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Lv D, Wang H, Leng Y, Chen S, Sun H, Meng X, Liu T, Xiong Z. Association between diabetes mellitus and primary biliary cholangitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1362584. [PMID: 38774228 PMCID: PMC11106416 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1362584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous observational studies have demonstrated a link between diabetes mellitus(DM) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Nevertheless, since these relationships might be confused, whether there is any causal connection or in which direction it exists is unclear. Our investigation aimed to identify the causal associations between DM and PBC. Methods We acquired genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for PBC, Type 1 diabetes(T1DM), and Type 2 diabetes(T2DM) from published GWASs. Inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median (WM), Simple mode, and weighted mode methods were used to determine the causal relationships between DM(T1DM or T2DM) and PBC. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out to ensure the results were robust. To determine the causal relationship between PBC and DM(T1DM or T2DM), we also used reverse MR analysis. Results T1DM was associated with a higher risk of PBC (OR 1.1525; 95% CI 1.0612-1.2517; p = 0.0007) in the IVW method, but no evidence of a causal effect T2DM on PBC was found (OR 0.9905; 95% CI 0.8446-1.1616; p = 0.9071) in IVW. Results of the reverse MR analysis suggested genetic susceptibility that PBC was associated with an increased risk of T1DM (IVW: OR 1.1991; 95% CI 1.12-1.2838; p = 1.81E-07), but no evidence of a causal effect PBC on T2DM was found (IVW: OR 1.0101; 95% CI 0.9892-1.0315; p = 0.3420). Conclusion The current study indicated that T1DM increased the risk of developing PBC and vice versa. There was no proof of a causal connection between PBC probability and T2DM. Our results require confirmation through additional replication in larger populations.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/epidemiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/complications
- Mendelian Randomization Analysis
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Leng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- College of Integrative Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyue Meng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tiejun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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2
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Chen J, Wang R, Xiong F, Sun H, Kemper B, Li W, Kemper J. Hammerhead-type FXR agonists induce an enhancer RNA Fincor that ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. eLife 2024; 13:RP91438. [PMID: 38619504 PMCID: PMC11018349 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR/NR1H4), is increasingly recognized as a promising drug target for metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Protein-coding genes regulated by FXR are well known, but whether FXR also acts through regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which vastly outnumber protein-coding genes, remains unknown. Utilizing RNA-seq and global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) analyses in mouse liver, we found that FXR activation affects the expression of many RNA transcripts from chromatin regions bearing enhancer features. Among these we discovered a previously unannotated liver-enriched enhancer-derived lncRNA (eRNA), termed FXR-induced non-coding RNA (Fincor). We show that Fincor is specifically induced by the hammerhead-type FXR agonists, including GW4064 and tropifexor. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated liver-specific knockdown of Fincor in dietary NASH mice reduced the beneficial effects of tropifexor, an FXR agonist currently in clinical trials for NASH and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), indicating that amelioration of liver fibrosis and inflammation in NASH treatment by tropifexor is mediated in part by Fincor. Overall, our findings highlight that pharmacological activation of FXR by hammerhead-type agonists induces a novel eRNA, Fincor, contributing to the amelioration of NASH in mice. Fincor may represent a new drug target for addressing metabolic disorders, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Jongsook Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
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3
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Chen J, Wang R, Xiong F, Sun H, Kemper B, Li W, Kemper JK. Hammerhead-type FXR agonists induce an eRNA FincoR that ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.20.567833. [PMID: 38045226 PMCID: PMC10690184 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor, Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR/NR1H4), is increasingly recognized as a promising drug target for metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Protein coding genes regulated by FXR are well known, but whether FXR also acts through regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which vastly outnumber protein-coding genes, remains unknown. Utilizing RNA-seq and GRO-seq analyses in mouse liver, we found that FXR activation affects the expression of many RNA transcripts from chromatin regions bearing enhancer features. Among these we discovered a previously unannotated liver-enriched enhancer-derived lncRNA (eRNA), termed FincoR. We show that FincoR is specifically induced by the hammerhead-type FXR agonists, including GW4064 and tropifexor. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated liver-specific knockdown of FincoR in dietary NASH mice reduced the beneficial effects of tropifexor, an FXR agonist currently in clinical trials for NASH and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), indicating that that amelioration of liver fibrosis and inflammation in NASH treatment by tropifexor is mediated in part by FincoR. Overall, our findings highlight that pharmacological activation of FXR by hammerhead-type agonists induces a novel eRNA, FincoR, contributing to the amelioration of NASH in mice. FincoR may represent a new drug target for addressing metabolic disorders, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Kunst RF, Bolt I, van Dasselaar RD, Nijmeijer BA, Beuers U, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Combined inhibition of bile salt synthesis and intestinal uptake reduces cholestatic liver damage and colonic bile salts in mice. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100917. [PMID: 38074508 PMCID: PMC10701132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestine-restricted inhibitors of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, or ileal bile acid transporter) are approved as treatment for several inheritable forms of cholestasis but are also associated with abdominal complaints and diarrhoea. Furthermore, blocking ASBT as a single therapeutic approach may be less effective in moderate to severe cholestasis. We hypothesised that interventions that lower hepatic bile salt synthesis in addition to intestinal bile salt uptake inhibition provide added therapeutic benefit in the treatment of cholestatic disorders. Here, we test combination therapies of intestinal ASBT inhibition together with obeticholic acid (OCA), cilofexor, and the non-tumorigenic fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15)/fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) analogue aldafermin in a mouse model of cholestasis. METHODS Wild-type male C57Bl6J/OlaHsd mice were fed a 0.05% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet and received daily oral gavage with 10 mg/kg OCA, 30 mg/kg cilofexor, 10 mg/kg ASBT inhibitor (Linerixibat; ASBTi), or a combination. Alternatively, wild-type male C57Bl6J/OlaHsd mice were injected with adeno-associated virus vector serotype 8 (AAV8) to express aldafermin, to repress bile salt synthesis, or to control AAV8. During a 3-week 0.05% DDC diet, mice received daily oral gavage with 10 mg/kg ASBTi or placebo control. RESULTS Combination therapy of OCA, cilofexor, or aldafermin with ASBTi effectively reduced faecal bile salt excretion. Compared with ASBTi monotherapy, aldafermin + ASBTi further lowered plasma bile salt levels. Cilofexor + ASBTi and aldafermin + ASBTi treatment reduced plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels and fibrotic liver immunohistochemistry stainings. The reduction in inflammation and fibrogenesis in mice treated with cilofexor + ASBTi or aldafermin + ASBTi was confirmed by gene expression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Combining pharmacological intestinal bile salt uptake inhibition with repression of bile salt synthesis may form an effective treatment strategy to reduce liver injury while dampening the ASBTi-induced colonic bile salt load. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Combined treatment of intestinal ASBT inhibition with repression of bile salt synthesis by farnesoid X receptor agonism (using either obeticholic acid or cilofexor) or by expression of aldafermin ameliorates liver damage in cholestatic mice. In addition, compared with ASBT inhibitor monotherapy, combination treatments lower colonic bile salt load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F. Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Bolt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Yang JZ, Zhang KK, He JT, Chen LJ, Ding JF, Liu JL, Li JH, Liu Y, Li XW, Zhao D, Xie XL, Wang Q. Obeticholic acid protects against methamphetamine-induced anxiety-like behavior by ameliorating microbiota-mediated intestinal barrier impairment. Toxicology 2023; 486:153447. [PMID: 36720452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse can cause severe anxiety disorder and interfere with gut homeostasis. Obeticholic acid (OCA) has emerged as a protective agent against diet-related anxiety that improves gut homeostasis. The potential for OCA to ameliorate Meth-induced anxiety, and the microbial mechanisms involved, remain obscure. Here, C57/BL6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with Meth (15 mg/kg) to induce anxiety-like behavior. 16 S rRNA sequence analysis and fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) were used to profile the gut microbiome and evaluate its effects, respectively. Orally administered OCA was investigated for protection against Meth-induced anxiety. Results indicated that Meth mediated anxiety-like behavior, aroused hippocampal neuroinflammation through activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, weakened intestinal barrier and disturbed the gut microbiome. Specifically, abundance of anxiety-related Rikenella was increased. FMT from Meth-administrated mice also weakened intestinal barrier and elevated serum LPS, inducing hippocampal neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in recipient mice. Finally, OCA pretreatment ameliorated Meth-induced impairment of gut homeostasis by reshaping the microbial composition and improving the intestinal barrier. Meth-induced anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation were also ameliorated by OCA pretreatment. These preliminary findings reveal the crucial role of gut microbiota in Meth-induced anxiety-like behavior and neuroinflammation, highlighting OCA as a potential candidate for the prevention of Meth-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zheng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Kai-Kai Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jie-Tao He
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ding
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224005, China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia-Hao Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science (China University of Political Science and Law), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Gong T, Li C, Li S, Zhang X, He Z, Jiang X, He Q, Huang R, Wang Y, Liu X. Capsaicin regulates dyslipidemia by altering the composition of bile acids in germ-free mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:10665-10679. [PMID: 36172720 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of lipid metabolism by capsaicin (CAP) has been extensively studied, mostly with respect to the vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and intestinal flora. In this study, a model was established in germ-free mice by using resiniferatoxin (RTX) to ablate TRPV1 ion channels. Bile acid composition, blood parameters, and colonic transcriptome analyses revealed that CAP could improve dyslipidemia caused by high-fat diet even in the absence of TRPV1 ion channels and intestinal flora. CAP fed to germ mice decreased the concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin, increased the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and decreased the levels of plasma endotoxin and pro-inflammatory factor interleukin 6 (IL-6). Furthermore, CAP could affect both classical and alternative pathways of cholesterol conversion by changing the composition of bile acids, reducing the concentrations of glycocholic acid (GCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA). First, changing the composition of bile acids inhibited the expression of colon Fgf15. CAP promoted the expression of Cyp7a1 (Cytochrome p450, family 7, subfamily a, and polypeptide 1) in the liver, and thus reduced TC and TG levels. In addition, it could change the composition of bile acids and increase the expression of Cyp7b1 (Cytochrome p450, family 7, subfamily b, and polypeptide 1) in the colon, increase Cyp7b1 protein in the liver and thus inhibit fat accumulation. In conclusion, CAP could alter the composition of bile acids and promote the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, thereby improving lipid metabolism abnormalities caused by a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China. .,Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuangen Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, China.
| | - Shiqiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongming He
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, China.
| | - Xianhong Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, China.
| | - Qiuyue He
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, China.
| | - Rongjuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, China.
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Liu X, Khalafalla M, Chung C, Gindin Y, Hubchak S, LeCuyer B, Kriegermeier A, Zhang D, Qiu W, Ding X, Fang D, Green R. Hepatic Deletion of X-box Binding Protein 1 in Farnesoid X Receptor Null Mice Leads to Enhanced Liver Injury. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100289. [PMID: 36162519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates bile acid metabolism, and FXR null (Fxr-/-) mice have elevated bile acid levels and progressive liver injury. The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) pathway is a protective unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway activated in response to ER stress. Here, we sought to determine the role of the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway in hepatic bile acid toxicity using the Fxr-/- mouse model. Western blotting and qPCR analysis demonstrated that hepatic XBP1 and other UPR pathways were activated in 24-week-old Fxr-/- compared to 10-week-old Fxr-/- mice, but not in WT mice. To further determine the role of the liver XBP1 activation in older Fxr-/- mice, we generated mice with whole-body FXR and liver-specific XBP1 double knockout (DKO, Fxr-/-Xbp1LKO) and Fxr-/-Xbp1fl/fl single knockout (SKO) mice and characterized the role of hepatic XBP1 in cholestatic liver injury. Histologic staining demonstrated increased liver injury and fibrosis in DKO compared to SKO mice. RNA-seq revealed increased gene expression in apoptosis, inflammation, and cell proliferation pathways in DKO mice. The proapoptotic C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) pathway and cell cycle marker Cyclin D1 were also activated in DKO mice. Furthermore, we found total hepatic bile acid levels were similar between the two genotypes. At age 60 weeks, all DKO mice and no SKO mice spontaneously developed liver tumors. In conclusion, the hepatic XBP1 pathway is activated in older Fxr-/- mice and has a protective role. The potential interaction between XBP1 and FXR signaling may be important in modulating the hepatocellular cholestatic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US.
| | - Mahmoud Khalafalla
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
| | | | | | - Susan Hubchak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Brian LeCuyer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Alyssa Kriegermeier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Hepatology and Nutrition at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Danny Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Surgery & Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, US
| | - Xianzhong Ding
- Department of Pathology, Stritch Medicine school of Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, US
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
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8
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Sun H, Seok S, Jung H, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Obesity-induced miR-802 directly targets AMPK and promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101603. [PMID: 36126896 PMCID: PMC9515436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of liver failure and death. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD and its severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is poorly understood. The energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), has decreased activity in obesity and NAFLD, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we examined whether obesity-induced miR-802 has a role in promoting NASH by targeting AMPK. We also investigated whether miR-802 and AMPK have roles in modulating beneficial therapeutic effects mediated by obeticholic acid (OCA), a promising clinical agent for NASH. METHODS Immunoblotting, luciferase assays, and RNA-protein interaction studies were performed to test whether miR-802 directly targets AMPK. The roles of miR-802 and AMPK in NASH were examined in mice fed a NASH-promoting diet. RESULTS Hepatic miR-802 and AMPK levels were inversely correlated in both NAFLD patients and obese mice. MicroRNA in silico analysis, together with biochemical studies in hepatic cells, suggested that miR-802 inhibits hepatic expression of AMPK by binding to the 3' untranslated regions of both human AMPKα1 and mouse Ampkβ1. In diet-induced NASH mice, OCA treatment reduced hepatic miR-802 levels and improved AMPK activity, ameliorating steatosis, inflammation, and apoptosis, but these OCA-mediated beneficial effects on NASH pathologies, particularly reducing apoptosis, were reversed by overexpression of miR-802 or downregulation of AMPK. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that miR-802 inhibits AMPK by directly targeting Ampkβ1, promoting NAFLD/NASH in mice. The miR-802-AMPK axis that modulates OCA-mediated beneficial effects on NASH may represent a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Corresponding author. Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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9
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Kozuka C, Efthymiou V, Sales VM, Zhou L, Osataphan S, Yuchi Y, Chimene-Weiss J, Mulla C, Isganaitis E, Desmond J, Sanechika S, Kusuyama J, Goodyear L, Shi X, Gerszten RE, Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Carapeto P, Teixeira SD, Sandoval D, Alonso-Curbelo D, Wu L, Qi J, Patti ME. Bromodomain Inhibition Reveals FGF15/19 As a Target of Epigenetic Regulation and Metabolic Control. Diabetes 2022; 71:1023-1033. [PMID: 35100352 PMCID: PMC9044127 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is an important factor in glucose metabolism, but underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we investigated epigenetic control of systemic metabolism by bromodomain-containing proteins (Brds), which are transcriptional regulators binding to acetylated histone, in both intestinal cells and mice treated with the bromodomain inhibitor JQ-1. In vivo treatment with JQ-1 resulted in hyperglycemia and severe glucose intolerance. Whole-body or tissue-specific insulin sensitivity was not altered by JQ-1; however, JQ-1 treatment reduced insulin secretion during both in vivo glucose tolerance testing and ex vivo incubation of isolated islets. JQ-1 also inhibited expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15 in the ileum and decreased FGF receptor 4-related signaling in the liver. These adverse metabolic effects of Brd4 inhibition were fully reversed by in vivo overexpression of FGF19, with normalization of hyperglycemia. At a cellular level, we demonstrate Brd4 binds to the promoter region of FGF19 in human intestinal cells; Brd inhibition by JQ-1 reduces FGF19 promoter binding and downregulates FGF19 expression. Thus, we identify Brd4 as a novel transcriptional regulator of intestinal FGF15/19 in ileum and FGF signaling in the liver and a contributor to the gut-liver axis and systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisayo Kozuka
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vissarion Efthymiou
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vicencia M. Sales
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Soravis Osataphan
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yixing Yuchi
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy Chimene-Weiss
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher Mulla
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elvira Isganaitis
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Desmond
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Suzuka Sanechika
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Joji Kusuyama
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Laurie Goodyear
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xu Shi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Cristina Aguayo-Mazzucato
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Priscila Carapeto
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Direna Alonso-Curbelo
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lei Wu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jun Qi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is comprised of either simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver) or a more advanced inflammatory and fibrogenic stage (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]). NASH affects a growing proportion of the global adult and pediatric population, leading to rising rates of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is a multifactorial disease that is part of a systemic metabolic disorder. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic underpinnings of NASH pathogenesis and established drivers of inflammation and fibrosis. Clarification of underlying fibrogenic and inflammatory mechanisms will advance the development of novel treatment strategies as there are no approved therapies at present. We discuss emerging experimental approaches and potential novel investigational strategies derived from animal models including the inflammasome, epigenetic reprogramming, Hippo signaling, Notch signaling, engineered T cells to remove fibrogenic HSCs, and HSC-specific targeting therapies. Recently completed and ongoing clinical trials and antifibrotics are discussed, illuminating the growing expectation that one or more therapies will yield clinical benefit in NASH in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin A. Lee
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Kiriyama Y, Nochi H. Physiological Role of Bile Acids Modified by the Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms 2021; 10:68. [PMID: 35056517 PMCID: PMC8777643 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are produced from cholesterol in the liver and are termed primary BAs. Primary BAs are conjugated with glycine and taurine in the liver and then released into the intestine via the gallbladder. After the deconjugation of glycine or taurine by the gut microbiome, primary BAs are converted into secondary BAs by the gut microbiome through modifications such as dehydroxylation, oxidation, and epimerization. Most BAs in the intestine are reabsorbed and transported to the liver, where both primary and secondary BAs are conjugated with glycine or taurine and rereleased into the intestine. Thus, unconjugated primary Bas, as well as conjugated and unconjugated secondary BAs, have been modified by the gut microbiome. Some of the BAs reabsorbed from the intestine spill into the systemic circulation, where they bind to a variety of nuclear and cell-surface receptors in tissues, whereas some of the BAs are not reabsorbed and bind to receptors in the terminal ileum. BAs play crucial roles in the physiological regulation of various tissues. Furthermore, various factors, such as diet, age, and antibiotics influence BA composition. Here, we review recent findings regarding the physiological roles of BAs modified by the gut microbiome in the metabolic, immune, and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Kiriyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan;
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nochi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan;
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12
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Girisa S, Henamayee S, Parama D, Rana V, Dutta U, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) for developing novel therapeutics against cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:21. [PMID: 35006466 PMCID: PMC8607382 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the lethal diseases that arise due to the molecular alterations in the cell. One of those alterations associated with cancer corresponds to differential expression of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor regulating bile, cholesterol homeostasis, lipid, and glucose metabolism. FXR is known to regulate several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the two highly reported causes of mortality globally. Recent studies have shown the association of FXR overexpression with cancer development and progression in different types of cancers of breast, lung, pancreas, and oesophagus. It has also been associated with tissue-specific and cell-specific roles in various cancers. It has been shown to modulate several cell-signalling pathways such as EGFR/ERK, NF-κB, p38/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and JAK/STAT along with their targets such as caspases, MMPs, cyclins; tumour suppressor proteins like p53, C/EBPβ, and p-Rb; various cytokines; EMT markers; and many more. Therefore, FXR has high potential as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. Thus, the present review focuses on the diverse role of FXR in different cancers and its agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sahu Henamayee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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13
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Wu J, Nagy LE, Wang L. The long and the small collide: LncRNAs and small heterodimer partner (SHP) in liver disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111262. [PMID: 33781837 PMCID: PMC8087644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a large and diverse class of RNA molecules that are transcribed but not translated into proteins, with a length of more than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs are involved in gene expression and regulation. The abnormal expression of lncRNAs is associated with disease pathogenesis. Small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) is a unique orphan nuclear receptor that plays a pivotal role in many biological processes by acting as a transcriptional repressor. In this review, we present the critical roles of SHP and summarize recent findings demonstrating the regulation between lncRNAs and SHP in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Independent Researcher, Tucson, AZ, USA
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14
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Guo D, He L, Gao Y, Jin C, Lin H, Zhang L, Wang L, Zhou Y, Yao J, Duan Y, Yang R, Qiu W, Jiang W. Obeticholic Acid Derivative, T-2054 Suppresses Osteoarthritis via Inhibiting NF-κB-Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083807. [PMID: 33916928 PMCID: PMC8067620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disorder, has been reported as the most common cause of disability worldwide. The production of inflammatory cytokines is the main factor in OA. Previous studies have been reported that obeticholic acid (OCA) and OCA derivatives inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines in acute liver failure, but they have not been studied in the progression of OA. In our study, we screened our small synthetic library of OCA derivatives and found T-2054 had anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells and ATDC5 cells were not affected by T-2054. T-2054 treatment significantly relieved the release of NO, as well as mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, T-2054 promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in TNF-α-treated ATDC5 chondrocytes. Moreover, T-2054 could relieve the infiltration of inflammatory cells and degeneration of the cartilage matrix and decrease the levels of serum IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in DMM-induced C57BL/6 mice models. At the same time, T-2054 showed no obvious toxicity to mice. Mechanistically, T-2054 decreased the extent of p-p65 expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and TNF-α-treated ATDC5 chondrocytes. In summary, we showed for the first time that T-2054 effectively reduced the release of inflammatory mediators, as well as promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis via the NF-κB-signaling pathway. Our findings support the potential use of T-2054 as an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Guo
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Liming He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Yaoxin Gao
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Chenxu Jin
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Haizhen Lin
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Liting Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yixin Duan
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Renzheng Yang
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Wenwei Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.H.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (W.J.)
| | - Wenzheng Jiang
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (W.J.)
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