results were obtained when triglycerides were analyzed in quartiles. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified an optimal triglyceride cutoff of 94.5 mg/dL for diabetes mortality; individuals with triglyceride levels above this threshold faced a greater risk of diabetes mortality (adjusted HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.12-1.83). Further investigation revealed a positive association between normal triglyceride levels and all-cause mortality, though no association was observed between normal triglycerides and mortality from hypertension or cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, elevated triglyceride levels within the normal range were associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality. Individuals with triglyceride levels of 95 mg/dL or higher may require vigilant monitoring for diabetes and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Wang
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
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Wang Y, Fang Y, Vrablik M. Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance Mediates the Positive Association of Triglycerides with Diabetes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:733. [PMID: 38611646 PMCID: PMC11011406 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating triglyceride levels have been linked to an increased risk of diabetes, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) for insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein (CRP) served as mediators in this association across a sample of 18,435 US adults. Mediation analysis was conducted using the PROCESS Version 4.3 Macro for SPSS. Simple mediation analysis revealed that all three potential mediators played a role in mediating the association. However, in parallel mediation analysis, where all three mediators were simultaneously included, HOMA for insulin resistance remained a significant mediator (indirect effect coefficient, 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.52; p < 0.05) after adjusting for all tested confounding factors. Conversely, LDL cholesterol (indirect effect coefficient, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.31-0.05; p > 0.05) and C-reactive protein (indirect effect coefficient, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.003-0.02; p > 0.05) ceased to be significant mediators. HOMA for insulin resistance accounted for 49% of the association between triglycerides and diabetes. In conclusion, HOMA for insulin resistance was the dominant mediator underlying the association between triglycerides and diabetes. Therefore, reducing triglyceride levels may hold promise for improving insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Wang
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Yan Fang
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Michal Vrablik
- Third Department of Medicine, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Wu F, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Pan Y. The Role of SOCS3 in Regulating Meat Quality in Jinhua Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10593. [PMID: 37445769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat quality is an important economic trait that influences the development of the pig industry. Skeletal muscle development and glycolytic potential (GP) are two crucial aspects that significantly impact meat quality. It has been reported that abnormal skeletal muscle development and high glycogen content results in low meat quality. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying these factors are still unclear. Compared with intensive pig breeds, Chinese indigenous pig breeds, such as the Jinhua pig, express superior meat quality characteristics. The differences in the meat quality traits between Jinhua and intensive pig breeds make them suitable for uncovering the genetic mechanisms that regulate meat quality traits. In this study, the Jinhua pig breed and five intensive pig breeds, including Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, Berkshire, and Pietrain pig breeds, were selected as experimental materials. First, the FST and XP-EHH methods were used to screen the selective signatures on the genome in the Jinhua population. Then, combined with RNA-Seq data, the study further confirmed that SOCS3 could be a key candidate gene that influences meat quality by mediating myoblast proliferation and glycometabolism because of the down-regulated expression of SOCS3 in Jinhua pigs compared with Landrace pigs. Finally, through SOCS3 knockout (KO) and overexpression (OE) experiments in mouse C2C12 cells, the results showed that SOCS3 regulated the cell proliferation of myoblasts. Moreover, SOCS3 is involved in regulating glucose uptake by the IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Overall, these findings provide a basis for the genetic improvement of meat quality traits in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zitao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenyang Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qishan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuchun Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Henselmans M, Bjørnsen T, Hedderman R, Vårvik FT. The Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Strength and Resistance Training Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040856. [PMID: 35215506 PMCID: PMC8878406 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
High carbohydrate intakes are commonly recommended for athletes of various sports, including strength trainees, to optimize performance. However, the effect of carbohydrate intake on strength training performance has not been systematically analyzed. A systematic literature search was conducted for trials that manipulated carbohydrate intake, including supplements, and measured strength, resistance training or power either acutely or after a diet and strength training program. Studies were categorized as either (1) acute supplementation, (2) exercise-induced glycogen depletion with subsequent carbohydrate manipulation, (3) short-term (2–7 days) carbohydrate manipulation or (4) changes in performance after longer-term diet manipulation and strength training. Forty-nine studies were included: 19 acute, six glycogen depletion, seven short-term and 17 long-term studies. Participants were strength trainees or athletes (39 studies), recreationally active (six studies) or untrained (four studies). Acutely, higher carbohydrate intake did not improve performance in 13 studies and enhanced performance in six studies, primarily in those with fasted control groups and workouts with over 10 sets per muscle group. One study found that a carbohydrate meal improved performance compared to water but not in comparison to a sensory-matched placebo breakfast. There was no evidence of a dose-response effect. After glycogen depletion, carbohydrate supplementation improved performance in three studies compared to placebo, in particular during bi-daily workouts, but not in research with isocaloric controls. None of the seven short-term studies found beneficial effects of carbohydrate manipulation. Longer-term changes in performance were not influenced by carbohydrate intake in 15 studies; one study favored the higher- and one the lower-carbohydrate condition. Carbohydrate intake per se is unlikely to strength training performance in a fed state in workouts consisting of up to 10 sets per muscle group. Performance during higher volumes may benefit from carbohydrates, but more studies with isocaloric control groups, sensory-matched placebos and locally measured glycogen depletion are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Henselmans
- The International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, David Blesstraat 28HS, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.H.); (F.T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-61-809-5999
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway;
| | - Richie Hedderman
- The International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, David Blesstraat 28HS, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.H.); (F.T.V.)
| | - Fredrik Tonstad Vårvik
- The International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, David Blesstraat 28HS, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.H.); (F.T.V.)
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway;
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Koh HCE, van Vliet S, Meyer GA, Laforest R, Gropler RJ, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Heterogeneity in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake among different muscle groups in healthy lean people and people with obesity. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1158-1168. [PMID: 33511440 PMCID: PMC8336476 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS It has been proposed that muscle fibre type composition and perfusion are key determinants of insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake, and alterations in muscle fibre type composition and perfusion contribute to muscle, and consequently whole-body, insulin resistance in people with obesity. The goal of the study was to evaluate the relationships among muscle fibre type composition, perfusion and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rates in healthy, lean people and people with obesity. METHODS We measured insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal and glucose uptake and perfusion rates in five major muscle groups (erector spinae, obliques, rectus abdominis, hamstrings, quadriceps) in 15 healthy lean people and 37 people with obesity by using the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp procedure in conjunction with [2H]glucose tracer infusion (to assess whole-body glucose disposal) and positron emission tomography after injections of [15O]H2O (to assess muscle perfusion) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (to assess muscle glucose uptake). A biopsy from the vastus lateralis was obtained to assess fibre type composition. RESULTS We found: (1) a twofold difference in glucose uptake rates among muscles in both the lean and obese groups (rectus abdominis: 67 [51, 78] and 32 [21, 55] μmol kg-1 min-1 in the lean and obese groups, respectively; erector spinae: 134 [103, 160] and 66 [24, 129] μmol kg-1 min-1, respectively; median [IQR]) that was unrelated to perfusion or fibre type composition (assessed in the vastus only); (2) the impairment in insulin action in the obese compared with the lean group was not different among muscle groups; and (3) insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal expressed per kg fat-free mass was linearly related with muscle glucose uptake rate (r2 = 0.65, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Obesity-associated insulin resistance is generalised across all major muscles, and is not caused by alterations in muscle fibre type composition or perfusion. In addition, insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal relative to fat-free mass provides a reliable index of muscle glucose uptake rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chow E Koh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard Laforest
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Galgani JE, Fernández-Verdejo R. Pathophysiological role of metabolic flexibility on metabolic health. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13131. [PMID: 32815226 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids among others are oxidized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These fuels are supplied from the environment (through food intake) and internal depots (through lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and proteolysis) at different rates throughout the day. Complex adaptive systems permit to accommodate fuel oxidation according to fuel availability. This capacity of a cell, tissue, or organism to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability is defined as metabolic flexibility (MetF). There are conditions, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity, in which MetF seems to be impaired. The observation that those conditions are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction has set the basis to propose a link between mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic inflexibility, and metabolic health. We here highlight the evidence about the notion that MetF influences metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Galgani
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Deficient glucose transport and glucose disposal are key pathologies leading to impaired glucose tolerance and risk of type 2 diabetes. The cloning and identification of the family of facilitative glucose transporters have helped to identify that underlying mechanisms behind impaired glucose disposal, particularly in muscle and adipose tissue. There is much more than just transporter protein concentration that is needed to regulate whole body glucose uptake and disposal. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings in whole body glucose disposal. We hypothesize that impaired glucose uptake and disposal is a consequence of mismatched energy input and energy output. Decreasing the former while increasing the latter is key to normalizing glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Louise Olson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kenneth Humphries
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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