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Zrelski MM, Hösele S, Kustermann M, Fichtinger P, Kah D, Athanasiou I, Esser PR, Wagner A, Herzog R, Kratochwill K, Goldmann WH, Kiritsi D, Winter L. Plectin Deficiency in Fibroblasts Deranges Intermediate Filament and Organelle Morphology, Migration, and Adhesion. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:547-562.e9. [PMID: 37716646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Plectin, a highly versatile and multifunctional cytolinker, has been implicated in several multisystemic disorders. Most sequence variations in the human plectin gene (PLEC) cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), an autosomal recessive skin-blistering disorder associated with progressive muscle weakness. In this study, we performed a comprehensive cell biological analysis of dermal fibroblasts from three different patients with EBS-MD, where PLEC expression analyses revealed preserved mRNA levels in all cases, whereas full-length plectin protein content was significantly reduced or completely absent. Downstream effects of pathogenic PLEC sequence alterations included massive bundling of vimentin intermediate filament networks, including the occurrence of ring-like nuclei-encasing filament bundles, elongated mitochondrial networks, and abnormal nuclear morphologies. We found that essential fibroblast functions such as wound healing, migration, or orientation upon cyclic stretch were significantly impaired in the cells of patients with EBS-MD. Finally, EBS-MD fibroblasts displayed reduced adhesion capacities, which could be attributed to smaller focal adhesion contacts. Our study not only emphasizes plectin's functional role in human skin fibroblasts, it also provides further insights into the understanding of EBS-MD-associated disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela M Zrelski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Hösele
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Kustermann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Fichtinger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Delf Kah
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Athanasiou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Wagner
- Core Facility Proteomics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Herzog
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Core Facility Proteomics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Winter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Yoshioka N. Roles of dystonin isoforms in the maintenance of neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:7-16. [PMID: 37603210 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Dystonin (DST), also known as bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1), encodes cytoskeletal linker proteins belonging to the plakin family. The DST gene produces several isoforms, including DST-a, DST-b, and DST-e, which are expressed in neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues, respectively. Pathogenic DST mutations cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN-VI) and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS); therefore, it is important to elucidate the roles of DST isoforms in multiple organs. Recently, we have used several Dst mutant mouse strains, in which the expression of Dst isoforms is disrupted in distinct patterns, to gain new insight into how DST functions in multiple tissues. This review provides an overview of the roles played by tissue-specific DST isoforms in neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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Zhang T, Xu Z, Zheng D, Wang X, He J, Zhang L, Zallocchi M. Novel biallelic variants in the PLEC gene are associated with severe hearing loss. Hear Res 2023; 436:108831. [PMID: 37393735 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder is a particular type of hearing loss caused by abnormal sound transmission from the cochlea to the brain. It is due to defective peripheral synaptic function or improper neuronal conduction. Using trio whole-exome sequencing, we have identified novel biallelic variants in the PLEC gene in three individuals with profound deafness from two unrelated families. Among them, one pediatric patient diagnosed with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder had a good cochlear implantation outcome. The other two adult patients were diagnosed with non-syndromic hearing loss. Studies in mice and zebrafish confirmed that plectin is developmentally expressed in the inner ear. Moreover, plectin's knockdown resulted in a reduction of synaptic mitochondrial potential and loss of ribbon synapses, reinforcing the idea of a role for plectin in neuronal transmission. Altogether, the results presented here, point to a new unconventional role for plectin in the inner ear. Contrary to the well-characterized association of plectin to skin and muscle diseases, we found that specific plectin mutations can result in hearing loss with no other clinical manifestations. This is important because 1) it provides evidence of plectin's involvement in inner ear function and 2) it will help clinicians at the time of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenhang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Danya Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Jingchun He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Luping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Marisa Zallocchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, United States.
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Vahidnezhad H, Youssefian L, Harvey N, Tavasoli AR, Saeidian AH, Sotoudeh S, Varghaei A, Mahmoudi H, Mansouri P, Mozafari N, Zargari O, Zeinali S, Uitto J. Mutation update: The spectra of PLEC sequence variants and related plectinopathies. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1706-1731. [PMID: 35815343 PMCID: PMC9771971 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plectin, encoded by PLEC, is a cytoskeletal linker of intermediate filaments expressed in many cell types. Plectin consists of three main domains that determine its functionality: the N-terminal domain, the Rod domain, and the C-terminal domain. Molecular defects of PLEC correlating with the functional aspects lead to a group of rare heritable disorders, plectinopathies. These multisystem disorders include an autosomal dominant form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS-Ogna), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), aplasia cutis congenita (ACC), and an autosomal recessive form of EBS, which may associate with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), pyloric atresia (EBS-PA), and/or congenital myasthenic syndrome (EBS-MyS). In this study, genotyping of over 600 Iranian patients with epidermolysis bullosa by next-generation sequencing identified 15 patients with disease-causing PLEC variants. This mutation update analyzes the clinical spectrum of PLEC in our cohort and in the literature and demonstrates the relationship between PLEC genotype and phenotypic manifestations. This study has integrated our seven novel PLEC variants and phenotypic findings with previously published data totaling 116 variants to provide the most complete overview of pathogenic PLEC variants and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nailah Harvey
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Children’s Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Soheila Sotoudeh
- Department of Dermatology, Children’s Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Varghaei
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mansouri
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Mozafari
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Mizuta K, Matsubara T, Goto A, Addison WN, Nakatomi M, Matsuo K, Tada-Shigeyama Y, Yaginuma T, Honda H, Yoshioka I, Kokabu S. Plectin promotes tumor formation by B16 mouse melanoma cells via regulation of Rous sarcoma oncogene activity. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:936. [PMID: 36038818 PMCID: PMC9426213 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a malignant tumor characterized by high proliferation and aggressive metastasis. To address the molecular mechanisms of the proto-oncogene, Rous sarcoma oncogene (Src), which is highly activated and promotes cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and metastasis in melanoma. Plectin, a cytoskeletal protein, has recently been identified as a Src-binding protein that regulates Src activity in osteoclasts. Plectin is a candidate biomarker of certain tumors because of its high expression and the target of anti-tumor reagents such as ruthenium pyridinecarbothioamide. The molecular mechanisms by which plectin affects melanoma is still unclear. In this study, we examined the role of plectin in melanoma tumor formation. METHODS We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to knock-out plectin in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Protein levels of plectin and Src activity were examined by western blotting analysis. In vivo tumor formation was assessed by subcutaneous injection of B16 cells into nude mice and histological analysis performed after 2 weeks by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining. Cell proliferation was evaluated by direct cell count, cell counting kit-8 assays, cyclin D1 mRNA expression and Ki-67 immunostaining. Cell aggregation and adhesion were examined by spheroid formation, dispase-based dissociation assay and cell adhesion assays. RESULTS In in vivo tumor formation assays, depletion of plectin resulted in low-density tumors with large intercellular spaces. In vitro experiments revealed that plectin-deficient B16 cells exhibit reduced cell proliferation and reduced cell-to-cell adhesion. Since Src activity is reduced in plectin-deficient melanomas, we examined the relationship between plectin and Src signaling. Src overexpression in plectin knockout B16 cells rescued cell proliferation and improved cell-to-cell adhesion and cell to extracellular matrix adhesion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that plectin plays critical roles in tumor formation by promoting cell proliferation and cell-to-cell adhesion through Src signaling activity in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Mizuta
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Akino Goto
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - William N Addison
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Department of Human, Information and Life Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kou Matsuo
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Tada-Shigeyama
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Science of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Yaginuma
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science and Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiromi Honda
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Izumi Yoshioka
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Zrelski MM, Kustermann M, Winter L. Muscle-Related Plectinopathies. Cells 2021; 10:2480. [PMID: 34572129 PMCID: PMC8466646 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectin is a giant cytoskeletal crosslinker and intermediate filament stabilizing protein. Mutations in the human plectin gene (PLEC) cause several rare diseases that are grouped under the term plectinopathies. The most common disorder is autosomal recessive disease epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), which is characterized by skin blistering and progressive muscle weakness. Besides EBS-MD, PLEC mutations lead to EBS with nail dystrophy, EBS-MD with a myasthenic syndrome, EBS with pyloric atresia, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type R17, or EBS-Ogna. In this review, we focus on the clinical and pathological manifestations caused by PLEC mutations on skeletal and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle biopsies from EBS-MD patients and plectin-deficient mice revealed severe dystrophic features with variation in fiber size, degenerative myofibrillar changes, mitochondrial alterations, and pathological desmin-positive protein aggregates. Ultrastructurally, PLEC mutations lead to a disorganization of myofibrils and sarcomeres, Z- and I-band alterations, autophagic vacuoles and cytoplasmic bodies, and misplaced and degenerating mitochondria. We also summarize a variety of genetically manipulated mouse and cell models, which are either plectin-deficient or that specifically lack a skeletal muscle-expressed plectin isoform. These models are powerful tools to study functional and molecular consequences of PLEC defects and their downstream effects on the skeletal muscle organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lilli Winter
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Neuromuscular Research Department, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.Z.); (M.K.)
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Castañón MJ, Wiche G. Identifying Plectin Isoform Functions through Animal Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092453. [PMID: 34572100 PMCID: PMC8468861 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectin, a high-molecular-weight cytoskeletal linker protein, binds with high affinity to intermediate filaments of all types and connects them to junctional complexes, organelles, and inner membrane systems. In addition, it interacts with actomyosin structures and microtubules. As a multifunctional protein, plectin has been implicated in several multisystemic diseases, the most common of which is epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD). A great part of our knowledge about plectin’s functional diversity has been gained through the analysis of a unique collection of transgenic mice that includes a full (null) knockout (KO), several tissue-restricted and isoform-specific KOs, three double KOs, and two knock-in lines. The key molecular features and pathological phenotypes of these mice will be discussed in this review. In summary, the analysis of the different genetic models indicated that a functional plectin is required for the proper function of striated and simple epithelia, cardiac and skeletal muscle, the neuromuscular junction, and the vascular endothelium, recapitulating the symptoms of humans carrying plectin mutations. The plectin-null line showed severe skin and muscle phenotypes reflecting the importance of plectin for hemidesmosome and sarcomere integrity; whereas the ablation of individual isoforms caused a specific phenotype in myofibers, basal keratinocytes, or neurons. Tissue-restricted ablation of plectin rendered the targeted cells less resilient to mechanical stress. Studies based on animal models other than the mouse, such as zebrafish and C. elegans, will be discussed as well.
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Wiche G. Plectin-Mediated Intermediate Filament Functions: Why Isoforms Matter. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082154. [PMID: 34440923 PMCID: PMC8391331 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This essay focuses on the role of plectin and its various isoforms in mediating intermediate filament (IF) network functions. It is based on previous studies that provided comprehensive evidence for a concept where plectin acts as an IF recruiter, and plectin-mediated IF networking and anchoring are key elements in IF function execution. Here, plectin’s global role as modulator of IF functionality is viewed from different perspectives, including the mechanical stabilization of IF networks and their docking platforms, contribution to cellular viscoelasticity and mechanotransduction, compartmentalization and control of the actomyosin machinery, connections to the microtubule system, and mechanisms and specificity of isoform targeting. Arguments for IF networks and plectin acting as mutually dependent partners are also given. Lastly, a working model is presented that describes a unifying mechanism underlying how plectin–IF networks mechanically control and propagate actomyosin-generated forces, affect microtubule dynamics, and contribute to mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wiche
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Mariath LM, Santin JT, Schuler-Faccini L, Kiszewski AE. Inherited epidermolysis bullosa: update on the clinical and genetic aspects. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:551-569. [PMID: 32732072 PMCID: PMC7563003 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited epidermolysis bullosa is a group of genetic diseases characterized by skin fragility and blistering on the skin and mucous membranes in response to minimal trauma. Epidermolysis bullosa is clinically and genetically very heterogeneous, being classified into four main types according to the layer of skin in which blistering occurs: epidermolysis bullosa simplex (intraepidermal), junctional epidermolysis bullosa (within the lamina lucida of the basement membrane), dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (below the basement membrane), and Kindler epidermolysis bullosa (mixed skin cleavage pattern). Furthermore, epidermolysis bullosa is stratified into several subtypes, which consider the clinical characteristics, the distribution of the blisters, and the severity of cutaneous and extracutaneous signs. Pathogenic variants in at least 16 genes that encode proteins essential for the integrity and adhesion of skin layers have already been associated with different subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa. The marked heterogeneity of the disease, which includes phenotypes with a broad spectrum of severity and many causal genes, hinders its classification and diagnosis. For this reason, dermatologists and geneticists regularly review and update the classification criteria. This review aimed to update the state of the art on inherited epidermolysis bullosa, with a special focus on the associated clinical and genetic aspects, presenting data from the most recent reclassification consensus, published in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Monteavaro Mariath
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Tosetto Santin
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Dermatology Service, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre/Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Elisa Kiszewski
- Dermatology Service, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre/Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre/Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Xing G, Xiong WC, Mei L. Rapsyn as a signaling and scaffolding molecule in neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mroczek M, Durmus H, Töpf A, Parman Y, Straub V. Four Individuals with a Homozygous Mutation in Exon 1f of the PLEC Gene and Associated Myasthenic Features. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070716. [PMID: 32605089 PMCID: PMC7397187 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified the known c.1_9del mutation in the PLEC gene in four unrelated females from consanguineous families of Turkish origin. All individuals presented with slowly progressive limb-girdle weakness without any dermatological findings, and dystrophic changes observed in their muscle biopsies. Additionally, the neurological examination revealed ptosis, facial weakness, fatigability, and muscle cramps in all four cases. In two patients, repetitive nerve stimulation showed a borderline decrement and a high jitter was detected in all patients by single-fiber electromyography. Clinical improvement was observed after treatment with pyridostigmine and salbutamol was started. We further characterize the phenotype of patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R17 clinically, by muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and by describing a common 3.8 Mb haplotype in three individuals from the same geographical region. In addition, we review the neuromuscular symptoms associated with PLEC mutations and the role of plectin in the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mroczek
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Hacer Durmus
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (H.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Yesim Parman
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (H.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (M.M.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-19124-18762-8655
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Yoshioka N, Kabata Y, Kuriyama M, Bizen N, Zhou L, Tran DM, Yano M, Yoshiki A, Ushiki T, Sproule TJ, Abe R, Takebayashi H. Diverse dystonin gene mutations cause distinct patterns of Dst isoform deficiency and phenotypic heterogeneity in Dystonia musculorum mice. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm041608. [PMID: 32482619 PMCID: PMC7325434 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in dystonin (DST) can cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN-VI) or epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). Recently, DST-related diseases were recognized to be more complex than previously thought because a patient exhibited both neurological and skin manifestations, whereas others display only one or the other. A single DST locus produces at least three major DST isoforms: DST-a (neuronal isoform), DST-b (muscular isoform) and DST-e (epithelial isoform). Dystonia musculorum (dt) mice, which have mutations in Dst, were originally identified as spontaneous mutants displaying neurological phenotypes. To reveal the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic heterogeneity of DST-related diseases, we investigated two mutant strains with different mutations: a spontaneous Dst mutant (Dstdt-23Rbrc mice) and a gene-trap mutant (DstGt mice). The Dstdt-23Rbrc allele possesses a nonsense mutation in an exon shared by all Dst isoforms. The DstGt allele is predicted to inactivate Dst-a and Dst-b isoforms but not Dst-e There was a decrease in the levels of Dst-a mRNA in the neural tissue of both Dstdt-23Rbrc and DstGt homozygotes. Loss of sensory and autonomic nerve ends in the skin was observed in both Dstdt-23Rbrc and DstGt mice at postnatal stages. In contrast, Dst-e mRNA expression was reduced in the skin of Dstdt-23Rbrc mice but not in DstGt mice. Expression levels of Dst proteins in neural and cutaneous tissues correlated with Dst mRNAs. Because Dst-e encodes a structural protein in hemidesmosomes (HDs), we performed transmission electron microscopy. Lack of inner plaques and loss of keratin filament invasions underneath the HDs were observed in the basal keratinocytes of Dstdt-23Rbrc mice but not in those of DstGt mice; thus, the distinct phenotype of the skin of Dstdt-23Rbrc mice could be because of failure of Dst-e expression. These results indicate that distinct mutations within the Dst locus can cause different loss-of-function patterns among Dst isoforms, which accounts for the heterogeneous neural and skin phenotypes in dt mice and DST-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Transdiciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yudai Kabata
- Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Momona Kuriyama
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Norihisa Bizen
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Li Zhou
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Dang M Tran
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masato Yano
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuo Ushiki
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | | | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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13
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Vallerga CL, Zhang F, Fowdar J, McRae AF, Qi T, Nabais MF, Zhang Q, Kassam I, Henders AK, Wallace L, Montgomery G, Chuang YH, Horvath S, Ritz B, Halliday G, Hickie I, Kwok JB, Pearson J, Pitcher T, Kennedy M, Bentley SR, Silburn PA, Yang J, Wray NR, Lewis SJG, Anderson T, Dalrymple-Alford J, Mellick GD, Visscher PM, Gratten J. Analysis of DNA methylation associates the cystine-glutamate antiporter SLC7A11 with risk of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1238. [PMID: 32144264 PMCID: PMC7060318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of etiological mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD) is urgently needed because the number of affected individuals is projected to increase rapidly as populations age. We present results from a blood-based methylome-wide association study of PD involving meta-analysis of 229 K CpG probes in 1,132 cases and 999 controls from two independent cohorts. We identify two previously unreported epigenome-wide significant associations with PD, including cg06690548 on chromosome 4. We demonstrate that cg06690548 hypermethylation in PD is associated with down-regulation of the SLC7A11 gene and show this is consistent with an environmental exposure, as opposed to medications or genetic factors with effects on DNA methylation or gene expression. These findings are notable because SLC7A11 codes for a cysteine-glutamate anti-porter regulating levels of the antioxidant glutathione, and it is a known target of the environmental neurotoxin β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Our study identifies the SLC7A11 gene as a plausible biological target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza L Vallerga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Futao Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Javed Fowdar
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ting Qi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marta F Nabais
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, Devon, UK
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Irfahan Kassam
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grant Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chuang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Glenda Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John B Kwok
- Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Pearson
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Toni Pitcher
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven R Bentley
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter A Silburn
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Anderson
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Dalrymple-Alford
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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14
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Zhang M, Lan D. [Research advances in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Q]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:839-844. [PMID: 31416513 PMCID: PMC7389895 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a group of muscular dystrophies with predominantly proximal muscular weakness, and some genes associated with this disease have been identified at present. LGMD type 2Q (LGMD2Q) is a subtype of LGMD and is associated with PLEC gene mutation. Major phenotypes of PLEC gene mutation include epidermolysis bullosa with late-onset muscular dystrophy and epidermolysis bullosa with other lesions. LGMD2Q without skin lesions is rarely reported. This article reviews the pathogenic gene PLEC and clinical manifestations of LGMD2Q, so as to deepen the understanding of the pathogenic gene and phenotype of LGMD2Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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15
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Lykova SG, Maksimova YV, Nemchaninova OB, Guseva SN, Omigov VV, Aidagulova SV. [Inherited epidermolysis bullosa]. Arkh Patol 2019; 80:54-60. [PMID: 30059072 DOI: 10.17116/patol201880454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize an update on epidermolysis bullosa as a polymorphic group of inherited diseases with a failure of epidermal-dermal integrity. Emphasis is placed on the role of transmission electron microscopy in diagnosis and search directions for new types of the abnormality and its molecular markers. Despite numerous mutations in the genes encoding the components of desmosomes and epithelial basement membrane, the stereotyped manifestations of pathological processes in the group of epidermolysis bullosa have been identified. The paper gives a positive result of cell and gene therapies used by European scientists in the treatment of a 7-year-old child with borderline epidermolysis bullosa, which opens up new prospects for patients with butterfly disease that has long been considered fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Lykova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu V Maksimova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O B Nemchaninova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S N Guseva
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V V Omigov
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S V Aidagulova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Togawa J, Ohi T, Yuan JH, Takashima H, Furuya H, Takechi S, Fujitake J, Hayashi S, Ishiura H, Naruse H, Mitsui J, Tsuji S. Atypical Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Slowly Progressing Lower Extremities-predominant Late-onset Muscular Weakness and Atrophy. Intern Med 2019; 58:1851-1858. [PMID: 31257275 PMCID: PMC6663526 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2222-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of the upper and lower motor neurons that progresses to paralysis of almost all skeletal muscles of the extremities, bulbar, and respiratory system. Although most ALS cases are sporadic, about 10% are dominantly inherited. We herein report an atypical phenotype of familial ALS (fALS). To elucidate the phenotype-genotype correlation of this atypical phenotype of fALS, clinical and genetic investigations were performed. Methods and Patients Five sibling patients (three men, two women) from a Japanese family and one healthy sibling (a woman) were clinically interviewed and examined. Genetic analyses, including genome-wide linkage analyses and whole-exome sequencing, were performed using genomic DNA extracted from the peripheral blood samples of these siblings. Results The clinical features of fALS are characterized by slow progression (mean duration of the disease±standard deviation [SD]: 19.6±3.9 years) and lower extremities-predominant late-onset muscular weakness (mean onset of muscular weakness±SD: 52.8±2.6 years). Genetic analyses revealed novel heterozygous missense mutations of c.2668C>T, p.R890C in the PLEC gene and c.421G>C, p.V141L in the ST3GAL6 gene in all affected siblings. Conclusion A new atypical fALS family with a benign clinical course is herein reported. We identified two candidate gene mutations of PLEC and ST3GAL6 linked to this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Togawa
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
| | | | - Jun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Furuya
- Department of Neurology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroya Naruse
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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17
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Horie M, Yoshioka N, Takebayashi H. BPAG1 in muscles: Structure and function in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:26-33. [PMID: 28736206 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BPAG1, also known as Dystonin or BP230, belongs to the plakin family of proteins, which has multiple cytoskeleton-binding domains. Several BPAG1 isoforms are produced by a single BPAG1 genomic locus using different promoters and exons. For example, BPAG1a, BPAG1b, and BPAG1e are predominantly expressed in the nervous system, muscle, and skin, respectively. Among BPAG1 isoforms, BPAG1e is well studied because it was first identified as an autoantigen in patients with bullous pemphigoid, an autoimmune skin disease. BPAG1e is a component of hemidesmosomes, the adhesion complexes that promote dermal-epidermal cohesion. In the nervous system, the role of BPAG1a is also well studied because disruption of BPAG1a results in a phenotype identical to that of Dystonia musculorum (dt) mutants, which show progressive motor disorder. However, the expression and function of BPAG1 in muscles is not well studied. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of and highlight some recent findings on the expression and function of BPAG1 in muscles, which can assist future studies designed to delineate the role and regulation of BPAG1 in the dt mouse phenotype and in human hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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18
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Zhong J, Chen G, Dang Y, Liao H, Zhang J, Lan D. Novel compound heterozygous PLEC mutations lead to early‑onset limb‑girdle muscular dystrophy 2Q. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2760-2764. [PMID: 28447722 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2Q (LGMD2Q) is a specific mutation in the plectin (PLEC1) gene at chromosome 8q24.3. In the present study, targeted sequencing using a muscle disease gene panel was performed in a patient with muscular dystrophy. The family members were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The PolyPhen‑2, SIFT and MutationTaster tools were used to predicted the possible effect of the mutations. Immunocytochemistry was used to visualize and localize the plectin protein within the gastrocnemius. Novel compound heterozygous mutations c.5995C>T (p.Arg1999Trp) and c.9940T>A (p.Phe3314 Ile) in the PLEC gene were identified to be the genetic cause of LGMD2Q in this family. These variants were absent in 200 normal controls. Furthermore, defects in the plectin protein within the gastrocnemius were determined using immunocytochemistry. To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the second report on plectin‑associated LGMD2Q without other symptoms, although the genotype identified was novel. The missense mutations in the proband were considered to be an explanation for the symptom. These findings extend current knowledge of the mutation spectrum of the PLEC gene associated with LGMD2Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzi Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yiwu Dang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jiapeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Dan Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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19
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Kyrova J, Kopeckova L, Buckova H, Mrazova L, Vesely K, Hermanova M, Oslejskova H, Fajkusova L. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy. Review of the literature and a case report. J Dermatol Case Rep 2016; 10:39-48. [PMID: 28400893 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2016.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermolysis bullosa simplex associated with muscular dystrophy is a genetic skin disease caused by plectin deficiency. A case of a 19-year-old Czech patient affected with this disease and a review all previously published clinical cases are presented. MAIN OBSERVATIONS In our patient, skin signs of the disease developed after birth. Bilateral ptosis at the age of 8 years was considered as the first specific symptom of muscular dystrophy. Since then, severe scoliosis, urological and psychiatric complication have quickly developed. The signs of plectin deficiency were found by histopathological studies, electron microscopy and antigen mapping of the skin and muscular samples. Two autosomal recessive mutations in the plectin gene leading to premature termination codon were disclosed by mutation analysis. By review of all published clinical cases, 49 patients with this disease were found. 54 different mutations in the plectin gene were published, p.(Arg2319*) in exon 31 being the most frequently found. Median age of muscular dystrophy development was 9.5 years. Hoarseness and respiratory complications were the most often complications beside skin involvement. CONCLUSION Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy was diagnosed based on clinical, histopathological (skin and muscle biopsy) and mutation analysis of the plectin gene. Overview of the genetic and clinical characteristic of this disease could be presented by review of all previously published clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kyrova
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; ; EB Centre Czech Republic, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kopeckova
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Buckova
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; ; EB Centre Czech Republic, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Mrazova
- Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vesely
- 1st Department of Pathological Anatomy, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- 1st Department of Pathological Anatomy, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Oslejskova
- Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Fajkusova
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Alvarez VC, Penttilä ST, Salutto VL, Udd B, Mazia CG. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy associated with PLEC deletion mutation. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e109. [PMID: 27766310 PMCID: PMC5061415 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD; OMIM #226670) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal blistering and later-onset muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carolina Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Dr. A. Lanari (V.C.A., V.L.S., C.G.M.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular Research Center (S.T.P., B.U.), Tampere University and University Hospital, Folkhälsan Genetic Institute (B.U.), and Vasa Central Hospital (B.U.), Finland
| | - Sini Tellervo Penttilä
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Dr. A. Lanari (V.C.A., V.L.S., C.G.M.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular Research Center (S.T.P., B.U.), Tampere University and University Hospital, Folkhälsan Genetic Institute (B.U.), and Vasa Central Hospital (B.U.), Finland
| | - Valeria Luján Salutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Dr. A. Lanari (V.C.A., V.L.S., C.G.M.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular Research Center (S.T.P., B.U.), Tampere University and University Hospital, Folkhälsan Genetic Institute (B.U.), and Vasa Central Hospital (B.U.), Finland
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Dr. A. Lanari (V.C.A., V.L.S., C.G.M.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular Research Center (S.T.P., B.U.), Tampere University and University Hospital, Folkhälsan Genetic Institute (B.U.), and Vasa Central Hospital (B.U.), Finland
| | - Claudio Gabriel Mazia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Dr. A. Lanari (V.C.A., V.L.S., C.G.M.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular Research Center (S.T.P., B.U.), Tampere University and University Hospital, Folkhälsan Genetic Institute (B.U.), and Vasa Central Hospital (B.U.), Finland
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21
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Rikardsen OG, Magnussen SN, Svineng G, Hadler-Olsen E, Uhlin-Hansen L, Steigen SE. Plectin as a prognostic marker in non-metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:98. [PMID: 26306491 PMCID: PMC4548848 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with a poor 5-year survival rate. In general, patients diagnosed with small tumors have a fairly good prognosis, but some small tumors have an aggressive behavior leading to early death. There are at present no reliable prognostic biomarkers for oral cancers. Thus, to optimize treatment for the individual patient, there is a need for biomarkers that can predict tumor behavior. Method In the present study the potential prognostic value of plectin was evaluated by a tissue microarray (TMA) based immunohistochemical analysis of primary tumor tissue obtained from a North Norwegian cohort of 115 patients diagnosed with OSCC. The expression of plectin was compared with clinicopathological variables and 5 year survival. Results The statistical analysis revealed that low expression of plectin in the tumor cells predicted a favorable outcome for patients with non-metastatic disease (p = 0.008). Furthermore, the expression of plectin was found to correlate (p = 0.01) with the expression of uPAR, which we have previously found to be a potential prognostic marker for T1N0 tumors. Conclusions Our results indicate that low expression of plectin predicts a favorable outcome for patients with non-metastatic OSCC and the expression level of plectin may therefore be used in the treatment stratification for patients with early stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddveig G Rikardsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Synnøve N Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sonja E Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038, Tromsø, Norway.
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22
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Abstract
Muscle fibres are very specialised cells with a complex structure that requires a high level of organisation of the constituent proteins. For muscle contraction to function properly, there is a need for not only sarcomeres, the contractile structures of the muscle fibre, but also costameres. These are supramolecular structures associated with the sarcolemma that allow muscle adhesion to the extracellular matrix. They are composed of protein complexes that interact and whose functions include maintaining cell structure and signal transduction mediated by their constituent proteins. It is important to improve our understanding of these structures, as mutations in various genes that code for costamere proteins cause many types of muscular dystrophy. In this review, we provide a description of costameres detailing each of their constituent proteins, such as dystrophin, dystrobrevin, syntrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycans, vinculin, talin, integrins, desmin, plectin, etc. We describe as well the diseases associated with deficiency thereof, providing a general overview of their importance.
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Molecular architecture and function of the hemidesmosome. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:529-44. [PMID: 26017636 PMCID: PMC4452579 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. The mechanical stability of hemidesmosomes relies on multiple interactions of a few protein components that form a membrane-embedded tightly-ordered complex. The core of this complex is provided by integrin α6β4 and P1a, an isoform of the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin that is specifically associated with hemidesmosomes. Integrin α6β4 binds to the extracellular matrix protein laminin-332, whereas P1a forms a bridge to the cytoplasmic keratin intermediate filament network. Other important components are BPAG1e, the epithelial isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, BPAG2, a collagen-type transmembrane protein and CD151. Inherited or acquired diseases in which essential components of the hemidesmosome are missing or structurally altered result in tissue fragility and blistering. Modulation of hemidesmosome function is of crucial importance for a variety of biological processes, such as terminal differentiation of basal keratinocytes and keratinocyte migration during wound healing and carcinoma invasion. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of the proteins that make up the hemidesmosome core structure and summarize the current knowledge about how their assembly and turnover are regulated by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms.
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24
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Ketema M, Secades P, Kreft M, Nahidiazar L, Janssen H, Jalink K, de Pereda JM, Sonnenberg A. The rod domain is not essential for the function of plectin in maintaining tissue integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2402-17. [PMID: 25971800 PMCID: PMC4571296 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectin is a cytoskeletal linker protein that consists of a central rod domain connecting two globular domains. Rodless plectin is able to functionally compensate for the loss of full-length plectin in mice and, like full-length plectin, is able to form dimers. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex associated with late-onset muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the plectin gene. The majority of these mutations occur within the large exon 31 encoding the central rod domain and leave the production of a low-level rodless plectin splice variant unaffected. To investigate the function of the rod domain, we generated rodless plectin mice through conditional deletion of exon 31. Rodless plectin mice develop normally without signs of skin blistering or muscular dystrophy. Plectin localization and hemidesmosome organization are unaffected in rodless plectin mice. However, superresolution microscopy revealed a closer juxtaposition of the C-terminus of plectin to the integrin β4 subunit in rodless plectin keratinocytes. Wound healing occurred slightly faster in rodless plectin mice than in wild-type mice, and keratinocytes migration was increased in the absence of the rod domain. The faster migration of rodless plectin keratinocytes is not due to altered biochemical properties because, like full-length plectin, rodless plectin is a dimeric protein. Our data demonstrate that rodless plectin can functionally compensate for the loss of full-length plectin in mice. Thus the low expression level of plectin rather than the absence of the rod domain dictates the development of EBS-MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Ketema
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pablo Secades
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leila Nahidiazar
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jose M de Pereda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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25
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Epidermal cell junctions and their regulation by p63 in health and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:513-28. [PMID: 25645146 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the outermost tissue of the body, the epidermis is the first physical barrier for any pressure, stress or trauma. Several specialized cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion structures, together with an intracellular network of dedicated intermediate filaments, are required to confer critical resilience to mechanical stress. The transcription factor p63 is a master regulator of gene expression in the epidermis and in other stratified epithelia. It has been extensively demonstrated that p63 positively controls a large number of tissue-specific genes, including those encoding a large fraction of tissue-restricted cell adhesion molecules. Consistent with p63 functions in cell adhesion and in epidermal differentiation, heterozygous mutations clustered mainly in the p63 C-terminus are causative of AEC syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cleft palate, ankyloblepharon and ectodermal dysplasia associated with severe skin erosions, bleeding and infections. The molecular basis of skin erosions in AEC patients is not fully understood, although defects in desmosomes and in other cell junctions are likely to be involved. Here, we provide an extensive review of the different epidermal cell junctions that cooperate to withstand mechanical stress and on the mechanisms by which p63 regulates gene expression of their components in healthy skin and in AEC syndrome. Collectively, advancement in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which epidermal cell junctions precisely exert their functions and how p63 orchestrates their coordinated expression, will ultimately lead to insight into developing future strategies for the treatment of AEC syndrome and more in generally for diseases that share an overlapping phenotype.
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26
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Molecular architecture and function of the hemidesmosome. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:363-78. [PMID: 25487405 PMCID: PMC4544487 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. The mechanical stability of hemidesmosomes relies on multiple interactions of a few protein components that form a membrane-embedded tightly-ordered complex. The core of this complex is provided by integrin α6β4 and P1a, an isoform of the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin that is specifically associated with hemidesmosomes. Integrin α6β4 binds to the extracellular matrix protein laminin-332, whereas P1a forms a bridge to the cytoplasmic keratin intermediate filament network. Other important components are BPAG1e, the epithelial isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, BPAG2, a collagen-type transmembrane protein and CD151. Inherited or acquired diseases in which essential components of the hemidesmosome are missing or structurally altered result in tissue fragility and blistering. Modulation of hemidesmosome function is of crucial importance for a variety of biological processes, such as terminal differentiation of basal keratinocytes and keratinocyte migration during wound healing and carcinoma invasion. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of the proteins that make up the hemidesmosome core structure and summarize the current knowledge about how their assembly and turnover are regulated by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms.
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27
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Plectin-related skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 77:139-45. [PMID: 25530118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plectin has been characterized as a linker protein that is expressed in many cell types and is distinctive in various isoforms in the N-terminus and around the rod domain due to complicated alternative splicing of PLEC, the gene encoding plectin. Plectin deficiency causes autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) with involvement of the skin and other organs, such as muscle and gastrointestinal tract, depending on the expression pattern of the defective protein. In addition, a point mutation in the rod domain of plectin leads to autosomal dominant EBS, called as EBS-Ogna. Plectin can be targeted by circulating autoantibodies in subepidermal autoimmune blistering diseases. This review summarizes plectin-related skin diseases, from congenital to autoimmune disorders.
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28
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Villa CR, Ryan TD, Collins JJ, Taylor MD, Lucky AW, Jefferies JL. Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy associated with epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy and PLEC1 mutation. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 25:165-8. [PMID: 25454730 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plectin mutations have been reported in epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy. We report the first case of left ventricular non-compaction in an 18-year-old male with epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy. The patient was diagnosed with epidermolysis bullosa simplex after blistering was noted at birth. Motor function difficulties were first recognized at age 11, however the patient was lost to follow up. He was re-evaluated at age 17 and demonstrated significant ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, and pharyngeal muscle weakness. He had predominant proximal muscle weakness with the inability to raise arms against gravity. He was ambulatory for short distances but lost the ability to rise from the floor at 14 years. He was subsequently diagnosed with epidermyolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy and a PLEC1 mutation. Screening cardiovascular imaging revealed a diagnosis of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. This case highlights the potential for delayed onset muscular dystrophy in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Furthermore, this case also underscores the importance of long term, routine cardiac evaluation, including imaging and electrophysiologic evaluation, in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy as the cardiac phenotype appears to parallel the variable severity and age of onset that characterize the neuromuscular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet R Villa
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Heart Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Thomas D Ryan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Heart Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James J Collins
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Division of Neurology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Heart Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anne W Lucky
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Division of Dermatology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John L Jefferies
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Heart Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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29
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Bouameur JE, Favre B, Borradori L. Plakins, a versatile family of cytolinkers: roles in skin integrity and in human diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:885-894. [PMID: 24352042 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The plakin family consists of giant proteins involved in the cross-linking and organization of the cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. They further modulate several fundamental biological processes, such as cell adhesion, migration, and polarization or signaling pathways. Inherited and acquired defects of plakins in humans and in animal models potentially lead to dramatic manifestations in the skin, striated muscles, and/or nervous system. These observations unequivocally demonstrate the key role of plakins in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Here we review the characteristics of the mammalian plakin members BPAG1 (bullous pemphigoid antigen 1), desmoplakin, plectin, envoplakin, epiplakin, MACF1 (microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1), and periplakin, highlighting their role in skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal-Eddine Bouameur
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Borradori
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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30
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Charlesworth A, Chiaverini C, Chevrant-Breton J, DelRio M, Diociaiuti A, Dupuis RP, El Hachem M, Le Fiblec B, Sankari-Ho AM, Valhquist A, Wierzbicka E, Lacour JP, Meneguzzi G. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with PLEC mutations: new phenotypes and new mutations. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:808-14. [PMID: 23289980 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic mutations in the plectin gene (PLEC) cause autosomal recessive forms of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) associated with either muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD) or pyloric atresia (EBS-PA). Phenotype-genotype analysis has suggested that EBS-MD is due mostly to genetic mutations affecting the central rod domain of plectin, and EBS-PA to mutations outside this domain. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe new phenotypes of patients with EBS-MD and EBS-PA, to identify novel PLEC mutations and to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS Seven patients with a suspicion of EBS linked to PLEC mutations were included. A standardized clinical questionnaire was sent to the physicians in charge of each patient. Immunofluorescence studies of skin biopsies followed by molecular analysis of PLEC were performed in all patients. RESULTS We report the first case of nonlethal EBS-PA improving with age, the first multisystemic involvement in a patient with lethal EBS-PA, and the first patients with EBS-MD with involvement of either the bladder or oesophagus. Eleven novel PLEC mutations are also reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that EBS-PA is linked to mutations in the distal exons 1-30 and 32 of PLEC. Long-term survival is possible, with skin improvement, but a delayed onset of MD is probable. While EBS-MD is linked to PLEC mutations in all exons, in most cases one of the mutations affects exon 31. The precocity of MD seems to be linked to the type and localization of the PLEC mutation(s), but no correlation with mucosal involvement has been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Charlesworth
- French Centre for Hereditary Epidermolysis Bullosa, Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France
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31
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Castañón MJ, Walko G, Winter L, Wiche G. Plectin-intermediate filament partnership in skin, skeletal muscle, and peripheral nerve. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:33-53. [PMID: 23748243 PMCID: PMC3695321 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plectin is a large, 500-kDa, intermediate filament (IF)-associated protein. It acts as a cytoskeletal crosslinker and signaling scaffold, affecting mechanical as well as dynamic properties of the cytoskeleton. As a member of the plakin family of cytolinker proteins, plectin has a multidomain structure that is responsible for its vast binding portfolio. It not only binds to all types of IFs, actin filaments and microtubules, but also to transmembrane receptors, proteins of the subplasma membrane protein skeleton, components of the nuclear envelope, and several kinases with known roles in migration, proliferation, and energy metabolism of cells. Due to alternative splicing, plectin is expressed as various isoforms with differing N-terminal heads that dictate their differential subcellular targeting. Through specific interactions with other proteins at their target sites and their ability to bind to all types of IFs, plectin molecules provide strategically located IF anchorage sites within the cytoplasm of cells. In this review, we will present an overview of the structural features and functional properties of plectin and discuss recent progress in defining the role of its isoforms in stress-prone tissues and the implicated diseases, with focus on skin, skeletal muscle, and Schwann cells of peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Castañón
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Walko
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Lilli Winter
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Valencia RG, Walko G, Janda L, Novacek J, Mihailovska E, Reipert S, Andrä-Marobela K, Wiche G. Intermediate filament-associated cytolinker plectin 1c destabilizes microtubules in keratinocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:768-84. [PMID: 23363598 PMCID: PMC3596248 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-06-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of microtubules (MTs) from an assembled to a disassembled state plays an essential role in several cellular functions. While MT dynamics are often linked to those of actin filaments, little is known about whether intermediate filaments (IFs) have an influence on MT dynamics. We show here that plectin 1c (P1c), one of the multiple isoforms of the IF-associated cytolinker protein plectin, acts as an MT destabilizer. We found that MTs in P1c-deficient (P1c(-/-)) keratinocytes are more resistant toward nocodazole-induced disassembly and display increased acetylation. In addition, live imaging of MTs in P1c(-/-), as well as in plectin-null, cells revealed decreased MT dynamics. Increased MT stability due to P1c deficiency led to changes in cell shape, increased velocity but loss of directionality of migration, smaller-sized focal adhesions, higher glucose uptake, and mitotic spindle aberrations combined with reduced growth rates of cells. On the basis of ex vivo and in vitro experimental approaches, we suggest a mechanism for MT destabilization in which isoform-specific binding of P1c to MTs antagonizes the MT-stabilizing and assembly-promoting function of MT-associated proteins through an inhibitory function exerted by plectin's SH3 domain. Our results open new perspectives on cytolinker-coordinated IF-MT interaction and its physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio G Valencia
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Winter L, Wiche G. The many faces of plectin and plectinopathies: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:77-93. [PMID: 22864774 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plectin, a giant multifunctional cytolinker protein, plays a crucial role in stabilizing and orchestrating intermediate filament networks in cells. Mutations in the human plectin gene result in multiple diseases manifesting with muscular dystrophy, skin blistering, and signs of neuropathy. The most common disease caused by plectin deficiency is epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS)-MD, a rare autosomal-recessive skin blistering disorder with late-onset muscular dystrophy. EBS-MD patients and plectin-deficient mice display pathologic desmin-positive protein aggregates, degenerated myofibrils, and mitochondrial abnormalities, the hallmarks of myofibrillar myopathies. In addition to EBS-MD, plectin mutations have been shown to cause EBS-MD with a myasthenic syndrome, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Q, EBS with pyloric atresia, and EBS-Ogna. This review focuses on clinical and pathological manifestations of these plectinopathies. It addresses especially plectin's role in skeletal muscle, where a loss of muscle fiber integrity and profound changes of myofiber cytoarchitecture are observed in its absence. Furthermore, the highly complex genetic and molecular structure of plectin is discussed; a high number of differentially spliced exons give rise to a variety of different isoforms, which fulfill distinct functions in different cell types and tissues. Plectin's abilities to act as a dynamic organizer of intermediate filament networks and to interact with a multitude of different interaction partners are the basis for its function as a scaffolding platform for proteins involved in signaling. Finally, the article addresses a series of genetically manipulated mouse lines that were generated to serve as powerful models to study functional and molecular consequences of plectin gene defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Winter
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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34
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Celik C, Uysal H, Heper AO, Karaoglan B. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex associated with muscular dystrophy and cardiac involvement. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 6:157-61. [PMID: 19078768 DOI: 10.1097/01.cnd.0000159779.32828.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a new clinical variant of epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD) that was associated with cardiac involvement. A 33-year-old patient had atrial fibrillation, pericardial effusion, and hypokinetic left ventricular cardiac walls. The muscle biopsy material revealed diffuse endomysial fibrosis and small atrophic muscle fibers with rounded contours. A positive desmin expression with abnormal localization in the subsarcolemmal groups was observed. We concluded that patients with EBS-MD should be investigated carefully when there are associated cardiac findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Celik
- From the Departments of *Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and daggerNeurology, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; and the Departments of double daggerPathology and section signPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gazi University Medicine, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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35
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Coulombe PA, Lee CH. Defining keratin protein function in skin epithelia: epidermolysis bullosa simplex and its aftermath. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:763-75. [PMID: 22277943 PMCID: PMC3279600 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare genetic condition typified by superficial bullous lesions following incident frictional trauma to the skin. Most cases of EBS are due to dominantly acting mutations in keratin 14 (K14) or K5, the type I and II intermediate filament (IF) proteins that copolymerize to form a pancytoplasmic network of 10 nm filaments in basal keratinocytes of epidermis and related epithelia. Defects in K5-K14 filament network architecture cause basal keratinocytes to become fragile, and account for their rupture upon exposure to mechanical trauma. The discovery of the etiology and pathophysiology of EBS was intimately linked to the quest for an understanding of the properties and function of keratin filaments in skin epithelia. Since then, continued cross-fertilization between basic science efforts and clinical endeavors has highlighted several additional functional roles for keratin proteins in the skin, suggested new avenues for effective therapies for keratin-based diseases, and expanded our understanding of the remarkable properties of the skin as an organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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36
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Targeted proteolysis of plectin isoform 1a accounts for hemidesmosome dysfunction in mice mimicking the dominant skin blistering disease EBS-Ogna. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002396. [PMID: 22144912 PMCID: PMC3228830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in the cytolinker protein plectin account for the multisystem disorders epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) associated with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), pyloric atresia (EBS-PA), and congenital myasthenia (EBS-CMS). In contrast, a dominant missense mutation leads to the disease EBS-Ogna, manifesting exclusively as skin fragility. We have exploited this trait to study the molecular basis of hemidesmosome failure in EBS-Ogna and to reveal the contribution of plectin to hemidesmosome homeostasis. We generated EBS-Ogna knock-in mice mimicking the human phenotype and show that blistering reflects insufficient protein levels of the hemidesmosome-associated plectin isoform 1a. We found that plectin 1a, in contrast to plectin 1c, the major isoform expressed in epidermal keratinocytes, is proteolytically degraded, supporting the notion that degradation of hemidesmosome-anchored plectin is spatially controlled. Using recombinant proteins, we show that the mutation renders plectin's 190-nm-long coiled-coil rod domain more vulnerable to cleavage by calpains and other proteases activated in the epidermis but not in skeletal muscle. Accordingly, treatment of cultured EBS-Ogna keratinocytes as well as of EBS-Ogna mouse skin with calpain inhibitors resulted in increased plectin 1a protein expression levels. Moreover, we report that plectin's rod domain forms dimeric structures that can further associate laterally into remarkably stable (paracrystalline) polymers. We propose focal self-association of plectin molecules as a novel mechanism contributing to hemidesmosome homeostasis and stabilization. Hemidesmosomes are specialized protein complexes that promote anchorage of the basal keratinocyte cell layer of the epidermis to the underlying dermis. They provide tissue integrity and resistance to mechanical forces. When hemidesmosomes do not function properly, skin blistering ensues in response to mechanical trauma. Plectin is an essential component of hemidesmosomes. Humans carrying recessive mutations in the plectin gene most frequently develop multisystem disorders, where in addition to skin other tissues are also affected. However, there is a unique dominant plectin mutation, which leads to the disease epidermolysis bullosa simplex Ogna (EBS-Ogna), affecting skin exclusively. Because of that, EBS-Ogna is an exceptional system to study the contribution of plectin to hemidesmosome function. We have generated an EBS-Ogna mouse model that mimics the human disease. Using this model, we have learned that selective degradation of hemidesmosome-associated plectin isoform 1a by proteases activated specifically in keratinocytes results in reduced numbers and dysfunction of hemidesmosomes. In contrast, plectin-1c, another plectin isoform expressed in keratinocytes, is not degraded. Moreover, we find that plectin dimers can oligomerize via their long coiled-coil rod domain, a process likely to be instrumental in maintenance of hemidesmosome integrity. These findings highlight the importance of plectin-1a for hemidesmosome function.
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Abstract
The dermal-epidermal basement membrane is a complex assembly of proteins that provide adhesion and regulate many important processes such as development, wound healing, and cancer progression. This contribution focuses on the structure and function of individual components of the basement membrane, how they assemble together, and how they participate in human tissues and diseases, with an emphasis on skin involvement. Understanding the composition and structure of the basement membrane provides insight into the pathophysiology of inherited blistering disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa, and acquired bullous diseases, such as the pemphigoid group of autoimmune diseases and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Hashmi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Building, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Gache Y, Pin D, Gagnoux-Palacios L, Carozzo C, Meneguzzi G. Correction of dog dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa by transplantation of genetically modified epidermal autografts. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2069-78. [PMID: 21697889 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a severe skin blistering condition caused by mutations in the gene coding for collagen type VII. Genetically engineered RDEB dog keratinocytes were used to generate autologous epidermal sheets subsequently grafted on two RDEB dogs carrying a homozygous missense mutation in the col7a1 gene and expressing baseline amounts of the aberrant protein. Transplanted cells regenerated a differentiated and vascularized auto-renewing epidermis progressively repopulated by dendritic cells and melanocytes. No adverse immune reaction was detected in either dog. In dog 1, the grafted epidermis firmly adhered to the dermis throughout the 24-month follow-up, which correlated with efficient transduction (100%) of highly clonogenic epithelial cells and sustained transgene expression. In dog 2, less efficient (65%) transduction of primary keratinocytes resulted in a loss of the transplanted epidermis and graft blistering 5 months after transplantation. These data provide the proof of principle for ex vivo gene therapy of RDEB patients with missense mutations in collagen type VII by engraftment of the reconstructed epidermis, and demonstrate that highly efficient transduction of epidermal stem cells is crucial for successful gene therapy of inherited skin diseases in which correction of the genetic defect confers no major selective advantage in cell culture.
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Yiu EM, Klausegger A, Waddell LB, Grasern N, Lloyd L, Tran K, North KN, Bauer JW, McKelvie P, Chow C, Ryan MM, Murrell DF. Epidermolysis bullosa with late-onset muscular dystrophy and plectin deficiency. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44:135-41. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Selcen D, Juel VC, Hobson-Webb LD, Smith EC, Stickler DE, Bite AV, Ohno K, Engel AG. Myasthenic syndrome caused by plectinopathy. Neurology 2011; 76:327-36. [PMID: 21263134 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31820882bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plectin crosslinks intermediate filaments to their targets in different tissues. Defects in plectin cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), muscular dystrophy (MD), and sometimes pyloric atresia. Association of EBS with a myasthenic syndrome (MyS) was documented in a single patient in 1999. OBJECTIVES To analyze the clinical, structural, and genetic aspects of a second and fatal case of EBS associated with a MyS and search for the genetic basis of the disease in a previously reported patient with EBS-MD-MyS. METHODS Clinical observations; histochemical, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopy studies of skeletal muscle and neuromuscular junction; and mutation analysis. RESULTS An African American man had EBS since early infancy, and progressive muscle weakness, hyperCKemia, and myasthenic symptoms refractory to therapy since age 3 years. Eventually he became motionless and died at age 42 years. At age 15 years, he had a marked EMG decrement, and a reduced miniature endplate potential amplitude. The myopathy was associated with dislocated muscle fiber organelles, structurally abnormal nuclei, focal plasmalemmal defects, and focal calcium ingress into muscle fibers. The neuromuscular junctions showed destruction of the junctional folds, and remodeling. Mutation analysis demonstrated a known p.Arg2319X and a novel c.12043dupG mutation in PLEC1. The EBS-MD-MyS patient reported in 1999 also carried c.12043dupG and a novel p.Gln2057X mutation. The novel mutations were absent in 200 Caucasian and 100 African American subjects. CONCLUSIONS The MyS in plectinopathy is attributed to destruction of the junctional folds and the myopathy to defective anchoring of muscle fiber organelles and defects in sarcolemmal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Selcen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Natsuga K, Nishie W, Shinkuma S, Arita K, Nakamura H, Ohyama M, Osaka H, Kambara T, Hirako Y, Shimizu H. Plectin deficiency leads to both muscular dystrophy and pyloric atresia in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Hum Mutat 2011; 31:E1687-98. [PMID: 20665883 PMCID: PMC3023027 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plectin is a cytoskeletal linker protein which has a long central rod and N- and C-terminal globular domains. Mutations in the gene encoding plectin (PLEC) cause two distinct autosomal recessive subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa: EB simplex (EBS) with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), and EBS with pyloric atresia (EBS-PA). Previous studies have demonstrated that loss of full-length plectin with residual expression of the rodless isoform leads to EBS-MD, whereas complete loss or marked attenuation of expression of full-length and rodless plectin underlies the more severe EBS-PA phenotype. However, muscular dystrophy has never been identified in EBS-PA, not even in the severe form of the disease. Here, we report the first case of EBS associated with both pyloric atresia and muscular dystrophy. Both of the premature termination codon-causing mutations of the proband are located within exon 32, the last exon of PLEC. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis of skin samples and cultured fibroblasts from the proband revealed truncated plectin protein expression in low amounts. This study demonstrates that plectin deficiency can indeed lead to both muscular dystrophy and pyloric atresia in an individual EBS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Natsuga K, Nishie W, Akiyama M, Nakamura H, Shinkuma S, McMillan JR, Nagasaki A, Has C, Ouchi T, Ishiko A, Hirako Y, Owaribe K, Sawamura D, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Shimizu H. Plectin expression patterns determine two distinct subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:308-16. [PMID: 20052759 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plectin is a cytoskeletal linker protein that has a dumbbell-like structure with a long central rod and N- and C-terminal globular domains. Mutations in the gene encoding plectin (PLEC1) cause two distinct autosomal recessive subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa (EB): EB simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), and EB simplex with pyloric atresia (EBS-PA). Here, we demonstrate that normal human fibroblasts express two different plectin isoforms including full-length and rodless forms of plectin. We performed detailed analysis of plectin expression patterns in six EBS-MD and three EBS-PA patients. In EBS-PA, expression of all plectin domains was found to be markedly attenuated or completely lost; in EBS-MD, the expression of the N- and C-terminal domains of plectin remained detectable, although the expression of rod domains was absent or markedly reduced. Our data suggest that loss of the full-length plectin isoform with residual expression of the rodless plectin isoform leads to EBS-MD, and that complete loss or marked attenuation of full-length and rodless plectin expression underlies the more severe EBS-PA phenotype. These results also clearly account for the majority of EBS-MD PLEC1 mutation restriction within the large exon 31 that encodes the plectin rod domain, whereas EBS-PA PLEC1 mutations are generally outside exon 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Chiavérini C, Charlesworth A, Meneguzzi G, Lacour JP, Ortonne JP. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28:245-55, viii. [PMID: 20447487 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is an inherited skin disorder characterized by separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis, with the cleavage plane lying within the basal-cell layer of the epithelium. The major clinical subtypes of EBS have a dominant inheritance and have been associated with genetic defects in specific domains of keratins K5 and K14 that result in abnormal organization of the keratin network and cell disruption. Autosomal recessive forms of EBS associated with extracutaneous manifestations, such as muscular dystrophy (MIM 226670) or pyloric atresia (MIM 612138), have been linked to genetic mutations in the gene for plectin (PLEC). PLEC mutations have also been found in 2 families with the rare dominant Ogna form of EBS. This article reviews current knowledge on EBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chiavérini
- French Reference Center of Hereditary Epidermolysis Bullosa, Nice, France.
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Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has long been the best available method for the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa. Today, TEM is largely superseded by immunofluorescence microscopy mapping, which is generally more available. This article discusses its continuing role in confirming or refining results obtained by other methods, or in establishing the diagnosis where other techniques have been unsuitable or have failed. It covers key steps for optimizing tissue preparation, features of analysis, recently classified epidermolysis bullosa disorders, and strengths and weaknesses of TEM.
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Congenital muscular dystrophy, myasthenic symptoms and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) associated with mutations in the PLEC1 gene encoding plectin. Neuromuscul Disord 2010; 20:709-11. [PMID: 20624679 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PLEC1 gene encoding plectin have been reported in neonatal epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy of later-onset (EBS-MD). A neuromuscular transmission defect has been reported in one previous patient. We report a boy presenting from birth with features of a congenital muscular dystrophy and late-onset myasthenic symptoms. Repetitive nerve stimulation showed significant decrement, and strength improved with pyridostigmine. Subtle blistering noticed only retrospectively prompted further genetic testing, revealing recessive PLEC1 mutations. We conclude that PLEC1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of congenital muscular dystrophies and myasthenic syndromes, even in the absence of prominent skin involvement.
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Visser MB, Pollitt CC. Characterization of extracellular matrix macromolecules in primary cultures of equine keratinocytes. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:16. [PMID: 20230631 PMCID: PMC2847556 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most research to date involving laminins and extracellular matrix protein function in both normal and pathological conditions involves in vitro culture of keratinocytes. Few methods are established to allow for prolonged propagation of keratinocytes from equine tissues, including the hoof lamellae. In this study we modified cell isolation and culture techniques to allow for proliferation and sub-culturing of equine lamellar keratinocytes. Additionally, the production and processing of extracellular matrix molecules by skin and lamellar keratinocytes were studied. Results Physical and proteolytic tissue separation in combination with media containing a calcium concentration of 0.6 mM in combination with additional media supplements proved optimal for proliferation and subculture of equine lamellar keratinocytes on collagen coated substratum. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies confirmed that equine skin and lamellar keratinocytes produce Ln-332 in vitro and processing of this molecule follows that of other species. As well, matrix components including integrin alpha-6 (α6) and the hemidesmsome proteins, bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BP180) bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BP230) and plectin are also expressed. Conclusions Isolation of equine keratinocytes and study of the matrix and adhesion related molecules produced by them provides a valuable tool for future work in the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Visser
- The Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia.
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Rezniczek GA, Walko G, Wiche G. Plectin gene defects lead to various forms of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28:33-41. [PMID: 19945614 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plectin is an important organizer of the keratin filament cytoskeleton in basal keratinocytes. It is essential for anchoring these filaments to the extracellular matrix via hemidesmosomal integrins. Loss of plectin or incorrect function of the protein due to mutations in its gene can lead to various forms of the skin blistering disease, epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Severity and subtype of the disease is dependent on the specific mutation and can be associated with (late-onset) muscular dystrophy or pyloric atresia. Mouse models mimicking the human phenotypes allow detailed study of plectin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther A Rezniczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
For more than 2 decades, animal models have been used to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases and develop new therapeutics for these diseases. Several therapies for human diseases have become available through trials using animal models. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is one of the most severe inherited skin disorders, whose effective treatments have not been fully available. EB is characterized by abnormalities of the proteins that consist of the dermoepidermal junction. EB has been classified into three major subtypes according to the level of skin cleavage: EB simplex, junctional EB, and dystrophic EB. To date, 13 genes have been shown to cause EB phenotype. After the discovery of the causative genes responsible for each EB subtype, many researchers have tried to develop EB animal models by genetically manipulating the corresponding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Coulombe PA, Kerns ML, Fuchs E. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex: a paradigm for disorders of tissue fragility. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1784-93. [PMID: 19587453 PMCID: PMC2701872 DOI: 10.1172/jci38177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) simplex is a rare genetic condition typified by superficial bullous lesions that result from frictional trauma to the skin. Most cases are due to dominantly acting mutations in either keratin 14 (K14) or K5, the type I and II intermediate filament (IF) proteins tasked with forming a pancytoplasmic network of 10-nm filaments in basal keratinocytes of the epidermis and in other stratified epithelia. Defects in K5/K14 filament network architecture cause basal keratinocytes to become fragile and account for their trauma-induced rupture. Here we review how laboratory investigations centered on keratin biology have deepened our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of EB simplex and revealed novel avenues for its therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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