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Li J, Li Y, Liu Y, Yu H, Xu N, Huang D, Xue Y, Li S, Chen H, Liu J, Li Q, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Xue H, Sun Y, Li M, Li P, Liu M, Zhang Z, Li X, Du W, Wang N, Yang B. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Ameliorates Na V1.5 and Kir2.1 Channel Dysregulation in Human AC16 Cardiomyocytes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:715466. [PMID: 34630093 PMCID: PMC8493335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.715466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infarcted myocardium is predisposed to cause lethal ventricular arrhythmias that remain the main cause of death in patients suffering myocardial ischemia. Liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine regulator, which exerts metabolic actions by favoring glucose and lipids metabolism. Emerging evidence has shown a beneficial effect of FGF21 on cardiovascular diseases, but the role of FGF21 on ventricular arrhythmias following myocardial infarction (MI) in humans has never been addressed. This study was conducted to investigate the pharmacological effects of FGF21 on cardiomyocytes after MI in humans. Patients with arrhythmia in acute MI and healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Serum samples were collected from these subjects on day 1 and days 7–10 after the onset of MI for measuring FGF21 levels using ELISA. Here, we found that the serum level of FGF21 was significantly increased on day 1 after the onset of MI and it returned to normal on days 7–10, relative to the Control samples. In order to clarify the regulation of FGF21 on arrhythmia, two kinds of arrhythmia animal models were established in this study, including ischemic arrhythmia model (MI rat model) and nonischemic arrhythmia model (ouabain-induced guinea pig arrhythmia model). The results showed that the incidence and duration time of ischemic arrhythmias in rhbFGF21-treated MI rats were significantly reduced at different time point after MI compared with normal saline-treated MI rats. Moreover, the onset of the first ventricular arrhythmias was delayed and the numbers of VF and maintenance were attenuated by FGF21 compared to the rhbFGF21-untreated group in the ouabain model. Consistently, in vitro study also demonstrated that FGF21 administration was able to shorten action potential duration (APD) in hydrogen peroxide-treated AC16 cells. Mechanically, FGF21 can ameliorate the electrophysiological function of AC16 cells, which is characterized by rescuing the expression and dysfunction of cardiac sodium current (INa) and inward rectifier potassium (Ik1) in AC16 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the restorative effect of FGF21 on NaV1.5 and Kir2.1 was eliminated when FGF receptors were inhibited. Collectively, FGF21 has the potential role of ameliorating transmembrane ion channels remodeling through the NaV1.5/Kir2.1 pathway by FGF receptors and thus reducing life-threatening postinfarcted arrhythmias, which provides new strategies for antiarrhythmic therapy in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanshi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yining Liu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Yu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Xu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Huang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sijia Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haixin Chen
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingsui Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ronghao Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongru Xue
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehang Sun
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weijie Du
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Li J, Xu C, Liu Y, Li Y, Du S, Zhang R, Sun Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Xue H, Ni S, Asiya M, Xue G, Li Y, Shi L, Li D, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Cai B, Wang N, Yang B. Fibroblast growth factor 21 inhibited ischemic arrhythmias via targeting miR-143/EGR1 axis. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:9. [PMID: 31900593 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmia is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been shown to play an important role in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the effects of FGF21 on ventricular arrhythmias following MI have not been addressed yet. The present study was conducted to investigate the pharmacological action of FGF21 on ventricular arrhythmias after MI. Adult male mice were administrated with or without recombinant human basic FGF21 (rhbFGF21), and the susceptibility to arrhythmias was assessed by programmed electrical stimulation and optical mapping techniques. Here, we found that rhbFGF21 administration reduced the occurrence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), improved epicardial conduction velocity and shorted action potential duration at 90% (APD90) in infarcted mouse hearts. Mechanistically, FGF21 may improve cardiac electrophysiological remodeling as characterized by the decrease of INa and IK1 current density in border zone of infarcted mouse hearts. Consistently, in vitro study also demonstrated that FGF21 may rescue oxidant stress-induced dysfunction of INa and IK1 currents in cultured ventricular myocytes. We further found that oxidant stress-induced down-regulation of early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) contributed to INa and IK1 reduction in post-infarcted hearts, and FGF21 may recruit EGR1 into the SCN5A and KCNJ2 promoter regions to up-regulate NaV1.5 and Kir2.1 expression at transcriptional level. Moreover, miR-143 was identified as upstream of EGR1 and mediated FGF21-induced EGR1 up-regulation in cardiomyocytes. Collectively, rhbFGF21 administration effectively suppressed ventricular arrhythmias in post-infarcted hearts by regulating miR-143-EGR1-NaV1.5/Kir2.1 axis, which provides novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic arrhythmias in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chaoqian Xu
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Yining Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuanshi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Sijia Du
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuehang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ronghao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongru Xue
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Sha Ni
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mavlikhanova Asiya
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Genlong Xue
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanyao Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ling Shi
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Desheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Benzhi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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3
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Chen G, Li S, Karakikes I, Ren L, Chow MZY, Chopra A, Keung W, Yan B, Chan CWY, Costa KD, Kong CW, Hajjar RJ, Chen CS, Li RA. Phospholamban as a crucial determinant of the inotropic response of human pluripotent stem cell-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes and engineered 3-dimensional tissue constructs. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014; 8:193-202. [PMID: 25504561 DOI: 10.1161/circep.114.002049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human (h) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) serve as a potential unlimited ex vivo source of cardiomyocytes (CMs). However, a well-accepted roadblock has been their immature phenotype. hESC/iPSC-derived ventricular (v) CMs and their engineered cardiac microtissues (hvCMTs) similarly displayed positive chronotropic but null inotropic responses to β-adrenergic stimulation. Given that phospholamban (PLB) is robustly present in adult but poorly expressed in hESC/iPSC-vCMs and its defined biological role in β-adrenergic signaling, we investigated the functional consequences of PLB expression in hESC/iPSC-vCMs and hvCMTs. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we confirmed that PLB protein was differentially expressed in hESC (HES2, H9)- and iPSC-derived and adult vCMs. We then transduced hES2-vCMs with the recombinant adenoviruses (Ad) Ad-PLB or Ad-S16E-PLB to overexpress wild-type PLB or the pseudophosphorylated point-mutated variant, respectively. As anticipated from the inhibitory effect of unphosphorylated PLB on sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, Ad-PLB transduction significantly attenuated electrically evoked Ca2+ transient amplitude and prolonged the 50% decay time. Importantly, Ad-PLB-transduced hES2-vCMs uniquely responded to isoproterenol. Ad-S16E-PLB-transduced hES2-vCMs displayed an intermediate phenotype. The same trends were observed with H9- and iPSC-vCMs. Directionally, similar results were also seen with Ad-PLB-transduced and Ad-S16E-transduced hvCMTs. However, Ad-PLB altered neither the global transcriptome nor ICa,L, implicating a PLB-specific effect. CONCLUSIONS Engineered upregulation of PLB expression in hESC/iPSC-vCMs restores a positive inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation. These results not only provide a better mechanistic understanding of the immaturity of hESC/iPSC-vCMs but will also lead to improved disease models and transplantable prototypes with adult-like physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Chen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Sen Li
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Ioannis Karakikes
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Lihuan Ren
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Maggie Zi-Ying Chow
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Anant Chopra
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Wendy Keung
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Camie W Y Chan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Kevin D Costa
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Chi-Wing Kong
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Christopher S Chen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.)
| | - Ronald A Li
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY (G.C., I.K., K.D.C., R.J.H., R.A.L.); Department of Physiology (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium (G.C., S.L., L.R., M.Z.-Y.C., W.K., B.Y., C.W.Y.C., C.-W.K., R.A.L.), Department of Anatomy (C.W.Y.C.), LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); Harvard Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (A.C., C.S.C.); and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (B.Y.).
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