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Ding M, He Y, Zhang S, Guo W. Recent Advances in Costimulatory Blockade to Induce Immune Tolerance in Liver Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:537079. [PMID: 33732228 PMCID: PMC7959747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.537079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is an effective therapy for end-stage liver disease. However, most postoperative patients must take immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection. Interestingly, some transplant recipients have normal liver function and do not experience organ rejection after the withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents. This phenomenon, called immune tolerance, is the ultimate goal in clinical transplantation. Costimulatory molecules play important roles in T cell-mediated immune responses and the maintenance of T cell tolerance. Blocking costimulatory pathways can alter T cell responses and prolong graft survival. Better understanding of the roles of costimulatory molecules has facilitated the use of costimulatory blockade to effectively induce immune tolerance in animal transplantation models. In this article, we review the state of the art in costimulatory pathway blockade for the induction of immune tolerance in transplantation and its potential application prospects for liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Schönberg A, Hamdorf M, Bock F. Immunomodulatory Strategies Targeting Dendritic Cells to Improve Corneal Graft Survival. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1280. [PMID: 32354200 PMCID: PMC7287922 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though the cornea is regarded as an immune-privileged tissue, transplantation always comes with the risk of rejection due to mismatches between donor and recipient. It is common sense that an alternative to corticosteroids as the current gold standard for treatment of corneal transplantation is needed. Since blood and lymphatic vessels have been identified as a severe risk factor for corneal allograft survival, much research has focused on vessel regression or inhibition of hem- and lymphangiogenesis in general. However, lymphatic vessels have been identified as required for the inflammation's resolution. Therefore, targeting other players of corneal engraftment could reveal new therapeutic strategies. The establishment of a tolerogenic microenvironment at the graft site would leave the recipient with the ability to manage pathogenic conditions independent from transplantation. Dendritic cells (DCs) as the central player of the immune system represent a target that allows the induction of tolerogenic mechanisms by many different strategies. These strategies are reviewed in this article with regard to their success in corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfrun Schönberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (A.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Matthias Hamdorf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (A.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (A.S.); (M.H.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Role of Co-stimulatory Molecules in T Helper Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:153-177. [PMID: 31758534 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating the immune response to a variety of pathogens but also regulate autoimmune responses, asthma, allergic responses, as well as tumor immunity. To cover this broad spectrum of responses, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and TFH, as defined by their cytokine pattern and function. The fate decision of T helper cell differentiation integrates signals delivered through the T cell receptor, cytokine receptors, and the pattern of co-stimulatory signals received. In this review, we summarize the contribution of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors to the differentiation and maintenance of T helper cell responses.
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Pilot Study of Delayed ICOS/ICOS-L Blockade With αCD40 to Modulate Pathogenic Alloimmunity in a Primate Cardiac Allograft Model. Transplant Direct 2018; 4:e344. [PMID: 29464205 PMCID: PMC5811273 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is rapidly upregulated with T-cell stimulation and may represent an escape pathway for T-cell costimulation in the setting of CD40/CD154 costimulation blockade. Induction treatment exhibited no efficacy in a primate renal allograft model, but rodent transplant models suggest that the addition of delayed ICOS/ICOS-L blockade may prolong allograft survival and prevent chronic rejection. Here, we ask whether ICOS-Ig treatment, timed to anticipate ICOS upregulation, prolongs NHP cardiac allograft survival or attenuates pathogenic alloimmunity. Methods Cynomolgus monkey heterotopic cardiac allograft recipients were treated with αCD40 (2C10R4, d0-90) either alone or with the addition of delayed ICOS-Ig (d63-110). Results Median allograft survival was similar between ICOS-Ig + αCD40 (120 days, 120-125 days) and αCD40 (124 days, 89-178 days) treated animals, and delayed ICOS-Ig treatment did not prevent allograft rejection in animals with complete CD40 receptor coverage. Although CD4+ TEM cells were decreased in peripheral blood (115 ± 24) and mLNs (49 ± 1.9%) during ICOS-Ig treatment compared with monotherapy (214 ± 27%, P = 0.01; 72 ± 9.9%, P = 0.01, respectively), acute and chronic rejection scores and kinetics of alloAb elaboration were similar between groups. Conclusions Delayed ICOS-Ig treatment with the reagent tested is probably ineffective in modulating pathogenic primate alloimmunity in this model.
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Wei Y, Wang Y, Zang A, Shang Y, Song Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yang H. Inducible T-cell co-stimulators regulate the proliferation and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Biol Res 2018; 51:2. [PMID: 29316975 PMCID: PMC5759367 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study determined the regulatory effects of inducible T-cell co-stimulators (ICOS) in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells using a RNA interference (RNAi) technique. Methods A RNAi technique was used to knockdown the expression of ICOS. ICOS expression after knockdown was detected as mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. A MTT colorimetric assay was used to detect cell proliferation, and the Transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion. Western blot was carried out to detect the level of Bcl-2, AKT, and PI3K protein expression in different groups. Results The proliferation of HepG2 cells were significantly decreased after ICOS siRNA transfection (EG group). Similarly, the results of the Transwell experiment showed that invasion of HepG2 cells in the EG group was clearly reduced compared to the negative control (NC) and blank control groups (CON). Western blot analysis showed that knockdown of ICOS expression reduced the levels of Bcl-2 and AKT, and also significantly up-regulated the level of PI3K phosphorylation (P < 0.01). Conclusion Down-regulating ICOS expression in HepG2 cells suppressed cell proliferation and invasion. The underlying mechanism may be related to the expression of the downstream factor, PI3K/AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Wei
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Aimin Zang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yanhong Shang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zizheng Song
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Departments of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
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Burlion A, Brunel S, Petit NY, Olive D, Marodon G. Targeting the Human T-Cell Inducible COStimulator Molecule with a Monoclonal Antibody Prevents Graft-vs-Host Disease and Preserves Graft vs Leukemia in a Xenograft Murine Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:756. [PMID: 28713380 PMCID: PMC5491549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Targeting costimulatory molecules with antagonist antibodies could dampen the excessive immune response that occurs, while preserving the beneficial graft vs leukemia (GVL) of the allogeneic response. Previous studies using a mouse model of GVHD have shown that targeting the T-cell Inducible COStimulator (ICOS, CD278) molecule is beneficial, but it is unclear whether the same applies to human cells. METHODS Here, we assessed whether a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to human ICOS was able to antagonize the costimulatory signal delivered in vivo to human T cells. To test this hypothesis, we used a xenogeneic model of GVHD where human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were adoptively transferred in immunocompromised NOD.SCID.gc-null mice (NSG). RESULTS In this model, control mice invariably lost weight and died by day 50. In contrast, 65% of the mice receiving a single injection of the anti-hICOS mAb survived beyond 100 days. Moreover, a significant improvement in survival was obtained in a curative xeno-GVHD setting. Mechanistically, administration of the anti-hICOS mAb was associated with a strong reduction in perivascular infiltrates in liver and lungs and reduction in frequencies and numbers of human T cells in the spleen. In addition, the mAb prevented T-cell expansion in the blood during xeno-GVHD. Importantly, GVHD-protected mice retained the ability to control the P815 mastocytoma cell line, mimicking GVL in humans. CONCLUSION A mAb-targeting human ICOS alleviated GVHD without impairing GVL in a xenograft murine model. Thus, ICOS represents a promising target in the management of BMT, preventing GVHD while preserving GVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Burlion
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Simon Brunel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Y Petit
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Marodon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
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Marriott CL, Carlesso G, Herbst R, Withers DR. ICOS is required for the generation of both central and effector CD4(+) memory T-cell populations following acute bacterial infection. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1706-15. [PMID: 25754933 PMCID: PMC4736665 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between ICOS and ICOS ligand (ICOSL) are essential for the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and thus the formation and maintenance of GC reactions. Given the conflicting reports on the requirement of other CD4+ T‐cell populations for ICOS signals, we have employed a range of in vivo approaches to dissect requirements for ICOS signals in mice during an endogenous CD4+ T‐cell response and contrasted this with CD28 signals. Genetic absence of ICOSL only modestly reduced the total number of antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells at the peak of the primary response, but resulted in a severely diminished number of both T central memory and T effector memory cells. Treatment with blocking anti‐ICOS mAb during the primary response recapitulated these effects and caused a more substantial reduction than blocking CD28 signals with CTLA4Ig. During the memory phase of the response further signals through ICOS or CD28 were not required for survival. However, upon secondary challenge only Tfh cell expansion remained heavily ICOS‐dependent, while CD28 signals were required for optimal expansion of all subsets. These data demonstrate the importance of ICOS signals specifically for memory CD4+ T‐cell formation, while highlighting the potential of therapeutically targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Marriott
- Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Gianluca Carlesso
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Research Department, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Research Department, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - David R Withers
- Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Lo DJ, Anderson DJ, Song M, Leopardi F, Farris AB, Strobert E, Chapin S, Devens B, Karrer E, Kirk AD. A pilot trial targeting the ICOS-ICOS-L pathway in nonhuman primate kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:984-92. [PMID: 25703015 PMCID: PMC4628789 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulation blockade with the B7-CD28 pathway-specific agent belatacept is now used in clinical kidney transplantation, but its efficacy remains imperfect. Numerous alternate costimulatory pathways have been proposed as targets to synergize with belatacept, one of which being the inducible costimulator (ICOS)-ICOS ligand (ICOS-L) pathway. Combined ICOS-ICOS-L and CD28-B7 blockade has been shown to prevent rejection in mice, but has not been studied in primates. We therefore tested a novel ICOS-Ig human Fc-fusion protein in a nonhuman primate (NHP) kidney transplant model alone and in combination with belatacept. ICOS-Ig did not prolong rejection-free survival as a monotherapy or in combination with belatacept. In ICOS-Ig alone treated animals, most graft-infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressed ICOS, and ICOS(+) T cells were present in peripheral blood to a lesser degree. Adding belatacept reduced the proportion of graft-infiltrating ICOS(+) T cells and virtually eliminated their presence in peripheral blood. Graft-infiltrating T cells in belatacept-resistant rejection were primarily CD8(+) CD28(-) , but importantly, very few CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells expressed ICOS. We conclude that ICOS-Ig, alone or combined with belatacept, does not prolong renal allograft survival in NHPs. This may relate to selective loss of ICOS with CD28 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J. Lo
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Douglas J. Anderson
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mingqing Song
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - A. Brad Farris
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Rosenblum JM, Kirk AD. Recollective homeostasis and the immune consequences of peritransplant depletional induction therapy. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:167-82. [PMID: 24517433 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One's cellular immune repertoire is composed of lymphocytes in multiple stages of maturation - the dynamic product of their responses to antigenic challenges and the homeostatic contractions necessary to accommodate immune expansions within physiologic norms. Given that alloreactivity is predominantly a cross-reactive phenomenon that is stochastically distributed throughout the overall T-cell repertoire, one's allospecific repertoire is similarly made up of cells in a variety of differentiation states. As such, the continuous expansion and elimination of activated memory populations, producing a 'recollective homeostasis' of sorts, has the potential over time to alter the maturation state and effector composition of both ones protective and alloreactive T-cell repertoire. Importantly, a T cell's maturation state significantly influences its response to numerous immunomodulatory therapies used in organ transplantation, including depletional antibody induction. In this review, we discuss clinically utilized depletional induction strategies, how their use alters a transplant recipient's cellular immune repertoire, and how a recipient's repertoire influences the clinical effects of induction therapy.
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Abdoli R, Najafian N. T Helper Cells Fate Mapping by Co-stimulatory Molecules and its Functions in Allograft Rejection and Tolerance. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2014; 5:97-110. [PMID: 25184030 PMCID: PMC4149737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell differentiation is dictated by a combination of T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with an antigen-bound major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and co-stimulatory molecules signal. The co-stimulatory signal can be positive or negative, and amplifying or diminishing the initial signal. However, the secondary co-stimulatory signal is not obligatory and its necessity is dictated, in part, by the stage of T cell development. In the field of transplantation, directing the T cell differentiation process can lead to therapeutic possibilities that promote allograft tolerance, and hinder unfavorable alloimmune responses. Therefore, understanding the details of T cell differentiation process, including the influence of co-stimulatory signals, is of paramount importance. It is important to note there is functional overlap between co-stimulatory molecules. It has been observed that some co-stimulatory signals have different effects on different T cell subsets. Hence, blockade of a co-stimulatory signal pathway, as part of a therapeutic regimen in transplantation, may have far reaching effects beyond the initial therapeutic intent and inhibit co-stimulatory signals necessary for desirable regulatory responses. In this review, co-stimulatory molecules involved in the differentiation of naïve T cells into T helper 1 (Th1), T helper 2 (Th2), T helper 17 (Th17), inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs), and T helper 9 (Th9) cells and their overlap are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Abdoli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02445, USA
| | - N. Najafian
- Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd. Weston, FL 33331, USA
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ICOS regulates the generation and function of human CD4+ Treg in a CTLA-4 dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82203. [PMID: 24312642 PMCID: PMC3846688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) is a member of CD28/Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) family and broadly expressed in activated CD4(+) T cells and induced regulatory CD4(+) T cells (CD4(+) iTreg). ICOS-related signal pathway could be activated by the interaction between ICOS and its ligand (ICOSL). In our previous work, we established a cost-effective system to generate a novel human allo-antigen specific CD4(hi) Treg by co-culturing their naïve precursors with allogeneic CD40-activated B cells in vitro. Here we investigate the role of ICOS in the generation and function of CD4(hi) Treg by interrupting ICOS-ICOSL interaction with ICOS-Ig. It is found that blockade of ICOS-ICOSL interaction impairs the induction and expansion of CD4(hi) Treg induced by allogeneic CD40-activated B cells. More importantly, CD4(hi) Treg induced with the addition of ICOS-Ig exhibits decreased suppressive capacity on alloantigen-specific responses. Dysfunction of CD4(hi) Treg induced with ICOS-Ig is accompanied with its decreased exocytosis and surface CTLA-4 expression. Through inhibiting endocytosis with E64 and pepstatin A, surface CTLA-4 expression and suppressive functions of induced CD4(hi) Treg could be partly reversed. Conclusively, our results demonstrate the beneficial role of ICOS-ICOSL signal pathway in the generation and function of CD4(hi) Treg and uncover a novel relationship between ICOS and CTLA-4.
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Costimulatory pathways: physiology and potential therapeutic manipulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:245928. [PMID: 24000287 PMCID: PMC3755444 DOI: 10.1155/2013/245928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
System lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an immune-complex-mediated autoimmune condition with protean immunological and clinical manifestation. While SLE has classically been advocated as a B-cell or T-cell disease, it is unlikely that a particular cell type is more pathologically predominant than the others. Indeed, SLE is characterized by an orchestrated interplay amongst different types of immunopathologically important cells participating in both innate and adaptive immunity including the dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as traditional nonimmune cells such as endothelial, epithelial, and renal tubular cells. Amongst the antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, and between lymphocytes, the costimulatory pathways which involve mutual exchange of information and signalling play an essential role in initiating, perpetuating, and, eventually, attenuating the proinflammatory immune response. In this review, advances in the knowledge of established costimulatory pathways such as CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/86, ICOS-B7RP1, CD70-CD27, OX40-OX40L, and CD137-CD137L as well as their potential roles involved in the pathophysiology of SLE will be discussed. Attempts to target these costimulatory pathways therapeutically will pave more potential treatment avenues for patients with SLE. Preliminary laboratory and clinical evidence of the potential therapeutic value of manipulating these costimulatory pathways in SLE will also be discussed in this review.
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B7h (ICOS-L) maintains tolerance at the fetomaternal interface. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2204-13. [PMID: 23578385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In a successful pregnancy, the semiallogeneic fetus is not rejected by the maternal immune system, which implies tolerance mechanisms protecting fetal tissues from maternal immune attack. Here we report that the ICOS-B7h costimulatory pathway plays a critical role in maintaining the equilibrium at the fetomaternal interface. Blockade of this pathway increased fetal resorption and decreased fetal survival in an allogeneic pregnancy model (CBA female × B6 male). Locally in the placenta, levels of regulatory markers such as IDO and TGF-β1 were reduced after anti-B7h monoclonal antibody treatment, whereas levels of effector cytokines (eg, IFN-γ) were significantly increased. In secondary lymphoid organs, enhanced IFN-γ and granzyme B production (predominantly by CD8(+) T cells) was observed in the anti-B7h-treated group. The deleterious effect of B7h blockade in pregnancy was maintained only in CD4 knockout mice, not in CD8 knockout mice, which suggests a role for CD8(+) T cells in immune regulation by the ICOS-B7h pathway. In accord, regulatory CD8(+) T cells (in particular, CD8(+)CD103(+) cells) were significantly decreased after anti-B7h monoclonal antibody treatment, and adoptive transfer of this subset abrogated the deleterious effect of B7h blockade in fetomaternal tolerance. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that B7h blockade abrogates tolerance at the fetomaternal interface by enhancing CD8(+) effector response and reducing local immunomodulation mediated by CD8(+) regulatory T cells.
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D’Addio F, Ueno T, Clarkson M, Zhu B, Vergani A, Freeman GJ, Sayegh MH, Ansari MJI, Fiorina P, Habicht A. CD160Ig fusion protein targets a novel costimulatory pathway and prolongs allograft survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60391. [PMID: 23593209 PMCID: PMC3617215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD160 is a cell surface molecule expressed by most NK cells and approximately 50% of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Engagement of CD160 by MHC class-I directly triggers a costimulatory signal to TCR-induced proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxic effector functions. The role of CD160 in alloimmunity is unknown. Using a newly generated CD160 fusion protein (CD160Ig) we examined the role of the novel costimulatory molecule CD160 in mediating CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell driven allograft rejection. CD160Ig inhibits alloreactive CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in vitro, in particular in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Consequently CD160Ig prolongs fully mismatched cardiac allograft survival in CD4(-/-), CD28(-/-) knockout and CTLA4Ig treated WT recipients, but not in WT or CD8(-/-) knockout recipients. The prolonged cardiac allograft survival is associated with reduced alloreactive CD8(+) T cell proliferation, effector/memory responses and alloreactive IFN-γ production. Thus, CD160 signaling is particularly important in CD28-independent effector/memory CD8(+) alloreactive T cell activation in vivo and therefore may serve as a novel target for prevention of allograft rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/deficiency
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Graft Survival/drug effects
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/mortality
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/mortality
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D’Addio
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Transplantation and Internal Medicine Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Takuya Ueno
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Clarkson
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Renal Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Baogong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea Vergani
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohamed H. Sayegh
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Javeed I. Ansari
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Transplantation and Internal Medicine Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antje Habicht
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Transplant Center Munich - LMU, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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15
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Abstract
T cells must be activated before they can elicit damage to allografts, through interaction of their T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide-MHC complex and through accessory molecules. Signaling through accessory molecules or costimulatory molecules is a critical way for the immune system to fine tune T cell activation. An emerging therapeutic strategy is to target selective molecules involved in the process of T cell activation using biologic agents, which do not impact TCR signaling, thus only manipulating the T cells, which recognize alloantigen. Costimulatory receptors and their ligands are attractive targets for this strategy and could be used both to prevent acute graft rejection as well as for maintenance immunosuppression. Therapeutic agents targeting costimulatory molecules, notably belatacept, have made the progression from the bench, through nonhuman primate studies and into the clinic. This overview describes some of the most common costimulatory molecules, their role in T cell activation, and the development of reagents, which target these pathways and their efficacy in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathryn J Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU UK
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16
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Amano MT, Camara NOS. The immunomodulatory role of carbon monoxide during transplantation. Med Gas Res 2013; 3:1. [PMID: 23295066 PMCID: PMC3582539 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of organ and tissue transplants has increased worldwide in recent decades. However, graft rejection, infections due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs and a shortage of graft donors remain major concerns. Carbon monoxide (CO) had long been regarded solely as a poisonous gas. Ultimately, physiological studies unveiled the endogenous production of CO, particularly by the heme oxygenase (HO)-1 enzyme, recognizing CO as a beneficial gas when used at therapeutic doses. The protective properties of CO led researchers to develop uses for it, resulting in devices and molecules that can deliver CO in vitro and in vivo. The resulting interest in clinical investigations was immediate. Studies regarding the CO/HO-1 modulation of immune responses and their effects on various immune disorders gave rise to transplantation research, where CO was shown to be essential in the protection against organ rejection in animal models. This review provides a perspective of how CO modulates the immune system to improve transplantation and suggests its use as a therapy in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Tami Amano
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Magee CN, Boenisch O, Najafian N. The role of costimulatory molecules in directing the functional differentiation of alloreactive T helper cells. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2588-600. [PMID: 22759274 PMCID: PMC3459149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are a heterogenous group of cell surface molecules that act to amplify or counteract the initial activating signals provided to T cells from the T cell receptor following its interaction with an antigen/major histocompatibility complex, thereby influencing T cell differentiation and fate. Although costimulation was previously thought to be indispensable for T cell activation at all stages of development, it is now known that the requirements for costimulation, and the costimulatory molecules involved, vary according to the stage of T cell differentiation. The ability to influence T cell fate is of paramount interest in the field of transplantation as we seek therapeutic options that inhibit detrimental alloimmune responses whilst simultaneously promoting allograft tolerance. As with many immune mechanisms, there is a degree of functional overlap between certain costimulatory molecules, whereas some have diametrically opposite effects on different T cell subsets despite sharing common ligands. This is a critical point when considering these molecules as therapeutic targets in transplantation, as blockade of a costimulatory pathway, although desirable in itself, may prevent the ligation of an essential regulatory coinhibitory molecule. This review discusses the T helper cell lineages pertinent to transplantation and the costimulatory molecules involved in their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara N. Magee
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Olaf Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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18
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Bhadra R, Gigley JP, Khan IA. The CD8 T-cell road to immunotherapy of toxoplasmosis. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:789-801. [PMID: 21668315 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection induces a robust CD8 T-cell immunity that is critical for keeping chronic infection under control. In studies using animal models, it has been demonstrated that the absence of this response can compromise the host ability to keep chronic infection under check. Therapeutic agents that facilitate the induction and maintenance of CD8 T-cell response against the pathogen need to be developed. In the last decade, major strides in understanding the development of effector and memory response, particularly in viral and tumor models, have been made. However, factors involved in the generation of effector or memory response against T. gondii infection have not been extensively investigated. This information will be invaluable in designing immunotherapeutic regimens needed for combating this intracellular pathogen that poses a severe risk for pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Bhadra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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19
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Riella LV, Ueno T, Batal I, De Serres SA, Bassil R, Elyaman W, Yagita H, Medina-Pestana JO, Chandraker A, Najafian N. Blockade of Notch ligand δ1 promotes allograft survival by inhibiting alloreactive Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cell generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4629-38. [PMID: 21949024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway has been recently shown to contribute to T cell differentiation in vitro. However, the in vivo function of Notch signaling in transplantation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the importance of Delta1 in regulating the alloimmune response in vivo. Delta1 expression was upregulated on dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages upon transplantation in a BALB/c into B6 vascularized cardiac transplant model. Whereas administration of anti-Delta1 mAb only slightly delayed survival of cardiac allografts in this fully MHC-mismatched model, it significantly prolonged graft survival in combination with single-dose CTLA4-Ig or in CD28 knockout recipients. The prolongation of allograft survival was associated with Th2 polarization and a decrease in Th1 and granzyme B-producing cytotoxic T cells. The survival benefit of Delta1 blockade was abrogated after IL-4 neutralization and in STAT6KO recipients, but was maintained in STAT4KO recipients, reinforcing the key role of Th2 cell development in its graft-prolonging effects. To our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time an important role of Delta1 in alloimmunity, identifying Delta1 ligand as a potential novel target for immunomodulation in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo V Riella
- Renal Division, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Abstract
Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Early studies demonstrated that interrupting T cell costimulation allows attenuation of the alloresponse, which is particularly difficult to modulate due to the clone size of alloreactive T cells. The understanding of costimulation has since evolved substantially and now encompasses not only positive signals involved in T cell activation but also negative signals inhibiting T cell activation and promoting T cell tolerance. Costimulation blockade has been used effectively for the induction of tolerance in rodent models of transplantation, but turned out to be less potent in large animals and humans. In this overview we will discuss the evolution of the concept of T cell costimulation, the potential of 'classical' and newly identified costimulation pathways as therapeutic targets for organ transplantation as well as progress towards clinical application of the first costimulation blocking compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pilat
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed H. Sayegh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital & Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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21
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Li J, Semple K, Suh WK, Liu C, Chen F, Blazar BR, Yu XZ. Roles of CD28, CTLA4, and inducible costimulator in acute graft-versus-host disease in mice. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:962-9. [PMID: 21447398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T cells deficient for CD28 have reduced ability to expand and survive, but still cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Inducible costimulator (ICOS), a member of the CD28 family, is expressed on antigen-activated T cells and plays unique roles in T cell activation and effector function. We hypothesized that ICOS contributes to the development of GVHD in the absence of B7:CD28/CTLA4 costimulation. In this study, we evaluated the roles of CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD after myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Unexpectedly, we found that blocking CD28 and CTLA4 signals using the clinically relevant reagent CTLA4-Ig increases the severity of GVHD mediated by CD4(+) T cells, and that such treatment does not add any benefit to the blockade of ICOS. In contrast, selectively blocking CD28 and ICOS, but not CTLA4, prevents GVHD more effectively than blocking either CD28 or ICOS alone. Taken together, these results indicate that CD28 and ICOS are synergistic in promoting GVHD, whereas the CTLA4 signal is required for T cell tolerance regardless of ICOS signaling. Thus, blocking CD28 and ICOS while sparing CTLA4 represents a promising approach for abrogating pathogenic T cell responses after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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22
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SÁNCHEZ–FUEYO ALBERTO, STROM TERRYB. Immunologic basis of graft rejection and tolerance following transplantation of liver or other solid organs. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:51-64. [PMID: 21073873 PMCID: PMC3866688 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of organs between genetically different individuals of the same species causes a T cell-mediated immune response that, if left unchecked, results in rejection and graft destruction. The potency of the alloimmune response is determined by the antigenic disparity that usually exists between donors and recipients and by intragraft expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the early period after transplantation. Studies in animal models have identified many molecules that, when targeted, inhibit T-cell activation. In addition, some of these studies have shown that certain immunologic interventions induce transplantation tolerance, a state in which the allograft is specifically accepted without the need for chronic immunosuppression. Tolerance is an important aspect of liver transplantation, because livers have a unique microenvironment that promotes tolerance rather than immunity. In contrast to the progress achieved in inducing tolerance in animal models, patients who receive transplanted organs still require nonspecific immunosuppressant drugs. The development of calcineurin inhibitors has reduced the acute rejection rate and improved short-term, but not long-term, graft survival. However, long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs leads to nephrotoxicity and metabolic disorders, as well as manifestations of overimmunosuppression such as opportunistic infections and cancers. The status of pharmacologic immunosuppression in the clinic is therefore not ideal. We review recently developed therapeutic strategies to promote tolerance to transplanted livers and other organs and diagnostic tools that might be used to identify patients most likely to accept or reject allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALBERTO SÁNCHEZ–FUEYO
- Liver Transplant Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - TERRY B. STROM
- Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Boenisch O, D'Addio F, Watanabe T, Elyaman W, Magee CN, Yeung MY, Padera RF, Rodig SJ, Murayama T, Tanaka K, Yuan X, Ueno T, Jurisch A, Mfarrej B, Akiba H, Yagita H, Najafian N. TIM-3: a novel regulatory molecule of alloimmune activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5806-19. [PMID: 20956339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell Ig domain and mucin domain (TIM)-3 has previously been established as a central regulator of Th1 responses and immune tolerance. In this study, we examined its functions in allograft rejection in a murine model of vascularized cardiac transplantation. TIM-3 was constitutively expressed on dendritic cells and natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) but only detected on CD4(+)FoxP3(-) and CD8(+) T cells in acutely rejecting graft recipients. A blocking anti-TIM-3 mAb accelerated allograft rejection only in the presence of host CD4(+) T cells. Accelerated rejection was accompanied by increased frequencies of alloreactive IFN-γ-, IL-6-, and IL-17-producing splenocytes, enhanced CD8(+) cytotoxicity against alloantigen, increased alloantibody production, and a decline in peripheral and intragraft Treg/effector T cell ratio. Enhanced IL-6 production by CD4(+) T cells after TIM-3 blockade plays a central role in acceleration of rejection. Using an established alloreactivity TCR transgenic model, blockade of TIM-3 increased allospecific effector T cells, enhanced Th1 and Th17 polarization, and resulted in a decreased frequency of overall number of allospecific Tregs. The latter is due to inhibition in induction of adaptive Tregs rather than prevention of expansion of allospecific natural Tregs. In vitro, targeting TIM-3 did not inhibit nTreg-mediated suppression of Th1 alloreactive cells but increased IL-17 production by effector T cells. In summary, TIM-3 is a key regulatory molecule of alloimmunity through its ability to broadly modulate CD4(+) T cell differentiation, thus recalibrating the effector and regulatory arms of the alloimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Marafioti T, Paterson JC, Ballabio E, Chott A, Natkunam Y, Rodriguez-Justo M, Plonquet A, Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Klapper W, Hansmann ML, Pileri SA, Isaacson PG, Stein H, Piris MA, Mason DY, Gaulard P. The inducible T-cell co-stimulator molecule is expressed on subsets of T cells and is a new marker of lymphomas of T follicular helper cell-derivation. Haematologica 2010; 95:432-9. [PMID: 20207847 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells reside in the light zone of germinal centers and are considered the cell of origin of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Recently, CXCL13, PD-1 and SAP were described as useful markers for T(FH) cells and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma but also reported in some peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified. DESIGN AND METHODS In the present study the expression pattern of ICOS protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry-based techniques in routine sections of normal lymphoid tissues and 633 human lymphomas. RESULTS Cells strongly positive for ICOS were restricted to the light zone of germinal centers and co-expressed T(FH)-associated molecules. In addition, weak to moderate ICOS expression was observed in a small proportion of FOXP3-positive cells. In lymphomas, ICOS expression was confined to angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (85/86), peripheral T-cell lymphomas of follicular variant (18/18) and a proportion of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified (24/56) that also expressed other T(FH)-associated molecules. CONCLUSIONS ICOS is a useful molecule for identifying T(FH) cells and its restricted expression to angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and a proportion of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified (showing a T(FH)-like profile) suggests its inclusion in the antibody panel for diagnosing T(FH)-derived lymphomas. Our findings provide further evidence that the histological spectrum of T(FH)-derived lymphomas is broader than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Marafioti
- Leukaemia Research Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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25
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Valujskikh A, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL. Recent progress and new perspectives in studying T cell responses to allografts. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1117-25. [PMID: 20353479 PMCID: PMC3208261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies in the past decade advanced our understanding of the development, execution and regulation of T-cell-mediated allograft rejection. This review outlines recent progress and focuses on three major areas of investigation that are likely to guide the development of graft-prolonging therapies in the future. The discussed topics include the contribution of recently discovered molecules to the activation and functions of alloreactive T cells, the emerging problem of alloreactive memory T cells and recently gained insights into the old question of transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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26
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Yamaura K, Boenisch O, Watanabe T, Ueno T, Vanguri V, Yang J, Tanaka K, Guleria I, Borst J, Zhai Y, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Najafian N. Differential requirement of CD27 costimulatory signaling for naïve versus alloantigen-primed effector/memory CD8+ T cells. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1210-20. [PMID: 20353477 PMCID: PMC2889922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) memory T cells endanger allograft survival by causing acute and chronic rejection and prevent tolerance induction. We explored the role of CD27:CD70 T-cell costimulatory pathway in alloreactive CD8(+)/CD4(+) T-cell activation. CD27-deficient (CD27(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) B6 mice rejected BALB/c cardiac allografts at similar tempo, with or without depletion of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that CD27 is not essential during primary T-cell alloimmune responses. To dissect the role of CD27 in primed effector and memory alloreactive T cells, CD27(-/-) or WT mice were challenged with BALB/c hearts either 10 or 40 days after sensitization with donor-type skin grafts. Compared to WT controls, allograft survival was prolonged in day 40- but not day 10-sensitized CD27(-/-) recipients. Improved allograft survival was accompanied by diminished secondary responsiveness of memory CD8(+) T cells, which resulted from deficiency in memory formation rather than their lack of secondary expansion. Chronic allograft vasculopathy and fibrosis were diminished in CD27(-/-) recipients of class I- but not class II-mismatched hearts as compared to WT controls. These data establish a novel role for CD27 as an important costimulatory molecule for alloreactive CD8(+) memory T cells in acute and chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Yamaura
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - O. Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - T. Watanabe
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - T. Ueno
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - V. Vanguri
- Immunology Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - K. Tanaka
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - I. Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Borst
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y. Zhai
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J. W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - N. Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Nader Najafian,
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In the nerve allograft model, costimulation blockade has permitted good regeneration but is still inferior to the nerve isograft. We hypothesize that a short course of multiple costimulatory pathway blockade will be more effective in inhibiting the redundancy of the immune response and improve nerve regeneration through the nerve allograft. METHODS The murine sciatic nerve allograft model was used to reconstruct a 1 cm sciatic nerve gap. Treatment consisted of the inhibition of the CD40, CD28/B7 and ICOS pathways and was compared with only single or double costimulation blockade. Assessment methods included quantitative histomorphometry and ELISPOT assay to quantify the host immune response after 3 weeks post-operatively. RESULTS Triple costimulation blockade permitted regeneration through the nerve allograft that was equivalent to the nerve isograft. A short course of three doses was more effective than a single dose for all combinations tested. ELISPOT assay demonstrated minimal in vitro immune response with a short course of double or triple pathway-blocking agents. CONCLUSION Costimulation blockade, especially with the simultaneous inhibition of multiple pathways, remains a promising strategy to promote regeneration through the peripheral nerve allograft, and may be uniquely suited to the temporary immunosuppressive requirements of the peripheral nerve allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Y. Tai
- Division of Plastics and Orthopedics, Kern Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Renata V. Weber
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Susan E. Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas H. Tung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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28
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Yang J, Riella L, Boenisch O, Popoola J, Robles S, Watanabe T, Vanguri V, Yuan X, Guleria I, Turka LA, Sayegh MH, Chandraker A. Paradoxical functions of B7: CD28 costimulation in a MHC class II-mismatched cardiac transplant model. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:2837-44. [PMID: 19845593 PMCID: PMC2841781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of the B7: CD28 costimulatory pathway has emerged as a promising therapy to prevent allograft rejection. However, this pathway has also been demonstrated to be important for the generation and maintenance of regulatory T cells. In this study, we investigated the role of the B7: CD28 pathway in the 'bm12 into B6' MHC class II-mismatched vascularized cardiac transplant model of chronic rejection. Allograft rejection was remarkably accelerated in B6 background B7DKO and CD28KO recipients compared with B6 wild-type (WT) recipients. Allograft rejection was associated with a significantly enhanced Th1/Th2 alloreactivity and marked reduction in the ratio of regulatory T cells to CD4(+) effector/memory cells. We noted that administration of anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 mAb prior to transplantation also accelerated allograft rejection. Furthermore, depleting CD25(+) cells in B6 WT recipients of bm12 hearts prior to transplant also precipitated rejection at a similar rate. Neither B7/CD28 deficiency nor CD25 depletion affected graft survival in single MHC class I-mismatched (bm1 into B6) recipients. This study highlights the paradoxical functions of B7: CD28 costimulation in a MHC class II-mismatched model, in which the B7: CD28 pathway is demonstrated to be important in preventing rejection through the generation and maintenance of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - L.V. Riella
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - O. Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Popoola
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - S. Robles
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - T. Watanabe
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - V. Vanguri
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - X. Yuan
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - I. Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - L. A. Turka
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M. H. Sayegh
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - A. Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Schenk AD, Gorbacheva V, Rabant M, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. Effector functions of donor-reactive CD8 memory T cells are dependent on ICOS induced during division in cardiac grafts. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:64-73. [PMID: 18976292 PMCID: PMC3289995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alloreactive T-cell memory is present in every transplant recipient and endangers graft survival. Even in the absence of known sensitizing exposures, heterologous immunity and homeostatic T-cell proliferation generate 'endogenous' memory T cells with donor-reactivity. We have recently shown that endogenous donor-reactive CD8 memory T cells infiltrate murine cardiac allografts within hours of reperfusion and amplify early posttransplant inflammation by producing IFN-gamma. Here, we have tested the role of ICOS co-stimulation in eliciting effector function from these memory T cells. ICOS is not expressed on the cell surface of circulating CD8 memory T cells but is rapidly upregulated during cell division within the allograft parenchyma. Donor-reactive CD8 memory T-cell infiltration, proliferation and ICOS expression are regulated by donor class I MHC molecule expression. ICOS blockade significantly reduced IFN-gamma production and other proinflammatory functions of the activated CD8 memory T cells. Our data demonstrate that this induction of ICOS expression within peripheral tissues is an important feature of CD8 memory T-cell activation and identify ICOS as a specific target for neutralizing proinflammatory functions of endogenous CD8 memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Schenk
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH,Corresponding author: Austin Schenk,
| | - V. Gorbacheva
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - M. Rabant
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH,Service de Transplantation Renale, H^opital Necker, Paris Cedex, France
| | - R. L. Fairchild
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - A. Valujskikh
- Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
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30
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Pan XC, Guo L, Deng YB, Naruse K, Kimura H, Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M. Further study of anti-ICOS immunotherapy for rat cardiac allograft rejection. Surg Today 2008; 38:815-25. [PMID: 18751947 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-007-3734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of B7-CD28 costimulatory signal blockade by adenovirus-mediated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunoglobulin (AdCTLA-4Ig) on cardiac allograft survival in DA (RT1(a)) to LEW (Lewis RT1(l)) rat combinations. METHODS We evaluated the effect of combined AdCTLA-4Ig and anti-inducible costimulator (ICOS) antibody immunotherapy on rat cardiac allograft acceptance. RESULTS Unlike AdCTLA-4Ig alone, anti-ICOS immunotherapy combined with AdCTLA-4Ig induced stable tolerance without causing chronic rejection. The combined immunotherapy also prevented the accelerated cardiac rejection caused by donor-type test skin grafting. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed remarkable inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltration with typical vasculopathy, especially ICOS-positive cells in the grafts, in recipients treated with AdCTLA-4Ig alone. In contrast, anti-ICOS therapy combined with AdCTLA-4Ig reduced the ICOS-positive inflammatory cell infiltration of the graft significantly. The most important finding is that possible cardiac arrest caused by secondary donor-type skin graft was prevented by combined immunotherapy of AdCTLA-4Ig and anti-ICOS antibody, despite skin graft rejection. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified a major role played by the ICOS-ICOSL pathway in chronic and accelerated cardiac allograft rejection, providing a novel approach to preventing the chronic rejection of vascularized organ allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Chao Pan
- Department of Artificial Organ and Transplantation Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of pattern-recognition receptors for microbial products and endogenous molecules released by stressed cells. Experimental studies show that TLRs are involved in the process of acute allograft rejection and that their activation can prevent transplantation tolerance. Herein, we review the expression of TLRs and the impact of TLR signaling in different cell types in grafted organs including antigen-presenting cells, T and B lymphocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells. We then discuss the involvement of TLRs in the different phases of the rejection phenomenon and the impact of TLR-mediated events on regulatory circuits which dampen alloimmune responses.
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32
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Tanaka K, Albin MJ, Yuan X, Yamaura K, Habicht A, Murayama T, Grimm M, Waaga AM, Ueno T, Padera RF, Yagita H, Azuma M, Shin T, Blazar BR, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH, Najafian N. PDL1 is required for peripheral transplantation tolerance and protection from chronic allograft rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5204-10. [PMID: 17911605 PMCID: PMC2291549 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The PD-1:PDL pathway plays an important role in regulating alloimmune responses but its role in transplantation tolerance is unknown. We investigated the role of PD-1:PDL costimulatory pathway in peripheral and a well established model of central transplantation tolerance. Early as well as delayed blockade of PDL1 but not PDL2 abrogated tolerance induced by CTLA4Ig in a fully MHC-mismatched cardiac allograft model. Accelerated rejection was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing alloreactive T cells and expansion of effector CD8(+) T cells in the periphery, and a decline in the percentage of Foxp3(+) graft infiltrating cells. Similarly, studies using PDL1/L2-deficient recipients confirmed the results with Ab blockade. Interestingly, while PDL1-deficient donor allografts were accepted by wild-type recipients treated with CTLA4Ig, the grafts developed severe chronic rejection and vasculopathy when compared with wild-type grafts. Finally, in a model of central tolerance induced by mixed allogeneic chimerism, engraftment was not abrogated by PDL1/L2 blockade. These novel data demonstrate the critical role of PDL1 for induction and maintenance of peripheral transplantation tolerance by its ability to alter the balance between pathogenic and regulatory T cells. Expression of PDL1 in donor tissue is critical for prevention of in situ graft pathology and chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tanaka
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Ansari MJI, Fiorina P, Dada S, Guleria I, Ueno T, Yuan X, Trikudanathan S, Smith RN, Freeman G, Sayegh MH. Role of ICOS pathway in autoimmune and alloimmune responses in NOD mice. Clin Immunol 2007; 126:140-7. [PMID: 17889619 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Islet allografts are subject to alloimmune and autoimmune destruction when transplanted into autoimmune prone animals or humans. The ICOS-B7h pathway plays a role in alloimmune responses, but its function in autoimmunity against islet cells is controversial. We investigated the role of ICOS signaling in autoimmune and alloimmune responses in NOD mice. ICOS blockade prevents development of spontaneous disease in pre-diabetic NOD mice. Furthermore, while ICOS blockade prolongs graft survival in a fully mismatched non-autoimmune islet allograft model in C57BL/6 recipients, it has no beneficial effect in reversing diabetes in models of islet transplantation in NOD mice involving autoimmunity alone or both allo- and autoimmunity. Interestingly, ICOS blockade is effective in prolonging heart allograft (not subject to tissue-specific autoimmunity) survival in NOD mice. We conclude that in islet transplantation and autoimmune diabetes, ICOS blockade can be effective in inhibiting alloimmunity and preventing autoimmunity but is ineffective in inhibiting recurrence of autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/surgery
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Signal Transduction
- Sirolimus/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Javeed I Ansari
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Xu H, Yan J, Huang Y, Chilton PM, Ding C, Schanie CL, Wang L, Ildstad ST. Costimulatory blockade of CD154-CD40 in combination with T-cell lymphodepletion results in prevention of allogeneic sensitization. Blood 2007; 111:3266-75. [PMID: 17827394 PMCID: PMC2265462 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-053801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitization is a critical unresolved challenge in transplantation. We show for the first time that blockade of CD154 alone or combined with T-cell depletion prevents sensitization. Allogeneic skin grafts were rejected by recipients treated with anti-alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR), anti-CD154, anti-OX40L, or anti-inducible costimulatory pathway (ICOS) mAb alone with a kinetic similar to untreated recipients. However, the production of anti-donor MHC antibody was prevented in mice treated with anti-CD154 mAb only, suggesting a specific role for the CD154-CD40 pathway in B-cell activation. The impairment of T cell-dependent B-cell responses by blocking CD154 occurs through inhibiting activation of T and B cells and secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10. Combined treatment with both anti-CD154 and anti-alphabeta TCR abrogated antidonor antibody production and resulted in prolonged skin graft survival, suggesting the induction of both T- and B-cell tolerance with prevention of allogeneic sensitization. In addition, we show that the tolerance induced by combined treatment was nondeletional. Moreover, these sensitization-preventive strategies promote bone marrow engraftment in recipients previously exposed to donor alloantigen. These findings may be clinically relevant to prevent allosensitization with minimal toxicity and point to humoral immunity as playing a dominant role in alloreactivity in sensitized recipients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/deficiency
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202-1760, USA
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35
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Vidric M, Bladt AT, Dianzani U, Watts TH. Role for inducible costimulator in control of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1050-61. [PMID: 16428752 PMCID: PMC1360312 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.1050-1061.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is expressed on activated T cells and plays a key role in sustaining and enhancing the effector function of CD4 T cells. Given the function of this molecule in sustaining T-cell responses, we reasoned that ICOS might play an important role in a prolonged infection model, such as Salmonella infection of mice. To test this hypothesis, wild-type (WT) and ICOS-deficient (ICOS-/-) mice were infected systemically with a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing the chicken ovalbumin gene (Salmonella-OVA). ICOS-/- mice exhibited greater splenomegaly than WT mice and showed delayed bacterial clearance. The acquired immune response in this model was slow to develop. Maximal T-cell responses to Salmonella-OVA were detected at 3 weeks postinfection in both WT and ICOS-/- mice. CD4 T-cell-dependent gamma interferon production and a class switch to immunoglobulin G2a were severely reduced in ICOS-/- mice. ICOS-/- mice also exhibited a substantial defect in antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses. In vitro, the effect of anti-ICOS on CD8 T-cell division was greater when CD8 T cells rather than CD4 T cells expressed ICOS, suggesting that the in vivo effects of ICOS on CD8 T cells could be direct. Taken together, these studies show that ICOS plays a critical role in control of Salmonella infection in mice, with effects on antibody, Th1, and CD8 T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vidric
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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36
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Ruiz-Perez B, Chung DR, Sharpe AH, Yagita H, Kalka-Moll WM, Sayegh MH, Kasper DL, Tzianabos AO. Modulation of surgical fibrosis by microbial zwitterionic polysaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16753-8. [PMID: 16275921 PMCID: PMC1283807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505688102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial carbohydrates have long been considered T cell-independent antigens that primarily induce humoral immune responses. Recently, it has been demonstrated that bacterial capsules that possess a zwitterionic charge motif can activate CD4(+) T cells after processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells. Here we show that these zwitterionic polysaccharides can prevent T helper 1-mediated fibrosis by signaling for the release of IL-10 from CD4(+) T cells in vivo. IL-10 production by these T cells and their ability to prevent fibrosis is controlled by the inducible costimulator (ICOS)-ICOS ligand pathway. These data demonstrate that the interaction of the zwitterionic polysaccharides with T cells results in modulation of surgical fibrosis in vivo and suggest a previously undescribed approach to "harnessing" T cell function to prevent inflammatory tissue disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begonia Ruiz-Perez
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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Guleria I, Khosroshahi A, Ansari MJ, Habicht A, Azuma M, Yagita H, Noelle RJ, Coyle A, Mellor AL, Khoury SJ, Sayegh MH. A critical role for the programmed death ligand 1 in fetomaternal tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:231-7. [PMID: 16027236 PMCID: PMC2213002 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fetal survival during gestation implies that tolerance mechanisms suppress the maternal immune response to paternally inherited alloantigens. Here we show that the inhibitory T cell costimulatory molecule, programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1), has an important role in conferring fetomaternal tolerance in an allogeneic pregnancy model. Blockade of PDL1 signaling during murine pregnancy resulted in increased rejection rates of allogeneic concepti but not syngeneic concepti. Fetal rejection was T cell– but not B cell–dependent because PDL1-specific antibody treatment caused fetal rejection in B cell–deficient but not in RAG-1–deficient females. Blockade of PDL1 also resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of IFN-γ–producing lymphocytes in response to alloantigen in an ELISPOT assay and higher IFN-γ levels in placental homogenates by ELISA. Finally, PDL1-deficient females exhibited decreased allogeneic fetal survival rates as compared with littermate and heterozygote controls and showed evidence of expansion of T helper type 1 immune responses in vivo. These results provide the first evidence that PDL1 is involved in fetomaternal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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38
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Hubbard VM, Eng JM, Ramirez-Montagut T, Tjoe KH, Muriglan SJ, Kochman AA, Terwey TH, Willis LM, Schiro R, Heller G, Murphy GF, Liu C, Alpdogan O, van den Brink MRM. Absence of inducible costimulator on alloreactive T cells reduces graft versus host disease and induces Th2 deviation. Blood 2005; 106:3285-92. [PMID: 15956289 PMCID: PMC1895338 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is expressed on activated and memory T cells and is involved in the regulation of cytokine production. We studied the role of ICOS on alloreactive T cells in graft versus host disease (GVHD) and determined that ICOS expression was up-regulated on alloreactive T cells in recipients of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with GVHD. We compared ICOS-/- T cells with wild-type (WT) T cells in 2 GVHD models. In both models, recipients of ICOS-/- T cells demonstrated significantly less GVHD morbidity and mortality, which was associated with less intestinal and hepatic GVHD but increased cutaneous GVHD. In addition, recipients of ICOS-/- donor T cells displayed a slight decrease in graft versus leukemia (GVL) activity. Further analysis of alloreactive ICOS-/- T cells showed no defect in activation, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and target organ infiltration. Recipients of ICOS-/- T cells had decreased serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), while interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 levels were increased, suggesting that alloreactive ICOS-/- T cells are skewed toward T helper-2 (Th2) differentiation. These data suggest a novel role for ICOS in the regulation of Th1/Th2 development of activated T cells. In conclusion, alloreactive ICOS-/- donor T cells induce less GVHD due to a Th2 immune deviation while GVL activity is slightly diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hubbard
- Department of Medicine and ImmunologyMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Kettering 406D, Mailbox 111, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
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