1
|
Sola-Sevilla N, Garmendia-Berges M, Mera-Delgado MC, Puerta E. Context-dependent role of sirtuin 2 in inflammation. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:682-694. [PMID: 38886935 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 is a member of the sirtuin family nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, known for its regulatory role in different processes, including inflammation. In this context, sirtuin 2 has been involved in the modulation of key inflammatory signaling pathways and transcription factors by deacetylating specific targets, such as nuclear factor κB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-leucine-rich-repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3). However, whether sirtuin 2-mediated pathways induce a pro- or an anti-inflammatory response remains controversial. Sirtuin 2 has been implicated in promoting inflammation in conditions such as asthma and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that its inhibition in these conditions could be a potential therapeutic strategy. Conversely, arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus studies suggest that sirtuin 2 is essential at the peripheral level and, thus, its inhibition in these pathologies would not be recommended. Overall, the precise role of sirtuin 2 in inflammation appears to be context-dependent, and further investigation is needed to determine the specific molecular mechanisms and downstream targets through which sirtuin 2 influences inflammatory processes in various tissues and pathological conditions. The present review explores the involvement of sirtuin 2 in the inflammation associated with different pathologies to elucidate whether its pharmacological modulation could serve as an effective strategy for treating this prevalent symptom across various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maider Garmendia-Berges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - MCarmen Mera-Delgado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang J, Cassel J, Boyle BC, Oppong D, Ahn YH, Weiser BP. A homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence screen to identify SIRT2 deacetylase and defatty-acylase inhibitors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305000. [PMID: 38913635 PMCID: PMC11195995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) has emerged as an attractive drug target for a variety of diseases. The enzyme is a deacylase that can remove chemically different acyl modifications from protein lysine residues. Here, we developed a high-throughput screen based on a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) binding assay to identify inhibitors of SIRT2's demyristoylase activity, which is uncommon among many ligands that only affect its deacetylase activity. From a test screen of 9600 compounds, we identified a small molecule that inhibited SIRT2's deacetylase activity (IC50 = 7 μM) as well as its demyristoylase activity (IC50 = 37 μM). The inhibitor was composed of two small fragments that independently inhibited SIRT2: a halogenated phenol fragment inhibited its deacetylase activity, and a tricyclic thiazolobenzimidazole fragment inhibited its demyristoylase activity. The high-throughput screen also detected multiple deacetylase-specific SIRT2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joel Cassel
- Molecular Screening & Protein Expression Facility, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Boyle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel Oppong
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Weiser
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang L, Remiszewski S, Snedeker A, Chiang LW, Shenk T. An allosteric inhibitor of sirtuin 2 blocks hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA establishment and its transcriptional activity. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105888. [PMID: 38641024 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
296 million people worldwide are predisposed to developing severe end-stage liver diseases due to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV forms covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) molecules that persist as episomal DNA in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes and drive viral replication. Occasionally, the HBV genome becomes integrated into host chromosomal DNA, a process that is believed to significantly contribute to circulating HBsAg levels and HCC development. Neither cccDNA accumulation nor expression from integrated HBV DNA are directly targeted by current antiviral treatments. In this study, we investigated the antiviral properties of a newly described allosteric modulator, FLS-359, that targets sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), an NAD+-dependent deacylase. Our results demonstrate that SIRT2 modulation by FLS-359 and by other tool compounds inhibits cccDNA synthesis following de novo infection of primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 (C3A)-NTCP cells, and FLS-359 substantially reduces cccDNA recycling in HepAD38 cells. While pre-existing cccDNA is not eradicated by short-term treatment with FLS-359, its transcriptional activity is substantially impaired, likely through inhibition of viral promoter activities. Consistent with the inhibition of viral transcription, HBsAg production by HepG2.2.15 cells, which contain integrated HBV genomes, is also suppressed by FLS-359. Our study provides further insights on SIRT2 regulation of HBV infection and supports the development of potent SIRT2 inhibitors as HBV antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudi Tang
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA; Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
| | - Stacy Remiszewski
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | | | - Lillian W Chiang
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Thomas Shenk
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaya SG, Eren G. Selective inhibition of SIRT2: A disputable therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107038. [PMID: 38113655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is involved in a wide range of processes, from transcription to metabolism to genome stability. Dysregulation of SIRT2 has been associated with the pathogenesis and progression of different diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, targeting SIRT2 activity by small molecule inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating related conditions, particularly cancer. This review summarizes the regulatory roles and molecular mechanisms of SIRT2 in cancer and the attempts to evaluate potential antitumor activities of SIRT2-selective inhibitors by in vitro and in vivo testing, which are expected to deepen our understanding of the role of SIRT2 in tumorigenesis and progression and may offer important clues or inspiration ideas for developing SIRT2 inhibitors with excellent affinity and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selen Gozde Kaya
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Gokcen Eren
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ai T, Wilson DJ, Chen L. 5-((3-Amidobenzyl)oxy)nicotinamides as SIRT2 Inhibitors: A Study of Constrained Analogs. Molecules 2023; 28:7655. [PMID: 38005376 PMCID: PMC10674942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT2 is a member of NAD+-dependent sirtuins and its inhibition has been proposed as a promising therapeutic approach for treating human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and infections. Expanding SIRT2 inhibitors based on the 3-aminobenzyloxy nicotinamide core structure, we have synthesized and evaluated constrained analogs and selected stereoisomers. Our structure-activity relationship (SAR) study has revealed that 2,3-constrained (S)-isomers possess enhanced in vitro enzymatic inhibitory activity against SIRT2 and retain excellent selectivity over SIRT1 and SIRT3, provided that a suitable ring A is used. This current study further explores SIRT2 inhibitors based on the 3-aminobenzyloxy nicotinamide scaffold and contributes to the discovery of potent, selective SIRT2 inhibitors that have been actively pursued for their potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liqiang Chen
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheung J, Remiszewski S, Chiang LW, Ahmad E, Pal M, Rahman SA, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Chan GC. Inhibition of SIRT2 promotes death of human cytomegalovirus-infected peripheral blood monocytes via apoptosis and necroptosis. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105698. [PMID: 37562606 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes are the cells predominantly responsible for systemic dissemination of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. HCMV establishes a silent/quiescent infection in monocytes, which is defined by the lack of viral replication and lytic gene expression. The absence of replication shields the virus within infected monocytes from the current available antiviral drugs that are designed to suppress active replication. Our previous work has shown that HCMV stimulates a noncanonical phosphorylation of Akt and the subsequent upregulation of a distinct subset of prosurvival proteins in normally short-lived monocytes. In this study, we found that SIRT2 activity is required for the unique activation profile of Akt induced within HCMV-infected monocytes. Importantly, both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment with a novel SIRT2 inhibitor, FLS-379, promoted death of infected monocytes via both the apoptotic and necroptotic cell death pathways. Mechanistically, SIRT2 inhibition reduced expression of Mcl-1, an Akt-dependent antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member, and enhanced activation of MLKL, the executioner kinase of necroptosis. We have previously reported HCMV to block necroptosis by stimulating cellular autophagy. Here, we additionally demonstrate that inhibition of SIRT2 suppressed Akt-dependent HCMV-induced autophagy leading to necroptosis of infected monocytes. Overall, our data show that SIRT2 inhibition can simultaneously promote death of quiescently infected monocytes by two distinct death pathways, apoptosis and necroptosis, which may be vital for limiting viral dissemination to peripheral organs in immunosuppressed patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cheung
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Stacy Remiszewski
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Lillian W Chiang
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mohan Pal
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sm Ashikur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zaneta Nikolovska-Coleska
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary C Chan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|