1
|
Townsend DR, Towers DM, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC. Innovations and trends in antibody repertoire analysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 86:103082. [PMID: 38428225 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of human diseases, which has made them the fastest-growing class of therapeutics, with global sales expected to reach $346.6 billion USD by 2028. Advances in antibody engineering and development have led to the creation of increasingly sophisticated antibody-based therapeutics (e.g. bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T cells). However, approaches for antibody discovery have remained comparatively grounded in conventional yet reliable in vitro assays. Breakthrough developments in high-throughput single B-cell sequencing and immunoglobulin proteomic serology, however, have enabled the identification of high-affinity antibodies directly from endogenous B cells or circulating immunoglobulin produced in vivo. Moreover, advances in artificial intelligence offer vast potential for antibody discovery and design with large-scale repertoire datasets positioned as the optimal source of training data for such applications. We highlight advances and recent trends in how these technologies are being applied to antibody repertoire analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Townsend
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dalton M Towers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schommers P, Kim DS, Schlotz M, Kreer C, Eggeling R, Hake A, Stecher M, Park J, Radford CE, Dingens AS, Ercanoglu MS, Gruell H, Odidika S, Dahlhaus M, Gieselmann L, Ahmadov E, Lawong RY, Heger E, Knops E, Wyen C, Kümmerle T, Römer K, Scholten S, Wolf T, Stephan C, Suárez I, Raju N, Adhikari A, Esser S, Streeck H, Duerr R, Nanfack AJ, Zolla-Pazner S, Geldmacher C, Geisenberger O, Kroidl A, William W, Maganga L, Ntinginya NE, Georgiev IS, Vehreschild JJ, Hoelscher M, Fätkenheuer G, Lavinder JJ, Bloom JD, Seaman MS, Lehmann C, Pfeifer N, Georgiou G, Klein F. Dynamics and durability of HIV-1 neutralization are determined by viral replication. Nat Med 2023; 29:2763-2774. [PMID: 37957379 PMCID: PMC10667105 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that prevent infection are the main goal of HIV vaccine discovery. But as no nAb-eliciting vaccines are yet available, only data from HIV-1 neutralizers-persons with HIV-1 who naturally develop broad and potent nAbs-can inform about the dynamics and durability of nAb responses in humans, knowledge which is crucial for the design of future HIV-1 vaccine regimens. To address this, we assessed HIV-1-neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 2,354 persons with HIV-1 on or off antiretroviral therapy (ART). Infection with non-clade B viruses, CD4+ T cell counts <200 µl-1, being off ART and a longer time off ART were independent predictors of a more potent and broad neutralization. In longitudinal analyses, we found nAb half-lives of 9.3 and 16.9 years in individuals with no- or low-level viremia, respectively, and 4.0 years in persons who newly initiated ART. Finally, in a potent HIV-1 neutralizer, we identified lower fractions of serum nAbs and of nAb-encoding memory B cells after ART initiation, suggesting that a decreasing neutralizing serum activity after antigen withdrawal is due to lower levels of nAbs. These results collectively show that HIV-1-neutralizing responses can persist for several years, even at low antigen levels, suggesting that an HIV-1 vaccine may elicit a durable nAb response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schommers
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Eggeling
- Methods in Medical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Hake
- Research Group Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Melanie Stecher
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juyeon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caelan E Radford
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, and Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meryem S Ercanoglu
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanley Odidika
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Marten Dahlhaus
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elvin Ahmadov
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rene Y Lawong
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Wyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Praxis am Ebertplatz, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Katja Römer
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Gotenring, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Timo Wolf
- Infectious Diseases Division, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Stephan
- Infectious Diseases Division, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabelle Suárez
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anurag Adhikari
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Stefan Esser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Aubin J Nanfack
- Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Otto Geisenberger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wiston William
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Lucas Maganga
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jörg J Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Munich, Germany
- Unit Global Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nico Pfeifer
- Methods in Medical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Curtis NC, Shin S, Hederman AP, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Ionov S, Boylston J, Rose J, Sakharkar M, Dorman DB, Dessaint JA, Gwilt LL, Crowley AR, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Ashare A, Walker LM, Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Lee J. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Patients' Serological Repertoire Reveals High Prevalence of Iso-RBD Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556349. [PMID: 37745524 PMCID: PMC10515772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and antibody responses following infection and vaccination has improved tremendously since the outbreak in 2019, the sequence identities and relative abundances of the individual constituent antibody molecules in circulation remain understudied. Using Ig-Seq, we proteomically profiled the serological repertoire specific to the whole ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) as well as to the receptor binding domain (RBD) over a 6-month period in four subjects following SARS-CoV-2 infection before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. In each individual, we identified between 59 and 167 unique IgG clonotypes in serum. To our surprise, we discovered that ∼50% of serum IgG specific for RBD did not recognize prefusion-stabilized S (referred to as iso-RBD antibodies), suggesting that a significant fraction of serum IgG targets epitopes on RBD inaccessible on the prefusion-stabilized conformation of S. On the other hand, the abundance of iso-RBD antibodies in nine individuals who received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines encoding prefusion-stabilized S was significantly lower (∼8%). We expressed a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were abundantly present in serum from two SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and their binding specificities to prefusion-stabilized S and RBD were all in agreement with the binding specificities assigned based on the proteomics data, including 1 iso-RBD mAb which bound to RBD but not to prefusion-stabilized S. 2 of 12 mAbs demonstrated neutralizing activity, while other mAbs were non-neutralizing. 11 of 12 mAbs also bound to S (B.1.351), but only 1 maintained binding to S (B.1.1.529). This particular mAb binding to S (B.1.1.529) 1) represented an antibody lineage that comprised 43% of the individual's total S-reactive serum IgG binding titer 6 months post-infection, 2) bound to the S from a related human coronavirus, HKU1, and 3) had a high somatic hypermutation level (10.9%), suggesting that this antibody lineage likely had been elicited previously by pre-pandemic coronavirus and was re-activated following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All 12 mAbs demonstrated their ability to engage in Fc-mediated effector function activities. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative overview of the serological repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the significant contribution of iso-RBD antibodies, demonstrating how vaccination strategies involving prefusion-stabilized S may have reduced the elicitation of iso-RBD serum antibodies which are unlikely to contribute to protection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rappazzo CG, Fernández-Quintero ML, Mayer A, Wu NC, Greiff V, Guthmiller JJ. Defining and Studying B Cell Receptor and TCR Interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:311-322. [PMID: 37459189 PMCID: PMC10495106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BCRs (Abs) and TCRs (or adaptive immune receptors [AIRs]) are the means by which the adaptive immune system recognizes foreign and self-antigens, playing an integral part in host defense, as well as the emergence of autoimmunity. Importantly, the interaction between AIRs and their cognate Ags defies a simple key-in-lock paradigm and is instead a complex many-to-many mapping between an individual's massively diverse AIR repertoire, and a similarly diverse antigenic space. Understanding how adaptive immunity balances specificity with epitopic coverage is a key challenge for the field, and terms such as broad specificity, cross-reactivity, and polyreactivity remain ill-defined and are used inconsistently. In this Immunology Notes and Resources article, a group of experimental, structural, and computational immunologists define commonly used terms associated with AIR binding, describe methodologies to study these binding modes, as well as highlight the implications of these different binding modes for therapeutic design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Mayer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenna J. Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ustyugova IV, Pougatcheva S, Farrell T, Strugnell T, Ganesh V, Zeldovich KB, Chivukula S, Goncalvez AP, Barro M. AF03 adjuvant improves anti-hemagglutinin and anti-neuraminidase immune responses induced by licensed seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccines in mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:2022-2034. [PMID: 36803901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza remains a serious public health concern as the viral infection spreads easily from person to person and due to antigenic drift of neutralizing epitopes. Vaccination is the best method for disease prevention, however current seasonal influenza vaccines stimulate antibodies which are often effective against only antigenically similar strains. To boost the immune responses and increase vaccine effectiveness, adjuvants have been used for the past 20 years. The current study explores the use of oil-in-water adjuvant, AF03 to improve an immunogenicity of 2 licensed vaccines. A standard-dose inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4-SD), containing both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens, and recombinant quadrivalent influenza vaccine (RIV4), containing only HA-antigen were adjuvanted with AF03 in naïve BALB/c mouse model. Functional HA-specific antibody titers against all four homologous vaccine strains were enhanced by AF03, indicating potential increase in protective immunity. An increase in HA-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding titers were detected against homologous HAs, heterologous panel of 30 H3 HAs and seven Influenza B HAs. The neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) activity was significantly higher in IIV4-SD-AF03 group. Use of AF03 adjuvant improved the immune response to two influenza vaccines in a mouse model via an increase in functional and total antibodies against NA and a broad panel of HA-antigens.
Collapse
|
6
|
Picard E, Armstrong S, Andrew MK, Haynes L, Loeb M, Pawelec G, Kuchel GA, McElhaney JE, Verschoor CP. Markers of systemic inflammation are positively associated with influenza vaccine antibody responses with a possible role for ILT2(+)CD57(+) NK-cells. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 35619117 PMCID: PMC9134679 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background With increasing age, overall health declines while systemic levels of inflammatory mediators tend to increase. Although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, there is a wealth of data suggesting that this so-called “inflammaging” contributes to the risk of adverse outcomes in older adults. We sought to determine whether markers of systemic inflammation were associated with antibody responses to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Results Over four seasons, hemagglutination inhibition antibody titres and ex vivo bulk peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses to live influenza viruses assessed via interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-10 production, were measured pre- and 4-weeks post-vaccination in young adults (n = 79) and older adults randomized to standard- or high-dose inactivated vaccine (n = 612). Circulating tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured pre-vaccination. Post-vaccination antibody titres were significantly associated with systemic inflammatory levels; specifically, IL-6 was positively associated with A/H3N2 titres in young adults (Cohen’s d = 0.36), and in older high-dose, but not standard-dose recipients, all systemic inflammatory mediators were positively associated with A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B titres (d = 0.10–0.45). We further show that the frequency of ILT2(+)CD57(+) CD56-Dim natural killer (NK)-cells was positively associated with both plasma IL-6 and post-vaccination A/H3N2 titres in a follow-up cohort of older high-dose recipients (n = 63). Pathway analysis suggested that ILT2(+)CD57(+) Dim NK-cells mediated 40% of the association between IL-6 and A/H3N2 titres, which may be related to underlying participant frailty. Conclusions In summary, our data suggest a complex relationship amongst influenza vaccine responses, systemic inflammation and NK-cell phenotype in older adults, which depends heavily on age, vaccine dose and possibly overall health status. While our results suggest that “inflammaging” may increase vaccine immunogenicity in older adults, it is yet to be determined whether this enhancement contributes to improved protection against influenza disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00284-x.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gadush MV, Sautto GA, Chandrasekaran H, Bensussan A, Ross TM, Ippolito GC, Person MD. Template-Assisted De Novo Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Monoclonal Antibodies by Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1616-1627. [PMID: 35653804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used multiple enzyme digestions, coupled with higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) fragmentation to develop a mass-spectrometric (MS) method for determining the complete protein sequence of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The method was refined on an mAb of a known sequence, a SARS-CoV-1 antireceptor binding domain (RBD) spike monoclonal antibody. The data were searched using Supernovo to generate a complete template-assisted de novo sequence for this and two SARS-CoV-2 mAbs of known sequences resulting in correct sequences for the variable regions and correct distinction of Ile and Leu residues. We then used the method on a set of 25 antihemagglutinin (HA) influenza antibodies of unknown sequences and determined high confidence sequences for >99% of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The heavy-chain and light-chain genes were cloned and transfected into cells for recombinant expression followed by affinity purification. The recombinant mAbs displayed binding curves matching the original mAbs with specificity to the HA influenza antigen. Our findings indicate that this methodology results in almost complete antibody sequence coverage with high confidence results for CDR regions on diverse mAb sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Gadush
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hamssika Chandrasekaran
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alena Bensussan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Maria D Person
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ionov S, Lee J. An Immunoproteomic Survey of the Antibody Landscape: Insights and Opportunities Revealed by Serological Repertoire Profiling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832533. [PMID: 35178051 PMCID: PMC8843944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteomics has emerged as a versatile tool for analyzing the antibody repertoire in various disease contexts. Until recently, characterization of antibody molecules in biological fluids was limited to bulk serology, which identifies clinically relevant features of polyclonal antibody responses. The past decade, however, has seen the rise of mass-spectrometry-enabled proteomics methods that have allowed profiling of the antibody response at the molecular level, with the disease-specific serological repertoire elucidated in unprecedented detail. In this review, we present an up-to-date survey of insights into the disease-specific immunological repertoire by examining how quantitative proteomics-based approaches have shed light on the humoral immune response to infection and vaccination in pathogenic illnesses, the molecular basis of autoimmune disease, and the tumor-specific repertoire in cancer. We address limitations of this technology with a focus on emerging potential solutions and discuss the promise of high-resolution immunoproteomics in therapeutic discovery and novel vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gentles LE, Kehoe L, Crawford KH, Lacombe K, Dickerson J, Wolf C, Yuan J, Schuler S, Watson JT, Nyanseor S, Briggs-Hagen M, Saydah S, Midgley CM, Pringle K, Chu H, Bloom JD, Englund JA. Dynamics of infection-elicited SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children over time. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.14.22269235. [PMID: 35118481 PMCID: PMC8811949 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.14.22269235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection elicits an antibody response that targets several viral proteins including spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N); S is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we assess levels of anti-N binding antibodies and anti-S neutralizing antibodies in unvaccinated children compared with unvaccinated older adults following infection. Specifically, we examine neutralization and anti-N binding by sera collected up to 52 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and compare these to a cohort of adults, including older adults, most of whom had mild infections that did not require hospitalization. Neutralizing antibody titers were lower in children than adults early after infection, but by 6 months titers were similar between age groups. The neutralizing activity of the children's sera decreased modestly from one to six months; a pattern that was not significantly different from that observed in adults. However, infection of children induced much lower levels of anti-N antibodies than in adults, and levels of these anti-N antibodies decreased more rapidly in children than in adults, including older adults. These results highlight age-related differences in the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 proteins and, as vaccines for children are introduced, may provide comparator data for the longevity of infection-elicited and vaccination-induced neutralizing antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Gentles
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leanne Kehoe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katharine H.D. Crawford
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Lacombe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane Dickerson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanna Yuan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susanna Schuler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John T. Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sankan Nyanseor
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa Briggs-Hagen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon Saydah
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire M. Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly Pringle
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bansal A, Trieu MC, Mohn KGI, Cox RJ. Safety, Immunogenicity, Efficacy and Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Healthy Pregnant Women and Children Under 5 Years: An Evidence-Based Clinical Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744774. [PMID: 34691051 PMCID: PMC8526930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination is often recommended for pregnant women and young children to reduce the risk of severe influenza. However, most studies investigating the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccines are conducted in healthy adults. In this evidence-based clinical review, we provide an update on the safety profile, immunogenicity, and efficacy/effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) in healthy pregnant women and children <5 years old. Six electronic databases were searched until May 27, 2021. We identified 3,731 articles, of which 93 met the eligibility criteria and were included. The IIVs were generally well tolerated in pregnant women and young children, with low frequencies of adverse events following IIV administration; however, continuous vaccine safety monitoring systems are necessary to detect rare adverse events. IIVs generated good antibody responses, and the seroprotection rates after IIVs were moderate to high in pregnant women (range = 65%-96%) and young children (range = 50%-100%), varying between the different influenza types/subtypes and seasons. Studies show vaccine efficacy/effectiveness values of 50%-70% in pregnant women and 20%-90% in young children against lab-confirmed influenza, although the efficacy/effectiveness depended on the study design, host factors, vaccine type, manufacturing practices, and the antigenic match/mismatch between the influenza vaccine strains and the circulating strains. Current evidence suggests that the benefits of IIVs far outweigh the potential risks and that IIVs should be recommended for pregnant women and young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bansal
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mai-Chi Trieu
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin G I Mohn
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Helse Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gonzalez KJ, Strauch EM. Decreased vaccine protection of egg-based influenza vaccine in the elderly and nonhemagglutinin-focused immunity. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151732. [PMID: 34338229 DOI: 10.1172/jci151732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza illness or death is a serious concern among the elderly population despite vaccination. To investigate how the adaptive immune response after vaccination varies with the patient's age, Jung et al., in a recent issue of the JCI, extensively analyzed the serum antibody response in different age groups after immunization with the egg-based influenza vaccine Fluzone. As expected, the immune response in young adults was dominated by antibodies targeting the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein. On the contrary, the serological repertoire of elderly donors was characterized by cross-reactive (CR) antibodies recognizing non-HA antigens. Surprisingly, a substantial fraction of these CR antibodies targeted sulfated glycans typical of egg-produced proteins, which does not provide protection against human influenza viruses. Overall, these findings are of great value in understanding suboptimal immunity after influenza vaccination and shaping future vaccine efforts that will achieve increased protection in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva M Strauch
- Institute of Bioinformatics and.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|