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Redirecting host preexisting influenza A virus immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1611-1623. [PMID: 34731283 PMCID: PMC8563826 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We tested the concept that host preexisting influenza A virus immunity can be redirected to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis through systemic administration of influenza A virus–related peptides to targeted tumors. Mice infected with influenza A virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) were used as a model of a host with preexisting viral immunity. The extent to which preexisting influenza A immunity in PR8-immunized mice can be redirected to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis was first examined by ectopic expression of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) and hemagglutinin (HA) in syngeneic mammary tumor cells via lentiviral transduction. Then, the feasibility of implementing this strategy using a systemic therapy approach was assessed by systemic delivery of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-compatible peptides to targeted mammary tumors overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in mice using a novel HER2-targeting single-lipid nanoparticle (SLNP). Our results show that preexisting influenza A immunity in PR8-immunized mice could be quickly redirected to syngeneic tumors expressing influenza A NP and HA, leading to strong inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis and improvement of survival compared to the findings in antigen-naïve control mice. MHC-I-compatible peptides could be delivered to targeted mammary tumors in mice using the HER2-targeting SLNP for antigen presentation, which subsequently redirected preexisting influenza A immunity to the tumors to exert antitumor activities. In conclusion, preexisting influenza A immunity can be repurposed for cancer immunotherapy through systemic delivery of influenza A–related peptides to targeted tumors. Further development of the strategy for clinical translation is warranted.
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2
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Iezzi M, Quaglino E, Amici A, Lollini PL, Forni G, Cavallo F. DNA vaccination against oncoantigens: A promise. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:316-325. [PMID: 22737607 PMCID: PMC3382874 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging evidence that DNA vaccines elicit a protective immune response in rodents, dogs and cancer patients, coupled with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of an initial DNA vaccine to treat canine tumors is beginning to close the gap between the optimistic experimental data and their difficult application in a clinical setting. Here we review a series of conceptual and biotechnological advances that are working together to make DNA vaccines targeting molecules that play important roles during cancer progression (oncoantigens) a promise with near-term clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Centre; G. d'Annunzio University; Chieti, Italy
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3
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Nguyen-Hoai T, Kobelt D, Hohn O, Vu MD, Schlag PM, Dörken B, Norley S, Lipp M, Walther W, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. HER2/neu DNA vaccination by intradermal gene delivery in a mouse tumor model: Gene gun is superior to jet injector in inducing CTL responses and protective immunity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1537-1545. [PMID: 23264900 PMCID: PMC3525609 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines are potential tools for the induction of immune responses against both infectious disease and cancer. The dermal application of DNA vaccines is of particular interest since the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin are characterized by an abundance of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The aim of our study was to compare tumor protection as obtained by two different methods of intradermal DNA delivery (gene gun and jet injector) in a well-established HER2/neu mouse tumor model. BALB/c mice were immunized twice with a HER2/neu-coding plasmid by gene gun or jet injector. Mice were then subcutaneously challenged with HER2/neu+ syngeneic D2F2/E2 tumor cells. Protection against subsequent challenges with tumor cells as well as humoral and T-cell immune responses induced by the vaccine were monitored. Gene gun immunization was far superior to jet injector both in terms of tumor protection and induction of HER2/neu-specific immune responses. After gene gun immunization, 60% of the mice remained tumor-free until day 140 as compared with 25% after jet injector immunization. Furthermore, gene gun vaccination was able to induce both a strong TH1-polarized T-cell response with detectable cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity and a humoral immune response against HER2/neu, whereas the jet injector was not. Although the disadvantages that were associated with the use of the jet injector in our model may be overcome with methodological modifications and/or in larger animals, which exhibit a thicker skin and/or subcutaneous muscle tissue, we conclude that gene gun delivery constitutes the method of choice for intradermal DNA delivery in preclinical mouse models and possibly also for the clinical development of DNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Nguyen-Hoai
- Deptartment of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology Charité; University Medicine Berlin; Campus Berlin-Buch, Campus Benjamin Franklin and Campus Virchow-Klinikum; Berlin, Germany ; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin, Germany
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4
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Wilkes JG, Czerniecki BJ, Costa RLB. Treatment from within: Ductal Carcinoma as an Opportunity to Harness the Immune System. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-020-00356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Singh S, Mehta N, Lilan J, Budhthoki MB, Chao F, Yong L. Initiative action of tumor-associated macrophage during tumor metastasis. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2017; 4:8-18. [PMID: 29450136 PMCID: PMC5801826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a significant component of the microenvironment of any solid tumors in the majority of cancers, associated with unfavorable prognosis. TAMs emerge as attractive targets for therapeutic strategies aimed at reprogramming their protumor phenotype into an effective antitumor activity. In this review article, we present an overview of mechanisms responsible for TAMs recruitment and highlight the roles of TAMs in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression, and chemotherapeutic resistance. We describe the interplay between Th17 cells and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, and we assess both the potential antitumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic activities of Th17 cells and their associated cytokines. Understanding the nature of Th17 cell responses in the tumor microenvironment will be important for the design of more efficacious cancer immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss TAM-targeting therapy as a promising novel strategy for an indirect cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Li Yong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshibei Road, Yubei District, Chongqing 401147, China
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6
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CCL4 as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:162-7. [PMID: 27056671 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, MIP-1β) is a CC chemokine that has a broad spectrum of target cells including immature dendritic cells, which express the cognate receptor CCR5. We asked whether a plasmid encoding CCL4 is able to improve tumor protection and immune responses in a Her2/neu+ mouse tumor model. Balb/c mice were immunized twice intramuscularly with plasmid DNA on days 1 and 15. On day 25, a tumor challenge was performed with 2 × 10(5) syngeneic Her2/neu+ D2F2/E2 tumor cells. Different groups of mice were vaccinated with pDNA(Her2/neu) plus pDNA(CCL4), pDNA(Her2/neu), pDNA(CCL4) or mock vector alone. Our results show that CCL4 is able to (i) improve tumor protection and (ii) augment a TH1-polarized immune response against Her2/neu. Although Her2/neu-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses were comparable with that induced in previous studies using CCL19 or CCL21 as adjuvants, tumor protection conferred by CCL4 was inferior. Whether this is due to a different spectrum of (innate) immune cells, remains to be clarified. However, combination of CCL19/21 with CCL4 might be a reasonable approach in the future, particularly for DNA vaccination in Her2/neu+ breast cancer in the situation of minimal residual disease.
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7
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Milani A, Sangiolo D, Aglietta M, Valabrega G. Recent advances in the development of breast cancer vaccines. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 6:159-68. [PMID: 25339848 PMCID: PMC4204811 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s38428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The manipulation of the immune system through the administration of a vaccine to direct an effective and long-lasting immune response against breast cancer (BC) cells is an attractive strategy. Vaccines would have several theoretical advantages over standard therapies, including low toxicities, high specificity, and long-lasting efficacy due to the establishment of immunological memory. However, BC vaccines have failed to demonstrate meaningful results in clinical trials so far. This reflects the intrinsic difficulty in breaking the complex immune-escaping mechanisms developed by cancer cells. New vaccines should be able to elicit complex immunologic response involving multiple immune effectors such as cytotoxic and antibody-secreting B cells, innate immunity effectors, and memory cells. Moreover, especially in patients with large tumor burdens and metastatic disease, combining vaccines with other strategies, such as systemic BC therapies, passive immunotherapy, or immunomodulatory agents, could increase the effectiveness of each approach. Here, we review recent advances in BC vaccines, focusing on suitable targets and innovative strategies. We report results of most recent trials investigating active immunotherapy in BC and provide possible future perspectives in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milani
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ; FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ; FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Torino, Italy
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8
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Marchini C, Kalogris C, Garulli C, Pietrella L, Gabrielli F, Curcio C, Quaglino E, Cavallo F, Amici A. Tailoring DNA Vaccines: Designing Strategies Against HER2-Positive Cancers. Front Oncol 2013; 3:122. [PMID: 23675574 PMCID: PMC3653119 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of HER2 in epithelial transformation and its selective overexpression on cancer tissues makes it an ideal target for cancer immunotherapies such as passive immunotherapy with Trastuzumab. There are, however, a number of concerns regarding the use of monoclonal antibodies which include resistance, repeated treatments, considerable costs, and side effects that make active immunotherapies against HER2 desirable alternative approaches. The efficacy of anti-HER2 DNA vaccination has been widely demonstrated in transgenic cancer-prone mice, which recapitulate several features of human breast cancers. Nonetheless, the rational design of a cancer vaccine able to trigger a long-lasting immunity, and thus prevent tumor recurrence in patients, would require the understanding of how tolerance and immunosuppression regulate antitumor immune responses and, at the same time, the identification of the most immunogenic portions of the target protein. We herein retrace the findings that led to our most promising DNA vaccines that, by encoding human/rat chimeric forms of HER2, are able to circumvent peripheral tolerance. Preclinical data obtained with these chimeric DNA vaccines have provided the rationale for their use in an ongoing Phase I clinical trial (EudraCT 2011-001104-34).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Marchini
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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Gabrielli F, Salvi R, Garulli C, Kalogris C, Arima S, Tardella L, Monaci P, Pupa SM, Tagliabue E, Montani M, Quaglino E, Stramucci L, Curcio C, Marchini C, Amici A. Identification of relevant conformational epitopes on the HER2 oncoprotein by using Large Fragment Phage Display (LFPD). PLoS One 2013; 8:e58358. [PMID: 23555577 PMCID: PMC3610777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a new phage-display based approach, the Large Fragment Phage Display (LFPD), that can be used for mapping conformational epitopes on target molecules of immunological interest. LFPD uses a simplified and more effective phage-display approach in which only a limited set of larger fragments (about 100 aa in length) are expressed on the phage surface. Using the human HER2 oncoprotein as a target, we identified novel B-cell conformational epitopes. The same homologous epitopes were also detected in rat HER2 and all corresponded to the epitopes predicted by computational analysis (PEPITO software), showing that LFPD gives reproducible and accurate results. Interestingly, these newly identified HER2 epitopes seem to be crucial for an effective immune response against HER2-overexpressing breast cancers and might help discriminating between metastatic breast cancer and early breast cancer patients. Overall, the results obtained in this study demonstrated the utility of LFPD and its potential application to the detection of conformational epitopes on many other molecules of interest, as well as, the development of new and potentially more effective B-cell conformational epitopes based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gabrielli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Roberto Salvi
- Faculté de Médecine, Biothérapie du Diabète, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Chiara Garulli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Cristina Kalogris
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Serena Arima
- Department of Methods and Models for Economics, Territory and Finance, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Tardella
- Department of Statistical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Monaci
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Serenella M. Pupa
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, AmadeoLab, Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, AmadeoLab, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Montani
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Curcio
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchini
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
- * E-mail: (CM); (AA)
| | - Augusto Amici
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
- * E-mail: (CM); (AA)
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Emens LA. Breast cancer immunobiology driving immunotherapy: vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:1597-611. [PMID: 23253225 PMCID: PMC3587160 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is immunogenic, and infiltrating immune cells in primary breast tumors convey important clinical prognostic and predictive information. Furthermore, the immune system is critically involved in clinical responses to some standard cancer therapies. Early breast cancer vaccine trials have established the safety and bioactivity of breast cancer immunotherapy, with hints of clinical activity. Novel strategies for modulating regulators of immunity, including regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immune checkpoint pathways (monoclonal antibodies specific for the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 or programmed death), are now available. In particular, immune checkpoint blockade has enormous therapeutic potential. Integrative breast cancer immunotherapies that strategically combine established breast cancer therapies with breast cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade or both should result in durable clinical responses and increased cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 409, Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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11
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Albuquerque K, Tell D, Lobo P, Millbrandt L, Mathews HL, Janusek LW. Impact of partial versus whole breast radiation therapy on fatigue, perceived stress, quality of life and natural killer cell activity in women with breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:251. [PMID: 22708709 PMCID: PMC3542587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This pilot study used a prospective longitudinal design to compare the effect of adjuvant whole breast radiation therapy (WBRT) versus partial breast radiation therapy (PBRT) on fatigue, perceived stress, quality of life and natural killer cell activity (NKCA) in women receiving radiation after breast cancer surgery. Methods Women (N = 30) with early-stage breast cancer received either PBRT, Mammosite brachytherapy at dose of 34 Gy 10 fractions/5 days, (N = 15) or WBRT, 3-D conformal techniques at dose of 50 Gy +10 Gy Boost/30 fractions, (N = 15). Treatment was determined by the attending oncologist after discussion with the patient and the choice was based on tumor stage and clinical need. Women were assessed prior to initiation of radiation therapy and twice after completion of radiation therapy. At each assessment, blood was obtained for determination of NKCA and the following instruments were administered: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to evaluate group differences in initial outcomes and change in outcomes over time. Results Fatigue (FACT-F) levels, which were similar prior to radiation therapy, demonstrated a significant difference in trajectory. Women who received PBRT reported progressively lower fatigue; conversely fatigue worsened over time for women who received WBRT. No difference in perceived stress was observed between women who received PBRT or WBRT. Both groups of women reported similar levels of quality of life (FACT-G) prior to initiation of radiation therapy. However, HLM analysis revealed significant group differences in the trajectory of quality of life, such that women receiving PBRT exhibited a linear increase in quality of life over time after completion of radiation therapy; whereas women receiving WBRT showed a decreasing trajectory. NKCA was also similar between therapy groups but additional post hoc analysis revealed that better quality of life significantly predicted higher NKCA regardless of therapy. Conclusions Compared to WBRT, PBRT results in more rapid recovery from cancer-related fatigue with improved restoration of quality of life after radiation therapy. Additionally, better quality of life predicts higher NKCA against tumor targets, emphasizing the importance of fostering quality of life for women undergoing adjuvant radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Albuquerque
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL, USA.
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12
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Arigoni M, Barutello G, Lanzardo S, Longo D, Aime S, Curcio C, Iezzi M, Zheng Y, Barkefors I, Holmgren L, Cavallo F. A vaccine targeting angiomotin induces an antibody response which alters tumor vessel permeability and hampers the growth of established tumors. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:305-16. [PMID: 22426512 PMCID: PMC3338916 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiomotin (Amot) is one of several identified angiostatin receptors expressed by the endothelia of angiogenic tissues. We have shown that a DNA vaccine targeting Amot overcome immune tolerance and induce an antibody response that hampers the progression of incipient tumors. Following our observation of increased Amot expression on tumor endothelia concomitant with the progression from pre-neoplastic lesions to full-fledged carcinoma, we evaluated the effect of anti-Amot vaccination on clinically evident tumors. Electroporation of plasmid coding for the human Amot (pAmot) significantly delayed the progression both of autochthonous tumors in cancer prone BALB-neuT and PyMT genetically engineered mice and transplantable TUBO tumor in wild-type BALB/c mice. The intensity of the inhibition directly correlated with the titer of anti-Amot antibodies induced by the vaccine. Tumor inhibition was associated with an increase of vessels diameter with the formation of lacunar spaces, increase in vessel permeability, massive tumor perivascular necrosis and an effective epitope spreading that induces an immune response against other tumor associated antigens. Greater tumor vessel permeability also markedly enhances the antitumor effect of doxorubicin. These data provide a rationale for the development of novel anticancer treatments based on anti-Amot vaccination in conjunction with chemotherapy regimens.
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Quaglino E, Riccardo F, Macagno M, Bandini S, Cojoca R, Ercole E, Amici A, Cavallo F. Chimeric DNA Vaccines against ErbB2+ Carcinomas: From Mice to Humans. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3225-41. [PMID: 24212954 PMCID: PMC3759195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccination exploits a relatively simple and flexible technique to generate an immune response against microbial and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Its effectiveness is enhanced by the application of an electrical shock in the area of plasmid injection (electroporation). In our studies we exploited a sophisticated electroporation device approved for clinical use (Cliniporator, IGEA, Carpi, Italy). As the target antigen is an additional factor that dramatically modulates the efficacy of a vaccine, we selected ErbB2 receptor as a target since it is an ideal oncoantigen. It is overexpressed on the cell membrane by several carcinomas for which it plays an essential role in driving their progression. Most oncoantigens are self-tolerated molecules. To circumvent immune tolerance we generated two plasmids (RHuT and HuRT) coding for chimeric rat/human ErbB2 proteins. Their immunogenicity was compared in wild type mice naturally tolerant for mouse ErbB2, and in transgenic mice that are also tolerant for rat or human ErbB2. In several of these mice, RHuT and HuRT elicited a stronger anti-tumor response than plasmids coding for fully human or fully rat ErbB2. The ability of heterologous moiety to blunt immune tolerance could be exploited to elicit a significant immune response in patients. A clinical trial to delay the recurrence of ErbB2+ carcinomas of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx is awaiting the approval of the Italian authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Quaglino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (E.Q.); (F.R.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (R.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (E.Q.); (F.R.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (R.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Marco Macagno
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (E.Q.); (F.R.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (R.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Silvio Bandini
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (E.Q.); (F.R.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (R.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Rodica Cojoca
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (E.Q.); (F.R.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (R.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Elisabetta Ercole
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (E.Q.); (F.R.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (R.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Augusto Amici
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; E-Mail:
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Pakravan N, Hashemi SM, Hassan ZM. Adjuvant activity of GP96 C-terminal domain towards Her2/neu DNA vaccine is fusion direction-dependent. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:41-8. [PMID: 20730610 PMCID: PMC3024088 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Her2 is one of tumor-associated antigens (TAA), regarded as an ideal target of immunotherapy. DNA encoding full-length or truncated rat Her2/neu have shown protective and therapeutics potentials against Her2/neu-expressing mammary tumors. However, the efficacy of active vaccination is limited since Her2 is a self-tolerated antigen. Hence, new strategies are required to enhance both the quality and quantity of the immune response against Her2-expressing tumors. Many studies have used Her2/neu gene with cytokine or other molecules involved in regulation of immune response to enhance the potency of Her2/neu DNA vaccines. Some studies fused adjuvant gene to C-terminal domain of Her2/neu gene, while others fused the adjuvant gene N-terminally to Her2/neu gene, but no comparison on how direction of fusion could affect efficiency of DNA vaccine has ever been made. Based on previous reports demonstrating potent adjuvant activity of gp96 C-terminal domain, we chose it as adjuvant. The aim of this study was to investigate if direction of fusion could affect adjuvant activity of gp96 C-terminal domain or potency of Her2/neu DNA vaccination. To do so, we fused C-terminal domain of gp96 to downstream or C-terminal end of transmembrane and extracellular domain (TM+ECD) of rat Her2/neu and resultant immune response to DNA vaccination was evaluated. The results were compared with that of N-terminally fusion of gp96 C-terminal domain to TM+ECD of rat Her2/neu. Our results revealed that adjuvant activity of gp96 C-terminal domain is enhanced when fused N-terminally to TM+ECD of rat Her2/neu. It suggests that adjuvant activity of gp96 C-terminal domain towards Her2/neu is fusion direction-dependent.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Female
- Gene Fusion
- Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Bolli E, Quaglino E, Arigoni M, Lollini PL, Calogero R, Forni G, Cavallo F. Oncoantigens for an immune prevention of cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2010; 1:255-264. [PMID: 21969087 PMCID: PMC3180047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the main arms of preventive medicine. Recently a large series of experiments with cancer-prone genetically engineered mice have shown that preventive vaccines are also extremely efficacious inhibitors of the progression of carcinogenesis. Early vaccination affords significant and persistent protection, whereas its efficacy fades when neoplastic lesions become more advanced. Our current attempts to use combination strategies and technological advances to make vaccines effective in cancer prevention able to cure more advanced stages of cancer lesions are based on the temporary and systemic T(reg) removal, the preparation of new bimodular plasmids for DNA vaccination, and the search for fresh target oncoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bolli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of TurinItaly
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of TurinItaly
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of TurinItaly
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Hematology and Oncological Sciences, University of BolognaItaly
| | - Raffaele Calogero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of TurinItaly
| | - Guido Forni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of TurinItaly
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of TurinItaly
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16
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Pakravan N, Langroudi L, Hajimoradi M, Hassan ZM. Co-administration of GP96 and Her2/neu DNA vaccine in a Her2 breast cancer model. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:977-84. [PMID: 20544406 PMCID: PMC3024078 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins have biochemical and immunological roles in chaperoning/signaling and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively. Their effect on the immune response is due to a phenomenon known as cross-priming of antigen, in which exogenous antigens are presented via MHC class I by antigen presenting cells. GP96 exerts adjuvant activity with some viral and bacterial antigens when applied in the form of a DNA vaccine. In this study, animals with Her2-expressing tumors were vaccinated by co-administration of GP96+ Her2/neu DNA vaccines. Analyses of the immune response, 2 weeks after the last immunization revealed decreased CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Tregs) at the tumor site and increased IFN-γ/IL-4 level. Nevertheless, the graph of tumor size demonstrated a bi-phasic pattern in which partial control of tumor progression initially occurred, but finally its effectiveness was inversely affected by tumor size.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Langroudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monire Hajimoradi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Ferris RL, Jaffee EM, Ferrone S. Tumor antigen-targeted, monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy: clinical response, cellular immunity, and immunoescape. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4390-9. [PMID: 20697078 PMCID: PMC2954137 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor antigen (TA) -targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb), rituximab, trastuzumab, and cetuximab, are clinically effective for some advanced malignancies, especially in conjunction with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. However, these results are only seen in a subset (20% to 30%) of patients. We discuss the immunologic mechanism(s) underlying these clinical findings and their potential role in the variability in patients' clinical response. METHODS We reviewed the evidence indicating that the effects of TA-targeted mAb-based immunotherapy are mediated not only by inhibition of signaling pathways, but also by cell-mediated cytotoxicity triggered by the infused TA-targeted mAb. We analyzed the immunologic variables that can influence the outcome of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro and in animal model systems. We also analyzed the correlation reported between these variables and the clinical response to mAb-based immunotherapy. RESULTS Of the variables that influence ADCC mediated by TA-targeted mAb, only polymorphisms of Fcγ receptors (FcγR) expressed by patients' lymphocytes were correlated with clinical efficacy. However, this correlation is not absolute and is not observed in all malignancies. Thus other variables may be responsible for the antitumor effects seen in mAb-treated patients. We discuss the evidence that triggering of TA-specific cellular immunity by TA-targeted mAb, in conjunction with immune escape mechanisms used by tumor cells, may contribute to the differential clinical responses to mAb-based immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Identification of the mechanism(s) underlying the clinical response of patients with cancer treated with TA-targeted mAb is crucial to optimizing their application in the clinic and to selecting the patients most likely to benefit from their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Ferris
- The Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, 5117 Centre Ave, Room 2.26b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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18
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Pakravan N, Soudi S, Hassan ZM. N-terminally fusion of Her2/neu to HSP70 decreases efficiency of Her2/neu DNA vaccine. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:631-8. [PMID: 20224916 PMCID: PMC3006617 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines consisted of tumor-associated antigen (TAA) are well suited for immunotherapy against tumor. The construct can contain TAA fused to an appropriate molecule (biologic adjuvant) to improve the efficacy of anti-tumor immune response. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been shown to be an excellent candidate, capable of cross-priming TAA by antigen presenting cells leading to a robust T-cell response. However, the relationship between strong T-cell responses and tumor rejection is not always mutually exclusive, for which TAA loss or activation of suppressive mechanisms may occur. HSP70 fused to downstream of Her2/neu as DNA vaccine has been shown to be efficient against Her2-expressing tumors. In this study, we examined if N-terminally fusion of Her2/neu to HSP70 could also improve efficiency of Her2/neu DNA vaccine. Therefore, mice with an established Her2/neu expressing tumor were immunized with DNA vaccine consisting of extracellular and trans-membrane domain (EC+TM) of rat Her2/neu alone or N-terminally fused to HSP70 and immune response was evaluated. Administration of rat Her2/neu led to partial control of tumor progression. Surprisingly, fusion of HSP70 to N-terminal of rat Her2/neu led to tumor progression. Our result proposes that fusion direction of biologic adjuvant is an important consideration when Her2/neu is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Prostate cancer immunotherapy yields superior long-term survival in TRAMP mice when administered at an early stage of carcinogenesis prior to the establishment of tumor-associated immunosuppression at later stages. Vaccine 2010; 27 Suppl 6:G52-9. [PMID: 20006141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer immunotherapy clinical trials have been performed, but often in immunocompromised patients with limited clinical success. The study aim was to determine whether the stage of prostate cancer development at which immunization occurs affects vaccine efficacy, and if so which tumor-associated immunosuppressive mechanisms may be involved at later stages. Therapeutic vaccination of TRAMP mice with only precancerous PIN lesions confered superior protection to immunization after development of invasive carcinoma. The presence of Treg, upregulation of tumor indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase and TGFbeta and an immunosuppressive intratumoral cytokine milieu were identified in more advanced prostate cancer. These results indicate that prostate cancer immunotherapy trials will be more successful if conducted in patients with less advanced disease.
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20
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Lai MD, Yen MC, Lin CM, Tu CF, Wang CC, Lin PS, Yang HJ, Lin CC. The effects of DNA formulation and administration route on cancer therapeutic efficacy with xenogenic EGFR DNA vaccine in a lung cancer animal model. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2009; 7:2. [PMID: 19178753 PMCID: PMC2645394 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib is effective against lung cancer cells carrying mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); however, it is not effective against lung cancer carrying normal EGFR. The breaking of immune tolerance against self epidermal growth factor receptor with active immunization may be a useful approach for the treatment of EGFR-positive lung tumors. Xenogeneic EGFR gene was demonstrated to induce antigen-specific immune response against EGFR-expressing tumor with intramuscular administration. Methods In order to enhance the therapeutic effect of xenogeneic EGFR DNA vaccine, the efficacy of altering routes of administration and formulation of plasmid DNA was evaluated on the mouse lung tumor (LL2) naturally overexpressing endogenous EGFR in C57B6 mice. Three different combination forms were studied, including (1) intramuscular administration of non-coating DNA vaccine, (2) gene gun administration of DNA vaccine coated on gold particles, and (3) gene gun administration of non-coating DNA vaccine. LL2-tumor bearing C57B6 mice were immunized four times at weekly intervals with EGFR DNA vaccine. Results The results indicated that gene gun administration of non-coating xenogenic EGFR DNA vaccine generated the strongest cytotoxicty T lymphocyte activity and best antitumor effects. CD8(+) T cells were essential for anti-tumor immunityas indicated by depletion of lymphocytes in vivo. Conclusion Thus, our data demonstrate that administration of non-coating xenogenic EGFR DNA vaccine by gene gun may be the preferred method for treating EGFR-positive lung tumor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Derg Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
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21
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Optimized DNA vaccines to specifically induce therapeutic CD8 T cell responses against autochthonous breast tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1695-703. [PMID: 18253731 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines capable of inducing CD8 T cell responses to antigens expressed by tumor cells are considered as attractive choices for the treatment and prevention of malignant diseases. Our group has previously reported that immunization with synthetic peptide corresponding to a CD8 T cell epitope derived from the rat neu (rNEU) oncogene administered together with a Toll-like receptor agonist as adjuvant, induced immune responses that translated into prophylactic and therapeutic benefit against autochthonous tumors in an animal model of breast cancer (BALB-neuT mice). DNA-based vaccines offer some advantages over peptide vaccines, such as the possibility of including multiple CD8 T cell epitopes in a single construct. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasmids encoding a fragment of rNEU were designed to elicit CD8 T cell responses but no antibody responses. We evaluated the use of the modified plasmids as DNA vaccines for their ability to generate effective CD8 T cell responses against breast tumors expressing rNEU. RESULTS DNA-based vaccines using modified plasmids were very effective in specifically stimulating tumor-reactive CD8 T cell responses. Moreover, vaccination with the modified DNA plasmids resulted in significant anti-tumor effects that were mediated by CD8 T cells without the requirement of generating antibodies to the product of rNEU. CONCLUSIONS DNA vaccination is a viable alternative to peptide vaccination to induce potent anti-tumor CD8 T cell responses that provide effective therapeutic benefit. These results bear importance for the design of DNA vaccines for the treatment and prevention of cancer.
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22
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Cavallo F, Astolfi A, Iezzi M, Cordero F, Lollini PL, Forni G, Calogero R. An integrated approach of immunogenomics and bioinformatics to identify new Tumor Associated Antigens (TAA) for mammary cancer immunological prevention. BMC Bioinformatics 2005; 6 Suppl 4:S7. [PMID: 16351756 PMCID: PMC1866378 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-6-s4-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neoplastic transformation is a multistep process in which distinct gene products of specific cell regulatory pathways are involved at each stage. Identification of overexpressed genes provides an unprecedented opportunity to address the immune system against antigens typical of defined stages of neoplastic transformation. HER-2/neu/ERBB2 (Her2) oncogene is a prototype of deregulated oncogenic protein kinase membrane receptors. Mice transgenic for rat Her2 (BALB-neuT mice) were studied to evaluate the stage in which vaccines can prevent the onset of Her2 driven mammary carcinomas. As Her2 is not overexpressed in all mammary carcinomas, definition of an additional set of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) expressed at defined stages by most breast carcinomas would allow a broader coverage of vaccination. To address this question, a meta-analysis was performed on two transcription profile studies [1,2] to identify a set of new TAA targets to be used instead of or in conjunction with Her2. Results The five TAAs identified (Tes, Rcn2, Rnf4, Cradd, Galnt3) are those whose expression is linearly related to the tumor mass increase in BALB-neuT mammary glands. Moreover, they have a low expression in normal tissues and are generally expressed in human breast tumors, though at a lower level than Her2. Conclusion Although the number of putative TAAs identified is limited, this pilot study suggests that meta-analysis of expression profiles produces results that could assist in the designing of pre-clinical immunopreventive vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cavallo
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Az. Ospedaliera S. Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10, I-10043 Orbassano Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Dept. of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Dept. of Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Chieti, Via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Cordero
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Az. Ospedaliera S. Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10, I-10043 Orbassano Italy
- Dept. of Informatics, University of Torino, Via Pessinetto 12, I-10100 Torino, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Dept. of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Forni
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Az. Ospedaliera S. Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10, I-10043 Orbassano Italy
| | - Raffaele Calogero
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Az. Ospedaliera S. Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10, I-10043 Orbassano Italy
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23
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Eralp Y, Wang X, Wang JP, Maughan MF, Polo JM, Lachman LB. Doxorubicin and paclitaxel enhance the antitumor efficacy of vaccines directed against HER 2/neu in a murine mammary carcinoma model. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6:R275-83. [PMID: 15217493 PMCID: PMC468620 DOI: 10.1186/bcr787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of the present study was to determine whether cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents administered prior to immunotherapy with gene vaccines could augment the efficacy of the vaccines. Methods Mice were injected in the mammary fat pad with an aggressive breast tumor cell line that expresses HER2/neu. The mice were treated 3 days later with a noncurative dose of either doxorubicin or paclitaxel, and the following day with a gene vaccine to HER2/neu. Two more doses of vaccine were given 14 days apart. Two types of gene vaccines were tested: a plasmid vaccine encoding a self-replicating RNA (replicon) of Sindbis virus (SINCP), in which the viral structural proteins were replaced by the gene for neu; and a viral replicon particle derived from an attenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, containing a replicon RNA in which the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus structural proteins were replaced by the gene for neu. Results Neither vaccination alone nor chemotherapy alone significantly reduced the growth of the mammary carcinoma. In contrast, chemotherapy followed by vaccination reduced tumor growth by a small, but significant amount. Antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes were induced by the combined treatment, indicating that the control of tumor growth was most probably due to an immunological mechanism. The results demonstrated that doxorubicin and paclitaxel, commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer, when used at immunomodulating doses augmented the antitumor efficacy of gene vaccines directed against HER2/neu. Conclusions The combination of chemotherapeutic agents plus vaccine immunotherapy may induce a tumor-specific immune response that could be beneficial for the adjuvant treatment of patients with minimal residual disease. The regimen warrants further evaluation in a clinical setting.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/therapy
- Cell Line
- Combined Modality Therapy/methods
- Combined Modality Therapy/trends
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Epitopes/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Paclitaxel/administration & dosage
- Paclitaxel/therapeutic use
- Receptor, ErbB-2/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Eralp
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Current address: University of Istanbul, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - John M Polo
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Lawrence B Lachman
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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24
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Spadaro M, Lanzardo S, Curcio C, Forni G, Cavallo F. Immunological inhibition of carcinogenesis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:204-16. [PMID: 14722672 PMCID: PMC11032997 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The combination of new information provided by fundamental immunology, along with the refinement of genetic engineering techniques has given scientists the capacity to produce vaccines able to inhibit the growth of most if not every transplantable tumor. However, when faced with already established tumors, vaccines fail to afford any significant protection. Many studies are underway which seek to overcome this gloomy situation. However, another possibility is to follow the indications provided by a large quantity of experimental data and to evaluate the possibility of using immunotherapy to prevent the initial stages of tumor growth. Is it possible to prevent an autologous tumor by means of a vaccination performed before tumor onset? Could antitumor vaccines be a new form of preventive medicine in the wake of Jenner, Pasteur, and other pioneers? In this paper it is our intention to review the results obtained by our laboratory in the attempt to use natural and adaptive immunity in the control of carcinogenesis. Natural immunity boosted by IL-12 and IL-2 significantly hampers the progression of mammary lesions occurring in HER-2/neu transgenic mice genetically predestined to develop lethal mammary carcinomas. Specific immunity elicited by DNA vaccination provides a much stronger inhibition of the development of mammary lesions, and a significant number of transgenic mice are tumor free at 1 year of age. These experimental data suggest the possibility of using immunity as a means of controlling preneoplastic lesions and protecting healthy persons at risk of developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Spadaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Claudia Curcio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Guido Forni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy
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25
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Tan EM, Shi FD. Relative paradigms between autoantibodies in lupus and autoantibodies in cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:169-77. [PMID: 14616773 PMCID: PMC1808856 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E M Tan
- W M Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dana 510E, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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