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van den Berg S, Sun T. Describing Elephants: An Update on the Immunopathology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:962-974. [PMID: 38847319 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2363833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
First described in 2020, multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is an, initially life-threatening, disease characterised by severe inflammation and following exposure to SARS-CoV-2. The immunopathology of MIS-C involves a hyperinflammation characterised by a cytokine storm and activation of both the innate and adaptive immune system, eventually leading to multi-organ failure. Several etiological theories are described in literature. Firstly, it is suggested that the gut plays an important role in the translocation of microbial products to the systemic circulation. Additionally, the production of autoantibodies that develop after the initial infection with SARS-CoV-2 might lead to many of its broad clinical symptoms. Finally, the superantigen theory where non-specific binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to the T-cell receptor leads to a subsequent activation of T cells, generating a powerful immune response. Despite the sudden outbreak of MIS-C and alarming messages, as of 2024, cases have declined drastically and subsequently show a less severe clinical spectrum. However, subacute cases not meeting current diagnostic criteria might be overlooked even though they represent a valuable research population. In the future, research should focus on adjusting these criteria to better understand the broad pathophysiology of MIS-C, aiding early detection, therapy, and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van den Berg
- Peadiatric Intensive Care Unit, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sun
- Peadiatrics, Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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2
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Rivera-Pérez D, Méndez C, Diethelm-Varela B, Melo-González F, Vázquez Y, Meng X, Xin Q, Fasce RA, Fernández J, Mora J, Ramirez E, Acevedo ML, Valiente-Echeverría F, Soto-Rifo R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Astudillo P, Le Corre N, Abarca K, Perret C, González PA, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Immune responses during COVID-19 breakthrough cases in vaccinated children and adolescents. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372193. [PMID: 38812507 PMCID: PMC11133585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection has been somewhat limited due to the widespread dissemination of the Omicron variant, its subvariants, and the immune response dynamics of the naturally infected with the virus. Methods Twelve subjects between 3-17 years old (yo), vaccinated with two doses of CoronaVac®, were followed and diagnosed as breakthrough cases starting 14 days after receiving the second dose. Total IgGs against different SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the neutralizing capacity of these antibodies after infection were measured in plasma. The activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with peptides derived from the proteins from the wild-type (WT) virus and Omicron subvariants by flow cytometry, as well as different cytokines secretion by a Multiplex assay. Results 2 to 8 weeks post-infection, compared to 4 weeks after 2nd dose of vaccine, there was a 146.5-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron and a 38.7-fold increase against WT SARS-CoV-2. Subjects showed an increase in total IgG levels against the S1, N, M, and NSP8 proteins of the WT virus. Activated CD4+ T cells showed a significant increase in response to the BA.2 subvariant (p<0.001). Finally, the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ cytokines showed a discreet decrease trend after infection in some subjects. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population vaccinated with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produced an increase in neutralizing antibodies against Omicron and increased specific IgG antibodies for different SARS-CoV-2 proteins. CD4+ T cell activation was also increased, suggesting a conserved cellular response against the Omicron subvariants, whereas Th1-type cytokine secretion tended to decrease. Clinical Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov #NCT04992260.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Méndez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Rodrigo A. Fasce
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Judith Mora
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Ramirez
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica L. Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular y Celular, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular y Celular, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular y Celular, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Patricio Astudillo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Perret
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Butters C, Benede N, Moyo-Gwete T, Richardson SI, Rohlwink U, Shey M, Ayres F, Manamela NP, Makhado Z, Balla SR, Madzivhandila M, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Facey-Thomas H, Spracklen TF, Day J, van der Ross H, Riou C, Burgers WA, Scott C, Zühlke L, Moore PL, Keeton RS, Webb K. Comparing the immune abnormalities in MIS-C to healthy children and those with inflammatory disease reveals distinct inflammatory cytokine production and a monofunctional T cell response. Clin Immunol 2024; 259:109877. [PMID: 38141746 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, hyperinflammatory disease that occurs after exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The underlying immune pathology of MIS-C is incompletely understood, with limited data comparing MIS-C to clinically similar paediatric febrile diseases at presentation. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses have not been compared in these groups to assess whether there is a T cell profile unique to MIS-C. In this study, we measured inflammatory cytokine concentration and SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and T cell responses in children with fever and suspected MIS-C at presentation (n = 83) where MIS-C was ultimately confirmed (n = 58) or another diagnosis was made (n = 25) and healthy children (n = 91). Children with confirmed MIS-C exhibited distinctly elevated serum IL-10, IL-6, and CRP at presentation. No differences were detected in SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG serum concentration, neutralisation capacity, antibody dependant cellular phagocytosis, antibody dependant cellular cytotoxicity or SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell frequency between the groups. Healthy SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children had a higher proportion of polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells compared to children with MIS-C and those with other inflammatory or infectious diagnoses, who both presented a largely monofunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell profile. Treatment with steroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulins resulted in rapid reduction of inflammatory cytokines but did not affect the SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG or CD4+ T cell responses in MIS-C. In these data, MIS-C had a unique cytokine profile but not a unique SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral or T cell cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Butters
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Simone I Richardson
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ursula Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Muki Shey
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Frances Ayres
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Zanele Makhado
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R Balla
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Mashudu Madzivhandila
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heidi Facey-Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Timothy F Spracklen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jonathan Day
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hamza van der Ross
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Christiaan Scott
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Valley, 7501 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Penny L Moore
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Umbilo Road, 4001 Durban, South Africa.
| | - Roanne S Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Kate Webb
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa; Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.
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4
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Benede N, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Hahnle L, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Facey-Thomas H, Scott C, Day J, Spracklen TF, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, MacGinty R, Botha M, Workman L, Johnson M, Goldblatt D, Zar HJ, Ntusi NA, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell polyfunctional profile in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. iScience 2024; 27:108728. [PMID: 38235336 PMCID: PMC10792240 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on SARS-CoV-2 antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Lina Hahnle
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Heidi Facey-Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Scott
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Day
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Timothy F. Spracklen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marina Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A.B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Binayke A, Zaheer A, Vishwakarma S, Singh S, Sharma P, Chandwaskar R, Gosain M, Raghavan S, Murugesan DR, Kshetrapal P, Thiruvengadam R, Bhatnagar S, Pandey AK, Garg PK, Awasthi A. A quest for universal anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell assay: systematic review, meta-analysis, and experimental validation. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38167915 PMCID: PMC10762233 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses is crucial to understanding an individual's immunity to COVID-19. However, high inter- and intra-assay variability make it difficult to define T cells as a correlate of protection against COVID-19. To address this, we performed systematic review and meta-analysis of 495 datasets from 94 original articles evaluating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses using three assays - Activation Induced Marker (AIM), Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS), and Enzyme-Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT), and defined each assay's quantitative range. We validated these ranges using samples from 193 SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals. Although IFNγ ELISPOT was the preferred assay, our experimental validation suggested that it under-represented the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire. Our data indicate that a combination of AIM and ICS or FluoroSpot assay would better represent the frequency, polyfunctionality, and compartmentalization of the antigen-specific T cell responses. Taken together, our results contribute to defining the ranges of antigen-specific T cell assays and propose a choice of assay that can be employed to better understand the cellular immune response against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Binayke
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aymaan Zaheer
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Siddhesh Vishwakarma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rucha Chandwaskar
- Department of Microbiology, AMITY University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
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6
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da Silva Antunes R, Weiskopf D, Sidney J, Rubiro P, Peters B, Arlehamn CSL, Grifoni A, Sette A. The MegaPool Approach to Characterize Adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e934. [PMID: 37966108 PMCID: PMC10662678 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes recognized by T cells are a collection of short peptide fragments derived from specific antigens or proteins. Immunological research to study T cell responses is hindered by the extreme degree of heterogeneity of epitope targets, which are usually derived from multiple antigens; within a given antigen, hundreds of different T cell epitopes can be recognized, differing from one individual to the next because T cell epitope recognition is restricted by the epitopes' ability to bind to MHC molecules, which are extremely polymorphic in different individuals. Testing large pools encompassing hundreds of peptides is technically challenging because of logistical considerations regarding solvent-induced toxicity. To address this issue, we developed the MegaPool (MP) approach based on sequential lyophilization of large numbers of peptides that can be used in a variety of assays to measure T cell responses, including ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, and activation-induced marker assays, and that has been validated in the study of infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmunity. Here, we describe the procedures for generating and testing MPs, starting with peptide synthesis and lyophilization, as well as a step-by-step guide and recommendations for their handling and experimental usage. Overall, the MP approach is a powerful strategy for studying T cell responses and understanding the immune system's role in health and disease. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of peptide pools ("MegaPools") Basic Protocol 2: MegaPool testing and quantitation of antigen-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rubiro
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
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7
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Loy CJ, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Servellita V, Nguyen J, Lenz J, Bhattacharya S, Williams ME, Cheng AP, Bliss A, Saldhi P, Brazer N, Streithorst J, Suslovic W, Hsieh CJ, Bahar B, Wood N, Foresythe A, Gliwa A, Bhakta K, Perez MA, Hussaini L, Anderson EJ, Chahroudi A, Delaney M, Butte AJ, DeBiasi RL, Rostad CA, De Vlaminck I, Chiu CY. Nucleic acid biomarkers of immune response and cell and tissue damage in children with COVID-19 and MIS-C. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101034. [PMID: 37279751 PMCID: PMC10121104 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Differential host responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) remain poorly characterized. Here, we use next-generation sequencing to longitudinally analyze blood samples from pediatric patients with COVID-19 or MIS-C across three hospitals. Profiling of plasma cell-free nucleic acids uncovers distinct signatures of cell injury and death between COVID-19 and MIS-C, with increased multiorgan involvement in MIS-C encompassing diverse cell types, including endothelial and neuronal cells, and an enrichment of pyroptosis-related genes. Whole-blood RNA profiling reveals upregulation of similar pro-inflammatory pathways in COVID-19 and MIS-C but also MIS-C-specific downregulation of T cell-associated pathways. Profiling of plasma cell-free RNA and whole-blood RNA in paired samples yields different but complementary signatures for each disease state. Our work provides a systems-level view of immune responses and tissue damage in COVID-19 and MIS-C and informs future development of new disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Loy
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joan Lenz
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sanchita Bhattacharya
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Alexandre P Cheng
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Andrew Bliss
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Prachi Saldhi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noah Brazer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jessica Streithorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Charlotte J Hsieh
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Burak Bahar
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Nathan Wood
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Abiodun Foresythe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amelia Gliwa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kushmita Bhakta
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maria A Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA; The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA; The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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8
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Benede NSB, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, Botha M, Workman L, Zar HJ, Ntusi NAB, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell functional profiles in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive and seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.16.23290059. [PMID: 37292954 PMCID: PMC10246143 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.23290059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi S. B. Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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9
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Perez MA, Hsiao HM, Chen X, Kunkel A, Baida N, Hussaini L, Lu AT, Kao CM, Laham FR, Hunstad DA, Beltran Y, Hammett TA, Godfred-Cato S, Chahroudi A, Anderson EJ, Belay E, Rostad CA. Serologic responses to COVID-19 vaccination in children with history of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Vaccine 2023; 41:2743-2748. [PMID: 36964000 PMCID: PMC10015103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the serological responses to COVID-19 vaccination in children with history of MIS-C could inform vaccination recommendations. We prospectively enrolled seven children hospitalized with MIS-C and measured SARS-CoV-2 binding IgG antibodies to spike protein variants longitudinally pre- and post-Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 primary series COVID-19 vaccination. We found that SARS-CoV-2 variant cross-reactive IgG antibodies variably waned following acute MIS-C, but were significantly boosted with vaccination and maintained for up to 3 months. We then compared post-vaccination binding, pseudovirus neutralizing, and functional antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) titers to the reference strain (Wuhan-hu-1) and Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) among previously healthy children (n = 16) and children with history of MIS-C (n = 7) or COVID-19 (n = 8). Despite the breadth of binding antibodies elicited by vaccination in all three groups, pseudovirus neutralizing and ADCC titers were significantly reduced to the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Hui-Mien Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Amber Kunkel
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadine Baida
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Austin T Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Carol M Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | | | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Yajira Beltran
- Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806 USA
| | | | | | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ermias Belay
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA.
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10
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Wang J, Mai X, He Y, Zhu C, Zhou D. IgG1-Dominant Antibody Response Induced by Recombinant Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with PIKA Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040827. [PMID: 37112739 PMCID: PMC10144704 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with PIKA (polyI:C) adjuvant induces potent and durable neutralizing antibodies that protect against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. The immunoglobulin subclasses of viral-specific antibodies remain unknown, as do their glycosylation status on Fc regions. In this study, we analyzed immunoglobulins adsorbed by plate-bound recombinant trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein from serum of Cynomolgus monkey immunized by recombinant trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with PIKA (polyI:C) adjuvant. The results showed that IgG1 was the dominant IgG subclass as revealed by ion mobility mass spectrometry. The average percentage of Spike protein-specific IgG1 increased to 88.3% as compared to pre-immunization. Core fucosylation for Fc glycopeptide of Spike protein-specific IgG1 was found to be higher than 98%. These results indicate that a unique Th1-biased, IgG1-dominant antibody response was responsible for the effectiveness of PIKA (polyI:C) adjuvant. Vaccine-induced core-fucosylation of IgG1 Fc region may reduce incidence of severe COVID-19 disease associated with overstimulation of FCGR3A by afucosylated IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 500 Zhennan Road, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Xinjia Mai
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 500 Zhennan Road, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 500 Zhennan Road, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 500 Zhennan Road, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 500 Zhennan Road, Shanghai 200331, China
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11
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Milligan EC, Olstad K, Williams CA, Mallory M, Cano P, Cross KA, Munt JE, Garrido C, Lindesmith L, Watanabe J, Usachenko JL, Hopkins L, Immareddy R, Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Elizaldi SR, Roh JW, Sammak RL, Pollard RE, Yee JL, Herbek S, Scobey T, Miehlke D, Fouda G, Ferrari G, Gao H, Shen X, Kozlowski PA, Montefiori D, Hudgens MG, Edwards DK, Carfi A, Corbett KS, Graham BS, Fox CB, Tomai M, Iyer SS, Baric R, Reader R, Dittmer DP, Van Rompay KKA, Permar SR, De Paris K. Infant rhesus macaques immunized against SARS-CoV-2 are protected against heterologous virus challenge 1 year later. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadd6383. [PMID: 36454813 PMCID: PMC9765459 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration only gave emergency use authorization of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for infants 6 months and older in June 2022. Yet questions regarding the durability of vaccine efficacy, especially against emerging variants, in this age group remain. We demonstrated previously that a two-dose regimen of stabilized prefusion Washington SARS-CoV-2 S-2P spike (S) protein encoded by mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) or purified S-2P mixed with 3M-052, a synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist, in a squalene emulsion (Protein+3M-052-SE) was safe and immunogenic in infant rhesus macaques. Here, we demonstrate that broadly neutralizing and spike-binding antibodies against variants of concern (VOCs), as well as T cell responses, persisted for 12 months. At 1 year, corresponding to human toddler age, we challenged vaccinated rhesus macaques and age-matched nonvaccinated controls intranasally and intratracheally with a high dose of heterologous SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta). Seven of eight control rhesus macaques exhibited severe interstitial pneumonia and high virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract. In contrast, vaccinated rhesus macaques had faster viral clearance with mild to no pneumonia. Neutralizing and binding antibody responses to the B.1.617.2 variant at the day of challenge correlated with lung pathology and reduced virus replication. Overall, the Protein+3M-052-SE vaccine provided superior protection to the mRNA-LNP vaccine, emphasizing opportunities for optimization of current vaccine platforms. The observed efficacy of both vaccines 1 year after vaccination supports the implementation of an early-life SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Milligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine Olstad
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Caitlin A Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patricio Cano
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Cross
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer E Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lisa Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jodie L Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lincoln Hopkins
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ramya Immareddy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Sonny R Elizaldi
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jamin W Roh
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rebecca L Sammak
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rachel E Pollard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Savannah Herbek
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Trevor Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dieter Miehlke
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Genevieve Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Corporate Research Materials Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN 55144, USA
| | - Smita S Iyer
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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da Fonseca Lima EJ, Leite RD. COVID-19 vaccination in children: a public health priority. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2023; 99 Suppl 1:S28-S36. [PMID: 36564007 PMCID: PMC9767816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Covid-19 had a direct impact on children's health. The aim of this review was to analyze epidemiological and clinical data, the consequences of the pandemic, and vaccination aspects in this group. SOURCES OF DATA The searches were carried out from January 2020 to November 2022, in the MEDLINE databases (PubMed) and publications of the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Covid-19 has a mild presentation in most children; however, the infection can progress to the severe form and, in some cases, to MIS-C. The prevalence of the so-called long Covid in children was 25.24%. Moreover, several indirect impacts occurred on the health of children and adolescents. Vaccination played a crucial role in enabling the reduction of severe disease and mortality rates. Children and adolescents, as a special population, were excluded from the initial clinical trials and, therefore, vaccination was introduced later in this group. Despite its importance, there have been difficulties in the efficient implementation of vaccination in the pediatric population. The CoronaVac vaccines are authorized in Brazil for children over three years of age and the pediatric presentations of the Pfizer vaccine have shown significant effectiveness and safety. CONCLUSIONS Covid-19 in the pediatric age group was responsible for the illness and deaths of a significant number of children. For successful immunization, major barriers have to be overcome. Real-world data on the safety and efficacy of several pediatric vaccines is emphasized, and the authors need a uniform message about the importance of immunization for all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Jorge da Fonseca Lima
- Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, PE, Brazil; Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Robério Dias Leite
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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13
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Estrada-Luna D, Carreón-Torres E, González-Reyes S, Martínez-Salazar MF, Ortiz-Rodríguez MA, Ramírez-Moreno E, Arias-Rico J, Jiménez-Osorio AS. Nutraceuticals for Complementary Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Perspective from Their Use in COVID-19. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101652. [PMID: 36295088 PMCID: PMC9605437 DOI: 10.3390/life12101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has been widely reported in some children diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Clinical signs of MIS-C are manifested at 2 to 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, where elevated biomarkers of inflammation and cardiac dysfunction are the hallmark of this syndrome when infection or exposure to SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed. However, after two years of acknowledgment, MIS-C treatment is still under research to reach safety and effectiveness in the acute phase in children. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the potential use of natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to reduce collateral damage caused by hyperinflammation in MIS-C pathology for new research in treatment and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Estrada-Luna
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Susana González-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Martínez-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001 Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - María Araceli Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Iztaccíhuatl 100 Col. Los Volcanes, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico
| | - José Arias-Rico
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico
| | - Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000 (ext. 4323)
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14
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Sette A, Crotty S. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:27-46. [PMID: 35733376 PMCID: PMC9349657 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the adaptive immune system, including CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, and long-lasting antibody responses. Extraordinary progress has been made in understanding memory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines, addressing development; quantitative and qualitative features of different cellular and anatomical compartments; and durability of each cellular component and antibodies. Given the sophistication of the measurements; the size of the human studies; the use of longitudinal samples and cross-sectional studies; and head-to-head comparisons between infection and vaccines or between multiple vaccines, the understanding of immune memory for 1 year to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines already supersedes that of any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge may help inform public policies regarding COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the scientific development of future vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented health and economic losses. Children generally present with less severe disease from this virus compared with adults, yet neonates and children with COVID-19 can require hospitalization, and older children can develop severe complications, such as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome, resulting in >1500 deaths in children from COVID-19 since the onset of the pandemic. The introduction of effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in school-age children and adult populations combined with the emergence of new, more highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants has resulted in a proportional increase of infections in young children. Here, we discuss (1) the current knowledge on pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis in comparison with adults, (2) the data on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy in children, and (3) the benefits of early life SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, and Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/ New York Presbyterian, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Cheng ML, Liu HY, Zhou C, Li RT, Zheng J, Qin YH, Yang N, Zhang Y, Huang JJ, Zhu Z, Meng QY, Wang GQ, Zhao H, Chen Y, Bai CQ, Qin CF, Li F. Longitudinal Dynamics of Cellular Responses in Recovered COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911859. [PMID: 35663993 PMCID: PMC9161166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics based on the understanding of antiviral immunity are urgently needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the understanding of these immune responses, especially cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, is limited. Here, we conducted a cohort study of COVID-19 patients who were followed and had blood collected to characterize the longitudinal dynamics of their cellular immune responses. Compared with healthy controls, the percentage of activation of SARS-CoV-2 S/N-specific T cells in recovered patients was significantly higher. And the activation percentage of S/N-specific CD8+ T cells in recovered patients was significantly higher than that of CD4+ T cells. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses were strongly biased toward the expression of Th1 cytokines, included the cytokines IFNγ, TNFα and IL2. Moreover, the secreted IFNγ and IL2 level in severe patients was higher than that in mild patients. Additionally, the number of IFNγ-secreting S-specific T cells in recovered patients were higher than that of N-specific T cells. Overall, the SARS-CoV-2 S/N-specific T-cell responses in recovered patients were strong, and virus-specific immunity was present until 14-16 weeks after symptom onset. Our work provides a basis for understanding the immune responses and pathogenesis of COVID-19. It also has implications for vaccine development and optimization and speeding up the licensing of the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Li Cheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui-Ying Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Ting Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hong Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Juan-Juan Huang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yu Meng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guo-Qing Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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