1
|
Tagarelli A, Piro A, Tagarelli G, Bastone L, Paleari R, Mosca A. G6PD/PK ratio: a reliable parameter to identify glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency associated with microcytic anemia in heterozygous subjects. Clin Biochem 2004; 37:863-6. [PMID: 15369716 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if measuring the ratio of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) to pyruvate kinase (PK) is more reliable than only measuring G6PD activity to identify heterozygous G6PD- individuals with associated microcytic anemia in the Calabrian population, which shows high frequencies of both the thalassaemia (thal) trait and G6PD deficiency. DESIGN AND METHODS Measurement of G6PD and PK activities was carried out on 205 samples of whole blood from Calabrian subjects of both sexes (age range 10-50 years) using a double starter differential pH-metry technique. RESULTS The G6PD/PK ratio is able to differentiate G6PD- heterozygous individuals from the normal population. G6PD/PK values also allowed us to easily identify the G6PD- heterozygous subjects with microcytic anaemia. Student's t test shows that G6PD/PK ratio is more reliable in both sample groups, relative to G6PD activity in normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS G6PD/PK ratio is a reliable diagnostic parameter for mass screening for G6PD deficiency.
Collapse
|
2
|
Affiliation(s)
- David G Nathan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- David H K Chui
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
A correlation of erythrokinetics, ineffective erythropoiesis, and erythroid precursor apoptosis in Thai patients with thalassemia. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.7.2606.h8002606_2606_2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety of patients with thalassemia in Thailand offers an opportunity to fully characterize the kinetic causes of the anemia and to study apoptosis of marrow erythroid precursors as a possible factor contributing to its severity. Kinetic studies showed that in hemoglobin H (HbH) disease, the extent of hemolysis, as well as the minimally ineffective erythropoiesis, usually falls within the compensatory capacity of normal erythropoiesis; therefore, anemia in patients with HbH partly represents a failure to expand erythropoiesis adequately. Hemoglobin Constant Spring (HbCS), a common variant of α thalassemia in Bangkok, causes more severe hemolysis and a distinct increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. Ineffective erythropoiesis plays a much more prominent role in β thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/HbE) disease, in which the variability of the anemia is puzzling. We compared mild and severe cases and found that patients with severe disease had a maximal marrow erythropoietic response that failed to compensate for very short survival of red blood cells and a marked quantitative increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. Analysis of apoptosis of marrow erythroid precursors done both on shipped samples and in Bangkok showed a moderate increase in HbH disease, consistent with the small increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. In patients with homozygous HbCS, there was a further increase in apoptosis, consistent with the additional increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with β-thal/HbE disease had the most ineffective erythropoiesis and the most erythroid apoptosis. Thus, it appears that α-chain deposition in erythroid precursors, either αA or αcs, leads to accelerated apoptosis and ineffective erythropoiesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
A correlation of erythrokinetics, ineffective erythropoiesis, and erythroid precursor apoptosis in Thai patients with thalassemia. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.7.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The variety of patients with thalassemia in Thailand offers an opportunity to fully characterize the kinetic causes of the anemia and to study apoptosis of marrow erythroid precursors as a possible factor contributing to its severity. Kinetic studies showed that in hemoglobin H (HbH) disease, the extent of hemolysis, as well as the minimally ineffective erythropoiesis, usually falls within the compensatory capacity of normal erythropoiesis; therefore, anemia in patients with HbH partly represents a failure to expand erythropoiesis adequately. Hemoglobin Constant Spring (HbCS), a common variant of α thalassemia in Bangkok, causes more severe hemolysis and a distinct increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. Ineffective erythropoiesis plays a much more prominent role in β thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/HbE) disease, in which the variability of the anemia is puzzling. We compared mild and severe cases and found that patients with severe disease had a maximal marrow erythropoietic response that failed to compensate for very short survival of red blood cells and a marked quantitative increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. Analysis of apoptosis of marrow erythroid precursors done both on shipped samples and in Bangkok showed a moderate increase in HbH disease, consistent with the small increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. In patients with homozygous HbCS, there was a further increase in apoptosis, consistent with the additional increase in ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with β-thal/HbE disease had the most ineffective erythropoiesis and the most erythroid apoptosis. Thus, it appears that α-chain deposition in erythroid precursors, either αA or αcs, leads to accelerated apoptosis and ineffective erythropoiesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanna G, Frau F, Melis MA, Galanello R, De Virgiliis S, Cao A. Interaction between the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and thalassaemia genes at phenotype level. Br J Haematol 1980; 44:555-61. [PMID: 7378315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1980.tb08709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
No significant differences were observed in the mean values of Hb A2 levels and red cell indices between G6PD- and G6PD+ beta thalassaemia carriers apart from the MCV, which was significantly higher in beta thalassaemia G6PD- subjects, but still in the thalassaemia carrier range. No difference was seen between G6PD+ and G6PD- alpha thalassaemia carriers. G6PD+ beta thalassaemia carriers show a significant increase in G6PD levels expressed as activity per g of Hb and to lesser extent as activity per number of red cells x 10(9); in G6PD+ alpha thalassaemia carriers this increase is statistically significant only when the enzyme levels are expressed as activity per g of Hb. G6PD- beta thalassaemia carriers had enzyme levels higher than non-thalassaemic G6PD- subjects only when the activity is expressed per g of Hb. G6PD activity was found to be increased in G6PD+ and G6PD- Hb H disease patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Relative stability of alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs in homozygous beta+ thalassemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3960-4. [PMID: 71735 PMCID: PMC431801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative concentrations of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin mRNA sequences were measured in bone marrow nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA and in RNA from peripheral blood reticulocytes of three patients with homozygous beta+ thalassemia. Our results suggest that the quantitative deficiency in beta-globin mRNA may arise because of abnormal metabolism of molecules containing beta mRNA sequences. Complementary DNAs specific for each of the globins were synthesized. Variable quantities of RNA were incubated to equilibrium with 3H-labeled alpha- and 32P-labeled beta- or gamma-enriched cDNA. We found for each of the patients that the alpha/beta mRNA sequence ratio was more nearly normal in the nuclear RNA than in either cytoplasmic or reticulocyte RNA. Conversely, gamma mRNA sequences were very low in the nucleus with an increase in the relative concentration in both cytoplasm and reticulocyte RNA. The thermal stability of nucleic acid duplexes formed between beta cDNA and nuclear RNA from one patient with beta+ thalassemia was equivalent to that of duplexes formed with normal nuclear RNA. Approximately equal amounts of thalassemic alpha and beta mRNA were retained by oligo(dT)-cellulose, indicating that the 3' poly(A) segment was present on both. Our results indicate that beta-globin mRNA, although grossly normal in structure, fails to accumulate in beta+ thalassemic erythroid cells in amounts equivalent to the mRNA for alpha-globin.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kabat D, Koler RD. The thalassemias: model for analysis of quantitative gene control. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1975; 5:157-222. [PMID: 48328 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9068-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Tso SC. Red cell survival studies in haemoglobin H disease using ( 51 Cr)chromate and ( 32 P)di-isopropyl phosphofluoridate. Br J Haematol 1972; 23:621-9. [PMID: 4636191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1972.tb07097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
10
|
Knox-Macaulay HH, Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB, Bradley J, Brown MJ. The clinical and biosynthetic characterization of -thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 1972; 22:497-512. [PMID: 5028129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1972.tb05695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Rieder RF. Synthesis of hemoglobin Gun Hill: increased synthesis of the heme-free beta-GH globin chain and subunit exchange with a free alpha-chain pool. J Clin Invest 1971; 50:388-400. [PMID: 5540175 PMCID: PMC291935 DOI: 10.1172/jci106506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin Gun Hill is an unstable mutant hemoglobin associated with mild compensated hemolysis. This abnormal protein has a deletion of five amino acids in the beta-chains. The deletion includes the heme-binding proximal histidine at position 92. The beta-chains of hemoglobin Gun Hill lack heme groups. Approximately 32% of the circulating hemoglobin in heterozygous subjects consists of the mutant hemoglobin. When reticulocytes were incubated with radioactive amino acid the specific activity of hemoglobin Gun Hill was three to six times that of hemoglobin A. Total incorporation of radioactivity into hemoglobin Gun Hill was two to three times that into hemoglobin A. There were 20-50% more total counts in beta-Gun Hill (beta(GH)) than in beta(A). These results indicate that in reticulocytes there was greater synthesis of the abnormal beta-chains than beta(A)-chains. The ratio of the specific activities of the alpha-chains of hemoglobin Gun Hill to the alpha-chains of hemoglobin A was 20: 1. There was evidence of a free pool of alpha-chains in the reticulocytes containing hemoglobin Gun Hill. After 10 min of incubation approximately 40% of the total alpha-chain radioactivity was in the free pool. When protein synthesis was blocked by incubation of reticulocytes with puromycin, the specific activity of the alpha-chains of hemoglobin Gun Hill continued to increase due to direct exchange of alpha-subunits between the free pool and preformed hemoglobin Gun Hill. Studies of the assembly of beta(A) and beta(GH) revealed that the rates of translation of the two polypeptide chains were equal and uniform. No evidence was obtained for the existence of "slow points" in the process of globin chain assembly. The studies also suggest that lack of strong heme-globin binding does not hinder the synthesis of globin chains.
Collapse
|
13
|
Necheles TF, Allen DM, Gerald PS. The many forms of thalassemia: definition and classification of the thalassemia syndromes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969; 165:5-12. [PMID: 5260168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb27771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
14
|
Wasi P, Na-Nakorn S, Pootrakul S, Sookanek M, Disthasongchan P, Panich V, Pornpatkul M. Alpha- and beta-thalassemia in Thailand. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969; 165:60-82. [PMID: 5260169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb27777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
15
|
Charache S, Mondzac AM, Gessner U. Hemoglobin Hasharon (alpha-2-47 his(CD5)beta-2): a hemoglobin found in low concentration. J Clin Invest 1969; 48:834-47. [PMID: 5780195 PMCID: PMC322291 DOI: 10.1172/jci106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin Hasharon (alpha(2) (47 his)(CD5)beta(2)) was found to comprise only 16-19% of hemolysates of carriers. These heterozygotes appeared to have mild, compensated, hemolytic anemia. Hb Hasharon was more heat-labile than hemoglobins A, S, or C. Its specific activity was higher than that of Hb A after administration of (59)Fe to two carriers. When hemoglobin synthesis by bone marrow cells was studied in vitro, about 18% of incorporated leucine appeared in the Hb Hasharon fraction. It is suggested that Hb Hasharon is unstable in vivo, and that mild hemolytic anemia and a relatively small decrease in its concentration in hemolysates result from its denaturation within red cells. Decreased synthesis, which appears to be the major cause of the small amount of abnormal hemoglobin, may protect heterozygotes from clinically significant hemolytic anemia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nathan DG, Stossel TB, Gunn RB, Zarkowsky HS, Laforet MT. Influence of hemoglobin precipitation on erythrocyte metabolism in alpha and beta thalassemia. J Clin Invest 1969; 48:33-41. [PMID: 5765025 PMCID: PMC322189 DOI: 10.1172/jci105972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain aspects of the metabolism of centrifuged young and old erythrocytes in hemoglobin H disease have been examined and compared with similar studies of beta thalassemia and normal cells. Glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt activity (HMPS), potassium flux, and glutathione (GSH) content were measured. The distributions of hemoglobins H and F, as well as the activities of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), were utilized for estimations of the relative ages of the cell samples. The young erythrocytes in hemoglobin H disease differed in several respects from older hemoglobin H cells. They contained more soluble hemoglobin H and GSH and, after splenectomy, fewer inclusions. HMPS activity was subnormal in hemoglobin H young cells and rose to normal activity in old cells. Potassium flux tended to increase in old cells when inclusions were present.Beta thalassemia young cells contained less hemoglobin F and, after splenectomy, more inclusions than old cells. In addition, they had markedly increased glycolysis and HMPS activity. GSH was randomly distributed. Potassium flux was increased in younger cells and particularly increased when inclusions appeared in younger cells after splenectomy. The results are interpreted to indicate that inclusion formation is associated with increased erythrocyte cation permeability in the thalassemia syndromes. This is not related to the level of intracellular GSH. The decreased HMPS activity in young hemoglobin H cells may be due to the presence of the extra thiols of soluble hemoglobin H which can act as a reducing agent. The substitution of hemoglobin H for glutathione in this capacity would then spare the NADPH-requiring glutathione reductase system. As a consequence, HMPS activity would decline. However, in older cells the oxidized hemoglobin H precipitates; these must rely upon GSH and glutathione reductase activity for thiol reduction capacity. Accordingly, HMPS activity increases to normal in the old cell population.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ing RY, Crookston JH. Alpha thalassemia: five cases of hemoglobin H disease in three Oriental-Canadian families. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1968; 99:49-56. [PMID: 5664181 PMCID: PMC1924320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
18
|
Wasi P, Pootrakul S, Na-Nakorn S. Hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin in a Thai family: the first instance in the mongol race and in association with haemoglobin E. Br J Haematol 1968; 14:501-6. [PMID: 5726236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1968.tb07001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
19
|
Rönisch P, Kleihauer E. [Alpha-thalassemia with HbH and Hb Bart's in a German family]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1967; 45:1193-200. [PMID: 5597051 DOI: 10.1007/bf01727633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
20
|
Wasi P, Sookanek M, Pootrakul S, Na-Nakorn S, Suingdumrong A. Haemoglobin E and alpha-Thalassaemia. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1967; 4:29-32. [PMID: 6047826 PMCID: PMC1748846 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5570.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
21
|
Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ. Haemoglobin synthesis in alpha-thalassaemia (haemoglobin H disease). Nature 1967; 215:1241-3. [PMID: 6052721 DOI: 10.1038/2151241a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
22
|
|