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Finotti P. Sequence similarity of HSP65 of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nuclear proteins: may it predict an antigen-dependent immune protection of BCG against COVID-19? Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:37-43. [PMID: 34755305 PMCID: PMC8577642 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is known to have protective effects not only against tuberculosis but also against other unrelated infectious diseases caused by different pathogens. Several epidemiological studies have also documented the beneficial influence of BCG vaccine in reducing both susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The protective, non-specific effects of BCG vaccination would be related to an antigen-independent enhancement of the innate immunity, termed trained immunity. However, the knowledge that heat shock protein (HSP)65 is the main antigen of Mycobacterium bovis BCG prompted us to verify whether sequence similarity existed between HSP65 and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nuclear (N) proteins that could support an antigen-driven immune protection of BCG vaccine. The results of the in silico investigation showed an extensive sequence similarity of HSP65 with both the viral proteins, especially SARS-CoV-2 S, that also involved the regions comprising immunodominant epitopes. The finding that the predicted B cell and CD4+ T cell epitopes of HSP65 shared strong similarity with the predicted B and T cell epitopes of both SARS-CoV-2 S and N would support the possibility of a cross-immune reaction of HSP65 of BCG with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Finotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Building "C," Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35135, Padua, Italy.
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Eberhardt KA, Dewald F, Heger E, Gieselmann L, Vanshylla K, Wirtz M, Kleipass F, Johannis W, Schommers P, Gruell H, Brensing KA, Müller RU, Augustin M, Lehmann C, Koch M, Klein F, Di Cristanziano V. Evaluation of a New Spike (S)-Protein-Based Commercial Immunoassay for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Microorganisms 2021; 9:733. [PMID: 33807490 PMCID: PMC8067155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The investigation of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 represents a key aspect in facing the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we compared the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay with four widely-used commercial serological assays for the detection of antibodies targeting S (spike) and NC (nucleocapsid) proteins. Methods: Serum samples were taken from an unbiased group of convalescent patients and from a negative control group. Sample were simultaneously analyzed by the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay, by the DiaSorin LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay, and by the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG ELISA. Antibodies binding NC were detected by the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and by the pan-immunoglobulin immunoassay Roche Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we investigated samples of a group of COVID-19 convalescent subjects that were primarily tested S1 IgG non-reactive. Samples were also tested by live virus and pseudovirus neutralization tests. Results: Overall, the IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed the highest sensitivity among the evaluated spike (S) protein-based assays. Additionally, the Immundiagnostik assay correlated well with serum-neutralizing activity. Conclusions: The novel IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed high sensitivity and specificity, representing a valid option for use in the routine diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Dewald
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Maike Wirtz
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Franziska Kleipass
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Wibke Johannis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Augustin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- Institute for Experimental Dentistry and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, and Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
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Tabll AA, Shahein YE, Omran MM, Elnakib MM, Ragheb AA, Amer KE. A review of monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19: Role in immunotherapy, vaccine development and viral detection. Hum Antibodies 2021; 29:179-191. [PMID: 33998533 DOI: 10.3233/hab-200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The harmful COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus imposes the scientific community to develop or find conventional curative drugs, protective vaccines, or passive immune strategies rapidly and efficiently. Passive immunity is based on recovering hyper-immune plasma from convalescent patients, or monoclonal antibodies with elevated titer of neutralizing antibodies with high antiviral activity, that have potential for both treatment and prevention. In this review, we focused on researching the potentiality of monoclonal antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. Our research review includes antibody-based immunotherapy, using human monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 viral protein regions, specifically the spike protein regions, and using hyper-immune plasma from convalescent COVID-19 patients, in which monoclonal antibodies act as immunotherapy for the cytokine storm syndrome associated with the COVID-19 infection. In addition, we will demonstrate the role of the monoclonal antibodies in the development of candidate vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the recent progress of the diagnostic mouse monoclonal antibodies' role will be highlighted, as an accurate and rapid diagnostic assay, in the antigen detection of SARS-CoV-2. In brief, the monoclonal antibodies are the potential counter measures that may control SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 disease, through immunotherapy and vaccine development, as well as viral detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Tabll
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser E Shahein
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Elnakib
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ameera A Ragheb
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled E Amer
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
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Vanhove B, Duvaux O, Rousse J, Royer PJ, Evanno G, Ciron C, Lheriteau E, Vacher L, Gervois N, Oger R, Jacques Y, Conchon S, Salama A, Duchi R, Lagutina I, Perota A, Delahaut P, Ledure M, Paulus M, So RT, Mok CKP, Bruzzone R, Bouillet M, Brouard S, Cozzi E, Galli C, Blanchard D, Bach JM, Soulillou JP. High neutralizing potency of swine glyco-humanized polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 34013271 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.25.217158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion of convalescent plasma (CP) has demonstrated a potential to improve the pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV-2, but procurement and standardization of CP are barriers to its wide usage. Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed but appear insufficient to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 unless two or three of them are being combined. Therefore, heterologous polyclonal antibodies of animal origin, that have been used for decades to fight against infectious agents might represent a highly efficient alternative to the use of CP or mAbs in COVID-19 by targeting multiple antigen epitopes. However, conventional heterologous polyclonal antibodies trigger human natural xenogeneic antibody responses particularly directed against animal-type carbohydrate epitopes, mainly the N-glycolyl form of the neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the Gal α1,3-galactose (αGal), ultimately forming immune complexes and potentially leading to serum sickness or allergy. To circumvent these drawbacks, we engineered animals lacking the genes coding for the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) and α1,3-galactosyl-transferase (GGTA1) enzymes to produce glyco-humanized polyclonal antibodies (GH-pAb) lacking Neu5Gc and α-Gal epitopes. We found that pig IgG Fc domains fail to interact with human Fc receptors and thereby should confer the safety advantage to avoiding macrophage dependent exacerbated inflammatory responses, a drawback possibly associated with antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 or to avoiding a possible antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Therefore, we immunized CMAH/GGTA1 double knockout (DKO) pigs with the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Animals rapidly developed a hyperimmune response with anti-SARS-CoV-2 end-titers binding dilutions over one to a million and end-titers neutralizing dilutions of 1:10,000. The IgG fraction purified and formulated following clinical Good Manufacturing Practices, named XAV-19, neutralized Spike/angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) interaction at a concentration < 1μg/mL and inhibited infection of human cells by SARS-CoV-2 in cytopathic assays. These data and the accumulating safety advantages of using glyco-humanized swine antibodies in humans warranted clinical assessment of XAV-19 to fight against COVID-19.
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