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Lipskaia L, Breau M, Cayrou C, Churikov D, Braud L, Jacquet J, Born E, Fouillade C, Curras-Alonso S, Bauwens S, Jourquin F, Fiore F, Castellano R, Josselin E, Sánchez-Ferrer C, Giovinazzo G, Lachaud C, Gilson E, Flores I, Londono-Vallejo A, Adnot S, Géli V. mTert induction in p21-positive cells counteracts capillary rarefaction and pulmonary emphysema. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1650-1684. [PMID: 38424230 PMCID: PMC10933469 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases develop when telomeres shorten beyond a critical point. We constructed a mouse model in which the catalytic subunit of telomerase (mTert), or its catalytically inactive form (mTertCI), is expressed from the p21Cdkn1a locus. Expression of either TERT or TERTCI reduces global p21 levels in the lungs of aged mice, highlighting TERT non-canonical function. However, only TERT reduces accumulation of very short telomeres, oxidative damage, endothelial cell (ECs) senescence and senile emphysema in aged mice. Single-cell analysis of the lung reveals that p21 (and hence TERT) is expressed mainly in the capillary ECs. We report that a fraction of capillary ECs marked by CD34 and endowed with proliferative capacity declines drastically with age, and this is counteracted by TERT but not TERTCI. Consistently, only TERT counteracts decline of capillary density. Natural aging effects are confirmed using the experimental model of emphysema induced by VEGFR2 inhibition and chronic hypoxia. We conclude that catalytically active TERT prevents exhaustion of the putative CD34 + EC progenitors with age, thus protecting against capillary vessel loss and pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lipskaia
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- INSERM U955 and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, FHU SENEC, AP-HP, 94010, Créteil, and Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Paris, France
| | - Marielle Breau
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), U1068 INSERM, UMR7258 CNRS, UM105 Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée), Team Telomeres and Chromatin, Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Cayrou
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), U1068 INSERM, UMR7258 CNRS, UM105 Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée), Team Telomeres and Chromatin, Marseille, France
| | - Dmitri Churikov
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), U1068 INSERM, UMR7258 CNRS, UM105 Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée), Team Telomeres and Chromatin, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Braud
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), U1068 INSERM, UMR7258 CNRS, UM105 Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée), Team Telomeres and Chromatin, Marseille, France
| | - Juliette Jacquet
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Born
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Charles Fouillade
- Institut Curie, Inserm U1021, CNRS UMR 3347, University Paris-Saclay, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
| | - Sandra Curras-Alonso
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3244, Sorbonne Université, Telomeres and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bauwens
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France
| | - Frederic Jourquin
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), U1068 INSERM, UMR7258 CNRS, UM105 Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée), Team Telomeres and Chromatin, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Castellano
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), TrGET Preclinical Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Josselin
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), TrGET Preclinical Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christophe Lachaud
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), U1068 INSERM, UMR7258 CNRS, UM105 Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Team DNA Interstrand Crosslink Lesions and Blood Disorders, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Gilson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France
| | - Ignacio Flores
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Londono-Vallejo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3244, Sorbonne Université, Telomeres and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Serge Adnot
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
- INSERM U955 and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, FHU SENEC, AP-HP, 94010, Créteil, and Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Géli
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), U1068 INSERM, UMR7258 CNRS, UM105 Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée), Team Telomeres and Chromatin, Marseille, France.
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Wang X, Li W, Huang K, Kang X, Li Z, Yang C, Wu X, Chen L. Genetic variants in ADAM33 are associated with airway inflammation and lung function in COPD. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:173. [PMID: 25369941 PMCID: PMC4228268 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors play a role in the development and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The pathogenesis of COPD is a multifactorial process including an inflammatory cell profile. Recent studies revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ADAM33 increased the susceptibility to COPD through changing the airway inflammatory process and lung function. METHODS In this paper, we investigated associations of four polymorphisms (T1, T2, S2 and Q-1) of ADAM33 as well as their haplotypes with pulmonary function and airway inflammatory process in an East Asian population of patients with COPD. RESULTS We found that T1, T2 and Q-1 were significantly associated with the changes of pulmonary function and components of cells in sputum of COPD, and T1 and Q-1 were significantly associated with cytokines and mediators of inflammation in airway of COPD in recessive models. 10 haplotypes were significantly associated with transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide in the disease state, 4 haplotypes were significantly associated with forced expiratory volume in one second, and other haplotypes were associated with airway inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed for the first time that ADAM33 was involved in the pathogenesis of COPD by affecting airway inflammation and immune response in an East Asian population. Our results made the genetic background of COPD, a common and disabling disease, more apparent, which would supply genetic support for the study of the mechanism, classification and treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Respiratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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3
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Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have consistently linked the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to the development of lung cancer, independently of cigarette smoking dosage. The mechanistic explanation for this remains poorly understood. Progress towards uncovering this link has been hampered by the heterogeneous nature of the two disorders: each is characterized by multiple sub-phenotypes of disease. In this Review, I discuss the nature of the link between the two diseases and consider specific mechanisms that operate in both COPD and lung cancer, some of which might represent either chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McGarry Houghton
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Mackay LS, Dodd S, Dougall IG, Tomlinson W, Lordan J, Fisher AJ, Corris PA. Isolation and characterisation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells from patients with severe emphysema. Respir Res 2013; 14:23. [PMID: 23425195 PMCID: PMC3599007 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of the pulmonary microvasculature in the pathogenesis of emphysema has been put forward as a credible alternative to the classical inflammatory cell driven proteolysis hypothesis. Mechanistic studies in this area have to date employed animal models, immortalised cell lines, primary endothelial cells isolated from large pulmonary arteries and non-pulmonary tissues and normal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Although these studies have increased our understanding of endothelial cell function, their relevance to mechanisms in emphysema is questionable. Here we report a successful technique to isolate and characterise primary cultures of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells from individuals with severe emphysema. Methods A lobe of emphysematous lung tissue removed at the time of lung transplantation surgery was obtained from 14 patients with severe end-stage disease. The pleura, large airways and large blood vessels were excised and contaminating macrophages and neutrophils flushed from the peripheral lung tissue before digestion with collagenase. Endothelial cells were purified from the cell mixture via selection with CD31 and UEA-1 magnetic beads and characterised by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Results Successful isolation was achieved from 10 (71%) of 14 emphysematous lungs. Endothelial cells exhibited a classical cobblestone morphology with high expression of endothelial cell markers (CD31) and low expression of mesenchymal markers (CD90, αSMA and fibronectin). E-selectin (CD62E) was inducible in a proportion of the endothelial cells following stimulation with TNFα, confirming that these cells were of microvascular origin. Conclusions Emphysematous lungs removed at the time of transplantation can yield large numbers of pulmonary microvasculature endothelial cells of high purity. These cells provide a valuable research tool to investigate cellular mechanisms in the pulmonary microvasculature relevant to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Mackay
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Drake JI, Bogaard HJ, Mizuno S, Clifton B, Xie B, Gao Y, Dumur CI, Fawcett P, Voelkel NF, Natarajan R. Molecular signature of a right heart failure program in chronic severe pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1239-47. [PMID: 21719795 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0412oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Right heart failure is the cause of death of most patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertensive (PAH) disorders, yet little is known about the cellular and molecular causes of right ventricular failure (RVF). We first showed a differential gene expression pattern between normal rat right and left ventricles, and postulated the existence of a molecular right heart failure program that distinguishes RVF from adaptive right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and that may differ in some respects from a left heart failure program. By means of microarrays and transcriptional sequencing strategies, we used two models of adaptive RVH to characterize a gene expression pattern reflective of growth and the maintenance of myocardial structure. Moreover, two models of RVF were associated with fibrosis, capillary rarefaction, the decreased expression of genes encoding the angiogenesis factors vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, apelin, and angiopoeitin-1, and the increased expression of genes encoding a set of glycolytic enzymes. The treatment of established RVF with a β-adrenergic receptor blocker reversed RVF, and partly reversed the molecular RVF program. We conclude that normal right and left ventricles demonstrate clearly discernable differences in the expression of mRNA and microRNA, and that RVH and RVF are characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression that relate to cell growth, angiogenesis, and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Drake
- Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has traditionally been considered a disease of the lungs secondary to cigarette smoking and characterized by airflow obstruction due to abnormalities of both airway (bronchitis) and lung parenchyma (emphysema). It is now well known that COPD is associated with significant systemic abnormalities, such as renal and hormonal abnormalities, malnutrition, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and anemia. However, it is still unclear whether they represent consequences of the pulmonary disorder, or whether COPD should be considered as a systemic disease. These systemic abnormalities have been attributed to an increased level of systemic inflammation. Chronic inflammation, however, may not be the only cause of the systemic effects of COPD. Recent data from humans and animal models support the view that emphysema may be a vascular disease. Other studies have highlighted the role of repair failure, bone marrow abnormality, genetic and epigenetic factors, immunological disorders and infections as potential causes of COPD systemic manifestations. Based on this new evidence, it is reasonable to consider COPD, and emphysema in particular, as 'a disease with a significant systemic component' if not a 'systemic disease' per se. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the most relevant and innovative hypothesis about the extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Huertas
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Goldkorn T, Filosto S. Lung injury and cancer: Mechanistic insights into ceramide and EGFR signaling under cigarette smoke. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 43:259-68. [PMID: 20525802 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0220rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke has been connected to an array of chronic lung diseases and is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Active smoking is responsible for approximately 90% of lung cancer cases. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with other chronic pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary edema, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema, the last two also termed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lung cancer and COPD are developed very frequently in chronic cigarette smokers. It has been known for some time that lung cancer incidence increases in patients with COPD. Even the existence of some low-grade emphysema without noticeable airflow obstruction is associated with significantly elevated risk of lung cancer. These recent clinical insights demand new thinking and exploration of novel mechanistic studies to fully understand these observations. Lung injury and repair involve cell death and hyperplasia of airway epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. All of these occur simultaneously. The mechanisms of cell death and hyperplasia in the lung constitute two sides of the coin of lung injury and repair. However, most molecular studies in airway epithelial cells center on the mechanism(s) of either cell growth and proliferation or cell death and the ceramide-generating machinery that drives aberrant induction of apoptotic cell death. Very few address both sides of the coin as an outcome of cigarette smoke exposure, which is the focus of this review.
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Diab KJ, Adamowicz JJ, Kamocki K, Rush NI, Garrison J, Gu Y, Schweitzer KS, Skobeleva A, Rajashekhar G, Hubbard WC, Berdyshev EV, Petrache I. Stimulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling as an alveolar cell survival strategy in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:344-52. [PMID: 19965812 PMCID: PMC5455841 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200906-0826oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibition increases ceramides in lung structural cells of the alveolus, initiating apoptosis and alveolar destruction morphologically resembling emphysema. The effects of increased endogenous ceramides could be offset by sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a prosurvival by-product of ceramide metabolism. OBJECTIVES The aims of our work were to investigate the sphingosine-S1P-S1P receptor axis in the VEGFR inhibition model of emphysema and to determine whether stimulation of S1P signaling is sufficient to functionally antagonize alveolar space enlargement. METHODS Concurrent to VEGFR blockade in mice, S1P signaling augmentation was achieved via treatment with the S1P precursor sphingosine, S1P agonist FTY720, or S1P receptor-1 (S1PR1) agonist SEW2871. Outcomes included sphingosine kinase-1 RNA expression and activity, sphingolipid measurements by combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, immunoblotting for prosurvival signaling pathways, caspase-3 activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assays, and airspace morphometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Consistent with previously reported de novo activation of ceramide synthesis, VEGFR inhibition triggered increases in lung ceramides, dihydroceramides, and dihydrosphingosine, but did not alter sphingosine kinase activity or S1P levels. Administration of sphingosine decreased the ceramide-to-S1P ratio in the lung and inhibited alveolar space enlargement, along with activation of prosurvival signaling pathways and decreased lung parenchyma cell apoptosis. Sphingosine significantly opposed ceramide-induced apoptosis in cultured lung endothelial cells, but not epithelial cells. FTY720 or SEW2871 recapitulated the protective effects of sphingosine on airspace enlargement concomitant with attenuation of VEGFR inhibitor-induced lung apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Strategies aimed at augmenting the S1P-S1PR1 signaling may be effective in ameliorating the apoptotic mechanisms of emphysema development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Ceramides/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Lysophospholipids/biosynthesis
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/drug effects
- Pulmonary Alveoli/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Emphysema/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Emphysema/physiopathology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/drug effects
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/physiology
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/biosynthesis
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
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Marwick JA, Edirisinghe I, Arunachalam G, Stevenson CS, Macnee W, Kirkham PA, Rahman I. Cigarette smoke regulates VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling in rat lungs. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:11. [PMID: 20205917 PMCID: PMC2831890 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-mediated survival signaling is critical to endothelial cell survival, maintenance of the vasculature and alveolar structure and regeneration of lung tissue. Reduced VEGF and VEGFR2 expression in emphysematous lungs has been linked to increased endothelial cell death and vascular regression. Previously, we have shown that CS down-regulated the VEGFR2 and its downstream signaling in mouse lungs. However, the VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling in response to oxidants/cigarette smoke (CS) is not known. We hypothesized that CS exposure leads to disruption of VEGFR2-mediated endothelial survival signaling in rat lungs. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed CS for 3 days, 8 weeks and 6 months to investigate the effect of CS on VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling by measuring the Akt/PI3-kinase/eNOS downstream signaling in rat lungs. Results and Discussion We show that CS disrupts VEGFR2/PI3-kinase association leading to decreased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. This may further alter the phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bad and increase the Bad/Bcl-xl association. However, this was not associated with a significant lung cell death as evidenced by active caspase-3 levels. These data suggest that although CS altered the VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling in the rat lungs, but it was not sufficient to cause lung cell death. Conclusion The rat lungs exposed to CS in acute, sub-chronic and chronic levels may be representative of smokers where survival signaling is altered but was not associated with lung cell death whereas emphysema is known to be associated with lung cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
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Cheng SL, Wang HC, Yu CJ, Tsao PN, Carmeliet P, Cheng SJ, Yang PC. Prevention of elastase-induced emphysema in placenta growth factor knock-out mice. Respir Res 2009; 10:115. [PMID: 19930612 PMCID: PMC2789728 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although both animal and human studies suggested the association between placenta growth factor (PlGF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially lung emphysema, the role of PlGF in the pathogenesis of emphysema remains to be clarified. This study hypothesizes that blocking PlGF prevents the development of emphysema. Methods Pulmonary emphysema was induced in PlGF knock-out (KO) and wild type (WT) mice by intra-tracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). A group of KO mice was then treated with exogenous PlGF and WT mice with neutralizing anti-VEGFR1 antibody. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and VEGF were quantified. Apoptosis measurement and immuno-histochemical staining for VEGF R1 and R2 were performed in emphysematous lung tissues. Results After 4 weeks of PPE instillation, lung airspaces enlarged more significantly in WT than in KO mice. The levels of TNF-α and MMP-9, but not VEGF, increased in the lungs of WT compared with those of KO mice. There was also increased in apoptosis of alveolar septal cells in WT mice. Instillation of exogenous PlGF in KO mice restored the emphysematous changes. The expression of both VEGF R1 and R2 decreased in the emphysematous lungs. Conclusion In this animal model, pulmonary emphysema is prevented by depleting PlGF. When exogenous PlGF is administered to PlGF KO mice, emphysema re-develops, implying that PlGF contributes to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Lung Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.
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12
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Liu H, Ma L, Wu J, Wang K, Chen X. Apoptosis of alveolar wall cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with pulmonary emphysema is involved in emphysematous changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:466-9. [PMID: 19662364 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the role of apoptosis of alveolar wall cells of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with pulmonary emphysema in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The subjects were divided into three groups: COPD patients with pulmonary emphysema (COPD group), asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers. Lung tissues were harvested and histologically assessed. TUNEL assay was employed to determine the apoptotic cells. The expression of PCNA, Bax and SP-C in the lung alveolar wall cells were immunohistochemically determined. SP-C immunofluorescence staining was used to identify type II alveolar cells in the TUNEL-positive cells. The mean linear interval (MLI), mean alveoli number (MAN) and mean alveoli area (MAA) in COPD group were significantly different as compared with those in asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers, respectively (P<0.01). The proliferation index (PI), apoptosis index (AI) and the percentage of Bax-positive cells in COPD group were significantly greater than those of asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers (P<0.01). However, the percentage of SP-C-positive cells was significantly lower in COPD group than in asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers (P<0.01). Most of the TUNEL-positive cells expressed SP-C. In COPD group, the apoptosis of alveolar wall cells, especially apoptosis of type-II cells, may take part in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Up-regulation of Bax expression may be responsible for the apoptosis of alveolar wall cells in the COPD patients with pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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13
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Chino K, Choong CK, Toeniskoetter PD, Cooper JD, Lausberg HF, Bae KT, Pierce JA, Hogg JC. A CANINE MODEL FOR PRODUCTION OF SEVERE UNILATERAL PANACINAR EMPHYSEMA. Exp Lung Res 2009; 30:319-32. [PMID: 15204837 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490439022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During inhalation anesthesia, lung alveolar and Clara cells are exposed directly to volatile anesthetic. Porcine-derived natural lung surfactant (Curosurf) was used for in vitro measurements of surface activity under exposure to N2O mixed with air at concentration used in prolonged anesthesia. The study suggests that prolonged use of N2O may be associated with increased value of the minimum surface tension and reduction of surface tension-bubble radius hysteresis obtained in the pulsating bubble surfactometer used in the experiments. These phenomena indicate the physicochemical inactivation of surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiaki Chino
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Cai S, Chen P, Zhang C, Chen JB, Wu J. Oral N-acetylcysteine attenuates pulmonary emphysema and alveolar septal cell apoptosis in smoking-induced COPD in rats. Respirology 2009; 14:354-9. [PMID: 19341424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The role of apoptosis in lung destruction in emphysema/COPD is increasingly being recognized. The relationship between anti-oxidants and alveolar septal cell apoptosis in COPD lungs remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the anti-oxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on the development of emphysema and alveolar septal cell apoptosis in smoking-induced COPD in rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were randomly assigned to normal, COPD, sham and NAC groups. The effects of treatment were assessed by measuring the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in BAL fluid by ELISA, VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) protein expression by western blotting, and the apoptotic index (AI) of alveolar septal cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay. Histopathological evaluations (mean linear intercept (MLI), destructive index (DI)) and lung function measurements were performed. RESULTS FEV(0.3)/FVC and PEF were lower in the COPD group than in the normal group. MLI and DI were lower in the NAC-treated group than in the COPD or sham-treated groups. As confirmed by western blotting, the levels of VEGF in BAL fluid were higher in the NAC-treated group than in the COPD group. VEGFR2 protein expression was higher in the NAC-treated group than in the COPD group. The AI was significantly lower in the NAC-treated group than in the COPD group. There was an inverse correlation between levels of VEGF in BAL fluid and the AI of alveolar septal cells. CONCLUSIONS NAC attenuates lung damage, pulmonary emphysema and alveolar septal cell apoptosis by partly reversing the decrease in VEGF secretion and VEGFR2 protein expression in smoking-induced COPD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Banerjee S, Chattopadhyay R, Ghosh A, Koley H, Panda K, Roy S, Chattopadhyay D, Chatterjee IB. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of cigarette smoke-induced lung damage and prevention by vitamin C. J Inflamm (Lond) 2008; 5:21. [PMID: 19014449 PMCID: PMC2615750 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke-induced cellular and molecular mechanisms of lung injury are not clear. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture containing long-lived radicals, including p-benzosemiquinone that causes oxidative damage. Earlier we had reported that oxidative protein damage is an initial event in smoke-induced lung injury. Considering that p-benzosemiquinone may be a causative factor of lung injury, we have isolated p-benzosemiquinone and compared its pathophysiological effects with cigarette smoke. Since vitamin C is a strong antioxidant, we have also determined the modulatory effect of vitamin C for preventing the pathophysiological events. METHODS Vitamin C-restricted guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke (5 cigarettes/day; 2 puffs/cigarette) for 21 days with and without supplementation of 15 mg vitamin C/guinea pig/day. Oxidative damage, apoptosis and lung injury were assessed in vitro, ex vivo in A549 cells as well as in vivo in guinea pigs. Inflammation was measured by neutrophilia in BALF. p-Benzosemiquinone was isolated from freshly prepared aqueous extract of cigarette smoke and characterized by various physico-chemical methods, including mass, NMR and ESR spectroscopy. p-Benzosemiquinone-induced lung damage was examined by intratracheal instillation in guinea pigs. Lung damage was measured by increased air spaces, as evidenced by histology and morphometric analysis. Oxidative protein damage, MMPs, VEGF and VEGFR2 were measured by western blot analysis, and formation of Michael adducts using MALDI-TOF-MS. Apoptosis was evidenced by TUNEL assay, activation of caspase 3, degradation of PARP and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio using immunoblot analysis and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Exposure of guinea pigs to cigarette smoke resulted in progressive protein damage, inflammation, apoptosis and lung injury up to 21 days of the experimental period. Administration of 15 mg of vitamin C/guinea pig/day prevented all these pathophysiological effects. p-Benzosemiquinone mimicked cigarette smoke in causing protein modification and apoptosis in vitro and in A549 cells ex vivo as well as apoptosis and lung damage in vivo. All these pathophysiological events were also prevented by vitamin C. CONCLUSION p-Benzosemiquinone appears to be a major causative factor of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative protein damage that leads to apoptosis and lung injury. The pathophysiological events are prevented by a moderately large dose of vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvojit Banerjee
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Ranajoy Chattopadhyay
- Sealy Center for Molecular Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1079, USA
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33, CIT Road, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Koustubh Panda
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Indu B Chatterjee
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
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Abstract
Emphysema is one manifestation of a group of chronic, obstructive, and frequently progressive destructive lung diseases. Cigarette smoking and air pollution are the main causes of emphysema in humans, and cigarette smoking causes emphysema in rodents. This review examines the concept of a homeostatically active lung structure maintenance program that, when attacked by proteases and oxidants, leads to the loss of alveolar septal cells and airspace enlargement. Inflammatory and noninflammatory mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, as well as the role of the innate and adaptive immune systems, are being explored in genetically altered animals and in exposure models of this disease. These recent scientific advances support a model whereby alveolar destruction resulting from a coalescence of mechanical forces, such as hyperinflation, and more recently recognized cellular and molecular events, including apoptosis, cellular senescence, and failed lung tissue repair, produces the clinically recognized syndrome of emphysema.
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Vogelmeier C, Koczulla R, Fehrenbach H, Bals R. [Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Internist (Berl) 2007; 47:885-6, 888-90, 892-4. [PMID: 16845536 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-006-1691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It is currently believed that the most important factor in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is inflammation of the small airways caused by inhaled particles and gases. In this context, a disturbance of the physiological balance between proteases and antiproteases develops that may cause lung emphysema. Moreover, oxidative stress seems to be important, as it may enhance the inflammatory reaction. The development of emphysema may also involve a loss of alveolar cells by apoptosis. Finally, several studies have indicated that a systemic inflammation is induced by COPD that may be of relevance to the development of systemic components that are observed in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vogelmeier
- Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg - Standort Marburg.
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Thébaud B, Abman SH. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: where have all the vessels gone? Roles of angiogenic growth factors in chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:978-85. [PMID: 17272782 PMCID: PMC2176086 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200611-1660pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and emphysema are significant global health problems at the extreme stages of life. Both are characterized by arrested alveolar development or loss of alveoli, respectively. Both lack effective treatment strategies. Knowledge about the genetic control of branching morphogenesis in mammals derives from investigations of the respiratory system in Drosophila, but mechanisms that regulate alveolar development remain poorly understood. Even less is known about regulation of the growth and development of the pulmonary vasculature. Understanding how alveoli and the underlying capillary network develop, and how these mechanisms are disrupted in disease states, are critical for developing effective therapies for lung diseases characterized by impaired alveolar structure. Recent observations have challenged old notions that the development of the blood vessels in the lung passively follows that of the airways. Rather, increasing evidence suggests that lung blood vessels actively promote alveolar growth during development and contribute to the maintenance of alveolar structures throughout postnatal life. Our working hypothesis is that disruption of angiogenesis impairs alveolarization, and that preservation of vascular growth and endothelial survival promotes growth and sustains the architecture of the distal airspace. Furthermore, the explosion of interest in stem cell biology suggests potential roles for endothelial progenitor cells in the pathogenesis or treatment of lung vascular disease. In this Pulmonary Perspective, we review recent data on the importance of the lung circulation, specifically examining the relationship between dysmorphic vascular growth and impaired alveolarization, and speculate on how these new insights may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thébaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vascular Biology Group, University of Alberta, HMRC 407, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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19
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Fehrenbach H, Zimmermann G, Starke E, Bratu VA, Conrad D, Yildirim AO, Fehrenbach A. Nitrogen dioxide induces apoptosis and proliferation but not emphysema in rat lungs. Thorax 2007; 62:438-46. [PMID: 17234660 PMCID: PMC2117174 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.062364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of alveolar septal cells has been linked to emphysema formation. Nitrogen dioxide, a component of cigarette smoke, has been shown to induce alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro. It is hypothesised that exposure of rats to nitrogen dioxide may result in increased alveolar septal cell apoptosis in vivo with ensuing emphysema-that is, airspace enlargement and loss of alveolar walls. METHODS Fischer 344 rats were exposed to 10 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 3, 7, 21 days or 21 days followed by 28 days at room air. Age-matched control rats were exposed to room air for 3, 21 or 49 days. Lungs fixed at 20 cm fluid column, embedded in paraffin wax, glycol methacrylate and araldite, were analysed by design-based stereology. Alveolar septal cell apoptosis (transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay, active caspase 3) and proliferation (Ki-67), airspace enlargement, total alveolar surface area, and absolute alveolar septal volume as well as the ultrastructural composition of the alveolar wall were quantified. RESULTS Nitrogen dioxide resulted in an eightfold increase in alveolar septal cell apoptosis at day 3 and a 14-fold increase in proliferation compared with age-matched controls. Airspace enlargement, indicated by a 20% increase in mean airspace chord length, was evident by day 7 but was not associated with loss of alveolar walls. By contrast, nitrogen dioxide resulted in an increase in the total surface area and absolute volume of alveolar walls comprising all compartments. The ratio of collagen to elastin, however, was reduced at day 21. Lungs exposed to nitrogen dioxide for 21 days exhibited quantitative structural characteristics as seen in control lungs on day 49. CONCLUSIONS Nitrogen dioxide exposure of rats results in increased alveolar septal cell turnover leading to accelerated lung growth, which is associated with an imbalance in the relative composition of the extracellular matrix, but fails to induce emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Fehrenbach
- Clinical Research Group Chronic Airway Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (Respiratory Medicine), Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Shigemura N, Okumura M, Mizuno S, Imanishi Y, Nakamura T, Sawa Y. Autologous transplantation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells ameliorates pulmonary emphysema. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2592-600. [PMID: 17049053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a useful tool for management of most complex cardiothoracic problems, including the reinforcement of damaged lungs, and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have been suggested to secrete hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a multipotent regenerative factor that contributes to the repair process after lung injury. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the therapeutic impact of autologous transplantation of ASCs through HGF supplementation for the enhancement of alveolar repair in a rat model of emphysema. ASCs were isolated from inguinal subcutaneous fat pads and characterized by flow cytometry. Cultured ASC were found to secrete significantly larger amounts of HGF (15 112 +/- 1628 pg per 10(6) cells) than other angiogenic factors. Transplantation of ASCs into elastase-treated emphysema models induced a significant increase in endogenous HGF expression in lung tissues with a small amount of increase in other organs, with the high levels lasting for up to 4 weeks after transplantation. Further, alveolar and vascular regeneration were significantly enhanced via inhibition of alveolar cell apoptosis, enhancement of epithelial cell proliferation and promotion of angiogenesis in pulmonary vasculature, leading to restoration of pulmonary function affected by emphysema. These data suggest that autologous ASC cell therapy may have a therapeutic potential for pulmonary emphysema, through inducing HGF expression selectively in injured lung tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shigemura
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Thébaud B, Ladha F, Michelakis ED, Sawicka M, Thurston G, Eaton F, Hashimoto K, Harry G, Haromy A, Korbutt G, Archer SL. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy increases survival, promotes lung angiogenesis, and prevents alveolar damage in hyperoxia-induced lung injury: evidence that angiogenesis participates in alveolarization. Circulation 2006; 112:2477-86. [PMID: 16230500 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.541524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and pulmonary emphysema, both significant global health problems, are characterized by a loss of alveoli. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a trophic factor required for endothelial cell survival and is abundantly expressed in the lung. METHODS AND RESULTS We report that VEGF blockade decreases lung VEGF and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) expression in newborn rats and impairs alveolar development, leading to alveolar simplification and loss of lung capillaries, mimicking BPD. In hyperoxia-induced BPD in newborn rats, air space enlargement and loss of lung capillaries are associated with decreased lung VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression. Postnatal intratracheal adenovirus-mediated VEGF gene therapy improves survival, promotes lung capillary formation, and preserves alveolar development in this model of irreversible lung injury. Combined VEGF and angiopoietin-1 gene transfer matures the new vasculature, reducing the vascular leakage seen in VEGF-induced capillaries. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of the vasculature in what is traditionally thought of as an airway disease and open new therapeutic avenues for lung diseases characterized by irreversible loss of alveoli through the modulation of angiogenic growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thébaud
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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22
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Voelkel NF, Vandivier RW, Tuder RM. Vascular endothelial growth factor in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L209-21. [PMID: 16403941 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00185.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a pluripotent growth and permeability factor that has a broad impact on endothelial cell function. The lung tissue is very rich in this protein; many different lung cells produce VEGF and also respond to VEGF. VEGF is critical for the development of the lung and serves as a maintenance factor during adult life. In addition to the physiological functions of this protein, there is increasing evidence that VEGF also plays a role in several acute and chronic lung diseases, such as acute lung injury, severe pulmonary hypertension, and emphysema. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the rapidly expanding literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert F Voelkel
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, 4200 E. Ninth Ave., C272, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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23
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Plataki M, Tzortzaki E, Rytila P, Demosthenes M, Koutsopoulos A, Siafakas NM. Apoptotic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2006; 1:161-71. [PMID: 18046893 PMCID: PMC2706617 DOI: 10.2147/copd.2006.1.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, characterized by a chronic abnormal inflammatory response to noxious agents. Apoptosis is a physiologic process, critical to cellular homeostasis, in which cell death follows a programmed sequence of events. Apoptosis has been recognized to play an important role in clinical and experimental models of lung diseases. Abnormal apoptotic events in smokers' and in emphysematous lungs have been shown in epithelial and endotheliallung cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and myocytes. Many factors associated with COPD, including cigarette smoke, have the potential to cause apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, the main sites of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. The decreased expression of VEGF, a known survival factor for endothelial cells, and its receptor, results in lung septal endothelial cell death, leading perhaps to the emphysema observed in COPD. In smokers who develop COPD there is an activation of adaptive immunity, with an infiltration of CD4+ and, especially, CD8 + cells. CD8 + cells are cytotoxic to epithelial cells through the release of granzymes and perforin, which can further induce apoptosis of alveolar cells. Moreover, any reduction in neutrophil apoptosis or dysregulation of macrophage uptake of apoptotic neutrophils could lead to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. Increased rates of T-cell apoptosis may lead to a defective immune response to infective organisms, contributing to the high frequency of infections seen in COPD. Increased apoptosis of skeletal muscle could be responsible for the skeletal muscle atrophy, the main cause of unexplained weight loss in patients with COPD. This paper is a review of the current knowledge on the apoptotic pathways involved in COPD pathogenesis and their interaction with other known contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Plataki
- Deparment of Thoracic Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzortzaki
- Deparment of Thoracic Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Paula Rytila
- Department of Allergy, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Makris Demosthenes
- Deparment of Thoracic Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos M Siafakas
- Deparment of Thoracic Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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24
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Ceramide upregulation causes pulmonary cell apoptosis and emphysema-like disease in mice. Nat Med 2005; 11:491-8. [PMID: 15852018 DOI: 10.1038/nm1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar cell apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema, a prevalent disease primarily caused by cigarette smoking. We report that ceramide, a second messenger lipid, is a crucial mediator of alveolar destruction in emphysema. Inhibition of enzymes controlling de novo ceramide synthesis prevented alveolar cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and emphysema caused by blockade of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors in both rats and mice. Emphysema was reproduced with intratracheal instillation of ceramide in naive mice. Excessive ceramide triggers a feed-forward mechanism mediated by activation of secretory acid sphingomyelinase, as suggested by experiments with neutralizing ceramide antibody in mice and with acid sphingomyelinase-deficient fibroblasts. Concomitant augmentation of signaling initiated by a prosurvival metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate, prevented lung apoptosis, implying that a balance between ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate is required for maintenance of alveolar septal integrity. Finally, increased lung ceramides in individuals with smoking-induced emphysema suggests that ceramide upregulation may be a crucial pathogenic element and a promising target in this disease that currently lacks effective therapies.
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25
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Oblander SA, Zhou Z, Gálvez BG, Starcher B, Shannon JM, Durbeej M, Arroyo AG, Tryggvason K, Apte SS. Distinctive functions of membrane type 1 matrix-metalloprotease (MT1-MMP or MMP-14) in lung and submandibular gland development are independent of its role in pro-MMP-2 activation. Dev Biol 2005; 277:255-69. [PMID: 15572153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Membrane type 1-matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP or MMP-14) is a major activator of pro-MMP-2 and is essential for skeletal development. We show here that it is required for branching morphogenesis of the submandibular gland but not the lung. Instead, in the lung, it is essential for postnatal development of alveolar septae. Lung development in Mmp14-/- mice is arrested at the prealveolar stage with compensatory hyperinflation of immature saccules. Mmp2-/- mice lacked comparable defects in the lung and submandibular gland, suggesting that MT1-MMP acts via mechanisms independent of pro-MMP-2 activation. Since the developmental defects in the lung are first manifest around the time of initial vascularization (E16.5), we investigated the behavior of pulmonary endothelial cells from Mmp14+/+ and Mmp14-/- mice. Endothelial cells from lungs of 1-week-old Mmp14-/- mice show reduced migration and formation of three-dimensional structures on Matrigel. Since pulmonary septal development requires capillary growth, the underlying mechanism of pulmonary hypoplasia in Mmp14-/- mice may be defective angiogenesis, supporting a model in which angiogenesis is a critical rate-limiting step for acquisition of pulmonary parenchymal mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Oblander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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26
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Tsao PN, Su YN, Li H, Huang PH, Chien CT, Lai YL, Lee CN, Chen CA, Cheng WF, Wei SC, Yu CJ, Hsieh FJ, Hsu SM. Overexpression of placenta growth factor contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 169:505-11. [PMID: 14644931 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200306-774oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of placenta growth factor (PlGF) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema, we generated PlGF-transgenic (TG) mice using a phosphoglycerate kinase promoter. This resulted in constitutive overexpression of PlGF. In these TG mice, pulmonary emphysema, with enlarged air spaces and enhanced pulmonary compliance, first appeared at 6 months of age and became prominent at 12 months. Increased alveolar septal cell apoptosis was noted in their lungs. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis suggests that these apoptotic septal cells are type II pneumocytes. At the same time, the messenger RNA of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, an endothelial cell marker, were downregulated indicating a reduced number of endothelial cells and its survival factor VEGF. In vitro, exogenous PlGF can inhibit the proliferation and promote the cell death of mouse type II pneumocytes. In normal newborn mice, abundant expression of PlGF messenger RNA was detected in the lungs during saccular division but was rapidly downregulated after alveolarization was complete. Thus, a persistently elevated PlGF was detrimental to the developed lung and causes the emphysematous change seen in our TG mice. Our study suggests that PlGF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema via its action on type II pneumocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Nien Tsao
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tuder RM, Petrache I, Elias JA, Voelkel NF, Henson PM. Apoptosis and emphysema: the missing link. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:551-4. [PMID: 12707010 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rubin M Tuder
- Division of Cardiopulmonary Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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28
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Aoshiba K, Yokohori N, Nagai A. Alveolar wall apoptosis causes lung destruction and emphysematous changes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:555-62. [PMID: 12707011 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0090oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by alveolar wall destruction and airspace enlargement. Recent evidence indicates that epithelial or endothelial apoptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Here, we describe the induction of emphysematous changes, including airspace enlargement, alveolar wall destruction, and enhanced lung distensibility, in mice receiving a single intratracheal injection of active caspase-3 and Chariot, a newly developed protein transfection reagent. Epithelial apoptosis and enhanced elastolytic activity (optimal at pH 5.5) in bronchoalveolar lavage were noted. Emphysematous changes were also generated in mice receiving an intratracheal injection of nodularin, a proapoptotic serine/threonine kinase inhibitor. This murine model provides direct evidence that confirms that alveolar wall apoptosis causes emphysematous changes. Furthermore, this simple technique for protein transfection of lung tissue can be used in a variety of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
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