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Shvartsman E, Perciani CT, Richmond MEI, Russell JNH, Tough RH, Vancuren SJ, Hill JE, KAVI-ICR, Jaoko W, McKinnon LR, Sandstrom PA, MacDonald KS. Gardnerella subgroup dominant microbiomes are associated with divergent cervicovaginal immune responses in a longitudinal cohort of Kenyan women. Front Immunol 2023; 13:974195. [PMID: 36726972 PMCID: PMC9886495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cervicovaginal microbiome-immunology studies to date have relied on 16S rDNA microbial profiling which does not resolve the molecular subgroups of Gardnerella, believed to be central to the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and subsequent risk of HIV acquisition. Here we used the cpn60 universal target which in addition to other microbial taxa, resolves four Gardnerella subgroups, for cervicovaginal microbial profiling in a longitudinal cohort of Kenyan women to examine associations with cellular and soluble markers of inflammation and HIV susceptibility. Participants (N = 41) were sampled, contributing 362 samples for microbiome analysis. All non-Lactobacillus dominant microbial communities were associated with high pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Divergent associations were observed among different Gardnerella subgroup dominated communities with respect to the chemokine IP-10. Specifically, Gardnerella subgroup A dominant and polymicrobial communities were associated with reduced concentrations of IP-10 in adjusted linear mixed models (p<0.0001), compared to microbial communities dominated by Lactobacillus (non-iners) species. However, these associations did not translate to significant differences in the proportion or absolute number of CCR5, HLA-DR and CD38 expressed on cervical CD4+ T- cells. These findings suggest that some associations between Gardnerella subgroup dominant microbiomes and mucosal immunity differ and are relevant for the study of BV-pathogenesis and understanding the mechanisms of BV-associated HIV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Shvartsman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Catia T. Perciani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meika E. I. Richmond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Justen N. H. Russell
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Riley H. Tough
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Vancuren
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Janet E. Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - KAVI-ICR
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lyle R. McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Sandstrom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kelly S. MacDonald
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Kelly S. MacDonald,
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Chiale C, Marchese AM, Furuya Y, Robek MD. Virus-based vaccine vectors with distinct replication mechanisms differentially infect and activate dendritic cells. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34811393 PMCID: PMC8608815 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanism by which many virus-based vectors activate immune responses remains unknown. Dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in priming T cell responses and controlling virus replication, but their functions in generating protective immunity following vaccination with viral vectors are not always well understood. We hypothesized that highly immunogenic viral vectors with identical cell entry pathways but unique replication mechanisms differentially infect and activate DCs to promote antigen presentation and activation of distinctive antigen-specific T cell responses. To evaluate differences in replication mechanisms, we utilized a rhabdovirus vector (vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV) and an alphavirus-rhabdovirus hybrid vector (virus-like vesicles; VLV), which replicates like an alphavirus but enters the cell via the VSV glycoprotein. We found that while virus replication promotes CD8+ T cell activation by VLV, replication is absolutely required for VSV-induced responses. DC subtypes were differentially infected in vitro with VSV and VLV, and displayed differences in activation following infection that were dependent on vector replication but were independent of interferon receptor signaling. Additionally, the ability of the alphavirus-based vector to generate functional CD8+ T cells in the absence of replication relied on cDC1 cells. These results highlight the differential activation of DCs following infection with unique viral vectors and indicate potentially discrete roles of DC subtypes in activating the immune response following immunization with vectors that have distinct replication mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiale
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony M Marchese
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Robek
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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Near-atomic cryo-electron microscopy structures of varicella-zoster virus capsids. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1542-1552. [PMID: 32895526 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a medically important human herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles, but its cell-associated nature has hindered structure studies. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of purified VZV A-capsid and C-capsid, as well as of the DNA-containing capsid inside the virion. Atomic models derived from these structures show that, despite enclosing a genome that is substantially smaller than those of other human herpesviruses, VZV has a similarly sized capsid, consisting of 955 major capsid protein (MCP), 900 small capsid protein (SCP), 640 triplex dimer (Tri2) and 320 triplex monomer (Tri1) subunits. The VZV capsid has high thermal stability, although with relatively fewer intra- and inter-capsid protein interactions and less stably associated tegument proteins compared with other human herpesviruses. Analysis with antibodies targeting the N and C termini of the VZV SCP indicates that the hexon-capping SCP-the largest among human herpesviruses-uses its N-terminal half to bridge hexon MCP subunits and possesses a C-terminal flexible half emanating from the inner rim of the upper hexon channel into the tegument layer. Correlation of these structural features and functional observations provide insights into VZV assembly and pathogenesis and should help efforts to engineer gene delivery and anticancer vectors based on the currently available VZV vaccine.
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