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Guo Q, Wang Y, Wang Q, Qian Y, Jiang Y, Dong X, Chen H, Chen X, Liu X, Yu S, Zhu J, Shan S, Wu B, Zhou W, Wang H. In the developing cerebral cortex: axonogenesis, synapse formation, and synaptic plasticity are regulated by SATB2 target genes. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:1519-1527. [PMID: 36028553 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 is essential for the development of cerebral cortex and key molecular node for the establishment of proper neural circuitry and function. Mutations in the SATB2 gene lead to SATB2-associated syndrome, which is characterized by abnormal development of skeleton and central nervous systems. METHODS We generated Satb2 knockout mouse model through CRISPR-Cas9 technology and performed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq of embryonic cerebral cortex. We conducted RT-qPCR, western blot, immunofluorescence staining, luciferase reporter assay and behavioral analysis for experimental verification. RESULTS We identified 1363 downstream effector genes of Satb2 and correlation analysis of Satb2-targeted genes and neurological disease genes showed that Satb2 contribute to cognitive and mental disorders from the early developmental stage. We found that Satb2 directly regulate the expression of Ntng1, Cdh13, Kitl, genes important for axon guidance, synaptic formation, neuron migration, and Satb2 directly activates the expression of Mef2c. We also showed that Satb2 heterozygous knockout mice showed impaired spatial learning and memory. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study supportsroles of Satb2 in the regulation of axonogenesis and synaptic formation at the early developmental stage and provides new insights into the complicated regulatory mechanism of Satb2 and new evidence to elucidate the pathogen of SATB2-associated syndrome. IMPACT 1363 downstream effector genes of Satb2 were classified into 5 clusters with different temporal expression patterns. We identified Plxnd1, Ntng1, Efnb2, Ephb1, Plxna2, Epha3, Plxna4, Unc5c, and Flrt2 as axon guidance molecules to regulate axonogenesis. 168 targeted genes of Satb2 were found to regulate synaptic formation in the early development of the cerebral cortex. Transcription factor Mef2c is positively regulated by Satb2, and 28 Mef2c-targeted genes can be directly regulated by Satb2. In the Morris water maze test, Satb2+/- mice showed impaired spatial learning and memory, further strengthening that Satb2 can regulate synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Guo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
- Berry Genomics Co, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiong Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinmo Jiang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyao Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Yu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jitao Zhu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifang Shan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China.
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, 201102, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 201102, Shanghai, China.
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Wahlin KJ, Cheng J, Jurlina SL, Jones MK, Dash NR, Ogata A, Kibria N, Ray S, Eldred KC, Kim C, Heng JS, Phillips J, Johnston RJ, Gamm DM, Berlinicke C, Zack DJ. CRISPR Generated SIX6 and POU4F2 Reporters Allow Identification of Brain and Optic Transcriptional Differences in Human PSC-Derived Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764725. [PMID: 34869356 PMCID: PMC8635054 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent a powerful tool to investigate human eye development and disease. When grown in 3D, they can self-assemble into laminar organized retinas; however, variation in the size, shape and composition of individual organoids exists. Neither the microenvironment nor the timing of critical growth factors driving retinogenesis are fully understood. To explore early retinal development, we developed a SIX6-GFP reporter that enabled the systematic optimization of conditions that promote optic vesicle formation. We demonstrated that early hypoxic growth conditions enhanced SIX6 expression and promoted eye formation. SIX6 expression was further enhanced by sequential inhibition of Wnt and activation of sonic hedgehog signaling. SIX6 + optic vesicles showed RNA expression profiles that were consistent with a retinal identity; however, ventral diencephalic markers were also present. To demonstrate that optic vesicles lead to bona fide "retina-like" structures we generated a SIX6-GFP/POU4F2-tdTomato dual reporter line that labeled the entire developing retina and retinal ganglion cells, respectively. Additional brain regions, including the hypothalamus and midbrain-hindbrain (MBHB) territories were identified by harvesting SIX6 + /POU4F2- and SIX6- organoids, respectively. Using RNAseq to study transcriptional profiles we demonstrated that SIX6-GFP and POU4F2-tdTomato reporters provided a reliable readout for developing human retina, hypothalamus, and midbrain/hindbrain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Wahlin
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Karl J. Wahlin,
| | - Jie Cheng
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shawna L. Jurlina
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Melissa K. Jones
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Dash
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Anna Ogata
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nawal Kibria
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sunayan Ray
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kiara C. Eldred
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Catherine Kim
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jacob S. Heng
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jenny Phillips
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J. Johnston
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David M. Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cynthia Berlinicke
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Bagheri-Mohammadi S. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Stem Cell-Microglia Interaction in Brain Homeostasis. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:141-148. [PMID: 33174075 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia as resident cells of the brain can regulate neural development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Any types of pathologic events or changes in brain homeostasis are involved in the activation of microglia. This activation depends on the context, type of the stressor, or pathology. Due to the release of a plethora of substances such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, microglia able to influence the pathologic outcome. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) condition, the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) result in provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of pro-inflammatory molecules. New investigations reveal that cellular therapy with stem cells might have therapeutic effects in preventing the pathogenesis of AD. Although many strategies have focused on the use of stem cells to regenerate damaged neurons, new researches have demonstrated the immune-regulatory feature of stem cells which can modulate the activity state of microglia as well as mediates neuroinflammation. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the brain homeostasis by the protective features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could lead to remedial treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. .,Departments of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Xin J, Zeng D, Wang H, Sun N, Khalique A, Zhao Y, Wu L, Pan K, Jing B, Ni X. Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 improves intestinal environment against fluoride-induced memory impairment in mice-a study based on the gut-brain axis hypothesis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10125. [PMID: 33083147 PMCID: PMC7547597 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive fluoride can lead to chronic neurodegeneration characterized by neuron and myelin loss and memory dysfunction. The gut–brain axis hypothesis suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating brain function. Thus, using probiotics to adjust the gut microenvironment may be a potential therapy for mental diseases. Methods Mice in the prob group were administrated with Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 for 28 days prior to and throughout a 70-day exposure to sodium fluoride. The drinking water of all groups (F and prob groups) except the control group were replaced by high-fluoride water (100 mg NaF/L) on day 28. Animals in each group were divided into two subsets: one underwent behavioral test, and the other was sacrificed for sampling. The mRNA expression level and protein content related to inflammatory reaction in the ileum and hippocampus were respectively detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of proteins related to myelin structure, apoptosis, and memory in the hippocampus and tight junction proteins in the ileum were determined by RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry. Gut permeability markers (D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO)) in the serum were also examined by ELISA. Results The results showed that fluoride exposure induced a lower spontaneous exploration (P < 0.05) in T-maze test, which indicated an impairment of memory. Spontaneous exploration of BS15-treated mice was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in F group. Fluoride reduced (P < 0.05) levels of myelin structural protein (proteolipid protein) and neurogenesis-associated proteins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cAMP/Ca2+ responsive element-binding protein), induced disordered inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6; P < 0.05), increased pro-apoptotic genes (caspase-3; P < 0.05), and decreased anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-2; P < 0.05) in the hippocampus, of which the influences were reversed by BS15. BS15 treatment exerted significant preventive effects on reversing the gut inflammation induced by excessive fluoride intake by reducing (P < 0.05) the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) and remarkably increasing (P < 0.05) the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). Moreover, the serum DAO activity and D-lactate concentration significantly increased by fluoride were also reduced (P < 0.05) by BS15. This result indicated the profitable effect of BS15 on gut permeability. Conclusion L. johnsonii BS15 intake could benefit the neuroinflammation and demyelination in the hippocampus by improving the gut environment and ameliorating fluorine-induced memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Xin
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liqian Wu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Ghanimati R, Rajabi H, Ramezani F, Ramez M, Bapiran M, Nasirinezhad F. The effect of preconditioning with high-intensity training on tissue levels of G-CSF, its receptor and C-kit after an acute myocardial infarction in male rats. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:75. [PMID: 32046645 PMCID: PMC7011373 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training is known as a practical way to increase cardioprotection against stress, and it seems that stem cell recruitment is one of its mechanisms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of preconditioning with High-intensity interval training (HIIT) on tissue levels of G-CSF, its receptor and C-Kit following acute myocardial infarction in male rats. METHODS Twenty Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of control, MI, HIIT, and HIIT+MI. Training groups performed 2 weeks of high intensity interval training in 4 sections. The first section consisted training in 3 days and 2 sessions in each day (4 × 2 min with 35-40 m/min and 3 × 2 min with 25-30 m/min between high intervals. The second part included 2 days of training (4 × 2 min with 40 to 45 m/min and 3 × 2 min with 28 to 32 m /min). The third part was performed in 3 days with one more repetition. The fourth section consisted 2 days of training and with one more repetition compared to section 3. For induction of myocardial infarction, subcutaneous injection of isoprenaline was used. CK, total CK, LDH, and troponin T were measured in serum and G-CSF, G-CSFR and C-Kit proteins were measured by the Western Blot method in the heart tissue. RESULTS The results of this study showed that enzymes of CK, total CK, LDH, troponin T had a significant increase in both MI and HIIT+MI groups compared to the other two groups (P < 0.001) and these indices in the MI group were significantly higher than the HIIT+MI group. Also, the results demonstrated that G-CSF, G-CSFR and C-Kit protein expression in the heart tissue significantly increased after MI. As well as, 2 weeks of HIIT training significantly increased G-CSF and C-kit in the training group compared to the control group, but the training caused that these proteins does not increase in HIIT+MI group as much as MI group. CONCLUSIONS Along with other protective pathways, high intensity interval training can increase cardioprotection and decrease heart injuries through the increase in G-CSF, G-CSFR and C-kit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanimati
- Department of Exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center and Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Ramez
- Department of Exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bapiran
- Department of Exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center and Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Masubuchi Y, Tanaka T, Okada R, Ito Y, Nakahara J, Kikuchi S, Watanabe Y, Yoshida T, Maronpot RR, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM, Shibutani M. Lack of preventive effect of maternal exposure to α-glycosyl isoquercitrin and α-lipoic acid on developmental hypothyroidism-induced aberrations of hippocampal neurogenesis in rat offspring. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:165-180. [PMID: 31404398 PMCID: PMC6682556 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism during the developmental stage induces disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis in later life, as well as inducing oxidative stress in the brain. The present study investigated the preventive effect of co-exposure to an antioxidant on disruptive neurogenesis induced by developmental exposure to anti-thyroid agent in rats. For this purpose, we used two antioxidants, α-glycosyl isoquercitrin (AGIQ) and α-lipoic acid (ALA). Mated female Sprague Dawley rats were either untreated (control) or treated with 12 ppm 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), an anti-thyroid agent, in drinking water from gestational day 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21, the latter group being subjected to feeding basal diet alone or diet containing AGIQ at 5,000 ppm or ALA at 2,000 ppm during PTU exposure. On PND 21, PTU-exposed offspring showed reductions in a broad range of granule cell lineage subpopulations and a change in the number of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations. Co-exposure of AGIQ or ALA with PTU altered the transcript levels of many genes across multiple functions, suggestive of enhancement of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Nevertheless, immunohistochemical results did not support these changes. PTU exposure and co-exposure of AGIQ or ALA with PTU did not alter the hippocampal lipid peroxidation level. The obtained results suggest a possibility that thyroid hormone depletion itself primarily disrupts neurogenesis and that oxidative stress may not be involved in the disruption during development. Transcript expression changes of many genes caused by antioxidants may be the result of neuroprotective actions of antioxidants rather than their antioxidant activity. However, no preventive effect on neurogenesis suggested impairment of protein synthesis via an effect on mRNA translation due to hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Masubuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takaharu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rena Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuko Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Junta Nakahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Robert R Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting, LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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7
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Terashima T, Nakae Y, Katagi M, Okano J, Suzuki Y, Kojima H. Stem cell factor induces polarization of microglia to the neuroprotective phenotype in vitro. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00837. [PMID: 30294687 PMCID: PMC6171080 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are classified mainly into the M1 or M2 phenotypes, which evoke either proinflammatory or neuroprotective responses. Given the association of microglia with the pathogenesis of neuronal diseases, they are in focus as therapeutic targets for the treatment of such conditions. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a ligand for the c-kit receptor, one of the differentiation factors for bone marrow cells. In this study, characteristics of SCF-activated microglia and their effects on neurons were analyzed to investigate the therapeutic potential of SCF in neuronal diseases. SCF was found to induce proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis of microglia. In addition, SCF-derived microglia showed a neuroprotective phenotype expressing anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and M2 markers as compared to the phenotype shown by granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor-derived microglia expressing inflammatory cytokines and M1 markers. Furthermore, supernatant medium from SCF-activated microglia enhanced cell proliferation and protection from cell death in NSC-34 neuronal cells. We conclude that SCF modulates microglial functions and induces activation of the neuroprotective effects of microglia, which could be used for treatment of neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Terashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakae
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miwako Katagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Junko Okano
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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8
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Laurent-Gengoux P, Petit V, Aktary Z, Gallagher S, Tweedy L, Machesky L, Larue L. Simulation of melanoblast displacements reveals new features of developmental migration. Development 2018; 145:dev160200. [PMID: 29769218 PMCID: PMC6031402 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To distribute and establish the melanocyte lineage throughout the skin and other developing organs, melanoblasts undergo several rounds of proliferation, accompanied by migration through complex environments and differentiation. Melanoblast migration requires interaction with extracellular matrix of the epidermal basement membrane and with surrounding keratinocytes in the developing skin. Migration has been characterized by measuring speed, trajectory and directionality of movement, but there are many unanswered questions about what motivates and defines melanoblast migration. Here, we have established a general mathematical model to simulate the movement of melanoblasts in the epidermis based on biological data, assumptions and hypotheses. Comparisons between experimental data and computer simulations reinforce some biological assumptions, and suggest new ideas for how melanoblasts and keratinocytes might influence each other during development. For example, it appears that melanoblasts instruct each other to allow a homogeneous distribution in the tissue and that keratinocytes may attract melanoblasts until one is stably attached to them. Our model reveals new features of how melanoblasts move and, in particular, suggest that melanoblasts leave a repulsive trail behind them as they move through the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Laurent-Gengoux
- Laboratory Mathematics in Interaction with Computer Science (MICS), Centrale Supélec, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Stuart Gallagher
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Luke Tweedy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
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9
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Zhao LR, Willing A. Enhancing endogenous capacity to repair a stroke-damaged brain: An evolving field for stroke research. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 163-164:5-26. [PMID: 29476785 PMCID: PMC6075953 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke represents a severe medical condition that causes stroke survivors to suffer from long-term and even lifelong disability. Over the past several decades, a vast majority of stroke research targets neuroprotection in the acute phase, while little work has been done to enhance stroke recovery at the later stage. Through reviewing current understanding of brain plasticity, stroke pathology, and emerging preclinical and clinical restorative approaches, this review aims to provide new insights to advance the research field for stroke recovery. Lifelong brain plasticity offers the long-lasting possibility to repair a stroke-damaged brain. Stroke impairs the structural and functional integrity of entire brain networks; the restorative approaches containing multi-components have great potential to maximize stroke recovery by rebuilding and normalizing the stroke-disrupted entire brain networks and brain functioning. The restorative window for stroke recovery is much longer than previously thought. The optimal time for brain repair appears to be at later stage of stroke rather than the earlier stage. It is expected that these new insights will advance our understanding of stroke recovery and assist in developing the next generation of restorative approaches for enhancing brain repair after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Alison Willing
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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10
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Parry SM, Peeples ES. The impact of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on stem cell mobilization, migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1125-1135. [PMID: 30028311 PMCID: PMC6065219 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy continues to be a significant cause of death or neurodevelopmental delays despite standard use of therapeutic hypothermia. The use of stem cell transplantation has recently emerged as a promising supplemental therapy to further improve the outcomes of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. After the injury, the brain releases several chemical mediators, many of which communicate directly with stem cells to encourage mobilization, migration, cell adhesion and differentiation. This manuscript reviews the biomarkers that are released from the injured brain and their interactions with stem cells, providing insight regarding how their upregulation could improve stem cell therapy by maximizing cell delivery to the injured tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Parry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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11
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Wasielewska JM, Grönnert L, Rund N, Donix L, Rust R, Sykes AM, Hoppe A, Roers A, Kempermann G, Walker TL. Mast cells increase adult neural precursor proliferation and differentiation but this potential is not realized in vivo under physiological conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17859. [PMID: 29259265 PMCID: PMC5736663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that both peripheral and resident immune cells play an important part in regulating adult neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis, although the contribution of the various immune cell types is still unclear. Mast cells, a population of immune cells known for their role in the allergic response, have been implicated in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Mast cell-deficient c-kitW-sh/W-sh mice have previously been shown to exhibit significantly decreased adult hippocampal neurogenesis and associated learning and memory deficits. However, given that numerous other cell types also express high levels of c-kit, the utility of these mice as a reliable model of mast cell-specific depletion is questionable. We show here, using a different model of mast cell deficiency (Mcpt5CreR26DTA/DTA), that precursor proliferation and adult neurogenesis are not influenced by mast cells in vivo. Interestingly, when applied at supraphysiological doses, mast cells can activate latent hippocampal precursor cells and increase subventricular zone precursor proliferation in vitro, an effect that can be blocked with specific histamine-receptor antagonists. Thus, we conclude that while both mast cells and their major chemical mediator histamine have the potential to affect neural precursor proliferation and neurogenesis, this is unlikely to occur under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wasielewska
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Grönnert
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Rund
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Donix
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Brain Research Institute ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander M Sykes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hoppe
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Turning Death to Growth: Hematopoietic Growth Factors Promote Neurite Outgrowth through MEK/ERK/p53 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5913-5925. [PMID: 29119536 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are the essential hematopoietic growth factors to control hematopoiesis. However, the role of SCF and G-CSF in the central nervous system remains poorly understood. Here, we have demonstrated the involvement of MEK/ERK/p53 signaling in SCF + G-CSF-enhanced neurite extension. Cortical neurons dissected from embryonic rat brains were seeded onto the membranes of transwell inserts, and neurite outgrowth was determined by using both the neurite outgrowth quantification assay kit and immunostaining of β III tubulin. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting were used for determining gene and protein expression of ERK and p53, respectively. p53 small interfering RNA (siRNAs) were introduced into neurons for examining the involvement of p53 in SCF + G-CSF-mediated neurite outgrowth. We observed that both SCF and G-CSF alone increased activation of MEK/ERK and gene expression of p53, while SCF + G-CSF synergistically activated the MEK/ERK signaling and upregulated p53 expression. MEK specific inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126) blocked the SCF + G-CSF-increased ERK phosphorylation and p53 gene and protein expression, and the MEK specific inhibitors also eliminated the SCF + G-CSF-promoted neurite outgrowth. p53 siRNAs knocked down the SCF + G-CSF-elevated p53 protein and prevented the SCF + G-CSF-enhanced neurite outgrowth. These findings suggest that activation of MEK/ERK/p53 signaling is required for SCF + G-CSF-promoted neurite outgrowth. Through the pro-apoptotic pathway of the MEK/ERK/p53, SCF + G-CSF turns neuronal fate from apoptotic commitment toward neural network generation. This observation provides novel insights into the putative role of SCF + G-CSF in supporting generation of neural connectivity during CNS development and in brain repair under pathological or neurodegenerative conditions.
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13
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Grade S, Götz M. Neuronal replacement therapy: previous achievements and challenges ahead. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:29. [PMID: 29302363 PMCID: PMC5677983 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong neurogenesis and incorporation of newborn neurons into mature neuronal circuits operates in specialized niches of the mammalian brain and serves as role model for neuronal replacement strategies. However, to which extent can the remaining brain parenchyma, which never incorporates new neurons during the adulthood, be as plastic and readily accommodate neurons in networks that suffered neuronal loss due to injury or neurological disease? Which microenvironment is permissive for neuronal replacement and synaptic integration and which cells perform best? Can lost function be restored and how adequate is the participation in the pre-existing circuitry? Could aberrant connections cause malfunction especially in networks dominated by excitatory neurons, such as the cerebral cortex? These questions show how important connectivity and circuitry aspects are for regenerative medicine, which is the focus of this review. We will discuss the impressive advances in neuronal replacement strategies and success from exogenous as well as endogenous cell sources. Both have seen key novel technologies, like the groundbreaking discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct neuronal reprogramming, offering alternatives to the transplantation of fetal neurons, and both herald great expectations. For these to become reality, neuronal circuitry analysis is key now. As our understanding of neuronal circuits increases, neuronal replacement therapy should fulfill those prerequisites in network structure and function, in brain-wide input and output. Now is the time to incorporate neural circuitry research into regenerative medicine if we ever want to truly repair brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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14
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Aoki H, Hara A, Kunisada T. Induced haploinsufficiency of Kit receptor tyrosine kinase impairs brain development. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94385. [PMID: 28978807 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kit receptor tyrosine kinase is highly expressed in the developing mammalian brain, yet little is known about its contribution to neural cell development and function. Here we introduced a brain-specific conditional Kit loss-of-function mutation in mice and observed severe hypoplasia of the central nervous system. This was accompanied by an increase in apoptotic cell death in the early embryonic brain and the gradual loss of the self-renewal capacity of neuronal stem/precursor cells. A single copy of the brain-specific conditional Kit loss-of-function allele resulted in the observed phenotype, including impaired in vitro differentiation of neural cells from Kit-haploinsufficient embryonic stem (ES) cells. Our findings demonstrate that Kit signaling is required for the early development of neural cells. This potentially novel Kit-haploinsufficient lethal phenotype may represent an embryonic lethal phenomenon previously unobserved because of its dominantly acting nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development and
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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15
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Minter MR, Hinterleitner R, Meisel M, Zhang C, Leone V, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Zhang X, Musch MW, Shen X, Jabri B, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in microbial diversity during post-natal development alters amyloid pathology in an aged APP SWE/PS1 ΔE9 murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10411. [PMID: 28874832 PMCID: PMC5585265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the commensal microbiome regulates host immunity and influences brain function; findings that have ramifications for neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we previously reported that perturbations in microbial diversity induced by life-long combinatorial antibiotic (ABX) selection pressure in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of amyloidosis is commensurate with reductions in amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque pathology and plaque-localised gliosis. Considering microbiota-host interactions, specifically during early post-natal development, are critical for immune- and neuro-development we now examine the impact of microbial community perturbations induced by acute ABX exposure exclusively during this period in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. We show that early post-natal (P) ABX treatment (P14-P21) results in long-term alterations of gut microbial genera (predominantly Lachnospiraceae and S24-7) and reduction in brain Aβ deposition in aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. These mice exhibit elevated levels of blood- and brain-resident Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells and display an alteration in the inflammatory milieu of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we confirm that plaque-localised microglia and astrocytes are reduced in ABX-exposed mice. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbial diversity perturbations during post-natal stages of development coincide with altered host immunity mechanisms and amyloidosis in a murine model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Xulun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xunuo Shen
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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16
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Chen X, Wang S, Xu H, Pereira JD, Hatzistergos KE, Saur D, Seidler B, Hare JM, Perrella MA, Yin ZQ, Liu X. Evidence for a retinal progenitor cell in the postnatal and adult mouse. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:20-32. [PMID: 28672156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in cell therapy for retinal disorders has been challenging. Recognized retinal progenitors are a heterogeneous population of cells that lack surface markers for the isolation of live cells for clinical implementation. In the present application, our objective was to use the stem cell factor receptor c-Kit (CD117), a surface marker, to isolate and evaluate a distinct progenitor cell population from retinas of postnatal and adult mice. Here we report that, by combining traditional methods with fate mapping, we have identified a c-Kit-positive (c-Kit+) retinal progenitor cell (RPC) that is self-renewing and clonogenic in vitro, and capable of generating many cell types in vitro and in vivo. Based on cell lineage tracing, significant subpopulations of photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and Müller cells in the inner nuclear layer are the progeny of c-Kit+ cells in vivo. The RPC progeny contributes to retinal neurons and glial cells, which are responsible for the conversion of light into visual signals. The ability to isolate and expand in vitro live c-Kit+ RPCs makes them a future therapeutic option for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaojun Wang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Joao D Pereira
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Dieter Saur
- Medicine II, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Medicine II, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Chai Y, Huang Y, Tang H, Tu X, He J, Wang T, Zhang Q, Xiong F, Li D, Qiu Z. Role of stem cell growth factor/c-Kit in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1187-1193. [PMID: 28413456 PMCID: PMC5377426 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease with a complicated etiopathogenesis, often characterized by gastrointestinal motility disorder and high visceral sensitivity. IBS is a comprehensive multi-systemic disorder, with the interaction of multiple factors, such as mental stress, intestinal function and flora, heredity, resulting in the disease. The existence of a common mechanism underlying the aforementioned factors is currently unknown. The lack of therapies that comprehensively address the disease symptoms, including abdominal pain and diarrhea, is a limitation of current IBS management. The current review has explored the role of the SCF/c-Kit receptor/ligand system in IBS. The SCF/c-Kit system constitutes a classical ligand/receptor tyrosine kinase signaling system that mediates inflammation and smooth muscle contraction. Additionally, it provides trophic support to neural crest-derived cell types, including the enteric nervous system and mast cells. The regulation of SCF/c-Kit on the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) suggest that it may play a key role in the aberrant intestinal dynamics and high visceral sensitivity observed in IBS. The role of the SCF/c-Kit system in intestinal motility, inflammation and nerve growth has been reported. From the available biomedical evidence on the pathogenesis of IBS, it has been concluded that the SCF-c-Kit system is a potential therapeutic target for rational drug design in the treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Chai
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Chinese Medicine Program, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Yusheng Huang
- Chinese Medicine Program, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xing Tu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Chinese Medicine Program, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Qingye Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Fen Xiong
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Detang Li
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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18
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Hasegawa-Baba Y, Tanaka T, Watanabe Y, Wang L, Itahashi M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Late Effect of Developmental Exposure to 3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile on Neurogenesis in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of Mice. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:27-40. [PMID: 28168441 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of developmental exposure to 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), a neurotoxicant that causes proximal axonopathy, on mouse hippocampal neurogenesis was examined. Pregnant mice were exposed to IDPN at 0, 600, or 1200 ppm in their drinking water from gestational day 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. On PND 21, male offspring showed increased postmitotic neuron-specific NeuN-immunoreactive(+) granule cell numbers in the dentate subgranular zone (SGZ) and granule cell layer (GCL) and decreased glutamate receptor gene Grin2d levels in the dentate gyrus at 1200 ppm. On PND 77, decreased numbers were observed for TBR2+ progenitor cells in the SGZ at ≥600 ppm and GFAP+ stem cells, DCX+ progenitor cells and immature granule cells, NeuN+ immature and mature granule cells, PCNA+ proliferating cells in the SGZ and/or GCL, and immunoreactive cells for ARC or FOS, immediate-early gene products related to neuronal and synaptic plasticity, in the GCL at 1200 ppm. Additionally, at 1200 ppm of IDPN, downregulation of Kit, the gene encoding the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor, and upregulation of Kitl, encoding SCF, were observed in the dentate gyrus. Therefore, maternal IDPN exposure in mice affects neurogenesis involving glutamatergic signals at the end of developmental exposure, with late effects suppressing SGZ cell proliferation, reducing the broad range of granule cell lineage population, which may be responsible for SCF receptor downregulation. The upregulated SCF was likely a feedback response to the decreased receptor level. These results suggest that reduced SCF signaling may cause suppressed neuronal and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Hasegawa-Baba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Liyun Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Megu Itahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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19
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Kemp KC, Cerminara N, Hares K, Redondo J, Cook AJ, Haynes HR, Burton BR, Pook M, Apps R, Scolding NJ, Wilkins A. Cytokine therapy-mediated neuroprotection in a Friedreich's ataxia mouse model. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:212-226. [PMID: 28009062 PMCID: PMC5324580 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Friedreich's ataxia is a devastating neurological disease currently lacking any proven treatment. We studied the neuroprotective effects of the cytokines, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) in a humanized murine model of Friedreich's ataxia. METHODS Mice received monthly subcutaneous infusions of cytokines while also being assessed at monthly time points using an extensive range of behavioral motor performance tests. After 6 months of treatment, neurophysiological evaluation of both sensory and motor nerve conduction was performed. Subsequently, mice were sacrificed for messenger RNA, protein, and histological analysis of the dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and cerebellum. RESULTS Cytokine administration resulted in significant reversal of biochemical, neuropathological, neurophysiological, and behavioural deficits associated with Friedreich's ataxia. Both G-CSF and SCF had pronounced effects on frataxin levels (the primary molecular defect in the pathogenesis of the disease) and a regulators of frataxin expression. Sustained improvements in motor coordination and locomotor activity were observed, even after onset of neurological symptoms. Treatment also restored the duration of sensory nerve compound potentials. Improvements in peripheral nerve conduction positively correlated with cytokine-induced increases in frataxin expression, providing a link between increases in frataxin and neurophysiological function. Abrogation of disease-related pathology was also evident, with reductions in inflammation/gliosis and increased neural stem cell numbers in areas of tissue injury. INTERPRETATION These experiments show that cytokines already clinically used in other conditions offer the prospect of a novel, rapidly translatable, disease-modifying, and neuroprotective treatment for Friedreich's ataxia. Ann Neurol 2017;81:212-226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Nadia Cerminara
- Sensory and Motor Systems Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Kelly Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliana Redondo
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Amelia J. Cook
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Harry R. Haynes
- Brain Tumour Research Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R. Burton
- Infection and Immunity, School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Pook
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Biosciences, Dept. of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life SciencesBrunel University LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Apps
- Sensory and Motor Systems Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Scolding
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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Chen X, Chen Z, Li Z, Zhao C, Zeng Y, Zou T, Fu C, Liu X, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Grafted c-kit +/SSEA1 - eye-wall progenitor cells delay retinal degeneration in mice by regulating neural plasticity and forming new graft-to-host synapses. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 28038685 PMCID: PMC5203726 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite diverse pathogenesis, the common pathological change observed in age-related macular degeneration and in most hereditary retinal degeneration (RD) diseases is photoreceptor loss. Photoreceptor replacement by cell transplantation may be a feasible treatment for RD. The major obstacles to clinical translation of stem cell-based cell therapy in RD remain the difficulty of obtaining sufficient quantities of appropriate and safe donor cells and the poor integration of grafted stem cell-derived photoreceptors into the remaining retinal circuitry. Methods Eye-wall c-kit+/stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1)− cells were isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their self-renewal and differentiation potential were detected by immunochemistry and flow cytometry in vitro. After labeling with quantum nanocrystal dots and transplantation into the subretinal space of rd1 RD mice, differentiation and synapse formation by daughter cells of the eye-wall c-kit+/SSEA1− cells were evaluated by immunochemistry and western blotting. Morphological changes of the inner retina of rd1 mice after cell transplantation were demonstrated by immunochemistry. Retinal function of rd1 mice that received cell grafts was tested via flash electroretinograms and the light/dark transition test. Results Eye-wall c-kit+/SSEA1− cells were self-renewing and clonogenic, and they retained their proliferative potential through more than 20 passages. Additionally, eye-wall c-kit+/SSEA1− cells were capable of differentiating into multiple retinal cell types including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, Müller cells, and retinal pigment epithelium cells and of transdifferentiating into smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in vitro. The levels of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95 in the retinas of eye-wall c-kit+/SSEA1− cell-transplanted rd1 mice were significantly increased at 4 weeks post transplantation. The c-kit+/SSEA1− cells were capable of differentiating into functional photoreceptors that formed new synaptic connections with recipient retinas in rd1 mice. Transplantation also partially corrected the abnormalities of inner retina of rd1 mice. At 4 and 8 weeks post transplantation, the rd1 mice that received c-kit+/SSEA1− cells showed significant increases in a-wave and b-wave amplitude and the percentage of time spent in the dark area. Conclusions Grafted c-kit+/SSEA1− cells restored the retinal function of rd1 mice via regulating neural plasticity and forming new graft-to-host synapses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0451-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zehua Chen
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhengya Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Caiyun Fu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Abbaspour Babaei M, Kamalidehghan B, Saleem M, Huri HZ, Ahmadipour F. Receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) inhibitors: a potential therapeutic target in cancer cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2443-59. [PMID: 27536065 PMCID: PMC4975146 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in intracellular signaling, and the mutated form of c-Kit plays a crucial role in occurrence of some cancers. The function of c-Kit has led to the concept that inhibiting c-Kit kinase activity can be a target for cancer therapy. The promising results of inhibition of c-Kit for treatment of cancers have been observed in some cancers such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor, acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, and other tumors, and these results have encouraged attempts toward improvement of using c-Kit as a capable target for cancer therapy. This paper presents the findings of previous studies regarding c-Kit as a receptor tyrosine kinase and an oncogene, as well as its gene targets and signaling pathways in normal and cancer cells. The c-Kit gene location, protein structure, and the role of c-Kit in normal cell have been discussed. Comprehending the molecular mechanism underlying c-Kit-mediated tumorogenesis is consequently essential and may lead to the identification of future novel drug targets. The potential mechanisms by which c-Kit induces cellular transformation have been described. This study aims to elucidate the function of c-Kit for future cancer therapy. In addition, it has c-Kit inhibitor drug properties and their functions have been listed in tables and demonstrated in schematic pictures. This review also has collected previous studies that targeted c-Kit as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. This paper further emphasizes the advantages of this approach, as well as the limitations that must be addressed in the future. Finally, although c-Kit is an attractive target for cancer therapy, based on the outcomes of treatment of patients with c-Kit inhibitors, it is unlikely that Kit inhibitors alone can lead to cure. It seems that c-Kit mutations alone are not sufficient for tumorogenesis, but do play a crucial role in cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh; Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Urology; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota; Section of Molecular Therapeutics & Cancer Health Disparity, The Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Clinical Investigation Centre, University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadipour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Di Siena S, Gimmelli R, Nori SL, Barbagallo F, Campolo F, Dolci S, Rossi P, Venneri MA, Giannetta E, Gianfrilli D, Feigenbaum L, Lenzi A, Naro F, Cianflone E, Mancuso T, Torella D, Isidori AM, Pellegrini M. Activated c-Kit receptor in the heart promotes cardiac repair and regeneration after injury. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2317. [PMID: 27468693 PMCID: PMC4973348 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of endogenous c-Kit receptor activation on cardiac cell homeostasis and repair remains largely unexplored. Transgenic mice carrying an activating point mutation (TgD814Y) in the kinase domain of the c-Kit gene were generated. c-KitTgD814Y receptor was expressed in the heart during embryonic development and postnatal life, in a similar timing and expression pattern to that of the endogenous gene, but not in the hematopoietic compartment allowing the study of a cardiac-specific phenotype. c-KitTgD814Y mutation produced a constitutive active c-Kit receptor in cardiac tissue and cells from transgenic mice as demonstrated by the increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT, which are the main downstream molecular effectors of c-Kit receptor signaling. In adult transgenic hearts, cardiac morphology, size and total c-Kit+ cardiac cell number was not different compared with wt mice. However, when c-KitTgD814Y mice were subjected to transmural necrotic heart damage by cryoinjury (CI), all transgenic survived, compared with half of wt mice. In the sub-acute phase after CI, transgenic and wt mice showed similar heart damage. However, 9 days after CI, transgenic mice exhibited an increased number of c-Kit+CD31+ endothelial progenitor cells surrounding the necrotic area. At later follow-up, a consistent reduction of fibrotic area, increased capillary density and increased cardiomyocyte replenishment rate (as established by BrdU incorporation) were observed in transgenic compared with wt mice. Consistently, CD45−c-Kit+ cardiac stem cells isolated from transgenic c-KitTgD814Y mice showed an enhanced endothelial and cardiomyocyte differentiation potential compared with cells isolated from the wt. Constitutive activation of c-Kit receptor in mice is associated with an increased cardiac myogenic and vasculogenic reparative potential after injury, with a significant improvement of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Di Siena
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - R Gimmelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - S L Nori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - F Barbagallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - S Dolci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - P Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - M A Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - E Giannetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - D Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - L Feigenbaum
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - E Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - T Mancuso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - D Torella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pellegrini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
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Nguyen H, Aum D, Mashkouri S, Rao G, Vega Gonzales-Portillo JD, Reyes S, Borlongan CV. Growth factor therapy sequesters inflammation in affording neuroprotection in cerebrovascular diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:915-26. [PMID: 27152762 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1184086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the key role of inflammation in the progression of cerebrovascular diseases. Inflammation can persist over prolonged period of time after the initial insult providing a wider therapeutic window. Despite the acute endogenous upregulation of many growth factors after the injury, it is not sufficient to protect against inflammation and to regenerate the brain. Therapeutic approaches targeting both dampening inflammation and enhancing growth factors are likely to provide beneficial outcomes in cerebrovascular disease. AREAS COVERED In this mini review, we discuss major growth factors and their beneficial properties to combat the inflammation in cerebrovascular diseases. Emerging biotechnologies which facilitate the therapeutic effects of growth factors are also presented in an effort to provide insights into the future combination therapies incorporating both central and peripheral abrogation of inflammation. Expert commentary: Many studies discussed in this review have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of growth factors in treating cerebrovascular diseases. It is unlikely that one growth factor can be used to treat these complex diseases. Combination of growth factors and anti-inflammatory modulators may clinically improve outcomes for patients. In particular, transplantation of stem cells may be able to achieve both goals of modulating inflammation and upregulating growth factors. Large preclinical studies and multiple laboratory collaborations are needed to advance these findings from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - David Aum
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Gautam Rao
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | | | - Stephanny Reyes
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
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Shi H, Drummond CA, Fan X, Haller ST, Liu J, Malhotra D, Tian J. Hiding inside? Intracellular expression of non-glycosylated c-kit protein in cardiac progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:795-806. [PMID: 27161312 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells including c-kit(+) cells and cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) play important roles in cardiac repair and regeneration. CDCs were reported to contain only small subpopulations of c-kit(+) cells and recent publications suggested that depletion of the c-kit(+) subpopulation of cells has no effect on regenerative properties of CDCs. However, our current study showed that the vast majority of CDCs from murine heart actually express c-kit, albeit, in an intracellular and non-glycosylated form. Immunostaining and flow cytometry showed that the fluorescent signal indicative of c-kit immunostaining significantly increased when cell membranes were permeabilized. Western blots further demonstrated that glycosylation of c-kit was increased during endothelial differentiation in a time dependent manner. Glycosylation inhibition by 1-deoxymannojirimycin hydrochloride (1-DMM) blocked c-kit glycosylation and reduced expression of endothelial cell markers such as Flk-1 and CD31 during differentiation. Pretreatment of these cells with a c-kit kinase inhibitor (imatinib mesylate) also attenuated Flk-1 and CD31 expression. These results suggest that c-kit glycosylation and its kinase activity are likely needed for these cells to differentiate into an endothelial lineage. In vivo, we found that intracellular c-kit expressing cells are located in the wall of cardiac blood vessels in mice subjected to myocardial infarction. In summary, our work demonstrated for the first time that c-kit is not only expressed in CDCs but may also directly participate in CDC differentiation into an endothelial lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Shi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Christopher A Drummond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Steven T Haller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jiang Liu
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jiang Tian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Glioblastoma Stem Cells Microenvironment: The Paracrine Roles of the Niche in Drug and Radioresistance. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6809105. [PMID: 26880981 PMCID: PMC4736577 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6809105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all solid tumors, the high-grade glioma appears to be the most vascularized one. In fact, "microvascular hyperplasia" is a hallmark of GBM. An altered vascular network determines irregular blood flow, so that tumor cells spread rapidly beyond the diffusion distance of oxygen in the tissue, with the consequent formation of hypoxic or anoxic areas, where the bulk of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) reside. The response to this event is the induction of angiogenesis, a process mediated by hypoxia inducible factors. However, this new capillary network is not efficient in maintaining a proper oxygen supply to the tumor mass, thereby causing an oxygen gradient within the neoplastic zone. This microenvironment helps GSCs to remain in a "quiescent" state preserving their potential to proliferate and differentiate, thus protecting them by the effects of chemo- and radiotherapy. Recent evidences suggest that responses of glioblastoma to standard therapies are determined by the microenvironment of the niche, where the GSCs reside, allowing a variety of mechanisms that contribute to the chemo- and radioresistance, by preserving GSCs. It is, therefore, crucial to investigate the components/factors of the niche in order to formulate new adjuvant therapies rendering more efficiently the gold standard therapies for this neoplasm.
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Kuhn HG. Control of Cell Survival in Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:cshperspect.a018895. [PMID: 26511628 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fact that continuous proliferation of stem cells and progenitors, as well as the production of new neurons, occurs in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) raises several basic questions concerning the number of neurons required in a particular system. Can we observe continued growth of brain regions that sustain neurogenesis? Or does an elimination mechanism exist to maintain a constant number of cells? If so, are old neurons replaced, or are the new neurons competing for limited network access among each other? What signals support their survival and integration and what factors are responsible for their elimination? This review will address these and other questions regarding regulatory mechanisms that control cell-death and cell-survival mechanisms during neurogenesis in the intact adult mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
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Developmental exposure to T-2 toxin reversibly affects postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis and reduces neural stem cells and progenitor cells in mice. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2009-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Xiang J, Yan S, Li SH, Li XJ. Postnatal loss of hap1 reduces hippocampal neurogenesis and causes adult depressive-like behavior in mice. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005175. [PMID: 25875952 PMCID: PMC4398408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious mental disorder that affects a person’s mood, thoughts, behavior, physical health, and life in general. Despite our continuous efforts to understand the disease, the etiology of depressive behavior remains perplexing. Recently, aberrant early life or postnatal neurogenesis has been linked to adult depressive behavior; however, genetic evidence for this is still lacking. Here we genetically depleted the expression of huntingtin-associated protein 1 (Hap1) in mice at various ages or in selective brain regions. Depletion of Hap1 in the early postnatal period, but not later life, led to a depressive-like phenotype when the mice reached adulthood. Deletion of Hap1 in adult mice rendered the mice more susceptible to stress-induced depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, early Hap1 depletion impaired postnatal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and reduced the level of c-kit, a protein expressed in neuroproliferative zones of the rodent brain and that is stabilized by Hap1. Importantly, stereotaxically injected adeno-associated virus (AAV) that directs the expression of c-kit in the hippocampus promoted postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis and ameliorated the depressive-like phenotype in conditional Hap1 KO mice, indicating a link between postnatal-born hippocampal neurons and adult depression. Our results demonstrate critical roles for Hap1 and c-kit in postnatal neurogenesis and adult depressive behavior, and also suggest that genetic variations affecting postnatal neurogenesis may lead to adult depression. Although the majority of the neurons in the brain are generated during embryonic stage, new neurons are continuously being produced postnatally, and at a much lower rate in adulthood. As postnatal neurogenesis is a key component of the brain maturation process that creates dynamic ‘wirings’ in the brain necessary for an individual to grow, learn, and cope with the external world, attenuated postnatal neurogenesis may affect an individual’s mental stability, rendering a higher susceptibility to depression later in life. In the current study, we genetically ablated the expression of huntingtin-associated protein 1 (Hap1) in mice at various ages or in selective brain regions, and found that early loss of Hap1 significantly reduces postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis, and leads to adult depressive-like behavior. We also found c-kit as an effector to mediate the neurogenesis defect and adult depressive-like phenotype in mice lacking Hap1. The results provide the first genetic evidence to demonstrate the importance of postnatal neurogenesis in adult depression, and may offer new avenues in the prevention and treatment of depression. Our study also has potential implications to other adult-onset mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Xiang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Hua Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHL); (XJL)
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SHL); (XJL)
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Secreted ectodomain of sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-9 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promote recovery after rat spinal cord injury by altering macrophage polarity. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2452-64. [PMID: 25673840 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4088-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Engrafted mesenchymal stem cells from human deciduous dental pulp (SHEDs) support recovery from neural insults via paracrine mechanisms that are poorly understood. Here we show that the conditioned serum-free medium (CM) from SHEDs, administered intrathecally into rat injured spinal cord during the acute postinjury period, caused remarkable functional recovery. The ability of SHED-CM to induce recovery was associated with an immunoregulatory activity that induced anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages. Secretome analysis of the SHED-CM revealed a previously unrecognized set of inducers for anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the secreted ectodomain of sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-9 (ED-Siglec-9). Depleting MCP-1 and ED-Siglec-9 from the SHED-CM prominently reduced its ability to induce M2-like macrophages and to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). The combination of MCP-1 and ED-Siglec-9 synergistically promoted the M2-like differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro, and this effect was abolished by a selective antagonist for CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) or by the genetic knock-out of CCR2. Furthermore, MCP-1 and ED-Siglec-9 administration into the injured spinal cord induced M2-like macrophages and led to a marked recovery of hindlimb locomotor function after SCI. The inhibition of this M2 induction through the inactivation of CCR2 function abolished the therapeutic effects of both SHED-CM and MCP-1/ED-Siglec-9. Macrophages activated by MCP-1 and ED-Siglec-9 extended neurite and suppressed apoptosis of primary cerebellar granule neurons against the neurotoxic effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Our data suggest that the unique combination of MCP-1 and ED-Siglec-9 repairs the SCI through anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage induction.
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Zaghloul N, Patel H, Codipilly C, Marambaud P, Dewey S, Frattini S, Huerta PT, Nasim M, Miller EJ, Ahmed M. Overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase protects against brain injury induced by chronic hypoxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108168. [PMID: 25268361 PMCID: PMC4182464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an isoform of SOD normally found both intra- and extra-cellularly and accounting for most SOD activity in blood vessels. Here we explored the role of EC-SOD in protecting against brain damage induced by chronic hypoxia. EC-SOD Transgenic mice, were exposed to hypoxia (FiO2.1%) for 10 days (H-KI) and compared to transgenic animals housed in room air (RA-KI), wild type animals exposed to hypoxia (H-WT or wild type mice housed in room air (RA-WT). Overall brain metabolism evaluated by positron emission tomography (PET) showed that H-WT mice had significantly higher uptake of 18FDG in the brain particularly the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. H-KI mice had comparable uptake to the RA-KI and RA-WT groups. To investigate the functional state of the hippocampus, electrophysiological techniques in ex vivo hippocampal slices were performed and showed that H-KI had normal synaptic plasticity, whereas H-WT were severely affected. Markers of oxidative stress, GFAP, IBA1, MIF, and pAMPK showed similar values in the H-KI and RA-WT groups, but were significantly increased in the H-WT group. Caspase-3 assay and histopathological studies showed significant apoptosis/cell damage in the H-WT group, but no significant difference in the H-KI group compared to the RA groups. The data suggest that EC-SOD has potential prophylactic and therapeutic roles in diseases with compromised brain oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Zaghloul
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hardik Patel
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York and Lilling Family Research laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Champa Codipilly
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York and Lilling Family Research laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- Laboratory of Memory Disorders, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dewey
- Neuroimaging Department, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Frattini
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricio T. Huerta
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Mansoor Nasim
- Department of Pathology, NSL-IJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Edmund J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York and Lilling Family Research laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York and Lilling Family Research laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhao LR, Piao CS, Murikinati SR, Gonzalez-Toledo ME. The role of stem cell factor and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in treatment of stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:2-12. [PMID: 23173646 DOI: 10.2174/1574889811308010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease that causes high mortality and persistent disability in adults worldwide. Stroke is also an enormous public health problem and a heavy public financial burden in the United States. Treatment for stroke is very limited. Thrombolytic therapy by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only approved treatment for acute stroke, and no effective treatment is available for chronic stroke. Developing new therapeutic strategies, therefore, is a critical need for stroke treatment. This article summarizes the discovery of new routes of treatment for acute and chronic stroke using two hematopoietic growth factors, stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). In a study of acute stroke, SCF and G-CSF alone or in combination displays neuroprotective effects in an animal model of stroke. SCF appears to be the optimal treatment for acute stroke as the functional outcome is superior to G-CSF alone or in combination (SCF+G-CSF); however, SCF+G-CSF does show better functional recovery than G-CSF. In a chronic stroke study, the therapeutic effects of SCF and G-CSF alone or in combination appear differently as compared with their effects on the acute stroke. SCF+G-CSF induces stable and long-lasting functional improvement; SCF alone also improves functional outcome but its effectiveness is less than SCF+G-CSF, whereas G-CSF shows no therapeutic effects. Although the mechanism by which SCF+G-CSF repairs the brain in chronic stroke remains poorly understood, our recent findings suggest that the SCF+G-CSF-induced functional improvement in chronic stroke is associated with a contribution to increasing angiogenesis and neurogenesis through bone marrow-derived cells and the direct effects on stimulating neurons to form new neuronal networks. These findings would assist in developing new treatment for stroke. The article presents some promising patents on role of stem cell factor and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li R Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA.
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Navarrete-Opazo A, Mitchell GS. Therapeutic potential of intermittent hypoxia: a matter of dose. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1181-97. [PMID: 25231353 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00208.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been the subject of considerable research in recent years, and triggers a bewildering array of both detrimental and beneficial effects in multiple physiological systems. Here, we review the extensive literature concerning IH and its impact on the respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, metabolic, bone, and nervous systems. One major goal is to define relevant IH characteristics leading to safe, protective, and/or therapeutic effects vs. pathogenesis. To understand the impact of IH, it is essential to define critical characteristics of the IH protocol under investigation, including potentially the severity of hypoxia within episodes, the duration of hypoxic episodes, the number of hypoxic episodes per day, the pattern of presentation across time (e.g., within vs. consecutive vs. alternating days), and the cumulative time of exposure. Not surprisingly, severe/chronic IH protocols tend to be pathogenic, whereas any beneficial effects are more likely to arise from modest/acute IH exposures. Features of the IH protocol most highly associated with beneficial vs. pathogenic outcomes include the level of hypoxemia within episodes and the number of episodes per day. Modest hypoxia (9-16% inspired O2) and low cycle numbers (3-15 episodes per day) most often lead to beneficial effects without pathology, whereas severe hypoxia (2-8% inspired O2) and more episodes per day (48-2,400 episodes/day) elicit progressively greater pathology. Accumulating evidence suggests that "low dose" IH (modest hypoxia, few episodes) may be a simple, safe, and effective treatment with considerable therapeutic potential for multiple clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Navarrete-Opazo
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Goldstein BJ, Goss GM, Hatzistergos KE, Rangel EB, Seidler B, Saur D, Hare JM. Adult c-Kit(+) progenitor cells are necessary for maintenance and regeneration of olfactory neurons. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:15-31. [PMID: 25044230 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium houses chemosensory neurons, which transmit odor information from the nose to the brain. In adult mammals, the olfactory epithelium is a uniquely robust neuroproliferative zone, with the ability to replenish its neuronal and non-neuronal populations due to the presence of germinal basal cells. The stem and progenitor cells of these germinal layers, and their regulatory mechanisms, remain incompletely defined. Here we show that progenitor cells expressing c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase marking stem cells in a variety of embryonic tissues, are required for maintenance of the adult neuroepithelium. Mouse genetic fate-mapping analyses show that embryonically, a c-Kit(+) population contributes to olfactory neurogenesis. In adults under conditions of normal turnover, there is relatively sparse c-Kit(+) progenitor cell (ckPC) activity. However, after experimentally induced neuroepithelial injury, ckPCs are activated such that they reconstitute the neuronal population. There are also occasional non-neuronal cells found to arise from ckPCs. Moreover, the selective depletion of the ckPC population, utilizing temporally controlled targeted diphtheria toxin A expression, results in failure of neurogenesis after experimental injury. Analysis of this model indicates that most ckPCs reside among the globose basal cell populations and act downstream of horizontal basal cells, which can serve as stem cells. Identification of the requirement for olfactory c-Kit-expressing progenitors in olfactory maintenance provides new insight into the mechanisms involved in adult olfactory neurogenesis. Additionally, we define an important and previously unrecognized site of adult c-Kit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Goldstein
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
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Naureen I, Waheed KAI, Rathore AW, Victor S, Mallucci C, Goodden JR, Chohan SN, Miyan JA. Fingerprint changes in CSF composition associated with different aetiologies in human neonatal hydrocephalus: inflammatory cytokines. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:1155-64. [PMID: 24733414 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-014-2415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrocephalus (HC) has a multifactorial and complex picture of pathophysiology due to aetiology, age at and duration since onset. We have previously identified distinctions in markers of cell death associated with different aetiologies. Here, we examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from human HC neonates for cytokines to identify further distinguishing features of different aetiologies. METHODS CSF was collected during routine lumbar puncture or ventricular tap from neonates with hydrocephalus, or with no neurological condition (normal controls). Total protein, Fas receptor, Fas ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured and compared between 8 unaffected and 28 HC neonatal CSF samples. RESULTS Total protein was significantly (P < 0.05) raised in late-onset hydrocephalus (LOH). Fas receptor was raised (P < 0.05) in post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) and spina bifida with hydrocephalus (SB/HC), but no difference in Fas ligand was found. SCF was raised (P < 0.05) in SB/HC. HGF was found in all HC and was increased (P < 0.01) in PHH. Increased VEGF was found in PHH (P < 0.01) and SB/HC (P < 0.05). Variable levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IGF-1 were found in all HC groups compared with none in normal. CONCLUSIONS LOH was unusual with significantly raised total protein indicating an inflammatory state. Increased Fas receptor, VEGF, IGF-1 and HGF suggest anti-apoptotic and repair mechanism activation. By contrast, elevated TNF-α and IL-6 indicate inflammatory processes in these neonatal brains. Taken with our previous study, these data indicate that different pathophysiology, inflammation and repair are occurring in HC of different aetiologies and that additional treatment strategies may benefit these infants in addition to fluid diversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Naureen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Terashima T, Kojima H, Urabe H, Yamakawa I, Ogawa N, Kawai H, Chan L, Maegawa H. Stem cell factor-activated bone marrow ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by promoting protective microglial migration. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:856-69. [PMID: 24936617 PMCID: PMC4061499 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease associated with motor neuron death. Several experimental treatments, including cell therapy using hematopoietic or neuronal stem cells, have been tested in ALS animal models, but therapeutic benefits have been modest. Here we used a new therapeutic strategy, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with stem cell factor (SCF)- or FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (flt3)-activated bone marrow (BM) cells for the treatment of hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. Motor function and survival showed greater improvement in the SCF group than in the group receiving BM cells that had not been activated (BMT alone group), although no improvement was shown in the flt3 group. In addition, larger numbers of BM-derived cells that expressed the microglia marker Iba1 migrated to the spinal cords of recipient mice compared with the BMT alone group. Moreover, after SCF activation, but not flt3 activation or no activation, the migrating microglia expressed glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1). In spinal cords in the SCF group, inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were suppressed and the neuroprotective molecule insulin-like growth factor-1 increased relative to nontreatment hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. Therefore, SCF activation changed the character of the migrating donor BM cells, which resulted in neuroprotective effects. These studies have identified SCF-activated BM cells as a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Terashima
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Urabe
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Isamu Yamakawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kawai
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Pan S, Dangaria S, Gopinathan G, Yan X, Lu X, Kolokythas A, Niu Y, Luan X. SCF promotes dental pulp progenitor migration, neovascularization, and collagen remodeling - potential applications as a homing factor in dental pulp regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:655-67. [PMID: 23703692 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a powerful chemokine that binds to the c-Kit receptor CD117 and has shown promise as a homing agent capable of progenitor cell recruitment. In the present study we have documented high levels of both SCF and its receptor c-Kit in differentiating dental pulp (DP) cells and in the sub-odontoblastic layer of Höhl. In vitro studies using human DP progenitors revealed a significant increase in cell proliferation after100 nM SCF application, explained by a 2-fold upregulation in cyclin D3 and FGF2 cell cycle regulators, and a 7-fold increase in CDK4 expression. DP cell migration in the presence of SCF was up-regulated 2.7-fold after a 24 h culture period, and this effect was accompanied by cytoskeletal rearrangement, a 1.5-fold increase in polymeric F-actin over G-actin, and a 1.8-fold increase in RhoA expression. Explaining the signaling effect of SCF on DP migration, PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathway inhibitors were demonstrated to significantly reduce DP cell migration, while SCF alone doubled the number of migrated cells. ERK and AKT phosphorylation were dramatically upregulated already 3-5 min after SCF addition to the culture medium and declined thereafter, classifying SCF as a fast acting chemokine. When applied as an agent to promote tissue regeneration in subcutaneously implanted collagen sponges, SCF resulted in a 7-fold increase in the cell number in the implanted tissue construct, a more than 9-fold increase in capillaries, as well as collagen sponge remodeling and collagen fiber neogenesis. Together, these studies demonstrate the suitability of SCF as a potent aid in the regeneration of dental pulp and other mesenchymal tissues, capable of inducing cell homing, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Pan
- School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Abstract
Proper lamination of the cerebral cortex is precisely orchestrated, especially when neurons migrate from their place of birth to their final destination. The consequences of failure or delay in neuronal migration cause a wide range of disorders, such as lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism and mental retardation. Neuronal migration is a dynamic process, which requires dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton. In this context microtubules and microtubule-related proteins have been suggested to play important roles in the regulation of neuronal migration. Here, we will review the dynamic aspects of neuronal migration and brain development, describe the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal migration and elaborate on neuronal migration diseases.
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Su Y, Cui L, Piao C, Li B, Zhao LR. The effects of hematopoietic growth factors on neurite outgrowth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75562. [PMID: 24116056 PMCID: PMC3792965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are initially discovered as the essential hematopoietic growth factors regulating bone marrow stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and SCF in combination with G-CSF (SCF+G-CSF) has synergistic effects on bone marrow stem cell mobilization. In this study we have determined the effect of SCF and G-CSF on neurite outgrowth in rat cortical neurons. Using molecular and cellular biology and live cell imaging approaches, we have revealed that receptors for SCF and G-CSF are expressed on the growth core of cortical neurons, and that SCF+G-CSF synergistically enhances neurite extension through PI3K/AKT and NFκB signaling pathways. Moreover, SCF+G-CSF induces much greater NFκB activation, NFκB transcriptional binding and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production than SCF or G-CSF alone. In addition, we have also observed that BDNF, the target gene of NFκB, is required for SCF+G-CSF-induced neurite outgrowth. These data suggest that SCF+G-CSF has synergistic effects to promote neurite growth. This study provides new insights into the contribution of hematopoietic growth factors in neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Su
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Chunshu Piao
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Warrington JP, Ashpole N, Csiszar A, Lee YW, Ungvari Z, Sonntag WE. Whole brain radiation-induced vascular cognitive impairment: mechanisms and implications. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:445-57. [PMID: 24107797 PMCID: PMC4309372 DOI: 10.1159/000354227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment is a well-documented consequence of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) that affects 40-50% of long-term brain tumor survivors. The exact mechanisms for the decline in cognitive function after WBRT remain elusive and no treatment or preventative measures are available for use in the clinic. Here, we review recent findings indicating how changes in the neurovascular unit may contribute to the impairments in learning and memory. In addition to affecting neuronal development, WBRT induces profound capillary rarefaction within the hippocampus - a region of the brain important for learning and memory. Therapeutic strategies such as hypoxia, which restore the capillary density, result in the rescue of cognitive function. In addition to decreasing vascular density, WBRT impairs vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis, which may also contribute to radiation-induced cognitive decline. Further studies aimed at uncovering the specific mechanisms underlying these WBRT-induced changes in the cerebrovasculature are essential for developing therapies to mitigate the deleterious effects of WBRT on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junie P. Warrington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Nicole Ashpole
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J. Structural and functional properties of platelet-derived growth factor and stem cell factor receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009100. [PMID: 23906712 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) are members of the type III class of PTK receptors, which are characterized by five Ig-like domains extracellularly and a split kinase domain intracellularly. The receptors are activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to autophosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues. Thereby the kinase activities of the receptors are activated and docking sites for downstream SH2 domain signal transduction molecules are created; activation of these pathways promotes cell growth, survival, and migration. These receptors mediate important signals during the embryonal development, and control tissue homeostasis in the adult. Their overactivity is seen in malignancies and other diseases involving excessive cell proliferation, such as atherosclerosis and fibrotic diseases. In cancer, mutations of PDGF and SCF receptors-including gene fusions, point mutations, and amplifications-drive subpopulations of certain malignancies, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, hypereosinophilic syndrome, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, mastocytosis, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mechanisms Underlying the Antiproliferative and Prodifferentiative Effects of Psoralen on Adult Neural Stem Cells via DNA Microarray. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:452948. [PMID: 23983781 PMCID: PMC3745865 DOI: 10.1155/2013/452948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) persist throughout life to replace mature cells that are lost during turnover, disease, or injury. The investigation of NSC creates novel treatments for central nervous system (CNS) injuries and neurodegenerative disorders. The plasticity and reparative potential of NSC are regulated by different factors, which are critical for neurological regenerative medicine research. We investigated the effects of Psoralen, which is the mature fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., on NSC behaviors and the underlying mechanisms. The self-renewal and proliferation of NSC were examined. We detected neuron- and/or astrocyte-specific markers using immunofluorescence and Western blotting, which could evaluate NSC differentiation. Psoralen treatment significantly inhibited neurosphere formation in a dose-dependent manner. Psoralen treatment increased the expression of the astrocyte-specific marker but decreased neuron-specific marker expression. These results suggested that Psoralen was a differentiation inducer in astrocyte. Differential gene expression following Psoralen treatment was screened using DNA microarray and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Our microarray study demonstrated that Psoralen could effectively regulate the specific gene expression profile of NSC. The genes involved in the classification of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism, the transcription factors belonging to Ets family, and the hedgehog pathway may be closely related to the regulation.
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Matlaf LA, Harkins LE, Bezrookove V, Cobbs CS, Soroceanu L. Cytomegalovirus pp71 protein is expressed in human glioblastoma and promotes pro-angiogenic signaling by activation of stem cell factor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68176. [PMID: 23861869 PMCID: PMC3702580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary central nervous system neoplasm characterized by tumor cell invasion, robust angiogenesis, and a mean survival of 15 months. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is present in >90% of GBMs, although the role the virus plays in GBM pathogenesis is unclear. We report here that HCMV pp71, a viral protein previously shown to promote cell cycle progression, is present in a majority of human GBMs and is preferentially expressed in the CD133+, cancer stem-like cell population. Overexpression of pp71 in adult neural precursor cells resulted in potent induction of stem cell factor (SCF), an important pro-angiogenic factor in GBM. Using double immunofluorescence, we demonstrate in situ co-localization of pp71 and SCF in clinical GBM specimens. pp71 overexpression in both normal and transformed glial cells increased SCF secretion and this effect was specific, since siRNA mediated knockdown of pp71 or treatment with the antiviral drug cidofovir resulted in decreased expression and secretion of SCF by HCMV-infected cells. pp71- induced upregulation of SCF resulted in downstream activation of its putative endothelial cell receptor, c-kit, and angiogenesis as measured by increased capillary tube formation in vitro. We demonstrate that pp71 induces a pro-inflammatory response via activation of NFΚB signaling which drives SCF expression. Furthermore, we show that pp71 levels and NFKB activation are selectively augmented in the mesenchymal subtype of human GBMs, characterized by worst patient outcome, suggesting that HCMV pp71-induced paracrine signaling may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of this human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Matlaf
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lualhati E. Harkins
- Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Bezrookove
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Cobbs
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Liliana Soroceanu
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Masjkur J, Rueger MA, Bornstein SR, McKay R, Androutsellis-Theotokis A. Neurovascular signals suggest a propagation mechanism for endogenous stem cell activation along blood vessels. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 11:805-17. [PMID: 23131162 PMCID: PMC3580829 DOI: 10.2174/1871527311201070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell – based therapies for central nervous system disorders are intensely pursued. Such approaches can be divided into two categories: Transplantation-based, and those that aim to pharmacologically target the endogenous stem cell population in the tissue. Endogenous stem cell – based strategies avoid the problem of immune incompatibility between the host and the grafted cells. They also avoid the placement of a large amount of cells in confined areas, a manipulation which alters the characteristics of the neurovascular microenvironment. We show here that massive pharmacological activation (increase in cell numbers) of the endogenous neural stem cell population in the adult rodent brain maintains the cytoarchitecture of the neurovascular niche. Distances between adjacent stem cells (identified by expression of Hes3) are maintained above a minimum. Hes3+ cells maintain their physical association with blood vessels. These results also suggest a mechanism by which the activation signal from the lateral ventricle can be propagated to areas a long distance away from the lateral ventricles, through autocrine/paracrine actions between adjacent Hes3+ cells, along blood vessels. Finally, powerful effects of angiopoietin 2 on Hes3+ cells help explain the prevalence of proliferating endogenous neural stem cells close to the subventricular zone (an area of high angiopoietin 2 concentration) and the quiescent state of stem cells away from the ventricles and their tight physical association with blood vessels (which express high levels of angiopoietin 1, a cytokine that opposes angiopoietin 2 functions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Masjkur
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Douet V, Kerever A, Arikawa‐Hirasawa E, Mercier F. Fractone-heparan sulphates mediate FGF-2 stimulation of cell proliferation in the adult subventricular zone. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:137-45. [PMID: 23510468 PMCID: PMC6495915 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fractones are extracellular matrix structures that form a niche for neural stem cells and their immediate progeny in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZa), the primary neurogenic zone in the adult brain. We have previously shown that heparan sulphates (HS) associated with fractones bind fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), a powerful mitotic growth factor in the SVZa. Here, our objective was to determine whether the binding of FGF-2 to fractone-HS is implicated in the mechanism leading to cell proliferation in the SVZa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Heparitinase-1 was intracerebroventricularly injected with FGF-2 to N-desulfate HS proteoglycans and determine whether the loss of HS and of FGF-2 binding to fractones modifies FGF-2 effect on cell proliferation. We also examined in vivo the binding of Alexa-Fluor-FGF-2 in relationship with the location of HS immunoreactivity in the SVZa. RESULTS Heparatinase-1 drastically reduced the stimulatory effect of FGF-2 on cell proliferation in the SVZa. Alexa-Fluor-FGF-2 binding was strictly co-localized with HS immunoreactivity in fractones and adjacent vascular basement membranes in the SVZa. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that FGF-2 requires HS to stimulate cell proliferation in the SVZa and suggest that HS associated with fractones and vascular basement membranes are responsible for activating FGF-2. Therefore, fractones and vascular basement membranes may function as a HS niche to drive cell proliferation in the adult neurogenic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Douet
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and PharmacologyJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHI96822USA
| | - A. Kerever
- Department of NeurologyResearch Institute for Diseases of Old AgeJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyo113‐8421Japan
| | - E. Arikawa‐Hirasawa
- Department of NeurologyResearch Institute for Diseases of Old AgeJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyo113‐8421Japan
| | - F. Mercier
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and PharmacologyJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHI96822USA
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Pacioni S, Rueger MA, Nisticò G, Bornstein SR, Park DM, McKay RD, Androutsellis-Theotokis A. Fast, potent pharmacological expansion of endogenous hes3+/sox2+ cells in the adult mouse and rat hippocampus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51630. [PMID: 23251599 PMCID: PMC3518467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult hippocampus is involved in learning and memory. As a consequence, it is a brain region of remarkable plasticity. This plasticity exhibits itself both as cellular changes and neurogenesis. For neurogenesis to occur, a population of local stem cells and progenitor cells is maintained in the adult brain and these are able to proliferate and differentiate into neurons which contribute to the hippocampal circuitry. There is much interest in understanding the role of immature cells in the hippocampus, in relation to learning and memory. Methods and mechanisms that increase the numbers of these cells will be valuable in this research field. We show here that single injections of soluble factors into the lateral ventricle of adult rats and mice induces the rapid (within one week) increase in the number of putative stem cells/progenitor cells in the hippocampus. The established progenitor marker Sox2 together with the more recently established marker Hes3, were used to quantify the manipulation of the Sox2/Hes3 double-positive cell population. We report that in both adult rodent species, Sox2+/Hes3+ cell numbers can be increased within one week. The most prominent increase was observed in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. This study presents a fast, pharmacological method to manipulate the numbers of endogenous putative stem cells/progenitor cells. This method may be easily modified to alter the degree of activation (e.g. by the use of osmotic pumps for delivery, or by repeat injections through implanted cannulas), in order to be best adapted to different paradigms of research (neurodegenerative disease, neuroprotection, learning, memory, plasticity, etc).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deric M. Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ron D. McKay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hippocampal angiogenesis and progenitor cell proliferation are increased with antidepressant use in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:562-71. [PMID: 22652019 PMCID: PMC3438317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult neurogenesis is coupled to angiogenesis in neurogenic niches in the dentate gyrus (DG) and increased by antidepressants in rodents. We hypothesized that, in major depressive disorder (MDD), antidepressants increase neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and capillaries in the human DG. METHODS Neural progenitor cells and capillaries, detected on hippocampal sections by immunohistochemistry for neural stem cell protein, were quantified by stereology in matched MDDs (untreated, n = 12), MDD treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (MDD*SSRI, n = 6) or tricyclic antidepressants (MDD*TCA, n = 6), and nonpsychiatric control subjects (n = 12), all confirmed by psychological autopsy. RESULTS The MDD*SSRI had a larger capillary area and more NPCs versus MDDs (p = .034 and p = .008, respectively) and control subjects (p = .010 and p = .002, respectively) in the whole DG, more NPCs in the anterior (pes, p = .042) and central (midbody, p = .004) DG, and greater capillary area in the pes (p = .002) and midbody (p = .021). The NPC number and capillary area correlated positively in the whole sample (R2 = .454, p < .001) and in treated subjects (R2 = .749, p = .001). We found no NPCs or antidepressant-related angiogenesis in CA1 and parahippocampal gyrus. The DG volume correlated positively with NPC number (p = .004) and capillary area (p < .001) and differed between groups in whole hippocampus (p = .013) and midbody (p = .036). Age negatively correlated with NPC number (p = .042), capillary area (p = .037), and bifurcations (p = .030). No gender effect was detected. CONCLUSIONS Antidepressants increase human hippocampal NPCs and angiogenesis selectively in the anterior and mid DG. These results raise the possibility of a causal relationship between angiogenesis and neurogenesis, as seen in other proliferating tissues, and support their possible role in the mechanism of action of antidepressants.
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47
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Theus MH, Ricard J, Liebl DJ. Reproducible expansion and characterization of mouse neural stem/progenitor cells in adherent cultures derived from the adult subventricular zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 2:Unit 2D.8. [PMID: 22415840 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d08s20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) residing in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse forebrain have been shown to enhance their neurogenic potential in response to CNS injury. Mechanisms involved in regulating adult neurogenesis under naïve or stressed conditions can be studied using a monolayer cell-culture system of the nestin-expressing NSPC lineage to analyze proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Here, a protocol for the expansion of NSPCs for studies aimed at understanding the functional role of NSPCs in maintaining adult neurogenic processes is described. This unit outlines detailed procedures for: (1) isolation, maintenance, and culture of the NSPC component of the SVZ niche from the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle; (2) characterization of NSPC functions by examining proliferation, survival, and differentiation; and (3) efficient siRNA transfection methods in 96-well format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Theus
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Florida, USA
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48
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The role of eNSCs in neurodegenerative disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:555-62. [PMID: 22821143 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in biology has shown that many if not all adult tissues contain a population of stem cells. It is believed that these cells are involved in the regeneration of the tissue or organ in which they reside as a response to the natural turnover of differentiated cells or to injury. In the adult mammalian brain, stem cells in the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus may also play a role in the replacement of neurons. A positive beneficial response to injury does not necessarily require cell replacement. New findings suggest that some populations of endogenous neural stem cells in the central nervous system may have adopted a function different from cell replacement and are involved in the protection of neurons in diverse paradigms of disease and injury. In this article, we will focus on the immature cell populations of the central nervous system and the signal transduction pathways that regulate them which suggest new possibilities for their manipulation in injury and disease.
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49
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Warrington JP, Csiszar A, Mitschelen M, Lee YW, Sonntag WE. Whole brain radiation-induced impairments in learning and memory are time-sensitive and reversible by systemic hypoxia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30444. [PMID: 22279591 PMCID: PMC3261195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is commonly used for treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors; however, cognitive impairment occurs in 40–50% of brain tumor survivors. The etiology of the cognitive impairment following WBRT remains elusive. We recently reported that radiation-induced cerebrovascular rarefaction within hippocampal subregions could be completely reversed by systemic hypoxia. However, the effects of this intervention on learning and memory have not been reported. In this study, we assessed the time-course for WBRT-induced impairments in contextual and spatial learning and the capacity of systemic hypoxia to reverse WBRT-induced deficits in spatial memory. A clinical fractionated series of 4.5Gy WBRT was administered to mice twice weekly for 4 weeks, and after various periods of recovery, behavioral analyses were performed. To study the effects of systemic hypoxia, mice were subjected to 11% (hypoxia) or 21% oxygen (normoxia) for 28 days, initiated 1 month after the completion of WBRT. Our results indicate that WBRT induces a transient deficit in contextual learning, disruption of working memory, and progressive impairment of spatial learning. Additionally, systemic hypoxia completely reversed WBRT-induced impairments in learning and these behavioral effects as well as increased vessel density persisted for at least 2 months following hypoxia treatment. Our results provide critical support for the hypothesis that cerebrovascular rarefaction is a key component of cognitive impairment post-WBRT and indicate that processes of learning and memory, once thought to be permanently impaired after WBRT, can be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junie P. Warrington
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Matthew Mitschelen
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Mashayekhi F, Gholizadeh L. Administration of anti-c-kit antibody into the cerebrospinal fluid leads to increased cell death in the developing cerebral cortex. Saudi J Biol Sci 2011; 18:261-6. [PMID: 23961133 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that during development, neurons are usually produced in excess. Cell death occurs in the developing nervous system. The survival of the developing neurons depends on many factors derived from the target sites, of which the neuronal trophic factors are by far the best known. Stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor, c-kit, is expressed in cells of nervous system during development and adulthood. Although the role of SCF/c-kit in the nervous system is so far not clear, in vitro studies indicate that SCF/c-kit is trophic to certain neurons derived from neural crest and cerebral cortex. In this study the effects of anti-c-kit antibody on cell death in the newborn chick cerebral cortex have been investigated. Injection of anti-c-kit antibody into the cisterna magnum increased the number of cell death and resulted in thinning of the cerebral cortex as compared to that from the control group. It is concluded that SCF/c-kit is essential for cortical progenitor cell survival in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, this method may be applied to the other factors and different CNS regions, allowing identification of factors involved in cell death. It additionally re-emphasizes the importance of further investigations into the potential roles of SCF/c-kit signaling in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Mashayekhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Namjoo street, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
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