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Myette RL, Flynn JT. The ongoing impact of obesity on childhood hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:2337-2346. [PMID: 38189961 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Obesity rates among children have been steadily rising over the past several decades. This epidemic has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of childhood hypertension, with children in low- and middle-income countries being affected to the same extent as children in high-income countries. This review will examine the trends in childhood blood pressure and the relationship between excess body weight and the development of hypertension. In addition, distinct mechanisms of obesity-related hypertension will be discussed. There will be an emphasis on recent studies conducted since the publication of new guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2017 which resulted in the adoption of lower normative blood pressure cutoffs. The overall intent of this review is to provide the reader with an understanding of the ongoing impact, and complexities, of obesity-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Myette
- The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph T Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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2
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Zmaili M, Alzubi J, Alkhayyat M, Albakri A, Alkhalaileh F, Longinow J, Moudgil R. Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: The Conjoined Twins. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1450. [PMID: 38672532 PMCID: PMC11048405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the two most common causes of death worldwide. As the fields of cardiovascular medicine and oncology continue to expand, the area of overlap is becoming more prominent demanding dedicated attention and individualized patient care. We have come to realize that both fields are inextricably intertwined in several aspects, so much so that the mere presence of one, with its resultant downstream implications, has an impact on the other. Nonetheless, cardiovascular disease and cancer are generally approached independently. The focus that is granted to the predominant pathological entity (either cardiovascular disease or cancer), does not allow for optimal medical care for the other. As a result, ample opportunities for improvement in overall health care are being overlooked. Herein, we hope to shed light on the interconnected relationship between cardiovascular disease and cancer and uncover some of the unintentionally neglected intricacies of common cardiovascular therapeutics from an oncologic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zmaili
- Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Jafar Alzubi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Motasem Alkhayyat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Almaza Albakri
- Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdullah II Ben Al-Hussein Street, Amman 11855, Jordan
| | - Feras Alkhalaileh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joshua Longinow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rohit Moudgil
- Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Stifel U, Vogel F, Caratti G, Reincke M, Tuckermann J. Unique Gene Expression Signature in Periadrenal Adipose Tissue Identifies a High Blood Pressure Group in Patients With Cushing Syndrome. Hypertension 2023; 80:2333-2344. [PMID: 37646167 PMCID: PMC10581443 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cushing syndrome (CS) is a rare disease caused by excess cortisol levels with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hypertension in CS promotes hypercortisolism-associated cardiovascular events. Adipose tissue is a highly plastic tissue with most cell types strongly affected by the excess cortisol exposure. We hypothesized that the molecular and cellular changes of periadrenal adipose tissue in response to cortisol excess impact systemic blood pressure levels in patients with CS. METHODS We investigated gene expression signatures in periadrenal adipose tissue from patients with adrenal CS collected during adrenal surgery. RESULTS During active CS we observed a downregulation of gene programs associated with inflammation in periadrenal adipose tissue. In addition, we observed a clustering of the patients based on tissue gene expression profiles into 2 groups that differed in blood pressure levels (CS low blood pressure and CS high blood pressure). The 2 clusters showed significant differences in gene expression pattens of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Renin was the strongest regulated gene compared with control patients and its expression correlated with increased blood pressure observed in our patients with CS. In the CS high blood pressure group, systemic renin plasma levels were suppressed indicative of an abnormal blood pressure associated with periadrenal adipose tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system activation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show for the first time a relevant association of the local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system and systemic blood pressure levels in patients with CS. Patients from the CS high blood pressure group still had increased blood pressure levels after 6 months in remission, highlighting the importance of local tissue effects on long-term systemic effects observed in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Stifel
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany (U.S., G.C., J.T.)
| | - Frederick Vogel
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (F.V., M.R.)
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany (U.S., G.C., J.T.)
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (G.C.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (F.V., M.R.)
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany (U.S., G.C., J.T.)
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Goto S, Yoshida Y, Hosojima M, Kuwahara S, Kabasawa H, Aoki H, Iida T, Sawada R, Ugamura D, Yoshizawa Y, Takemoto K, Komochi K, Kobayashi R, Kaseda R, Yaoita E, Nagatoishi S, Narita I, Tsumoto K, Saito A. Megalin is involved in angiotensinogen-induced, angiotensin II-mediated ERK1/2 signaling to activate Na + -H + exchanger 3 in proximal tubules. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1831-1843. [PMID: 37682076 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney angiotensin (Ang) II is produced mainly from liver-derived, glomerular-filtered angiotensinogen (AGT). Podocyte injury has been reported to increase the kidney Ang II content and induce Na + retention depending on the function of megalin, a proximal tubular endocytosis receptor. However, how megalin regulates the renal content and action of Ang II remains elusive. METHODS We used a mass spectrometry-based, parallel reaction-monitoring assay to quantitate Ang II in plasma, urine, and kidney homogenate of kidney-specific conditional megalin knockout (MegKO) and control (Ctl) mice. We also evaluated the pathophysiological changes in both mouse genotypes under the basal condition and under the condition of increased glomerular filtration of AGT induced by administration of recombinant mouse AGT (rec-mAGT). RESULTS Under the basal condition, plasma and kidney Ang II levels were comparable in the two mouse groups. Ang II was detected abundantly in fresh spot urine in conditional MegKO mice. Megalin was also found to mediate the uptake of intravenously administered fluorescent Ang II by PTECs. Administration of rec-mAGT increased kidney Ang II, exerted renal extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling, activated proximal tubular Na + -H + exchanger 3 (NHE3), and decreased urinary Na + excretion in Ctl mice, whereas these changes were suppressed but urinary Ang II was increased in conditional MegKO mice. CONCLUSION Increased glomerular filtration of AGT is likely to augment Ang II production in the proximal tubular lumen. Thus, megalin-dependent Ang II uptake should be involved in the ERK1/2 signaling that activates proximal tubular NHE3 in vivo , thereby causing Na + retention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryohei Kaseda
- Department of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Niigata
| | | | | | - Ichiei Narita
- Department of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Niigata
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science and Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Bazgir F, Nau J, Nakhaei-Rad S, Amin E, Wolf MJ, Saucerman JJ, Lorenz K, Ahmadian MR. The Microenvironment of the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2023; 12:1780. [PMID: 37443814 PMCID: PMC10341218 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a key risk factor for the development of heart failure and predisposes individuals to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. While physiological cardiac hypertrophy is adaptive, hypertrophy resulting from conditions comprising hypertension, aortic stenosis, or genetic mutations, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is maladaptive. Here, we highlight the essential role and reciprocal interactions involving both cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells in response to pathological conditions. Prolonged cardiovascular stress causes cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells to enter an activated state releasing numerous pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory mediators such as vasoactive hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, i.e., commencing signaling events that collectively cause cardiac hypertrophy. Fibrotic remodeling is mediated by cardiac fibroblasts as the central players, but also endothelial cells and resident and infiltrating immune cells enhance these processes. Many of these hypertrophic mediators are now being integrated into computational models that provide system-level insights and will help to translate our knowledge into new pharmacological targets. This perspective article summarizes the last decades' advances in cardiac hypertrophy research and discusses the herein-involved complex myocardial microenvironment and signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Bazgir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Julia Nau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Department of Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Jeffry J. Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
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Angiotensin II Blood Serum Levels in Piglets, after Intra-Dermal or Intra-Muscular Vaccination against PRRSV. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090496. [PMID: 36136712 PMCID: PMC9503611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection causes massive financial losses in pig production worldwide. Vaccination is still the most cost-effective tool to handle PRRSV infection. PRRSV induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) participates in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The objective of the current study was to assess the concentration of Ang II in the serum of piglets following immunization against PRRSV through intradermal (ID) or intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. Moreover, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets. Abstract The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system and participates in apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in piglet serum Ang II levels following intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The trial was conducted in a commercial pig farm, including 104 piglets which were randomly allocated to four groups: Group A—Porcilis PRRS ID, Group B—Porcilis PRRS IM, Group C—Diluvac ID and Group D—Diluvac IM. The study piglets were either vaccinated or injected at 2 weeks of age and they were tested by qRT-PCR for PRRSV and by ELISA for Ang II. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. In addition, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets.
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Sontag F, Suvakov S, Garovic VD. Soluble urinary somatic angiotensin converting enzyme is overexpressed in patients with preeclampsia: a potential new marker for the disease? Hypertens Pregnancy 2022; 41:190-197. [PMID: 35997304 PMCID: PMC9771896 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2022.2115060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify and quantify urinary Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. METHODS Urine samples were analyzed by Western blot. Patients were classified into: normotensive pregnancy (N); preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia (PE+SPE); and gestational hypertension (GH). RESULTS Somatic ACE protein expression was higher in PE+SPE compared to N and GH. There was a positive correlation between ACE and urinary protein to creatinine ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. CONCLUSION These results indicate ACE overexpression in the urine of preeclamptic patients and suggest that it may be a new marker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sontag
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonja Suvakov
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Vesna D Garovic
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Bas Z. Inhibition effect of nicotinamide (vitamin B 3) and reduced glutathione (GSH) peptide on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity purified from sheep kidney. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:65-71. [PMID: 34419538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) plays a significant role in blood pressure regulation and inhibition of this enzyme is one of the significant drug targets for the treatment of hypertension. In this work, ACE was purified from sheep kidneys with the affinity chromatography method in one step. The purity and molecular weight of ACE were designated using the SDS-PAGE method and observed two bands at around 60 kDa and 70 kDa on the gel. The effects of nicotinamide (vitamin B3) and reduced glutathione (GSH) peptide on purified ACE were researched. Nicotinamide and GSH peptide on purified ACE showed an inhibition effect. IC50 values for nicotinamide and GSH were calculated as 14.3 μM and 7.3 μM, respectively. Type of inhibition and Ki values for nicotinamide and GSH from the Lineweaver-Burk graph were determined. The type of inhibition for nicotinamide and GSH was determined as non-competitive inhibition. Ki value was calculated as 15.4 μM for nicotinamide and 6.7 μM for GSH. Also, GSH peptide showed higher inhibitory activity on ACE activity than nicotinamide. In this study, it was concluded that nicotinamide and GSH peptide compounds, which show an inhibition effect on ACE activity, may have both protective and therapeutic effects against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Bas
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Van, Turkey.
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Aydin F, Turkoglu V, Bas Z. Purification and characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from sheep lung. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4191-4199. [PMID: 34086160 PMCID: PMC8176444 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) in the renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure by catalyzing angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. In this study, the ACE was purified and characterized from sheep lung. The kinetic properties of the ACE were designated. The inhibition effect of captopril, a specific ACE inhibitor, was determined. ACE was purified from sheep lung using the affinity chromatography method in one step. NHS-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow as column filler and lisinopril as a ligand in this method used. The molecular weight and purity of ACE were designated using the SDS-PAGE method. Optimum temperature and optimum pH were found for purified ACE. KM and Vmax values from Lineweaver–Burk charts determined. The inhibition type, IC50, and Ki values of captopril on purified ACE were identified. ACE was 6405-fold purified from sheep lung by affinity chromatography in one step and specific activity was 16871 EU/mg protein. The purity and molecular weight of ACE were found with SDS-PAGE and observed two bands at around 60 kDa and 70 kDa on the gel. Optimum temperature and optimum pH were designated for purified ACE. Optimum temperature and pH were found as 40 °C and pH 7.4, respectively. Vmax and KM values were calculated to be 35.59 (µmol/min).mL−1 and 0.18 mM, respectively. IC50 value of captopril was found as 0.51 nM. The inhibition type of captopril was determined as non-competitive from the Lineweaver–Burk graph and the Ki value was 0.39 nM. As a result, it was observed in this study that the ACE enzyme can be successfully purified from sheep lungs in one step. Also, it was determined that captopril, which is a specific ACE inhibitor, has a significant inhibitory effect with a very low IC50 value of 0.51 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Aydin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van YüzüncüYıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Vedat Turkoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van YüzüncüYıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zehra Bas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey.
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de Miranda FS, Guimarães JPT, Menikdiwela KR, Mabry B, Dhakal R, Rahman RL, Moussa H, Moustaid-Moussa N. Breast cancer and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS): Therapeutic approaches and related metabolic diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111245. [PMID: 33753205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is classically recognized for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. Recently, this role has extended to other areas including inflammation, obesity, diabetes, as well as breast cancer. RAS components are expressed in normal and cancerous breast tissues, and downregulation of RAS inhibits metastasis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and desmoplasia in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, RAS inhibitors (Angiotensin receptor blockers, ARBs, or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ACE-I) may be beneficial as preventive adjuvant therapies to thwart breast cancer development and improve outcomes, respectively. Given the beneficial effects of RAS inhibitors in metabolic diseases, which often co-exist in breast cancer patients, combining RAS inhibitors with other breast cancer therapies may enhance the effectiveness of current treatments. This review scrutinizes above associations, to advance our understanding of the role of RAS in breast cancer and its potential for repurposing of RAS inhibitors to improve the therapeutic approach for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Sardela de Miranda
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - João Pedro Tôrres Guimarães
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kalhara R Menikdiwela
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brennan Mabry
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rabin Dhakal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hanna Moussa
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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García-Carro C, Vergara A, Bermejo S, Azancot MA, Sellarés J, Soler MJ. A Nephrologist Perspective on Obesity: From Kidney Injury to Clinical Management. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655871. [PMID: 33928108 PMCID: PMC8076523 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the epidemics of our era. Its prevalence is higher than 30% in the U.S. and it is estimated to increase by 50% in 2030. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and it is known to be a cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Typically, obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) is ascribed to renal hemodynamic changes that lead to hyperfiltration, albuminuria and, finally, impairment in glomerular filtration rate due to glomerulosclerosis. Though not only hemodynamics are responsible for ORG: adipokines could cause local effects on mesangial and tubular cells and podocytes promoting maladaptive responses to hyperfiltration. Furthermore, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, two conditions generally associated with obesity, are both amplifiers of obesity injury in the renal parenchyma, as well as complications of overweight. As in the native kidney, obesity is also related to worse outcomes in kidney transplantation. Despite its impact in CKD and cardiovascular morbility and mortality, therapeutic strategies to fight against obesity-related CKD were limited for decades to renin-angiotensin blockade and bariatric surgery for patients who accomplished very restrictive criteria. Last years, different drugs have been approved or are under study for the treatment of obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are promising in obesity-related CKD since they have shown benefits in terms of losing weight in obese patients, as well as preventing the onset of macroalbuminuria and slowing the decline of eGFR in type 2 diabetes. These new families of glucose-lowering drugs are a new frontier to be crossed by nephrologists to stop obesity-related CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara García-Carro
- Nephrology Department, San Carlos Clinical University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Vergara
- Nephrology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Bermejo
- Nephrology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María A. Azancot
- Nephrology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Sellarés
- Nephrology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Soler
- Nephrology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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Eiken O, Elia A, Sköldefors H, Sundblad P, Keramidas ME, Kölegård R. Adaptation to 5 weeks of intermittent local vascular pressure increments; mechanisms to be considered in the development of primary hypertension? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1303-H1312. [PMID: 33481701 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00763.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aims were to study effects of iterative exposures to moderate elevations of local intravascular pressure on arterial/arteriolar stiffness and plasma levels of vasoactive substances. Pressures in the vasculature of an arm were increased by 150 mmHg in healthy men (n = 11) before and after a 5-wk regimen, during which the vasculature in one arm was exposed to fifteen 40-min sessions of moderately increased transmural pressure (+65 to +105 mmHg). This vascular pressure training and the pressure-distension determinations were conducted by exposing the subjects' arm versus remaining part of the body to differential ambient pressure. During the pressure-distension determinations, venous samples were simultaneously obtained from pressurized and unpressurized vessels. Pressure training reduced arterial pressure distension by 40 ± 23% and pressure-induced flow by 33 ± 30% (P < 0.01), but only in the pressure-trained arm, suggesting local adaptive mechanisms. The distending pressure-diameter and distending pressure-flow curves, with training-induced increments in pressure thresholds and reductions in response gains, suggest that the increased precapillary stiffness was attributable to increased contractility and structural remodeling of the walls. Acute vascular pressure provocation induced local release of angiotensin-II (ANG II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (P < 0.05), suggesting that these vasoconstrictors limited the pressure distension. Pressure training increased basal levels of ET-1 and induced local pressure release of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (P < 0.05), suggesting involvement of these substances in vascular remodeling. The findings are compatible with the notion that local intravascular pressure load acts as a prime mover in the development of primary hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Adaptive responses to arterial/arteriolar pressure elevation have typically been investigated in cross-sectional studies in hypertensive patients or in longitudinal studies in experimental animals. The present investigation shows that in healthy individuals, fifteen 40-min, carefully controlled, moderate transmural pressure elevations markedly increase in vivo stiffness (i.e. reduce pressure distension) in arteries and arterioles. The response is mediated via local mechanisms, and it appears that endothelin-1, angiotensin-II, and matrix metalloproteinase 7 may have key roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Sköldefors
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Sundblad
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Kölegård
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nagata S, Fukuda A, Kikuchi M, Sato Y, Nagatomo M, Aburaya J, Fujimoto S, Kitamura K. Development of a novel AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay for Big angiotensin-25. Nephrology (Carlton) 2021; 26:479-484. [PMID: 33381907 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously described the discovery of Big angiotensin-25 (Bang-25), an angiotensin-related peptide isolated from human urine. Bang-25 consists of the first 25 amino acids of the N-terminus of angiotensinogen (Aogen), with N-linked glycosylation on the 14th amino acid and a cysteine conjugated to the 18th amino acid. Bang-25 is rapidly converted into angiotensin II (Ang II) by chymase. Because Bang-25 is widely distributed in human tissues, including islet cells in the pancreas and podocytes in the kidney, we hypothesized that it may participate in the Ang II production system in these tissues. To test this hypothesis, we developed a specific assay for Bang-25 and used it to examine the urinary concentrations of Bang-25 in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The assay used the Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay (Alpha)-based ELISA method (AlphaLISA) of PerkinElmer Japan and included antibodies specific to the N-terminus of Ang II and the C-terminus of Bang-25. The AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay specifically recognized Bang-25 and had no cross-reactivity with Aogen or Ang I. Bang-25 was detected in healthy volunteers' urine samples but not in their plasma samples. In patients with DM, the urinary Bang-25 concentration was significantly higher than in healthy volunteers. Moreover, the results indicated that the Bang-25 concentration in the urine may offer a different perspective on disease status from that provided by urinary albumin. This assay could provide a useful tool for determining urinary Bang-25, which may prove an important biomarker for diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nagata
- Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fukuda
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masao Kikuchi
- Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Sato
- Dialysis Division, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Shouichi Fujimoto
- Department of Hemovascular Medicine and Artificial Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the associations between the renin-angiotensin system, hypertension, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-COV-2) infection. A brief prelude on the current state of affairs with COVID-19 is given. In addition to an overview of ACE2, Ang II, and Ang (1-7), this review presents a brief statement on hypertension, including the function of enzymes involved in the control of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and other malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS There is currently no data in support of the concerns raised with the use of ACEIs/ARBs. Many researchers have voiced concerns that the use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase tissue ACE2 levels. These researchers therefore recommend that individuals on ACEIs/ARB's medications withhold such antihypertensive drugs, unless advised by their physicians to do so. SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 receptors as the port of entry to human hosts. ACE2 and ACE are different enzymes and ACE inhibitors do not inhibit ACE2. Therefore, the use of ARB's or ACEIs should not be discontinued if an individual is infected by SARS-CoV-2. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of ACEIs and ARBs on ACE2 expression and COVID-19.
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15
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Vadhan JD, Speth RC. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107684. [PMID: 32956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by repeated concussions suffered by athletes in sports, military personnel from combat-and non-combat related activities, and civilian populations who suffer head injuries from accidents and domestic violence. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily a systemic cardiovascular regulatory system that, when dysregulated, causes hypertension and cardiovascular pathology, the brain contains a local RAS that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This local RAS includes receptors for angiotensin (Ang) II within the brain parenchyma, as well as on circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain-barrier. The brain RAS acts primarily via the type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1R), exacerbating insults and pathology. With TBI, the brain RAS may contribute to permanent brain damage, especially when a second TBI occurs before the brain recovers from an initial injury. Agents are needed that minimize the extent of injury from an acute TBI, reducing TBI-mediated permanent brain damage. This review discusses how activation of the brain RAS following TBI contributes to this damage, and how drugs that counteract activation of the AT1R including AT1R blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and agonists at type 2 Ang II receptors (AT2) and at Ang (1-7) receptors (Mas) can potentially ameliorate TBI-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vadhan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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16
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Michaud V, Deodhar M, Arwood M, Al Rihani SB, Dow P, Turgeon J. ACE2 as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19; its Role in Infectious Processes and Regulation by Modulators of the RAAS System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2096. [PMID: 32635289 PMCID: PMC7408699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the recognized host cell receptor responsiblefor mediating infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ACE2bound to tissue facilitates infectivity of SARS-CoV-2; thus, one could argue that decreasing ACE2tissue expression would be beneficial. However, ACE2 catalytic activity towards angiotensin I (AngI) and II (Ang II) mitigates deleterious effects associated with activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosteronesystem (RAAS) on several organs, including a pro-inflammatory status. At the tissuelevel, SARS-CoV-2 (a) binds to ACE2, leading to its internalization, and (b) favors ACE2 cleavage toform soluble ACE2: these actions result in decreased ACE2 tissue levels. Preserving tissue ACE2activity while preventing ACE2 shredding is expected to circumvent unrestrained inflammatoryresponse. Concerns have been raised around RAAS modulators and their effects on ACE2expression or catalytic activity. Various cellular and animal models report conflicting results invarious tissues. However, recent data from observational and meta-analysis studies in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have concluded that RAAS modulators do not increase plasma ACE2 levels orsusceptibility to infection and are not associated with more severe diseases. This review presentsour current but evolving knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2levels, modulators of RAAS activity and the effects of RAAS modulators on ACE2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Meghan Arwood
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Sweilem B Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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18
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Bacterial community succession and metabolite changes during the fermentation of koumiss, a traditional Mongolian fermented beverage. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Guo Q, Feng X, Xue H, Jin S, Teng X, Duan X, Xiao L, Wu Y. Parental Renovascular Hypertension-Induced Autonomic Dysfunction in Male Offspring Is Improved by Prenatal or Postnatal Treatment With Hydrogen Sulfide. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1184. [PMID: 31607943 PMCID: PMC6761249 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates there is a strong association between parental health during pregnancy and incidence of cardiovascular disease in adult offspring. Recently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to be a powerful vasodilator of the placental vasculature, improving intrauterine growth restriction. In this study, we investigated whether parental hypertension induces autonomic dysfunction in male adult offspring, and the H2S mechanism underlying this autonomic dysfunction. 2-kidney-1-clip method was employed to induce parental hypertension during pregnancy and lactation in rats. Basal blood pressure (BP) and autonomic function of male offspring in adulthood was evaluated. Additionally, either maternal hypertensive dams or their male offspring after weaning were treated with H2S to determine improving effects of H2S on autonomic dysfunction. The BP was significantly increased in male offspring of renovascular hypertensive dams when compared to that in offspring of normotensive dams. The offspring of renovascular hypertensive dams also exhibited blunted baroreflex sensitivity, increased sympathetic effect and sympathetic tonus. Western blotting analysis revealed downregulation of endogenous H2S catalyzed enzyme and upregulation of angiotensin Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathway in the nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla, two hindbrain nuclei involved in BP and autonomic regulation, in these offspring. Either prenatal or postnatal treatment with H2S improved the adverse effects. The results suggest that parental hypertension results in elevated BP and autonomic dysfunction in adult male offspring through activation of AT1R pathway and inhibition of endogenous H2S production in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohong Feng
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu Teng
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaocui Duan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Vascular Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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20
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Oliveira SHP, Brito VGB, Frasnelli SCT, Ribeiro BDS, Ferreira MN, Queiroz DP, Beltan CT, Lara VS, Santos CF. Aliskiren Attenuates the Inflammatory Response and Wound Healing Process in Diabetic Mice With Periodontal Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:708. [PMID: 31333451 PMCID: PMC6620569 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the role of local RAS (renin–angiotensin system) in the inflammatory response of normal (N) and diabetic (D) mice with periodontal disease (PD). Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was induced by peritoneal injection of streptozotocin in Balb/c mice. PD was induced by ligature around the first molar in both N and D, irrespective of whether they were treated with aliskiren (50 mg/kg, Alisk). Mandibles were harvested for histomorphometric analyses, and gingival tissue (GT) was collected to evaluate gene expression and extracellular matrix components (ECM). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were used to localize RAS in GT. The production of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1β, CXCL2, and CCL8 was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Renin was found to exacerbate the inflammation and periodontal bone loss at 14 days after PD, and Alisk inhibited this process in GT of N and D. PD increased CRP, CXCL2, CCL8, and IL-1β production in both animals. Alisk could inhibit CRP, CXCL2, and CCL8 primarily in D animals. However, only CCL8 was decreased in N animals after Alisk pretreatment. PD enhanced expression and production of AGT, ACE, AT1R, and AT2R in both N and D. AT1R expression was higher in D with PD, and AT2R expression was higher in N with PD. ACE2 and receptor Mas (MasR) expression and production was elevated in the control group of both animals. PD inhibited ACE2 in N but not in D. MasR expression was unaffected in both N and D with PD. Alisk reduced expression and production of all RAS components in GT of both animals, except for ACE2 in N. RAS staining was observed in all layers of epithelium, basal cell layer, and lamina propria and was higher in N with PD. Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, and fibronectin (Fn1) were increased in both animals with PD. Alisk inhibited Col1a1 and Fn in both animals, Col1a2 was decreased only in D, while levels of Col3a1 remained unchanged in all animal groups. In conclusion, these data demonstrated the presence and functional role of local RAS in GT, exacerbating the inflammatory response, periodontal bone loss, and wound healing processes in both N and D animal groups. In addition, Alisk was able to significantly reduce gingival inflammation, excessive wound healing processes, and periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Cruz Tfaile Frasnelli
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca da Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Nunes Ferreira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dayane Priscilla Queiroz
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carluci Taís Beltan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
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Lee SH, Fujioka S, Takahashi R, Oe T. Angiotensin II-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Endothelial Cells: Modification of Cellular Molecules through Lipid Peroxidation. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1412-1422. [PMID: 31144504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II is a major bioactive peptide of the renin/angiotensin system and is involved in various cardiovascular functions and diseases. Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor mediates most of the physiological effects of Ang II. Previous studies have revealed that the lipid peroxidation products 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal (ONE) and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) readily modify the N-terminus and Asp1, Arg2, and His6 residues of Ang II, and these modifications alter the biological activities of Ang II. Ang II is known to stimulate the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that mediate cardiovascular remodeling. Another major consequence of ROS-derived damage is lipid peroxidation, which generates genotoxic aldehydes such as ONE and HNE. This study demonstrated that Ang II induced lipid peroxidation-derived modifications of cellular molecules in EA.hy926 cells, a human vascular endothelial cell line. Ang P (ONE- and ROS-derived N-terminal pyruvamide Ang II) and [His6(HNE)]-Ang II were detected in the medium of EA.hy926 cells incubated with Ang II, and their concentrations increased dose-dependently upon the addition of ascorbic acid (AscA) and CuSO4. Cells were then subjected to metabolic labeling using SILFAC (stable isotope labeling by fatty acids in cell culture) with [13C18]-linoleic acid. Analysis of cellular phospholipids indicated over 90% labeling. [13C9]-Thiadiazabicyclo-ONE-glutathione adduct as well as Ang P and [His6([13C9]-HNE)]-Ang II was detected in the labeled cells upon treatment with Ang II and their concentrations increased in an Ang II dose-dependent manner. Incubation of the labeled cells with losartan, an AT1 receptor blocker, inhibited the formation of modified Ang IIs in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that Ang II induces lipid peroxidation and modification of various cellular molecules and these reactions are mediated by the activation of AT1 receptor. Therefore, lipid peroxidation could be one mechanism by which Ang II contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Hwa Lee
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aobayama, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Shuhei Fujioka
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aobayama, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aobayama, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Oe
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aobayama, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8578 , Japan
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Zitouni H, Ben Ali Gannoum M, Raguema N, Maleh W, Zouari I, Faleh RE, Guibourdenche J, Almawi WY, Mahjoub T. Contribution of angiotensinogen M235T and T174M gene variants and haplotypes to preeclampsia and its severity in (North African) Tunisians. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 19:1470320317753924. [PMID: 29366364 PMCID: PMC5843851 DOI: 10.1177/1470320317753924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorder and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. While its pathogenesis remains ill defined, several candidate genes for PE have been identified, but results remain inconclusive. We investigated the association of the angiotensinogen ( AGT) gene variants M235T and T174M with PE, and we analyzed the contribution of both variants to the severity of PE. METHODS This case-control study enrolled 550 Tunisian pregnant women: 272 with PE, of whom 147 presented with mild, and 125 with severe PE, along with 278 unrelated age- and ethnically matched control women. AGT genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Significantly higher M235T minor allele frequency (MAF) was associated with increased risk of PE ( p < 0.001). Decreased frequency of heterozygous T174M genotype carriers were found in control women ( p = 0.015), suggesting a protective effect of this genotype (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.51 (0.29-0.89)). Two-locus haplotype analysis demonstrated MM and TT haplotypes to be negatively and positively associated with PE, respectively. MAF of M253T, but not T174M, was higher in the severe PE group, and carrying M235T or T174M minor allele was associated with increased body mass index ( p < 0.001) among unselected PE women. CONCLUSIONS AGT M235T and T174M variants contribute to an increased risk of developing PE, and for M235T to PE severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedia Zitouni
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia.,2 Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia.,3 INSERM UMR-S1139 College of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Marwa Ben Ali Gannoum
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia.,2 Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Nozha Raguema
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia.,2 Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Wided Maleh
- 4 Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Tunisia
| | - Ines Zouari
- 4 Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Tunisia
| | | | - Jean Guibourdenche
- 3 INSERM UMR-S1139 College of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- 5 Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Touhami Mahjoub
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), College of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Casalechi M, Dela Cruz C, Lima LC, Maciel LP, Pereira VM, Reis FM. Angiotensin peptides in the non-gravid uterus: Paracrine actions beyond circulation. Peptides 2018; 101:145-149. [PMID: 29367076 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) involves a complex network of precursors, peptides, enzymes and receptors comprising a systemic (endocrine) and a local (paracrine/autocrine) system. The local RAS plays important roles in tissue modulation and may operate independently of or in close interaction with the circulatory RAS, acting in a complementary fashion. Angiotensin (Ang) II, its receptor AT1 and Ang-(1-7) expression in the endometrium vary with menstrual cycle, and stromal cell decidualization in vitro is accompanied by local synthesis of angiotensinogen and prorenin. Mas receptor is unlikely to undergo marked changes accompanying the cyclic ovarian steroid hormone fluctuations. Studies investigating the functional relevance of the RAS in the non-gravid uterus show a number of paracrine effects beyond circulation and suggest that RAS peptides may be involved in the pathophysiology of proliferative and fibrotic diseases. Endometrial cancer is associated with increased expression of Ang II, Ang-converting enzyme 1 and AT1 in the tumoral tissue compared to neighboring non-neoplastic endometrium, and also with a gene polymorphism that enhances AT1 signal. Ang II induces human endometrial cells to transdifferentiate into cells with myofibroblast phenotype and to synthetize extracellular matrix components that might contribute to endometrial fibrosis. Altogether, these findings point to a fully operating RAS within the uterus, but since many concepts rely on preliminary evidence further studies are needed to clarify the role of the local RAS in uterine physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Casalechi
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiza C Lima
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Maciel
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Virgínia M Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Park JW, Mun GH. Comparative analysis of the effect of antihypertensive drugs on the survival of perforator flaps in a rat model. Microsurgery 2017; 38:310-317. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Plastic Surgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Gangnam-gu; Seoul 135-710 South Korea
| | - Goo-Hyun Mun
- Department of Plastic Surgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Gangnam-gu; Seoul 135-710 South Korea
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25
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Sysoeva VY, Ageeva LV, Tyurin-Kuzmin PA, Sharonov GV, Dyikanov DT, Kalinina NI, Tkachuk VA. Local angiotensin II promotes adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells through type 2 angiotensin receptor. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:115-122. [PMID: 29127873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with high systemic and local activity of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Mesenchymal stem cells of adipose tissue are the main source of adipocytes. The aim of this study was to clarify how local RAS could control adipose differentiation of human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). We examined the distribution of angiotensin receptor expressing cells in human adipose tissue and found that type 1 and type 2 receptors are co-expressed in its stromal compartment, which is known to contain mesenchymal stem cells. To study the expression of receptors specifically in ADSCs we have isolated them from adipose tissue. Up to 99% of cultured ADSCs expressed angiotensin II (AngII) receptor type 1 (AT1). Using the analysis of Ca2+ mobilization in single cells we found that only 5.2±2.7% of ADSCs specifically respond to serial Ang II applications via AT1 receptor and expressed this receptor constantly. This AT1const ADSCs subpopulation exhibited increased adipose competency, which was triggered by endogenous AngII. Inhibitory and expression analyses showed that AT1const ADSCs highly co-express AngII type 2 receptor (AT2), which was responsible for increased adipose competency of this ADSC subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Y Sysoeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1 Lomonosovsky av, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Liudmila V Ageeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1 Lomonosovsky av, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Pyotr A Tyurin-Kuzmin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1 Lomonosovsky av, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - George V Sharonov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1 Lomonosovsky av, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Daniyar T Dyikanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1 Lomonosovsky av, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Natalia I Kalinina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1 Lomonosovsky av, Moscow 119192, Russia.
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1 Lomonosovsky av, Moscow 119192, Russia
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Wang Y, Del Borgo M, Lee HW, Baraldi D, Hirmiz B, Gaspari TA, Denton KM, Aguilar MI, Samuel CS, Widdop RE. Anti-fibrotic Potential of AT 2 Receptor Agonists. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:564. [PMID: 28912715 PMCID: PMC5583590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of therapeutic targets to treat organ fibrosis that are under investigation in preclinical models. There is increasing evidence that stimulation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is a novel anti-fibrotic strategy and we have reviewed the published in vivo preclinical data relating to the effects of compound 21 (C21), which is the only nonpeptide AT2R agonist that is currently available for use in chronic preclinical studies. In particular, the differential influence of AT2R on extracellular matrix status in various preclinical fibrotic models is discussed. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that pharmacological AT2R stimulation using C21 decreases organ fibrosis, which has been most studied in the setting of cardiovascular and renal disease. In addition, AT2R-mediated anti-inflammatory effects may contribute to the beneficial AT2R-mediated anti-fibrotic effects seen in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Mark Del Borgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Huey W Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Dhaniel Baraldi
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Baydaa Hirmiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
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27
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11:122-142. [PMID: 28761566 PMCID: PMC5510558 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101711010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides and peptidases and at least six receptors. Six central components constitute the two main axes of the RAS cascade. Angiotensin (1-7), an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor axis (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR) counterbalances the harmful effects of the angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (ACE1-AngII-AT1R) Whereas systemic RAS is an important factor in blood pressure regulation, tissue-specific regulatory system, responsible for long term regional changes, that has been found in various organs. In other words, RAS is not only endocrine but also complicated autocrine system. The human eye has its own intraocular RAS that is present e.g. in the structures involved in aqueous humor dynamics. Local RAS may thus be a target in the development of new anti-glaucomatous drugs. In this review, we first describe the systemic RAS cascade and then the local ocular RAS especially in the anterior part of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Holappa
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Kaslow AM, Riquier-Brison A, Peti-Peterdi J, Shillingford N, HaDuong J, Venkatramani R, Gayer CP. An ectopic renin-secreting adrenal corticoadenoma in a child with malignant hypertension. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/5/e12728. [PMID: 26997629 PMCID: PMC4823597 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously healthy 7‐year‐old male presented with hypertensive emergency, hypokalemia, and elevated plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels. There was no evidence of virilization or cushingoid features. MRI of the abdomen revealed a large (5 × 5 × 3 cm) peripherally enhancing, heterogeneous mass arising from the left adrenal gland. The patient was treated for a suspected pheochromocytoma. However, his blood pressure was not responsive to alpha‐blockade. Blood pressure was controlled with a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. A complete surgical resection of the mass was performed. Postoperatively, his blood pressure normalized and he did not require antihypertensives. On pathological examination, the tumor tissue stained negative for chromogranin and positive for renin. The final diagnosis was renin‐secreting adrenal corticoadenoma, an extremely rare adrenal tumor not previously reported in a pediatric patient. Malignant hypertension due to a renin‐secreting tumor may need to be distinguished from a pheochromocytoma if alpha‐adrenergic blockade is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher P Gayer
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
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29
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Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Ameliorate Brain Inflammation Associated with Microglial Activation: Possible Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:774-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Saha SA, Molnar J, Arora RR. Tissue ACE Inhibitors for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Preserved Left Ventricular Function: A Pooled Meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-controlled Trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 12:192-204. [PMID: 17875946 DOI: 10.1177/1074248407304791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective. A pooled meta-analysis of published, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials to evaluate the role of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with preserved left ventricular function. Sources. Peer-reviewed journals listed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Study selection . Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of at least 12 months' duration, in patients with a prior cardiovascular event or at high risk for cardiovascular events, were analyzed. Data synthesis and analysis. A total of 31 555 patients (136 882 patient-years) from 4 trials were selected for the meta-analysis. Relative risk estimations were made using data pooled from these trials, and statistical significance was determined using the χ2 test. The number of patients needed to treat was also calculated for each outcome. Results. Tissue ACE inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke ( P < .001 for each). The need for invasive coronary revascularization was reduced ( P = .03), as was the risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure ( P = .001). The occurrence of new-onset diabetes was also significantly reduced ( P < .001), but the risk of hospitalization for angina was not significantly affected ( P = .677). Treating about 100 patients for about 4.5 years would prevent 1 death, 1 non-fatal myocardial infarction, 1 cardiovascular death, or 1 invasive coronary revascularization. Conclusions. Tissue ACE inhibitors have demonstrated benefit when used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with preserved left ventricular function in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep A Saha
- Department of Medicine, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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31
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Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System in Lacrimal Gland Fibrosis in a Murine Model of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Cornea 2016; 34 Suppl 11:S142-52. [PMID: 26448172 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a serious complication known to occur after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinical manifestation includes inflammation and fibrosis. Many peripheral tissues are capable of generating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, called the tissue RAS, and have various roles in tissue-specific physiological and pathological functions of inflammation and fibrosis. This article reviews evidence for the presence of the tissue RAS in the normal mouse lacrimal gland, the role of the tissue RAS in the fibrotic pathogenesis of the lacrimal gland in cGVHD model mice, and the effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on preventing lacrimal gland fibrosis. B10.D2→BALB/c (H-2d) major histocompatibility complex-compatible, minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched mice were used as a model of cGVHD, which reflects the clinical and pathological symptoms of human cGVHD. We also describe the localization of RAS components in the normal mouse lacrimal gland. In addition, we characterize the inflammatory and fibrotic changes of the lacrimal gland in cGVHD model mice, demonstrate that fibroblasts strongly express angiotensin II, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and angiotensin II type 2 receptor, and show that mRNA expression of angiotensinogen increased in the lacrimal gland of cGVHD model mice. Inhibitory experiments revealed that lacrimal gland fibrosis was suppressed in mice treated with an AT1R blocker, but not in mice treated with an angiotensin II type 2 receptor blocker. Hence, we conclude that the tissue RAS is involved in the fibrotic pathogenesis of the lacrimal gland and that AT1R blockers have a therapeutic effect on lacrimal gland fibrosis in cGVHD model mice.
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32
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Dolgacheva LP, Turovskaya MV, Dynnik VV, Zinchenko VP, Goncharov NV, Davletov B, Turovsky EA. Angiotensin II activates different calcium signaling pathways in adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 593:38-49. [PMID: 26850364 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important mammalian neurohormone involved in reninangiotensin system. Ang II is produced both constitutively and locally by RAS systems, including white fat adipocytes. The influence of Ang II on adipocytes is complex, affecting different systems of signal transduction from early Са(2+) responses to cell proliferation and differentiation, triglyceride accumulation, expression of adipokine-encoding genes and adipokine secretion. It is known that white fat adipocytes express all RAS components and Ang II receptors (АТ1 and АТ2). The current work was carried out with the primary white adipocytes culture, and Са(2+) signaling pathways activated by Ang II were investigated using fluorescent microscopy. Са(2+)-oscillations and transient responses of differentiated adipocytes to Ang II were registered in cells with both small and multiple lipid inclusions. Using inhibitory analysis and selective antagonists, we now show that Ang II initiates periodic Са(2+)-oscillations and transient responses by activating АТ1 and АТ2 receptors and involving branched signaling cascades: 1) Ang II → Gq → PLC → IP3 → IP3Rs → Ca(2+) 2) Gβγ → PI3Kγ → PKB 3) PKB → eNOS → NO → PKG 4) CD38 → cADPR → RyRs → Ca(2+) In these cascades, AT1 receptors play the leading role. The results of the present work open a perspective of using Ang II for correction of signal resistance of adipocytes often observed during obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila P Dolgacheva
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maria V Turovskaya
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Dynnik
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia; Laboratory of System Biochemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valery P Zinchenko
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Goncharov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England, UK
| | - Egor A Turovsky
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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33
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Lee SH, Oe T. Oxidative stress-mediated N-terminal protein modifications and MS-based approaches for N-terminal proteomics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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The impacts of obesity on the cardiovascular and renal systems: cascade of events and therapeutic approaches. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 17:7. [PMID: 25620635 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a neglected epidemic of both obesity and metabolic syndrome in industrialized and unindustrialized countries all over the globe. Both conditions are associated with a high incidence of other serious pathologies, such as cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this article, we review the potential underlying mechanisms by which obesity and metabolic syndrome promote hypertension, including changes in cardiovascular-renal physiology induced by leptin, the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, insulin resistance, free fatty acids, natriuretic peptides, and proinflammatory cytokines. We also discuss the potential underlying mechanisms by which obesity promotes other cardiovascular and renal conditions, as well as available nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches for treating obesity-induced hypertension. The findings presented herein suggest that adipocytes may be a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal function.
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35
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Bernardi S, Michelli A, Zuolo G, Candido R, Fabris B. Update on RAAS Modulation for the Treatment of Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8917578. [PMID: 27652272 PMCID: PMC5019930 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8917578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of insulin, the improvements in diabetes detection and the therapies to treat hyperglycemia have reduced the mortality of acute metabolic emergencies, such that today chronic complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. More than half of the mortality that is seen in the diabetic population can be ascribed to cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes not only myocardial infarction due to premature atherosclerosis but also diabetic cardiomyopathy. The importance of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonism in the prevention of diabetic CVD has demonstrated the key role that the RAAS plays in diabetic CVD onset and development. Today, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers represent the first line therapy for primary and secondary CVD prevention in patients with diabetes. Recent research has uncovered new dimensions of the RAAS and, therefore, new potential therapeutic targets against diabetic CVD. Here we describe the timeline of paradigm shifts in RAAS understanding, how diabetes modifies the RAAS, and what new parts of the RAAS pathway could be targeted in order to achieve RAAS modulation against diabetic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bernardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 34100 Trieste, Italy
- Division of Medicina Clinica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 34100 Trieste, Italy
- *Stella Bernardi:
| | - Andrea Michelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Zuolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Candido
- Diabetes Centre, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Via Puccini, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruno Fabris
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 34100 Trieste, Italy
- Division of Medicina Clinica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 34100 Trieste, Italy
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36
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Ocular renin-angiotensin system with special reference in the anterior part of the eye. World J Ophthalmol 2015; 5:110-124. [DOI: 10.5318/wjo.v5.i3.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates blood pressure (BP) homeostasis, systemic fluid volume and electrolyte balance. The RAS cascade includes over twenty peptidases, close to twenty angiotensin peptides and at least six receptors. Out of these, angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AngII-ACE1-AT1R) together with angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor (Ang(1-7)-ACE2-MasR) are regarded as the main components of RAS. In addition to circulating RAS, local RA-system exists in various organs. Local RA-systems are regarded as tissue-specific regulatory systems accounting for local effects and long term changes in different organs. Many of the central components such as the two main axes of RAS: AngII-ACE1-AT1R and Ang(1-7)-ACE2-MasR, have been identified in the human eye. Furthermore, it has been shown that systemic antihypertensive RAS- inhibiting medications lower intraocular pressure (IOP). These findings suggest the crucial role of RAS not only in the regulation of BP but also in the regulation of IOP, and RAS potentially plays a role in the development of glaucoma and antiglaucomatous drugs.
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37
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Discovery of Potent Antihypertensive Ligands Substituted Imidazolyl Biphenyl Sulfonylureas Analogs as Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Antagonists by Molecular Modelling Studies. Interdiscip Sci 2015; 7:221-32. [PMID: 26188391 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the structural properties required for antihypertensive activity, three different molecular modelling techniques, two-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (2D-QSAR), group-based quantitative structure activity relationship (G-QSAR), and three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies, have been carried out on a series of substituted imidazolyl biphenyl sulfonylureas derivatives. Multiple linear regressions methodology, viz. variable simulated annealing and stepwise methods, was applied to derive models which were further validated for statistical significance and predictive ability by internal and external validation. The best 2D-QSAR model was selected, having showed best predictability of activity with cross-validated value [Formula: see text], coefficient of determination [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text]_pred value of 0.7651 indicates predictability of test set analogues and reveals a significant and robust model, and best G-QSAR model having [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with pred_[Formula: see text] was developed by SA-MLR. Using k-nearest neighbour approach, various 3D-QSAR models were generated and selected on the basis of [Formula: see text] and predictive [Formula: see text] values. The analysed best 3D-QSAR model revealed a good fit, having [Formula: see text] value of 0.8240 and [Formula: see text] value of 0.7523. The predictive power of the model generated was validated using a test set comprising molecules with pred_[Formula: see text] value of 0.7299. The results of two-dimensional QSAR and group-based QSAR showed that a combination of revealed the key role of Baumann's alignment-independent topological descriptors along with other descriptors such as the number of SsssCH count, SaasCE-index, SsOHcount indices properties could be explored to design potent antihypertensive agents. Finally, it is hoped that the work presented here will play an important role in understanding the relationship of physiochemical parameters with structure and biological activity.
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38
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Fairweather D. Sex differences in inflammation during atherosclerosis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2015; 8:49-59. [PMID: 25983559 PMCID: PMC4405090 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s17068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, yet more men die from atherosclerosis than women, and at a younger age. Women, on the other hand, mainly develop atherosclerosis following menopause, and particularly if they have one or more autoimmune diseases, suggesting that the immune mechanisms that increase disease in men are different from those in women. The key processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are vascular inflammation, lipid accumulation, intimal thickening and fibrosis, remodeling, and plaque rupture or erosion leading to myocardial infarction and ischemia. Evidence indicates that sex hormones alter the immune response during atherosclerosis, resulting in different disease phenotypes according to sex. Women, for example, respond to infection and damage with increased antibody and autoantibody responses, while men have elevated innate immune activation. This review describes current knowledge regarding sex differences in the inflammatory immune response during atherosclerosis. Understanding sex differences is critical for improving individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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39
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Lee SH, Kyung H, Yokota R, Goto T, Oe T. Hydroxyl Radical-Mediated Novel Modification of Peptides: N-Terminal Cyclization through the Formation of α-Ketoamide. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 28:59-70. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500332y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Hwa Lee
- Department of Bio-analytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hyunsook Kyung
- Department of Bio-analytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryo Yokota
- Department of Bio-analytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takaaki Goto
- Department of Bio-analytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Oe
- Department of Bio-analytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Sharma MC. Discovery of potent antihypertensive ligands substituted imidazolyl biphenyl sulfonylureas analogs as angiotensin II AT 1 receptor antagonists by molecular modelling studies. Interdiscip Sci 2014. [PMID: 25183349 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the structural properties required for antihypertensive activity, three different molecular modeling techniques; two-dimensional Quantitative structure activity relationship (2D-QSAR), Group-Based Quantitative structure activity relationship (G-QSAR), and three-dimensional Quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies have been carried out on a series of substituted imidazolyl biphenyl sulfonylureas derivatives. Multiple linear regressions methodology, viz. variable simulated annealing (SA) and stepwise (SW) methods, was applied to derive models which were further validated for statistical significance and predictive ability by internal and external validation. The best 2D-QSAR model was selected, having showed best predictability of activity with cross validated value (q2) = 0.7866, coefficient of determination (r2) =0.8003. The r2_pred value of 0.7651 indicates predictability of test set analogues and reveals a significant and robust model and best G-QSAR model having r2 = 0.7459 and q2 = 0.6712 with pred_r2 = 0.7105 was developed by SA -MLR. Using k-nearest neighbour (kNN) approach, various 3D QSAR models were generated and selected on the basis of q2 and predictive r2 values. The analyzed best 3D-QSAR model revealed a good fit, having r2 value of 0.8240 and q2 value of 0.7523. The predictive power of the model generated was validated using a test set comprising molecules with pred_r2 value of 0.7299. The results of two-dimensional QSAR, Group based QSAR showed that a combination of revealed the key role of Baumann's alignment independent topological descriptors along with other descriptors such as the number of hydrogen bond acceptors, hydrogen bond donors, rotatable bonds indices properties and auto-correlation descriptors of different atomic properties could be explored to design potent antihypertensive agents. Finally, it is hoped that the work presented here will play an important role in understanding the relationship of physiochemical parameters with structure and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C Sharma
- Drug Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya University, Takshila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, (M.P), 452 001, India,
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41
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Speth RC, Carrera EJ, Bretón C, Linares A, Gonzalez-Reiley L, Swindle JD, Santos KL, Schadock I, Bader M, Karamyan VT. Distribution of non-AT1, non-AT2 binding of 125I-sarcosine1, isoleucine8 angiotensin II in neurolysin knockout mouse brains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105762. [PMID: 25147932 PMCID: PMC4141804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of a novel binding site for angiotensin (Ang) II as the peptidase neurolysin (E.C. 3.4.24.16) has implications for the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This report describes the distribution of specific binding of 125I-Sarcosine1, Isoleucine8 Ang II (125I-SI Ang II) in neurolysin knockout mouse brains compared to wild-type mouse brains using quantitative receptor autoradiography. In the presence of p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), which unmasks the novel binding site, widespread distribution of specific (3 µM Ang II displaceable) 125I-SI Ang II binding in 32 mouse brain regions was observed. Highest levels of binding >700 fmol/g initial wet weight were seen in hypothalamic, thalamic and septal regions, while the lowest level of binding <300 fmol/g initial wet weight was in the mediolateral medulla. 125I-SI Ang II binding was substantially higher by an average of 85% in wild-type mouse brains compared to neurolysin knockout brains, suggesting the presence of an additional non-AT1, non-AT2, non-neurolysin Ang II binding site in the mouse brain. Binding of 125I-SI Ang II to neurolysin in the presence of PCMB was highest in hypothalamic and ventral cortical brain regions, but broadly distributed across all regions surveyed. Non-AT1, non-AT2, non-neurolysin binding was also highest in the hypothalamus but had a different distribution than neurolysin. There was a significant reduction in AT2 receptor binding in the neurolysin knockout brain and a trend towards decreased AT1 receptor binding. In the neurolysin knockout brains, the size of the lateral ventricles was increased by 56% and the size of the mid forebrain (−2.72 to +1.48 relative to Bregma) was increased by 12%. These results confirm the identity of neurolysin as a novel Ang II binding site, suggesting that neurolysin may play a significant role in opposing the pathophysiological actions of the brain RAS and influencing brain morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo J. Carrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Catalina Bretón
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrea Linares
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Luz Gonzalez-Reiley
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jamala D. Swindle
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kira L. Santos
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ines Schadock
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vardan T. Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
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42
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Fang F, Pan J, Xu L, Su G, Li G, Wang J. Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and pancreatitis risk: A meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:820-6. [PMID: 25070351 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314539827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have focused on the relationship between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and pancreatitis risk, but the results remain inconsistent. Thus, a meta-analysis was carried out to derive a more precise estimation of the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk. METHODS Relevant publications were searched in several widely used databases and seven studies from six eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk. RESULTS Significant associations between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk were observed in both overall meta-analysis for DI versus II (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.67-0.96) and DD + DI versus II (OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.70-0.98), and acute pancreatitis subgroup for DI versus II (OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.44-0.95). However, no significant pancreatitis risk variation was detected for all genetic models in the subgroup meta-analysis based on ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of our meta-analysis, the ACE I/D polymorphism probably associates with pancreatitis risk, especially acute pancreatitis risk, with the I allele acting as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Lixiao Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Guanghao Su
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
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43
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Lee SH. [Oxidative stress-mediated chemical modifications to biomacromolecules: mechanism and implication of modifications to human skin keratins and angiotensin II]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 133:1055-63. [PMID: 24088349 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress has been associated with a number of inflammatory and age-related degenerative diseases. ROS can directly react with DNA to form oxidized DNA bases. Direct protein oxidation and carbonylation occur on certain amino acid residues resulting in various post-translational modifications. ROS can also initiate the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, which undergo homolytic decomposition to the α,β-unsaturated aldehydic bifunctional electrophiles such as 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal (ONE) and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE). Intracellular generation of highly reactive aldehydes can then result in the formation of DNA and protein adducts. ONE-derived heptanone-etheno and HNE-derived propano DNA adducts have been detected and shown to be mutagenic in a variety of biological systems. In addition, ONE and HNE are involved in protein dysfunctions and altered gene regulations through the modification of amino acid residues and crosslinking of proteins. Our recent study on human skin keratins has identified specific K1 methionine residues as the most susceptible sites to oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, which can be potential biomarkers of oxidative skin damage. The reactions of angiotensin (Ang) II with ONE or HNE produced several modified Ang IIs including a novel pyruvamide-Ang II that formed via oxidative decarboxylation of N-terminal aspartic acid. Subsequently, it has been revealed that the oxidative modifications on the N-terminus of Ang II disrupt interactions with Ang II type 1 receptor and aminopeptidase A, which could affect the regulation of cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Hwa Lee
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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44
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Angiotensin II inhibits iron uptake and release in cultured neurons. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:893-900. [PMID: 24682751 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on the well-confirmed roles of angiotensin II (ANGII) in iron transport of peripheral organs and cells, the causative link of excess brain iron with and the involvement of ANGII in neurodegenerative disorders, we speculated that ANGII might also have an effect on expression of iron transport proteins in the brain. In the present study, we investigated effects of ANGII on iron uptake and release using the radio-isotope methods as well as expression of cell iron transport proteins by Western blot analysis in cultured neurons. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that ANGII significantly reduced transferrin-bound iron and non-transferrin bound iron uptake and iron release as well as expression of two major iron uptake proteins transferrin receptor 1 and divalent metal transporter 1 and the key iron exporter ferroportin 1 in cultured neurons. The findings suggested that endogenous ANGII might have a physiological significance in brain iron metabolism.
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45
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Campbell DJ. Clinical relevance of local Renin Angiotensin systems. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:113. [PMID: 25071727 PMCID: PMC4095645 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J. Campbell
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence:
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46
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Eiken O, Mekjavic IB, Kölegård R. Blood pressure regulation V: in vivo mechanical properties of precapillary vessels as affected by long-term pressure loading and unloading. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:499-509. [PMID: 24318655 PMCID: PMC3929772 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies are reviewed, concerning the in vivo wall stiffness of arteries and arterioles in healthy humans, and how these properties adapt to iterative increments or sustained reductions in local intravascular pressure. A novel technique was used, by which arterial and arteriolar stiffness was determined as changes in arterial diameter and flow, respectively, during graded increments in distending pressure in the blood vessels of an arm or a leg. Pressure-induced increases in diameter and flow were smaller in the lower leg than in the arm, indicating greater stiffness in the arteries/arterioles of the leg. A 5-week period of intermittent intravascular pressure elevations in one arm reduced pressure distension and pressure-induced flow in the brachial artery by about 50 %. Conversely, prolonged reduction of arterial/arteriolar pressure in the lower body by 5 weeks of sustained horizontal bedrest, induced threefold increases of the pressure-distension and pressure-flow responses in a tibial artery. Thus, the wall stiffness of arteries and arterioles are plastic properties that readily adapt to changes in the prevailing local intravascular pressure. The discussion concerns mechanisms underlying changes in local arterial/arteriolar stiffness as well as whether stiffness is altered by changes in myogenic tone and/or wall structure. As regards implications, regulation of local arterial/arteriolar stiffness may facilitate control of arterial pressure in erect posture and conditions of exaggerated intravascular pressure gradients. That increased intravascular pressure leads to increased arteriolar wall stiffness also supports the notion that local pressure loading may constitute a prime mover in the development of vascular changes in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Eiken
- Department of Environmental Physiology and Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius v 13, Solna, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Giese MJ, Speth RC. The ocular renin-angiotensin system: a therapeutic target for the treatment of ocular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:11-32. [PMID: 24287313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is most well-known for its role in regulation and dysregulation of blood pressure as well as fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Due to its ability to cause cardiovascular disease, the RAS is the target of a multitude of drugs that antagonize its pathophysiological effects. While the "classical" RAS is a systemic hormonal system, there is an increasing awareness of the existence and functional significance of local RASs in a number of organs, e.g., liver, kidney, heart, lungs, reproductive organs, adipose tissue and adrenal. The eye is one of these organs where a compelling body of evidence has demonstrated the presence of a local RAS. Individual components of the RAS have been shown to be present in many structures of the eye and their potential functional significance in ocular disease states is described. Because the eye is one of the most important and complex organs in the body, this review also discusses the implications of dysregulation of the systemic RAS on the pathogenesis of ocular diseases and how pharmacological manipulation of the RAS might lead to novel or adjunctive therapies for ocular disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States.
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Nagata S, Hatakeyama K, Asami M, Tokashiki M, Hibino H, Nishiuchi Y, Kuwasako K, Kato J, Asada Y, Kitamura K. Big angiotensin-25: A novel glycosylated angiotensin-related peptide isolated from human urine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:757-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Abstract
The inexorable increase in the prevalence of obesity is a global health concern, which will result in a concomitant escalation in health-care costs. Obesity-related metabolic syndrome affects approximately 25% of adults and is associated with cardiovascular and renal disease. The heart and kidneys are physiologically interdependent, and the pathological effects of obesity can lead to cardiorenal syndrome and, ultimately, kidney and heart failure. Weight loss can prevent or ameliorate obesity-related cardiorenal syndrome, but long-term maintenance of a healthy weight has been difficult to achieve through lifestyle changes or pharmacotherapy. Bariatric surgery offers both sustained weight loss and favourable metabolic changes, including dramatic improvements in glycaemic control and symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Procedures such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass offer immediate multisystemic benefits, including bile flow alteration, reduced gastric size, anatomical gut rearrangement and altered flow of nutrients, vagal manipulation and enteric hormone modulation. In patients with cardiorenal syndrome, bariatric surgery also offers renoprotection and cardioprotection, and attenuates both kidney and heart failure by improving organ perfusion and reversing metabolic dysfunction. However, further research is required to understand how bariatric surgery acts on the cardiorenal axis, and its pioneering role in novel treatments and interventions for cardiorenal disease.
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50
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Seo HS, Kim EJ, Kim SW, Im SI, Na JO, Choi CU, Lim HE, Won Kim J, Rha SW, Park CG. Extracellular fluid adjusted for body size is contracted in hypertension. Hypertens Res 2013; 36:916-21. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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