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Feng L, Lang Y, Feng Y, Tang X, Zhang Q, Xu H, Liu Y. Maternal F-53B exposure during pregnancy and lactation affects bone growth and development in male offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116501. [PMID: 38805831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
6:2 Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (F-53B) is a new type of perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) that is used extensively in industry and manufacturing. F-53B causes damage to multiple mammalian organs. However, the impacts of F-53B on bone are unknown. Maternal exposure to F-53B is of particular concern because of the vulnerability of the developing fetus and newborn to contaminants from the mother. The goal of this study was to examine the impacts of maternal F-53B exposure on bone growth and development in offspring and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Herein, C57BL/6 J mice were given free access to deionized water containing 0, 0.57, or 5.7 mg/L F-53B during pregnancy and lactation. F-53B exposure resulted in impaired liver function, decreased IGF-1 secretion, dysregulation of bone metabolism and disruption of the dynamic balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in male offspring. F-53B inhibits longitudinal bone growth and development and causes osteoporosis in male offspring. F-53B may affect the growth and development of offspring bone via the IGF-1/OPG/RANKL/CTSK signaling pathway. This study provides new insights for the study of short stature and bone injury caused by F-53B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yueying Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China.
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Hua R, Truong VA, Fajardo RJ, Guda T, Gu S, Jiang JX. Connexin hemichannels drive lactation-induced osteocyte acidification and perilacunar-canalicular remodeling. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114363. [PMID: 38935505 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The maternal skeleton experiences significant bone loss during lactation, followed by rapid restoration post weaning. Parathyroid-related protein (PTHrP)-induced acidification of the perilacunar matrix by osteocytes is crucial in this process, yet its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identify Cx43 hemichannels (HCs) as key mediators of osteocyte acidification and perilacunar-canalicular remodeling (PLR). Utilizing transgenic mouse models expressing dominant-negative Cx43 mutants, we show that mice with impaired Cx43 HCs exhibit attenuated lactation-induced responses compared to wild-type and only gap junction-impaired groups, including lacunar enlargement, upregulation of PLR genes, and bone loss with compromised mechanical properties. Furthermore, inhibition of HCs by a Cx43 antibody blunts PTHrP-induced calcium influx and protein kinase A activation, followed by impaired osteocyte acidification. Additionally, impeded HCs suppress bone recovery during the post-lactation period. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of Cx43 HCs in orchestrating dynamic bone changes during lactation and recovery by regulating acidification and remodeling enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Vu A Truong
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | - Roberto J Fajardo
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | - Teja Guda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Batoon L, Hawse JR, McCauley LK, Weivoda MM, Roca H. Efferocytosis and Bone Dynamics. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024:10.1007/s11914-024-00878-y. [PMID: 38914730 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recently published scientific evidence regarding the role of efferocytosis in bone dynamics and skeletal health. RECENT FINDINGS Several types of efferocytes have been identified within the skeleton, with macrophages being the most extensively studied. Efferocytosis is not merely a 'clean-up' process vital for maintaining skeletal homeostasis; it also plays a crucial role in promoting resolution pathways and orchestrating bone dynamics, such as osteoblast-osteoclast coupling during bone remodeling. Impaired efferocytosis has been associated with aging-related bone loss and various skeletal pathologies, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and metastatic bone diseases. Accordingly, emerging evidence suggests that targeting efferocytic mechanisms has the potential to alleviate these conditions. While efferocytosis remains underexplored in the skeleton, recent discoveries have shed light on its pivotal role in bone dynamics, with important implications for skeletal health and pathology. However, there are several knowledge gaps and persisting technical limitations that must be addressed to fully unveil the contributions of efferocytosis in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Batoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Megan M Weivoda
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hernan Roca
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1078, USA.
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Chen R, Dong H, Raval D, Maridas D, Baroi S, Chen K, Hu D, Berry SR, Baron R, Greenblatt MB, Gori F. Sfrp4 is required to maintain Ctsk-lineage periosteal stem cell niche function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312677120. [PMID: 37931101 PMCID: PMC10655581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312677120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the cortical bone thinning seen in mice lacking the Wnt signaling antagonist Sfrp4 is due in part to impaired periosteal apposition. The periosteum contains cells which function as a reservoir of stem cells and contribute to cortical bone expansion, homeostasis, and repair. However, the local or paracrine factors that govern stem cells within the periosteal niche remain elusive. Cathepsin K (Ctsk), together with additional stem cell surface markers, marks a subset of periosteal stem cells (PSCs) which possess self-renewal ability and inducible multipotency. Sfrp4 is expressed in periosteal Ctsk-lineage cells, and Sfrp4 global deletion decreases the pool of PSCs, impairs their clonal multipotency for differentiation into osteoblasts and chondrocytes and formation of bone organoids. Bulk RNA sequencing analysis of Ctsk-lineage PSCs demonstrated that Sfrp4 deletion down-regulates signaling pathways associated with skeletal development, positive regulation of bone mineralization, and wound healing. Supporting these findings, Sfrp4 deletion hampers the periosteal response to bone injury and impairs Ctsk-lineage periosteal cell recruitment. Ctsk-lineage PSCs express the PTH receptor and PTH treatment increases the % of PSCs, a response not seen in the absence of Sfrp4. Importantly, in the absence of Sfrp4, PTH-dependent increase in cortical thickness and periosteal bone formation is markedly impaired. Thus, this study provides insights into the regulation of a specific population of periosteal cells by a secreted local factor, and shows a central role for Sfrp4 in the regulation of Ctsk-lineage periosteal stem cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Chen
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Dhairya Raval
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
| | - David Maridas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
| | - Sudipta Baroi
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
| | - Kun Chen
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
| | - Dorothy Hu
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
| | - Shawn R. Berry
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114
| | - Matthew B. Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY10021
| | - Francesca Gori
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02115
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Lv Z, Zhang J, Liang S, Zhou C, Hu D, Brooks DJ, Bouxsein ML, Lanske B, Kostenuik P, Gori F, Baron R. Comparative study in estrogen-depleted mice identifies skeletal and osteocyte transcriptomic responses to abaloparatide and teriparatide. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161932. [PMID: 37870958 PMCID: PMC10619488 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes express parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptors and respond to the PTHrP analog abaloparatide (ABL) and to the PTH 1-34 fragment teriparatide (TPTD), which are used to treat osteoporosis. Several studies indicate overlapping but distinct skeletal responses to ABL or TPTD, but their effects on cortical bone may differ. Little is known about their differential effects on osteocytes. We compared cortical osteocyte and skeletal responses to ABL and TPTD in sham-operated and ovariectomized mice. Administered 7 weeks after ovariectomy for 4 weeks at a dose of 40 μg/kg/d, TPTD and ABL had similar effects on trabecular bone, but ABL showed stronger effects in cortical bone. In cortical osteocytes, both treatments decreased lacunar area, reflecting altered peri-lacunar remodeling favoring matrix accumulation. Osteocyte RNA-Seq revealed that several genes and pathways were altered by ovariectomy and affected similarly by TPTD and ABL. Notwithstanding, several signaling pathways were uniquely regulated by ABL. Thus, in mice, TPTD and ABL induced a positive osteocyte peri-lacunar remodeling balance, but ABL induced stronger cortical responses and affected the osteocyte transcriptome differently. We concluded that ABL affected the cortical osteocyte transcriptome in a manner subtly different from TPTD, resulting in more beneficial remodeling/modeling changes and homeostasis of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Lv
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chenhe Zhou
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorothy Hu
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Endocrine Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Francesca Gori
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Endocrine Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Guo Q, Chen N, Qian C, Qi C, Noller K, Wan M, Liu X, Zhang W, Cahan P, Cao X. Sympathetic Innervation Regulates Osteocyte-Mediated Cortical Bone Resorption during Lactation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207602. [PMID: 37186379 PMCID: PMC10288263 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone undergoes constant remodeling by osteoclast bone resorption coupled with osteoblast bone formation at the bone surface. A third major cell type in the bone is osteocytes, which are embedded in the matrix, are well-connected to the lacunar network, and are believed to act as mechanical sensors. Here, it is reported that sympathetic innervation directly regulates lacunar osteocyte-mediated bone resorption inside cortical bone. It is found that sympathetic activity is elevated in different mouse models of bone loss, including lactation, ovariectomy, and glucocorticoid treatment. Further, during lactation elevated sympathetic outflow induces netrin-1 expression by osteocytes to further promote sympathetic nerve sprouting in the cortical bone endosteum in a feed-forward loop. Depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+ ) sympathetic nerves ameliorated osteocyte-mediated perilacunar bone resorption in lactating mice. Moreover, norepinephrine activates β-adrenergic receptor 2 (Adrb2) signaling to promote secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing bone-degrading enzymes for perilacunar bone resorption and inhibit osteoblast differentiation. Importantly, osteocyte-specific deletion of Adrb2 or treatment with a β-blocker results in lower bone resorption in lactating mice. Together, these findings show that the sympathetic nervous system promotes osteocyte-driven bone loss during lactation, likely as an adaptive response to the increased energy and mineral demands of the nursing mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyue Guo
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Ningrong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Cheng Qi
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Kathleen Noller
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
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7
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Li R, Zhao Y, Liang B, Pu Y, Jiang L, Ma Y. Genome-Wide Signal Selection Analysis Revealing Genes Potentially Related to Sheep-Milk-Production Traits. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101654. [PMID: 37238084 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural selection and domestication have shaped modern sheep populations into a vast range of phenotypically diverse breeds. Among these breeds, dairy sheep have a smaller population than meat sheep and wool sheep, and less research is performed on them, but the lactation mechanism in dairy sheep is critically important for improving animal-production methods. In this study, whole-genome sequences were generated from 10 sheep breeds, including 57 high-milk-yield sheep and 44 low-milk-yield sheep, to investigate the genetic signatures of milk production in dairy sheep, and 59,864,820 valid SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were kept after quality control to perform population-genetic-structure analyses, gene-detection analyses, and gene-function-validation analyses. For the population-genetic-structure analyses, we carried out PCA (Principal Component Analysis), as well as neighbor-joining tree and structure analyses to classify different sheep populations. The sheep used in our study were well distributed in ten groups, with the high-milk-yield-group populations close to each other and the low-milk-yield-group populations showing similar classifications. To perform an exact signal-selection analysis, we used three different methods to find SNPs to perform gene-annotation analyses within the 995 common regions derived from the fixation index (FST), nucleotide diversity (Ɵπ), and heterozygosity rate (ZHp) results. In total, we found 553 genes that were located in these regions. These genes mainly participate in the protein-binding pathway and the nucleoplasm-interaction pathway, as revealed by the GO- and KEGG-function-enrichment analyses. After the gene selection and function analyses, we found that FCGR3A, CTSK, CTSS, ARNT, GHR, SLC29A4, ROR1, and TNRC18 were potentially related to sheep-milk-production traits. We chose the strongly selected genes, FCGR3A, CTSK, CTSS, and ARNT during the signal-selection analysis to perform a RT-qPCR (Reale time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) experiment to validate their expression-level relationship with milk production, and the results showed that FCGR3A has a significant negative relationship with sheep-milk production, while other three genes did not show any positive or negative relations. In this study, it was discovered and proven that the candidate gene FCGR3A potentially contributes to the milk production of dairy sheep and a basis was laid for the further study of the genetic mechanism underlying the strong milk-production traits of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Teaching and Research Centre (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yuhetian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Benmeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yabin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
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Athonvarangkul D, Wysolmerski JJ. Crosstalk within a brain-breast-bone axis regulates mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121579. [PMID: 36875035 PMCID: PMC9979219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To support the increased calcium demands for milk production during lactation, a dramatic and reversible physiological response occurs to alter bone and mineral metabolism. This coordinated process involves a brain-breast-bone axis that integrates hormonal signals that allow for adequate calcium delivery to milk yet also protects the maternal skeletal from excessive bone loss or decreases in bone quality or function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the crosstalk between the hypothalamus, mammary gland, and skeleton during lactation. We discuss the rare entity of pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis and consider how the physiology of bone turnover in lactation may impact the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Further understanding of the regulators of bone loss during lactation, particularly in humans, may provide insights into new therapies for osteoporosis and other diseases of excess bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Athonvarangkul
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Heveran CM, Boerckel JD. Osteocyte Remodeling of the Lacunar-Canalicular System: What's in a Name? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:11-20. [PMID: 36512204 PMCID: PMC11223162 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes directly modify the bone surrounding the expansive lacunar-canalicular system (LCS) through both resorption and deposition. The existence of this phenomenon is now widely accepted, but is referred to as "osteocyte osteolysis," "LCS remodeling," and "perilacunar remodeling," among other names. The uncertainty in naming this physiological process reflects the many persistent questions about why and how osteocytes interact with local bone matrix. The goal of this review is to examine the purpose and nature of LCS remodeling and its impacts on multiscale bone quality. RECENT FINDINGS While LCS remodeling is clearly important for systemic calcium mobilization, this process may have additional potential drivers and may impact the ability of bone to resist fracture. There is abundant evidence that the osteocyte can resorb and replace bone mineral and does so outside of extreme challenges to mineral homeostasis. The impacts of the osteocyte on organic matrix are less certain, especially regarding whether osteocytes produce osteoid. Though multiple lines of evidence point towards osteocyte production of organic matrix, definitive work is needed. Recent high-resolution imaging studies demonstrate that LCS remodeling influences local material properties. The role of LCS remodeling in the maintenance and deterioration of bone matrix quality in aging and disease are active areas of research. In this review, we highlight current progress in understanding why and how the osteocyte removes and replaces bone tissue and the consequences of these activities to bone quality. We posit that answering these questions is essential for evaluating whether, how, when, and why LCS remodeling may be manipulated for therapeutic benefit in managing bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Heveran
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
| | - J D Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
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Accumulation of Fat Not Responsible for Femoral Head Necrosis, Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: A Preliminary Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010171. [PMID: 36671556 PMCID: PMC9856115 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is not yet fully understood. However, ONFH is a common disease with high morbidity, and approximately one-third of cases are caused by glucocorticoids. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of bone marrow to explore the effect of glucocorticoid on ONFH. Bone marrow samples of the proximal femur were extracted from four participants during total hip arthroplasty, including two participants diagnosed with ONFH for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated with glucocorticoids (the case group) and two participants with femoral neck fracture (the control group). Unbiased transcriptome-wide single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and computational analyses were performed. Seventeen molecularly defined cell types were identified in the studied samples, including significantly dysregulated neutrophils and B cells in the case group. Additionally, fatty acid synthesis and aerobic oxidation were repressed, while fatty acid beta-oxidation was enhanced. Our results also preliminarily clarified the roles of the inflammatory response, substance metabolism, vascular injury, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and dysregulated coagulation and fibrinolysis in glucocorticoid-induced ONFH. Notably, we list the pathways that were markedly altered in glucocorticoid-induced ONFH with SLE compared with femoral head fracture, as well as their common genes, which are potential early therapeutic targets. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced ONFH and present potential clues for effective and functional manipulation of human glucocorticoid-induced ONFH, which could improve patient outcomes.
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Hannan FM, Elajnaf T, Vandenberg LN, Kennedy SH, Thakker RV. Hormonal regulation of mammary gland development and lactation. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:46-61. [PMID: 36192506 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is critical to infant short-term and long-term health and protects mothers from breast cancer, ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mammary gland is a dynamic organ, regulated by the coordinated actions of reproductive and metabolic hormones. These hormones promote gland development from puberty onwards and induce the formation of a branched, epithelial, milk-secreting organ by the end of pregnancy. Progesterone withdrawal following placental delivery initiates lactation, which is maintained by increased pituitary secretion of prolactin and oxytocin, and stimulated by infant suckling. After weaning, local cytokine production and decreased prolactin secretion trigger large-scale mammary cell loss, leading to gland involution. Here, we review advances in the molecular endocrinology of mammary gland development and milk synthesis. We discuss the hormonal functions of the mammary gland, including parathyroid hormone-related peptide secretion that stimulates maternal calcium mobilization for milk synthesis. We also consider the hormonal composition of human milk and its associated effects on infant health and development. Finally, we highlight endocrine and metabolic diseases that cause lactation insufficiency, for example, monogenic disorders of prolactin and prolactin receptor mutations, maternal obesity and diabetes mellitus, interventions during labour and delivery, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products and other oestrogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Oxford Centre for the Endocrinology of Human Lactation, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Taha Elajnaf
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Oxford Centre for the Endocrinology of Human Lactation, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Oxford Centre for the Endocrinology of Human Lactation, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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PINK1-mediated mitophagy contributes to glucocorticoid-induced cathepsin K production in osteocytes. J Orthop Translat 2023; 38:229-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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13
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Yuan G, Li Z, Lin X, Li N, Xu R. New perspective of skeletal stem cells. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2022; 3:280-294. [PMID: 36846511 PMCID: PMC9947737 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells are a group of stem cells distinguished by their capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capability with tissue specificity. Among these tissue-resident stem cells, skeletal stem cells (SSCs) were discovered in the growth plate region through a combination of cell surface markers and lineage tracing series. With the process of unravelling the anatomical variation of SSCs, researchers were also keen to investigate the developmental diversity outside the long bones, including in the sutures, craniofacial sites, and spinal regions. Recently, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, lineage tracing, and single-cell sequencing have been used to map lineage trajectories by studying SSCs with different spatiotemporal distributions. The SSC niche also plays a pivotal role in regulating SSC fate, such as cell-cell interactions mediated by multiple signalling pathways. This review focuses on discussing the spatial and temporal distribution of SSCs, and broadening our understanding of the diversity and plasticity of SSCs by summarizing the progress of research into SSCs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Centre for Skeletal Stem Cell, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zan Li
- Department of Sports Medicine & Research Centre of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xixi Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Centre for Skeletal Stem Cell, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Na Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Centre for Skeletal Stem Cell, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Corresponding authors: Ren Xu, ; Na Li,
| | - Ren Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Centre for Skeletal Stem Cell, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China,Corresponding authors: Ren Xu, ; Na Li,
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14
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Wang JS, Wein MN. Pathways Controlling Formation and Maintenance of the Osteocyte Dendrite Network. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:493-504. [PMID: 36087214 PMCID: PMC9718876 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in osteocyte dendrite formation, summarize the similarities between osteocytic and neuronal projections, and highlight the importance of osteocyte dendrite maintenance in human skeletal disease. RECENT FINDINGS It is suggested that there is a causal relationship between the loss of osteocyte dendrites and the increased osteocyte apoptosis during conditions including aging, microdamage, and skeletal disease. A few mechanisms are proposed to control dendrite formation and outgrowth, such as via the regulation of actin polymerization dynamics. This review addresses the impact of osteocyte dendrites in bone health and disease. Recent advances in multi-omics, in vivo and in vitro models, and microscopy-based imaging have provided novel approaches to reveal the underlying mechanisms that regulate dendrite development. Future therapeutic approaches are needed to target the process of osteocyte dendrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Carvalho AL, Brooks DJ, Barlow D, Langlais AL, Morrill B, Houseknecht KL, Bouxsein ML, Lian JB, King T, Farina NH, Motyl KJ. Sustained Morphine Delivery Suppresses Bone Formation and Alters Metabolic and Circulating miRNA Profiles in Male C57BL/6J Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2226-2243. [PMID: 36054037 PMCID: PMC9712245 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use is detrimental to bone health, causing both indirect and direct effects on bone turnover. Although the mechanisms of these effects are not entirely clear, recent studies have linked chronic opioid use to alterations in circulating miRNAs. Here, we developed a model of opioid-induced bone loss to understand bone turnover and identify candidate miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms. We evaluated the effects of sustained morphine treatment on male and female C57BL/6J mice by treating with vehicle (0.9% saline) or morphine (17 mg/kg) using subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 25 days. Morphine-treated mice had higher energy expenditure and respiratory quotient, indicating a shift toward carbohydrate metabolism. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis indicated a sex difference in the bone outcome, where male mice treated with morphine had reduced trabecular bone volume fraction (Tb.BV/TV) (15%) and trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) (14%) in the distal femur compared with vehicle. Conversely, bone microarchitecture was not changed in females after morphine treatment. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that in males, morphine reduced bone formation rate compared with vehicle, but osteoclast parameters were not different. Furthermore, morphine reduced bone formation marker gene expression in the tibia of males (Bglap and Dmp1). Circulating miRNA profile changes were evident in males, with 14 differentially expressed miRNAs associated with morphine treatment compared with two differentially expressed miRNAs in females. In males, target analysis indicated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway was targeted by miR-223-3p and fatty acid metabolism by miR-484, -223-3p, and -328-3p. Consequently, expression of miR-223-3p targets, including Igf1r and Stat3, was lower in morphine-treated bone. In summary, we have established a model where morphine leads to a lower trabecular bone formation in males and identified potential mediating miRNAs. Understanding the sex-specific mechanisms of bone loss from opioids will be important for improving management of the adverse effects of opioids on the skeleton. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lelis Carvalho
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Barlow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Audrie L. Langlais
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Breanna Morrill
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Karen L. Houseknecht
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA
- Northern New England Clinical and Translational Research Network, MaineHealth, Portland, ME
| | - Tamara King
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Nicholas H Farina
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA
- Northern New England Clinical and Translational Research Network, MaineHealth, Portland, ME
| | - Katherine J Motyl
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, USA
- Northern New England Clinical and Translational Research Network, MaineHealth, Portland, ME
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Everts V, Jansen IDC, de Vries TJ. Mechanisms of bone resorption. Bone 2022; 163:116499. [PMID: 35872106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy, Dental Faculty, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Ineke D C Jansen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Wang L, You X, Ruan D, Shao R, Dai HQ, Shen W, Xu GL, Liu W, Zou W. TET enzymes regulate skeletal development through increasing chromatin accessibility of RUNX2 target genes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4709. [PMID: 35953487 PMCID: PMC9372040 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases mediate cytosine demethylation by catalyzing the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). TET-mediated DNA demethylation controls the proper differentiation of embryonic stem cells and TET members display functional redundancy during early gastrulation. However, it is unclear if TET proteins have functional significance in mammalian skeletal development. Here, we report that Tet genes deficiency in mesoderm mesenchymal stem cells results in severe defects of bone development. The existence of any single Tet gene allele can support early bone formation, suggesting a functional redundancy of TET proteins. Integrative analyses of RNA-seq, Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS), 5hmC-Seal and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) demonstrate that TET-mediated demethylation increases the chromatin accessibility of target genes by RUNX2 and facilities RUNX2-regulated transcription. In addition, TET proteins interact with RUNX2 through their catalytic domain to regulate cytosine methylation around RUNX2 binding region. The catalytic domain is indispensable for TET enzymes to regulate RUNX2 transcription activity on its target genes and to regulate bone development. These results demonstrate that TET enzymes function to regulate RUNX2 activity and maintain skeletal homeostasis. Here the authors investigate the role of the TET family of DNA demethylases in mammalian skeletal development. They find that loss of TETs leads to hypermethylation that results in decreased chromatin accessibility of RUNX2 target genes, repressing osteoblast differentiation and leading to skeletal defects in mouse such as short limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiuling You
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dengfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, China
| | - Rui Shao
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Weiguo Zou
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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18
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Zou N, Liu R, Li C. Cathepsin K+ Non-Osteoclast Cells in the Skeletal System: Function, Models, Identity, and Therapeutic Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818462. [PMID: 35912093 PMCID: PMC9326176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Ctsk) is a cysteine protease of the papain superfamily initially identified in differentiated osteoclasts; it plays a critical role in degrading the bone matrix. However, subsequent in vivo and in vitro studies based on animal models elucidate novel subpopulations of Ctsk-expressing cells, which display markers and properties of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. This review introduces the function, identity, and role of Ctsk+ cells and their therapeutic implications in related preclinical osseous disorder models. It also summarizes the available in vivo models for studying Ctsk+ cells and their progeny. Further investigations of detailed properties and mechanisms of Ctsk+ cells in transgenic models are required to guide potential therapeutic targets in multiple diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyu Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Changjun Li,
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19
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Li Y, Yang S, Liu Y, Yang S. Deletion of Trp53 and Rb1 in Ctsk-expressing cells drives osteosarcoma progression by activating glucose metabolism and YAP signaling. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e131. [PMID: 35615117 PMCID: PMC9026232 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism reprogramming is a critical factor in the progression of multiple cancers and is directly regulated by many tumor suppressors. However, how glucose metabolism regulates osteosarcoma development and progression is largely unknown. Cathepsin K (Ctsk) has been reported to express in chondroprogenitor cells and stem cells besides osteoclasts. Moreover, mutations in the tumor suppressors transformation-related protein 53 (Trp53) and retinoblastoma protein (Rb1) are evident in approximately 50%-70% of human osteosarcoma. To understand how deletion of Trp53 and Rb1 in Ctsk-expressing cells drives tumorigenesis, we generated the Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mouse model. Our data revealed that those mice developed osteosarcoma without formation of tumor in osteoclast lineage. The level of cortical bone destruction was gradually increased in parallel to the osteosarcoma progression rate. Through mechanistic studies, we found that loss of Trp53/Rb1 in Ctsk-expressing cells significantly elevated Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression and activity. YAP/TEAD1 complex binds to the glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) promoter to upregulate Glut1 expression. Upregulated Glut1 expression led to overactive glucose metabolism, increasing osteosarcoma progression. Ablation of YAP signaling inhibited energy metabolism and delayed osteosarcoma progression in Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice. Collectively, these findings provide proof of principle that inhibition of YAP activity may be a potential strategy for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Basic & Translational SciencesSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic & Translational SciencesSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life ScienceDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic & Translational SciencesSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Center for Innovation & Precision DentistrySchool of Dental MedicineSchool of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal DisordersSchool of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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20
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Cui J, Shibata Y, Zhu T, Zhou J, Zhang J. Osteocytes in bone aging: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101608. [PMID: 35283289 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes play a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis and in regulating skeletal response to hormones and mechanical loading. Substantial evidence have demonstrated that osteocytes and their lacunae exhibit morphological changes in aged bone, indicating the underlying involvement of osteocytes in bone aging. Notably, recent studies have deciphered aged osteocytes to have characteristics such as impaired mechanosensitivity, accumulated cellular senescence, dysfunctional perilacunar/canalicular remodeling, and degenerated lacuna-canalicular network. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of osteocytes remain unclear. Nonetheless, osteocyte transcriptomes analyzed via advanced RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques have identified several bone aging-related genes and signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Bmp/TGF, and Jak-STAT. Moreover, inflammation, immune dysfunction, energy shortage, and impaired hormone responses possibly affect osteocytes in age-related bone deterioration. In this review, we summarize the hallmarks of aging bone and osteocytes and discuss osteocytic mechanisms in age-related bone loss and impaired bone quality. Furthermore, we provide insights into the challenges faced and their possible solutions when investigating osteocyte transcriptomes. We also highlight that single-cell RNA-seq can decode transcriptomic messages in aged osteocytes; therefore, this technique can promote novel single cell-based investigations in osteocytes once a well-established standardized protocol specific for osteocytes is developed. Interestingly, improved understanding of osteocytic mechanisms have helped identify promising targets and effective therapies for aging-related osteoporosis and fragile fractures.
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21
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Murshid SA. Bone permeability and mechanotransduction: Some current insights into the function of the lacunar-canalicular network. Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101730. [PMID: 35032785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lacunar-canalicular (LC) permeability involves the passage of fluids, nutrients, oxygen, ions, and signalling molecules through bone tissue, facilitating the maintenance of bone vitality and function and responses to various physiological conditions and diseases. LC permeability and fluid flow-shear stress/drag force play important roles in mechanotransduction in bone tissue by inducing mechanical stimuli in osteocytes, modulating cellular functions, and determining bone adaptation. Alterations in LC structure may therefore influence the fluid flow pattern through the LC network, thereby affecting the ability of osteocytes to sense and translate mechanical signals and possibly contributing to bone remodelling. Several bone-health conditions are associated with changes in LC structure and function and may affect mechanotransduction and responses, although the mechanisms underlying these associations are still not fully understood. In this review, recent studies of LC networks, their formation and transfer mechanical stimuli, and changes in structure, functional permeability, and mechanotransduction that result from age, pathology, and mechanical loading are discussed. Additionally, applications of vibration and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in bone healthcare and regeneration fields are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhr Ahmed Murshid
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE); Ilmajoki Health Public Dental Clinics, Social and Health Care Services in Jalasjärvi, Ilmajoki, Kurikka, Finland.
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22
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Vesela B, Killinger M, Rihova K, Benes P, Svandová E, Kratochvilová A, Trcka F, Kleparnik K, Matalova E. Caspase-8 Deficient Osteoblastic Cells Display Alterations in Non-Apoptotic Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:794407. [PMID: 35372363 PMCID: PMC8964645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.794407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 is the key component of the receptor-mediated (extrinsic) apoptotic pathway. Immunological localization of active caspase-8 showed its presence in osteoblasts, including non-apoptotic ones. Further in vivo exploration of caspase-8 functions in the bone is hindered by the fact that the caspase-8 knock-out is lethal prenatally. Examinations were thus performed using individual cell populations in vitro. In this study, caspase-8 was eliminated by the CRISPR/cas9 technology in MC3T3-E1 cells, the most common in vitro model of osteoblastic populations. The aim of the work was to specify the consequences of caspase-8 deficiency on non-apoptotic pathways. The impact on the osteogenic gene expression of the osteoblastic cells along with alterations in proliferation, caspase cascades and rapamycin induced autophagy response were evaluated. Osteogenic differentiation of caspase-8 deficient cells was inhibited as these cells displayed a decreased level of mineralization and lower activity of alkaline phosphatase. Among affected osteogenic genes, based on the PCR Array, major changes were observed for Ctsk, as down-regulated, and Gdf10, as up-regulated. Other significantly down-regulated genes included those coding osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic proteins (-3, -4 and -7), collagens (-1a1, -14a1) or Phex. The formation of autophagosomes was not altered in rapamycin-treated caspase-8 deficient cells, but expression of some autophagy-related genes, including Tnfsf10, Cxcr4, Dapk1 and Igf1, was significantly downregulated. These data provide new insight into the effects of caspase-8 on non-apoptotic osteogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vesela
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Barbora Vesela,
| | - Michael Killinger
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kamila Rihova
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Benes
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Svandová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Adela Kratochvilová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Trcka
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Karel Kleparnik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
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23
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Choi JUA, Kijas AW, Lauko J, Rowan AE. The Mechanosensory Role of Osteocytes and Implications for Bone Health and Disease States. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:770143. [PMID: 35265628 PMCID: PMC8900535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.770143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. This process is primarily controlled by the most abundant and mechanosensitive bone cells, osteocytes, that reside individually, within chambers of porous hydroxyapatite bone matrix. Recent studies have unveiled additional functional roles for osteocytes in directly contributing to local matrix regulation as well as systemic roles through endocrine functions by communicating with distant organs such as the kidney. Osteocyte function is governed largely by both biochemical signaling and the mechanical stimuli exerted on bone. Mechanical stimulation is required to maintain bone health whilst aging and reduced level of loading are known to result in bone loss. To date, both in vivo and in vitro approaches have been established to answer important questions such as the effect of mechanical stimuli, the mechanosensors involved, and the mechanosensitive signaling pathways in osteocytes. However, our understanding of osteocyte mechanotransduction has been limited due to the technical challenges of working with these cells since they are individually embedded within the hard hydroxyapatite bone matrix. This review highlights the current knowledge of the osteocyte functional role in maintaining bone health and the key regulatory pathways of these mechanosensitive cells. Finally, we elaborate on the current therapeutic opportunities offered by existing treatments and the potential for targeting osteocyte-directed signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Un Ally Choi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda W Kijas
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Lauko
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Rocho FR, Bonatto V, Lameiro RF, Lameira J, Leitão A, Montanari CA. A patent review on cathepsin K inhibitors to treat osteoporosis (2011 - 2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:561-573. [PMID: 35137661 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cathepsin K (CatK) is a lysosomal cysteine protease and the predominant cathepsin expressed in osteoclasts, where it degrades the bone matrix. Hence, CatK is an attractive therapeutic target related to diseases characterized by bone resorption, like osteoporosis. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the patent literature from 2011 to 2021 on CatK inhibitors and their potential use as new treatments for osteoporosis. The inhibitors were classified by their warheads, with the most explored nitrile-based inhibitors. Promising in vivo results have also been disclosed. EXPERT OPINION As one of the most potent lysosomal proteins whose primary function is to mediate bone resorption, cathepsin K remains an excellent target for therapeutic intervention. Nevertheless, there is no record of any approved drug that targets CatK. The most notable cases of drug candidates targeting CatK were balicatib and odanacatib, which reached Phase II and III clinical trials, respectively, but did not enter the market. Further developments include exploring new chemical entities beyond the nitrile-based chemical space, with improved ADME and safety profiles. In addition, CatK's role in cancer immunoexpression and its involvement in the pathophysiology of osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis have raised the race to develop activity-based probes with excellent potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Rocho
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Bonatto
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Lameiro
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos/SP, Brazil.,On leave from Drug Designing and Development Laboratory. Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Correa S/N, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
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25
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Calik-Ksepka A, Stradczuk M, Czarnecka K, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R. Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031633. [PMID: 35163554 PMCID: PMC8835773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a physiological state of hyperprolactinemia and associated amenorrhea. Despite the fact that exact mechanisms standing behind the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis during lactation are still not clear, a general overview of events leading to amenorrhea may be suggested. Suckling remains the most important stimulus maintaining suppressive effect on ovaries after pregnancy. Breastfeeding is accompanied by high levels of prolactin, which remain higher than normal until the frequency and duration of daily suckling decreases and allows normal menstrual function resumption. Hyperprolactinemia induces the suppression of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons that directly control the pulsatile release of GnRH. Disruption in the pulsatile manner of GnRH secretion results in a strongly decreased frequency of corresponding LH pulses. Inadequate LH secretion and lack of pre-ovulatory surge inhibit the progression of the follicular phase of a menstrual cycle and result in anovulation and amenorrhea. The main consequences of lactational amenorrhea are connected with fertility issues and increased bone turnover. Provided the fulfillment of all the established conditions of its use, the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) efficiently protects against pregnancy. Because of its accessibility and lack of additional associated costs, LAM might be especially beneficial in low-income, developing countries, where modern contraception is hard to obtain. Breastfeeding alone is not equal to the LAM method, and therefore, it is not enough to successfully protect against conception. That is why LAM promotion should primarily focus on conditions under which its use is safe and effective. More studies on larger study groups should be conducted to determine and confirm the impact of behavioral factors, like suckling parameters, on the LAM efficacy. Lactational bone loss is a physiologic mechanism that enables providing a sufficient amount of calcium to the newborn. Despite the decline in bone mass during breastfeeding, it rebuilds after weaning and is not associated with a postmenopausal decrease in BMD and osteoporosis risk. Therefore, it should be a matter of concern only for lactating women with additional risk factors or with low BMD before pregnancy. The review summarizes the effect that breastfeeding exerts on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis as well as fertility and bone turnover aspects of lactational amenorrhea. We discuss the possibility of the use of lactation as contraception, along with this method's prevalence, efficacy, and influencing factors. We also review the literature on the topic of lactational bone loss: its mechanism, severity, and persistence throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Calik-Ksepka
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Monika Stradczuk
- Student’s Academic Association, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Karolina Czarnecka
- Student’s Academic Association, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Monika Grymowicz
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Roman Smolarczyk
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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27
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Moharrer Y, Boerckel JD. Tunnels in the rock: Dynamics of osteocyte morphogenesis. Bone 2021; 153:116104. [PMID: 34245936 PMCID: PMC8478866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are dynamic, bone matrix-remodeling cells that form an intricate network of interconnected projections through the bone matrix, called the lacunar-canalicular system. Osteocytes are the dominant mechanosensory cells in bone and their mechanosensory and mechanotransductive functions follow their morphological form. During osteocytogenesis and development of the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular network, osteocytes must dramatically remodel both their cytoskeleton and their extracellular matrix. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms that govern osteocyte differentiation, cytoskeletal morphogenesis, mechanotransduction, and matrix remodeling. We postulate that the physiologic activation of matrix remodeling in adult osteocytes, known as perilacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR) represents a re-activation of the developmental program by which the osteocyte network is first established. While much of osteocyte biology remains unclear, new tools and approaches make the present moment a particularly fruitful and exciting time to study the development of these remarkable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Moharrer
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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28
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Cheng W, Xu X, Lang Y, Cheng Z, Rizwan M, Tang X, Xie L, Liu Y, Xu H, Liu Y. Anatase and Rutile TiO 2 Nanoparticles Lead Effective Bone Damage in Young Rat Model via the IGF-1 Signaling Pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7233-7247. [PMID: 34737562 PMCID: PMC8558833 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s333632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the growth and development of bones in young rats and explore their possible mechanisms. METHODS Three-week-old male rats were orally administered anatase TiO2 NPs and rutile TiO2 NPs for 28 days. The indicators of rat growth and development, liver function, bone metabolism, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were evaluated. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the tibia. RESULTS No significant differences were observed among growth and development indicators in young rats. Significant differences were found in IGF-1 levels, phosphorus levels, and liver function. Micro-CT revealed osteoporosis in the bones. The micro-CT data supported the same result. Bone immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) was decreased and the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and cathepsin K (CTSK) was increased. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that TiO2 NPs can damage bones via the IGF-1/OPG/RANKL/CTSK pathway in young rats. Furthermore, rutile TiO2 NPs damaged the bones more seriously than anatase TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Lang
- Medical Imaging Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zugen Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohammad Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330047, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Lai X, Chung R, Li Y, Liu XS, Wang L. Lactation alters fluid flow and solute transport in maternal skeleton: A multiscale modeling study on the effects of microstructural changes and loading frequency. Bone 2021; 151:116033. [PMID: 34102350 PMCID: PMC8276854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The female skeleton undergoes significant material and ultrastructural changes to meet high calcium demands during reproduction and lactation. Through the peri-lacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR), osteocytes actively resorb surrounding matrix and enlarge their lacunae and canaliculi during lactation, which are quickly reversed after weaning. How these changes alter the physicochemical environment of osteocytes, the most abundant and primary mechanosensing cells in bone, are not well understood. In this study, we developed a multiscale poroelastic modeling technique to investigate lactation-induced changes in stress, fluid pressurization, fluid flow, and solute transport across multiple length scales (whole bone, porous midshaft cortex, lacunar-canalicular pore system (LCS), and pericellular matrix (PCM) around osteocytes) in murine tibiae subjected to axial compression at 3 N peak load (~320 με) at 0.5, 2, or 4 Hz. Based on previously reported skeletal anatomical measurements from lactating and nulliparous mice, our models demonstrated that loading frequency, LCS porosity, and PCM density were major determinants of fluid and solute flows responsible for osteocyte mechanosensing, cell-cell signaling, and metabolism. When loaded at 0.5 Hz, lactation-induced LCS expansion and potential PCM reduction promoted solute transport and osteocyte mechanosensing via primary cilia, but suppressed mechanosensing via fluid shear and/or drag force on the cell membrane. Interestingly, loading at 2 or 4 Hz was found to overcome the mechanosensing deficits observed at 0.5 Hz and these counter effects became more pronounced at 4 Hz and with sparser PCM in the lactating bone. Synergistically, higher loading frequency (2, 4 Hz) and sparser PCM enhanced flow-mediated mechanosensing and diffusion/convection of nutrients and signaling molecules for osteocytes. In summary, lactation-induced structural changes alter the local environment of osteocytes in ways that favor metabolism, mechanosensing, and post-weaning recovery of maternal bone. Thus, osteocytes play a role in balancing the metabolic and mechanical functions of female skeleton during reproduction and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lai
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Rebecca Chung
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaowei Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, United States.
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30
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Li Y, de Bakker CMJ, Lai X, Zhao H, Parajuli A, Tseng WJ, Pei S, Meng T, Chung R, Wang L, Liu XS. Maternal bone adaptation to mechanical loading during pregnancy, lactation, and post-weaning recovery. Bone 2021; 151:116031. [PMID: 34098162 PMCID: PMC8504362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maternal skeleton undergoes dramatic bone loss during pregnancy and lactation, and substantial bone recovery post-weaning. The structural adaptations of maternal bone during reproduction and lactation exert a better protection of the mechanical integrity at the critical load-bearing sites, suggesting the importance of physiological load-bearing in regulating reproduction-induced skeletal alterations. Although it is suggested that physical exercise during pregnancy and breastfeeding improves women's physical and psychological well-being, its effects on maternal bone health remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the maternal bone adaptations to external mechanical loading during pregnancy, lactation, and post-weaning recovery. By utilizing an in vivo dynamic tibial loading protocol in a rat model, we demonstrated improved maternal cortical bone structure in response to dynamic loading at tibial midshaft, regardless of reproductive status. Notably, despite the minimal loading responses detected in the trabecular bone in virgins, rat bone during lactation experienced enhanced mechano-responsiveness in both trabecular and cortical bone compartments when compared to rats at other reproductive stages or age-matched virgins. Furthermore, our study showed that the lactation-induced elevation in osteocyte peri-lacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR) activities led to enlarged osteocyte lacunae. This may result in alterations in interstitial fluid flow-mediated mechanical stimulation on osteocytes and an elevation in solute transport through the lacunar-canalicular system (LCS) during high-frequency dynamic loading, thus enhancing mechano-responsiveness of maternal bone during lactation. Taken together, findings from this study provide important insights into the relationship between reproduction- and lactation-induced skeletal changes and external mechanical loading, emphasizing the importance of weight-bearing exercise on maternal bone health during reproduction and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chantal M J de Bakker
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Xiaohan Lai
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ashutosh Parajuli
- Center for Biomechanical Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shaopeng Pei
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Biomechanical Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tan Meng
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Chung
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liyun Wang
- Center for Biomechanical Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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31
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Feng W, He M, Jiang X, Liu H, Xie T, Qin Z, Huang Q, Liao S, Lin C, He J, Xu J, Ma J, Liu Y, Wei Q. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals the Migration of Osteoclasts in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. Front Oncol 2021; 11:715552. [PMID: 34504794 PMCID: PMC8421549 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.715552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is benign tumor that can cause significant osteolysis and bone destruction at the epiphysis of long bones. Osteoclasts are thought to be highly associated with osteolysis in GCTB. However, the migration of osteoclasts in GCTB remains unclear. A deeper understanding of the complex tumor microenvironment is required in order to delineate the migration of osteoclasts in GCTB. In this study, samples were isolated from one patient diagnosed with GCTB. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to detect the heterogeneity of GCTB. Multiplex immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate the cell subtypes identified by scRNA-seq. A total of 8,033 cells were obtained from one patient diagnosed with GCTB, which were divided into eight major cell types as depicted by a single-cell transcriptional map. The osteoclasts were divided into three subsets, and their differentiation trajectory and migration status were further analyzed. Osteoclast migration may be regulated via a series of genes associated with cell migration. Furthermore, four signaling pathways (RANKL, PARs, CD137 and SMEA3 signaling pathway) were found to be highly associated with osteoclast migration. This comprehensive single-cell transcriptome analysis of GCTB identified a series of genes associated with cell migration as well as four major signaling pathways that were highly related to the migration of osteoclasts in GCTB. Our findings broaden the understanding of GCTB bionetworks and provides a theoretical basis for anti-osteolysis therapy against GCTB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Feng
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mingwei He
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huijiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Tianyu Xie
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhaojie Qin
- Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shijie Liao
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chengsen Lin
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Juliang He
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingjun Wei
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Hao Y, Wang XL, Xiao J, Jiao CL, Meng XY, Guo JC, Shao JF, Feng JX, He JP. Diaphyseal and Metaphyseal Modeling Defects-Clinical Findings and Identification of WRAP53 Deficiency in Craniometadiaphyseal Dysplasia. Front Genet 2021; 12:684905. [PMID: 34484289 PMCID: PMC8416243 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.684905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diaphyseal and metaphyseal modeling defects lead to severe changes in bone mass and shape, which are common features in osteoporosis that linked to non-vertebral fractures. Original mechanism of diaphyseal and metaphyseal modeling defects has proved elusive. Studying rare syndromes can elucidate mechanisms of common disorders and identify potential therapeutic targets. Methods: We evaluated a family pedigree with craniometadiaphyseal dysplasia (CRMDD, OMIM 269300), a genetic disorder that is characterized by cortical-bone thinning, limb deformity, and absent of normal metaphyseal flaring and diaphyseal constriction. Systemic radiographic examination and serum hormone test were made for this rare disease. One patient and her two normal parents were examined by means of whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify the candidate pathogenic gene and rule out mucopolysaccharidosis and Prader–Willi Syndrome by means of Sanger sequencing. Results: There are several conspicuous radiographic characteristics: (1) bullet-shaped phalanges, (2) long and narrow pelvic inlet, absent of supra-acetabular constriction, (3) round rod-shaped long tubular bones, (4) prominent aiploic mastoid, (5) bending-shaped limb, genua varus and genu varum, and (6) congenital dislocation of elbow. Here, we did not find any wormian bones, and there are several typical clinical characteristics: (1) macrocephaly and wide jaw, (2) Avatar elf-shaped ears, pointed and protruding ears, (3) hypertrophy of limbs, (4) flat feet and giant hand phenomenon, (5) nail dystrophy, (6) limb deformity, (7) high-arched palate, (8) superficial hemangiomas, (9) tall stature, and intellectual disability. In this patient, we found biallelic frameshift deletion mutations in WRAP53, and those two mutations were transmitted from her parents respectively. Conclusions: We describe her clinical and radiological findings and presented a new subtype without wormian bones and with a tall stature. Our study showed that craniometadiaphyseal dysplasia was caused by a deficiency of WRAP53 with autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Yao Meng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Chao Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Fan Shao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie-Xiong Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Peng He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Bonnet N, Douni E, Perréard Lopreno G, Besse M, Biver E, Ferrari S. RANKL-Induced Increase in Cathepsin K Levels Restricts Cortical Expansion in a Periostin-Dependent Fashion: A Potential New Mechanism of Bone Fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1636-1645. [PMID: 33856714 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κΒ ligand (RANKL) is necessary and sufficient to promote osteoclastogenesis and a key pathogenic factor in osteoporosis. Failure of periosteal apposition to compensate for bone loss due to endosteal resorption further contributes to bone fragility. Whether these two processes are biologically related, however, remains unknown. Using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), we first examined cortical bone parameters at distal radius and tibia in postmenopausal women (PMW) as well as in cadaveric human adult humeri. Increases in medullary area were negatively correlated with cortical bone volume but positively with total bone volume, and this relationship was stronger in the dominant arm, suggesting a mechanically driven process. To investigate the role of RANKL in this dual process, we used mice overexpressing huRANKL (huRANKLTg+ ). Trabecular and cortical bone volume (Ct.BV) are reduced in these mice, whereas cortical total volume (Ct.TV) is increased. In these bones, Sost mRNA levels are downregulated and periostin (Postn) mRNA levels upregulated, hence providing a positive message for periosteal bone formation. In turn, genetic deletion of Postn in huRANKLTg+ mice prevented the increase in Ct.TV and aggravated bone fragility. In contrast, cathepsin K (Ctsk) ablation improved Ct.TV in both huRANKLTg+ and wild-type (WT) mice and stimulated periosteal bone formation, while augmenting Postn protein levels. Therefore, bone strength in huRANKLTg+ /Ctsk-/- mice was restored to WT levels. These findings suggest that high levels of RANKL not only induce endosteal bone loss but may somewhat restrict periosteal bone formation by triggering periostin degradation through cathepsin K, hence providing a biological mechanism for the observed limited increase in cortical area in postmenopausal women. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Douni
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Geneviève Perréard Lopreno
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, F.-A. Forel Department, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besse
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, F.-A. Forel Department, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Biver
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jähn-Rickert K, Zimmermann EA. Potential Role of Perilacunar Remodeling in the Progression of Osteoporosis and Implications on Age-Related Decline in Fracture Resistance of Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:391-402. [PMID: 34117624 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We took an interdisciplinary view to examine the potential contribution of perilacunar/canalicular remodeling to declines in bone fracture resistance related to age or progression of osteoporosis. RECENT FINDINGS Perilacunar remodeling is most prominent as a result of lactation; recent advances further elucidate the molecular players involved and their effect on bone material properties. Of these, vitamin D and calcitonin could be active during aging or osteoporosis. Menopause-related hormonal changes or osteoporosis therapies affect bone material properties and mechanical behavior. However, investigations of lacunar size or osteocyte TRAP activity with age or osteoporosis do not provide clear evidence for or against perilacunar remodeling. While the occurrence and potential role of perilacunar remodeling in aging and osteoporosis progression are largely under-investigated, widespread changes in bone matrix composition in OVX models and following osteoporosis therapies imply osteocytic maintenance of bone matrix. Perilacunar remodeling-induced changes in bone porosity, bone matrix composition, and bone adaptation could have significant implications for bone fracture resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jähn-Rickert
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestr. 55a, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmermann
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Canada.
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Jansen ID, Papapoulos SE, Bravenboer N, de Vries TJ, Appelman-Dijkstra NM. Increased Bone Resorption during Lactation in Pycnodysostosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041810. [PMID: 33670411 PMCID: PMC7918824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis, a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia, is caused by a deficiency of cathepsin K. Patients have impaired bone resorption in the presence of normal or increased numbers of multinucleated, but dysfunctional, osteoclasts. Cathepsin K degrades collagen type I and generates N-telopeptide (NTX) and the C-telopeptide (CTX) that can be quantified. Levels of these telopeptides are increased in lactating women and are associated with increased bone resorption. Nothing is known about the consequences of cathepsin K deficiency in lactating women. Here we present for the first time normalized blood and CTX measurements in a patient with pycnodysostosis, exclusively related to the lactation period. In vitro studies using osteoclasts derived from blood monocytes during lactation and after weaning further show consistent bone resorption before and after lactation. Increased expression of cathepsins L and S in osteoclasts derived from the lactating patient suggests that other proteinases could compensate for the lack of cathepsin K during the lactation period of pycnodysostosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke D.C. Jansen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.D.C.J.); (T.J.d.V.)
| | - Socrates E. Papapoulos
- Center for Bone Quality Department of Internal Medicine division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.D.C.J.); (T.J.d.V.)
| | - Natasha M. Appelman-Dijkstra
- Center for Bone Quality Department of Internal Medicine division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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Vahidi G, Rux C, Sherk VD, Heveran CM. Lacunar-canalicular bone remodeling: Impacts on bone quality and tools for assessment. Bone 2021; 143:115663. [PMID: 32987198 PMCID: PMC7769905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes can resorb as well as replace bone adjacent to the expansive lacunar-canalicular system (LCS). Suppressed LCS remodeling decreases bone fracture toughness, but it is unclear how altered LCS remodeling impacts bone quality. The first goal of this review is to assess how LCS remodeling impacts LCS morphology as well as the composition and mechanical properties of surrounding bone tissue. The second goal is to compare tools available for the assessment of bone quality at length-scales that are physiologically-relevant to LCS remodeling. We find that changes to LCS morphology occur in response to a variety of physiological conditions and diseases and can be classified in two general phenotypes. In the 'aging phenotype', seen in aging and in some disuse models, the LCS is truncated and osteocytes apoptosis is increased. In the 'osteocytic osteolysis' phenotype, which is adaptive in some physiological settings and possibly maladaptive in others, the LCS enlarges and osteocytes generally maintain viability. Bone composition and mechanical properties vary near the osteocyte and change with at least some conditions that alter LCS morphology. However, few studies have evaluated bone composition and mechanical properties close to the LCS and so the impacts of LCS remodeling phenotypes on bone tissue quality are still undetermined. We summarize the current understanding of how LCS remodeling impacts LCS morphology, tissue-scale bone composition and mechanical properties, and whole-bone material properties. Tools are compared for assessing tissue-scale bone properties, as well as the resolution, advantages, and limitations of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vahidi
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States of America
| | - C Rux
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States of America
| | - V D Sherk
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - C M Heveran
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States of America.
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Dole NS, Yee CS, Schurman CA, Dallas SL, Alliston T. Assessment of Osteocytes: Techniques for Studying Morphological and Molecular Changes Associated with Perilacunar/Canalicular Remodeling of the Bone Matrix. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2230:303-323. [PMID: 33197021 PMCID: PMC9165628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have revived interest in the concept of osteocyte perilacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR) and have motivated efforts to identify the mechanisms regulating this process in bone in the context of normal physiology and pathological conditions. Here, we describe several methods that are evaluating morphological changes associated with PLR function of osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha S Dole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cristal S Yee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles A Schurman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Grinman D, Athonvarungkul D, Wysolmerski J, Jeong J. Calcium Metabolism and Breast Cancer: Echoes of Lactation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:63-70. [PMID: 33299957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactation requires a series of adaptations in maternal calcium and bone metabolism to ensure a steady supply of calcium to the lactating mammary gland. The alterations in systemic metabolism are accompanied by alterations in the expression of calcium receptors, channels, binding proteins, pumps and transporters in mammary epithelial cells to increase the uptake of calcium from the extracellular fluid and to transport it into milk. Intracellular calcium regulates signaling pathways that mediate changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and death and many of the molecules involved in supporting and coordinating calcium secretion into milk are re-expressed and redeployed to support malignant behavior in breast cancer cells. In this article, we review adaptations of systemic calcium homeostasis during lactation, as well as the mechanisms of milk calcium transport. We then discuss how reactivation of these pathways contributes to the pathophysiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Grinman
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Diana Athonvarungkul
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Jaekwang Jeong
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
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Wang Z, Weng Y, Ishihara Y, Odagaki N, Ei Hsu Hlaing E, Izawa T, Okamura H, Kamioka H. Loading history changes the morphology and compressive force-induced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10244. [PMID: 33240612 PMCID: PMC7659647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the effect of the mechanical loading history on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells. METHODS Three hours after MLO-Y4 osteocytes were seeded, a continuous compressive force (CCF) of 31 dynes/cm2 with or without additional CCF (32 dynes/cm2) was loaded onto the osteocytes. After 36 h, the additional CCF (loading history) was removed for a recovery period of 10 h. The expression of RANKL, OPG, RANKL/OPG ratio, cell numbers, viability and morphology were time-dependently examined at 0, 3, 6 and 10 h. Then, the same additional CCF was applied again for 1 h to all osteocytes with or without the gap junction inhibitor to examine the expression of RANKL, OPG, the RANKL/OPG ratio and other genes that essential to characterize the phenotype of MLO-Y4 cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique was also applied to test the differences of gap-junctional intercellular communications (GJIC) among MLO-Y4 cells. RESULTS The expression of RANKL and OPG by MLO-Y4 osteocytes without a loading history was dramatically decreased and increased, respectively, in response to the 1-h loading of additional weight. However, the expression of RANKL, OPG and the RANKL/OPG ratio were maintained at the same level as in the control group in the MLO-Y4 osteocytes with a loading history but without gap junction inhibitor treatment. Treatment of loading history significantly changed the capacity of GJIC and protein expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) but not the mRNA expression of Cx43. No significant difference was observed in the cell number or viability between the MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells with and without a loading history or among different time checkpoints during the recovery period. The cell morphology showed significant changes and was correlated with the expression of OPG, Gja1 and Dmp1 during the recovery period. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that the compressive force-induced changes in the RANKL/OPG expression could be habituated within at least 11 h by 36-h CCF exposure. GJIC and cell morphology may play roles in response to loading history in MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yao Weng
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ishihara
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ei Ei Hsu Hlaing
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Izawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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40
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Søe K, Delaisse JM, Borggaard XG. Osteoclast formation at the bone marrow/bone surface interface: Importance of structural elements, matrix, and intercellular communication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:8-15. [PMID: 32563679 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption, have an enormous destructive power which demands to be kept under tight control. Accordingly, the identification of molecular signals directing osteoclastogenesis and switching on their resorptive activity have received much attention. Mandatory factors were identified, but a very essential aspect of the control mechanism of osteoclastic resorption, i.e. its spatial control, remains poorly understood. Under physiological conditions, multinucleated osteoclasts are only detected on the bone surface, while their mono-nucleated precursors are only in the bone marrow. How are pre-osteoclasts targeted to the bone surface? How is their progressive differentiation coordinated with their approach to the bone surface sites to be resorbed, which is where they finally fuse? Here we review the information on the bone marrow distribution of differentiating pre-osteoclasts relative to the position of the mandatory factors for their differentiation as well as relative to physical entities that may affect their access to the remodelling sites. This info allows recognizing an "osteoclastogenesis route" through the bone marrow and leading to the coincident fusion/resorption site - but also points to what still remains to be clarified regarding this route and regarding the restriction of fusion at the resorption site. Finally, we discuss the mechanism responsible for the start of resorption and its spatial extension. This review underscores that fully understanding the control of bone resorption requires to consider it in both space and time - which demands taking into account the context of bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Xenia Goldberg Borggaard
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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41
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Zheng W, Ding B, Li X, Liu D, Yokota H, Zhang P. Knee loading repairs osteoporotic osteoarthritis by relieving abnormal remodeling of subchondral bone via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:3399-3412. [PMID: 31925860 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902117r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporotic osteoarthritis (OPOA) is a common bone disease mostly in the elderly, but the relationship between Osteoporotic (OP) and osteoarthritis (OA) is complex. It has been shown that knee loading can mitigate OA symptoms. However, its effects on OPOA remain unclear. In this study, we characterized pathological linkage of OP to OA, and evaluated the effect of knee loading on OPOA. We employed two mouse models (OA and OPOA), and conducted histology, cytology, and molecular analyses. In the OA and OPOA groups, articular cartilage was degenerated and Osteoarthritis Research Society International score was increased. Subchondral bone underwent abnormal remodeling, the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to osteoblasts and chondrocytes was reduced, and migration and adhesion of pre-osteoclasts were enhanced. Compared to the OA group, the pathological changes of OA in the OPOA group were considerably aggravated. After knee loading, however, cartilage degradation was effectively prevented, and the abnormal remodeling of subchondral bone was significantly inhibited. The differentiation of BMSCs was also improved, and the expression of Wnt/β-catenin was elevated. Collectively, this study demonstrates that osteoporosis aggravates OA symptoms. Knee loading restores OPOA by regulating subchondral bone remodeling, and may provide an effective method for repairing OPOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Beibei Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinle Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daquan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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42
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Creecy A, Damrath JG, Wallace JM. Control of Bone Matrix Properties by Osteocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:578477. [PMID: 33537002 PMCID: PMC7848033 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.578477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes make up 90-95% of the cellular content of bone and form a rich dendritic network with a vastly greater surface area than either osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteocytes are well positioned to play a role in bone homeostasis by interacting directly with the matrix; however, the ability for these cells to modify bone matrix remains incompletely understood. With techniques for examining the nano- and microstructure of bone matrix components including hydroxyapatite and type I collagen becoming more widespread, there is great potential to uncover novel roles for the osteocyte in maintaining bone quality. In this review, we begin with an overview of osteocyte biology and the lacunar-canalicular system. Next, we describe recent findings from in vitro models of osteocytes, focusing on the transitions in cellular phenotype as they mature. Finally, we describe historical and current research on matrix alteration by osteocytes in vivo, focusing on the exciting potential for osteocytes to directly form, degrade, and modify the mineral and collagen in their surrounding matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John G. Damrath
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph M. Wallace,
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Dai R, Wu Z, Chu HY, Lu J, Lyu A, Liu J, Zhang G. Cathepsin K: The Action in and Beyond Bone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:433. [PMID: 32582709 PMCID: PMC7287012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is one of the most potent proteases in lysosomal cysteine proteases family, of which main function is to mediate bone resorption. Currently, CatK is among the most attractive targets for anti-osteoporosis drug development. Although many pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of selective inhibitors for CatK, there is no FDA approved drug till now. Odanacatib (ODN) developed by Merck & Co. is the only CatK inhibitor candidate which demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis in Phase III clinical trials. Unfortunately, the development of ODN was finally terminated due to the cardio-cerebrovascular adverse effects. Therefore, it arouses concerns on the undesirable CatK inhibition in non-bone sites. It is known that CatK has far-reaching actions throughout various organs besides bone. Many studies have also demonstrated the involvement of CatK in various diseases beyond the musculoskeletal system. This review not only summarized the functional roles of CatK in bone and beyond bone, but also discussed the potential relevance of the CatK action beyond bone to the adverse effects of inhibiting CatK in non-bone sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeting Wu
- International Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Liu,
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Ge Zhang,
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Pathak JL, Bravenboer N, Klein-Nulend J. The Osteocyte as the New Discovery of Therapeutic Options in Rare Bone Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:405. [PMID: 32733380 PMCID: PMC7360678 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant (~95%) cells in bone with the longest half-life (~25 years) in humans. In the past osteocytes have been regarded as vestigial cells in bone, since they are buried inside the tough bone matrix. However, during the last 30 years it has become clear that osteocytes are as important as bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts in maintaining bone homeostasis. The osteocyte cell body and dendritic processes reside in bone in a complex lacuno-canalicular system, which allows the direct networking of osteocytes to their neighboring osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone marrow, blood vessels, and nerves. Mechanosensing of osteocytes translates the applied mechanical force on bone to cellular signaling and regulation of bone adaptation. The osteocyte lacuno-canalicular system is highly efficient in transferring external mechanical force on bone to the osteocyte cell body and dendritic processes via displacement of fluid in the lacuno-canalicular space. Osteocyte mechanotransduction regulates the formation and function of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain bone homeostasis. Osteocytes produce a variety of proteins and signaling molecules such as sclerostin, cathepsin K, Wnts, DKK1, DMP1, IGF1, and RANKL/OPG to regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Various genetic abnormality-associated rare bone diseases are related to disrupted osteocyte functions, including sclerosteosis, van Buchem disease, hypophosphatemic rickets, and WNT1 and plastin3 mutation-related disorders. Meticulous studies during the last 15 years on disrupted osteocyte function in rare bone diseases guided for the development of various novel therapeutic agents to treat bone diseases. Studies on genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease revealed a role for sclerostin in bone homeostasis, which led to the development of the sclerostin antibody to treat osteoporosis and other bone degenerative diseases. The mechanism of many other rare bone diseases and the role of the osteocyte in the development of such conditions still needs to be investigated. In this review, we mainly discuss the knowledge obtained during the last 30 years on the role of the osteocyte in rare bone diseases. We speculate about future research directions to develop novel therapeutic drugs targeting osteocyte functions to treat both common and rare bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak L. Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jenneke Klein-Nulend
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Ryan BA, Kovacs CS. The puzzle of lactational bone physiology: osteocytes masquerade as osteoclasts and osteoblasts. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3041-3044. [PMID: 31232705 DOI: 10.1172/jci130640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a unique period in which the maternal skeleton acts as a storehouse to provide substantial calcium to milk. Women who exclusively breastfeed lose an average of 210 mg of calcium per day, which doubles or triples with twins and triplets. Data from rodent and clinical studies are consistent with skeletal calcium being released to provide much of the calcium needed for milk production. This is programmed to occur independently of dietary calcium intake or intestinal calcium absorption, which remains at the prepregnant rate in breastfeeding women. After weaning, the skeleton is restored to its prior mineralization and strength, but the factors that regulate this remain to be elucidated.
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