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Liu Y, Robinson AM, Su XQ, Nurgali K. Krill Oil and Its Bioactive Components as a Potential Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Insights from In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Biomolecules 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 38672464 PMCID: PMC11048140 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Krill oil is extracted from krill, a small crustacean in the Antarctic Ocean. It has received growing attention because of krill oil's unique properties and diverse health benefits. Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that it has potential therapeutic benefits in preventing the development of a range of chronic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Krill oil is enriched with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, and the potent antioxidant astaxanthin, contributing to its therapeutic properties. The possible underlying mechanisms of krill oil's health benefits include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, maintaining intestinal barrier functions, and modulating gut microbiota. This review aims to provide an overview of the beneficial effects of krill oil and its bioactive components on intestinal inflammation and to discuss the findings on the molecular mechanisms associated with the role of krill oil in IBD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Ainsley M. Robinson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
- School of Rural Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao Qun Su
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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Sahakian L, Robinson AM, Sahakian L, Stavely R, Kelley MR, Nurgali K. APE1/Ref-1 as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1569. [PMID: 38002251 PMCID: PMC10669584 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of IBD is increasing with approximately 4.9 million cases reported worldwide. Current therapies are limited due to the severity of side effects and long-term toxicity, therefore, the development of novel IBD treatments is necessitated. Recent findings support apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/reduction-oxidation factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) as a target in many pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, where APE1/Ref-1 regulation of crucial transcription factors impacts significant pathways. Thus, a potential target for a novel IBD therapy is the redox activity of the multifunctional protein APE1/Ref-1. This review elaborates on the status of conventional IBD treatments, the role of an APE1/Ref-1 in intestinal inflammation, and the potential of a small molecule inhibitor of APE1/Ref-1 redox activity to modulate inflammation, oxidative stress response, and enteric neuronal damage in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (L.S.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Ainsley M. Robinson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (L.S.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Linda Sahakian
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark R. Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (L.S.); (A.M.R.)
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (R.S.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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3
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Zheng L, Tsai B, Gao N. Structural and mechanistic insights into the DNA glycosylase AAG-mediated base excision in nucleosome. Cell Discov 2023; 9:62. [PMID: 37339965 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The engagement of a DNA glycosylase with a damaged DNA base marks the initiation of base excision repair. Nucleosome-based packaging of eukaryotic genome obstructs DNA accessibility, and how DNA glycosylases locate the substrate site on nucleosomes is currently unclear. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of nucleosomes bearing a deoxyinosine (DI) in various geometric positions and structures of them in complex with the DNA glycosylase AAG. The apo nucleosome structures show that the presence of a DI alone perturbs nucleosomal DNA globally, leading to a general weakening of the interface between DNA and the histone core and greater flexibility for the exit/entry of the nucleosomal DNA. AAG makes use of this nucleosomal plasticity and imposes further local deformation of the DNA through formation of the stable enzyme-substrate complex. Mechanistically, local distortion augmentation, translation/rotational register shift and partial opening of the nucleosome are employed by AAG to cope with substrate sites in fully exposed, occluded and completely buried positions, respectively. Our findings reveal the molecular basis for the DI-induced modification on the structural dynamics of the nucleosome and elucidate how the DNA glycosylase AAG accesses damaged sites on the nucleosome with different solution accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Tsai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Song YQ, Li GD, Niu D, Chen F, Jing S, Wai Wong VK, Wang W, Leung CH. A robust luminescent assay for screening alkyladenine DNA glycosylase inhibitors to overcome DNA repair and temozolomide drug resistance. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:514-522. [PMID: 37305785 PMCID: PMC10257196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an anticancer agent used to treat glioblastoma, typically following radiation therapy and/or surgical resection. However, despite its effectiveness, at least 50% of patients do not respond to TMZ, which is associated with repair and/or tolerance of TMZ-induced DNA lesions. Studies have demonstrated that alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG), an enzyme that triggers the base excision repair (BER) pathway by excising TMZ-induced N3-methyladenine (3meA) and N7-methylguanine lesions, is overexpressed in glioblastoma tissues compared to normal tissues. Therefore, it is essential to develop a rapid and efficient screening method for AAG inhibitors to overcome TMZ resistance in glioblastomas. Herein, we report a robust time-resolved photoluminescence platform for identifying AAG inhibitors with improved sensitivity compared to conventional steady-state spectroscopic methods. As a proof-of-concept, this assay was used to screen 1440 food and drug administration-approved drugs against AAG, resulting in the repurposing of sunitinib as a potential AAG inhibitor. Sunitinib restored glioblastoma (GBM) cancer cell sensitivity to TMZ, inhibited GBM cell proliferation and stem cell characteristics, and induced GBM cell cycle arrest. Overall, this strategy offers a new method for the rapid identification of small-molecule inhibitors of BER enzyme activities that can prevent false negatives due to a fluorescent background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Dou Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Shaozhen Jing
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
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5
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Wei X, Leng X, Li G, Wang R, Chi L, Sun D. Advances in research on the effectiveness and mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas for colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1120672. [PMID: 36909166 PMCID: PMC9995472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can progress into colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) through the inflammation-cancer sequence. Although the mechanism of carcinogenesis in IBD has not been fully elucidated, the existing research indicates that CAC may represent a fundamentally different pathogenesis pattern of colorectal cancer. At present, there is no proven safe and effective medication to prevent IBD cancer. In recent years, Chinese medicine extracts and Chinese medicine monomers have been the subject of numerous articles about the prevention and treatment of CAC, but their clinical application is still relatively limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas are widely applied in clinical practice. TCM formulas have demonstrated great potential in the prevention and treatment of CAC in recent years, although there is still a lack of review. Our work aimed to summarize the effects and potential mechanisms of TCM formulas for the prevention and treatment of CAC, point out the issues and limitations of the current research, and provide recommendations for the advancement of CAC research in the future. We discovered that TCM formulas regulated many malignant biological processes, such as inflammation-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, tumor microenvironment, and intestinal microecology imbalance in CAC, through a review of the articles published in databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase, and CNKI. Several major signal transduction pathways, including NF-κB, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, HIF-1α, and Nrf2, were engaged. TCM formula may be a promising treatment candidate to control the colitis-cancer transformation, however further high-quality research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiunan Wei
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Leng
- Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Gongyi Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ruting Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Chi
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dajuan Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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A DNA repair-independent role for alkyladenine DNA glycosylase in alkylation-induced unfolded protein response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111404119. [PMID: 35197283 PMCID: PMC8892324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111404119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress response pathways, such as the DNA damage response and the UPR, are critical in the etiology and treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases. Knowledge of an interplay between ER stress and genome damage repair is emerging, but evidence linking defective DNA repair and impaired ER stress response is lacking. Here, we show that AAG is necessary for UPR activation in response to alkylating agents. AAG-deficient mice and human cancer cells are impaired in alkylation-induced UPR. Strikingly, this defect can be complemented by an AAG variant defective in glycosylase activity. Our studies suggest that AAG has noncanonical functions and identify AAG as a point of convergence for stress response pathways. This knowledge could be explored to improve cancer treatment. Alkylating agents damage DNA and proteins and are widely used in cancer chemotherapy. While cellular responses to alkylation-induced DNA damage have been explored, knowledge of how alkylation affects global cellular stress responses is sparse. Here, we examined the effects of the alkylating agent methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) on gene expression in mouse liver, using mice deficient in alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag), the enzyme that initiates the repair of alkylated DNA bases. MMS induced a robust transcriptional response in wild-type liver that included markers of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) known to be controlled by XBP1, a key UPR effector. Importantly, this response is significantly reduced in the Aag knockout. To investigate how AAG affects alkylation-induced UPR, the expression of UPR markers after MMS treatment was interrogated in human glioblastoma cells expressing different AAG levels. Alkylation induced the UPR in cells expressing AAG; conversely, AAG knockdown compromised UPR induction and led to a defect in XBP1 activation. To verify the requirements for the DNA repair activity of AAG in this response, AAG knockdown cells were complemented with wild-type Aag or with an Aag variant producing a glycosylase-deficient AAG protein. As expected, the glycosylase-defective Aag does not fully protect AAG knockdown cells against MMS-induced cytotoxicity. Remarkably, however, alkylation-induced XBP1 activation is fully complemented by the catalytically inactive AAG enzyme. This work establishes that, besides its enzymatic activity, AAG has noncanonical functions in alkylation-induced UPR that contribute to cellular responses to alkylation.
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Peng Y, Pei H. DNA alkylation lesion repair: outcomes and implications in cancer chemotherapy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:47-62. [PMID: 33448187 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkylated DNA lesions, induced by both exogenous chemical agents and endogenous metabolites, represent a major form of DNA damage in cells. The repair of alkylation damage is critical in all cells because such damage is cytotoxic and potentially mutagenic. Alkylation chemotherapy is a major therapeutic modality for many tumors, underscoring the importance of the repair pathways in cancer cells. Several different pathways exist for alkylation repair, including base excision and nucleotide excision repair, direct reversal by methyl-guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), and dealkylation by the AlkB homolog (ALKBH) protein family. However, maintaining a proper balance between these pathways is crucial for the favorable response of an organism to alkylating agents. Here, we summarize the progress in the field of DNA alkylation lesion repair and describe the implications for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,GW Cancer Center, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Huadong Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA. .,GW Cancer Center, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Obesity, oxidative DNA damage and vitamin D as predictors of genomic instability in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2095-2107. [PMID: 34158611 PMCID: PMC8380542 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Epidemiological evidence indicates obesity in childhood and adolescence to be an independent risk factor for cancer and premature mortality in adulthood. Pathological implications from excess adiposity may begin early in life. Obesity is concurrent with a state of chronic inflammation, a well-known aetiological factor for DNA damage. In addition, obesity has been associated with micro-nutritional deficiencies. Vitamin D has attracted attention for its anti-inflammatory properties and role in genomic integrity and stability. The aim of this study was to determine a novel approach for predicting genomic instability via the combined assessment of adiposity, DNA damage, systemic inflammation, and vitamin D status. SUBJECTS/METHODS We carried out a cross-sectional study with 132 participants, aged 10-18, recruited from schools and paediatric obesity clinics in London. Anthropometric assessments included BMI Z-score, waist and hip circumference, and body fat percentage via bioelectrical impedance. Inflammation and vitamin D levels in saliva were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oxidative DNA damage was determined via quantification of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in urine. Exfoliated cells from the oral cavity were scored for genomic instability via the buccal cytome assay. RESULTS As expected, comparisons between participants with obesity and normal range BMI showed significant differences in anthropometric measures (p < 0.001). Significant differences were also observed in some measures of genomic instability (p < 0.001). When examining relationships between variables for all participants, markers of adiposity positively correlated with acquired oxidative DNA damage (p < 0.01) and genomic instability (p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with vitamin D (p < 0.01). Multiple regression analyses identified obesity (p < 0.001), vitamin D (p < 0.001), and oxidative DNA damage (p < 0.05) as the three significant predictors of genomic instability. CONCLUSIONS Obesity, oxidative DNA damage, and vitamin D deficiency are significant predictors of genomic instability. Non-invasive biomonitoring and predictive modelling of genomic instability in young patients with obesity may contribute to the prioritisation and severity of clinical intervention measures.
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Balzano E, Pelliccia F, Giunta S. Genome (in)stability at tandem repeats. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 113:97-112. [PMID: 33109442 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Repeat sequences account for over half of the human genome and represent a significant source of variation that underlies physiological and pathological states. Yet, their study has been hindered due to limitations in short-reads sequencing technology and difficulties in assembly. A important category of repetitive DNA in the human genome is comprised of tandem repeats (TRs), where repetitive units are arranged in a head-to-tail pattern. Compared to other regions of the genome, TRs carry between 10 and 10,000 fold higher mutation rate. There are several mutagenic mechanisms that can give rise to this propensity toward instability, but their precise contribution remains speculative. Given the high degree of homology between these sequences and their arrangement in tandem, once damaged, TRs have an intrinsic propensity to undergo aberrant recombination with non-allelic exchange and generate harmful rearrangements that may undermine the stability of the entire genome. The dynamic mutagenesis at TRs has been found to underlie individual polymorphism associated with neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders, as well as complex genetic diseases like cancer and diabetes. Here, we review our current understanding of the surveillance and repair mechanisms operating within these regions, and we describe how alterations in these protective processes can readily trigger mutational signatures found at TRs, ultimately resulting in the pathological correlation between TRs instability and human diseases. Finally, we provide a viewpoint to counter the detrimental effects that TRs pose in light of their selection and conservation, as important drivers of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Balzano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Pelliccia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Giunta
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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10
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Sahakian L, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Robinson AM, Yan XS, Abalo R, Eri R, Bornstein JC, Kelley MR, Nurgali K. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 Redox Signaling Alleviates Intestinal Dysfunction and Damage to Myenteric Neurons in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 27:388-406. [PMID: 32618996 PMCID: PMC8287929 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associates with damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS), leading to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Oxidative stress is important for the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced enteric neuropathy and GI dysfunction. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a dual functioning protein that is an essential regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to determine whether an APE1/Ref-1 redox domain inhibitor, APX3330, alleviates inflammation-induced oxidative stress that leads to enteric neuropathy in the Winnie murine model of spontaneous chronic colitis. METHODS Winnie mice received APX3330 or vehicle via intraperitoneal injections over 2 weeks and were compared with C57BL/6 controls. In vivo disease activity and GI transit were evaluated. Ex vivo experiments were performed to assess functional parameters of colonic motility, immune cell infiltration, and changes to the ENS. RESULTS Targeting APE1/Ref-1 redox activity with APX3330 improved disease severity, reduced immune cell infiltration, restored GI function ,and provided neuroprotective effects to the enteric nervous system. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling leading to reduced mitochondrial superoxide production, oxidative DNA damage, and translocation of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was involved in neuroprotective effects of APX3330 in enteric neurons. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate inhibition of APE1/Ref-1's redox activity via APX3330 in an animal model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Inhibition of the redox function of APE1/Ref-1 is a novel strategy that might lead to a possible application of APX3330 for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ainsley M Robinson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xu Sean Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System at URJC, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Program in Pediatric Molecular Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, USA
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Address correspondence to: Kulmira Nurgali, Level 4, Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research & Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, 3021, VIC, Australia. E-mail:
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MicroRNA binding site polymorphism in inflammatory genes associated with colorectal cancer: literature review and bioinformatics analysis. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:739-753. [PMID: 32203060 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, among environmental risk factors, is one of the most important contributors to colorectal cancer (CRC) development. In this way, studies revealed that the incidence of CRC in inflammatory bowel disease patients is up to 60% higher than the general population. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNA molecules, have attracted excessive attention due to their fundamental role in various aspects of cellular biology, such as inflammation by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of pro and anti-inflammatory genes. Based on multiple previous studies, SNPs at 3'-UTR can affect miRNA recognition elements by changing the thermodynamic features and secondary structure. This effect can be categorized, based on the number of changes, into four groups, including break, decrease, create, and enhance. In this paper, we will focus on functional variants in miRNA binding sites in inflammatory genes, which can modulate the risk of CRC by both investigating previous studies, regarding miRSNPs in inflammatory genes associated with CRC and recruiting in silico prediction algorithms to report putative miRSNPs in 176 inflammatory genes. In our analysis, we achieved 110 miRSNPs in 3'-UTR of 67 genes that seem good targets for future researches.
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12
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Németh E, Lovrics A, Gervai JZ, Seki M, Rospo G, Bardelli A, Szüts D. Two main mutational processes operate in the absence of DNA mismatch repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 89:102827. [PMID: 32126497 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of tumour genome sequences has demonstrated high rates of base substitution mutagenesis upon the inactivation of DNA mismatch repair (MMR), and the resulting somatic mutations in MMR deficient tumours appear to significantly enhance the response to immune therapy. A handful of different algorithmically derived base substitution mutation signatures have been attributed to MMR deficiency in tumour somatic mutation datasets. In contrast, mutation data obtained from whole genome sequences of isogenic wild type and MMR deficient cell lines in this study, as well as from published sources, show a more uniform experimental mutation spectrum of MMR deficiency. In order to resolve this discrepancy, we reanalysed mutation data from MMR deficient tumour whole exome and whole genome sequences. We derived two base substitution signatures using non-negative matrix factorisation, which together adequately describe mutagenesis in all tumour and cell line samples. The two new signatures broadly resemble COSMIC signatures 6 and 20, but perform better than existing COSMIC signatures at identifying MMR deficient tumours in mutation signature deconstruction. We show that the contribution of the two identified signatures, one of which is dominated by C to T mutations at CpG sites, is biased by the different sequence composition of the exome and the whole genome. We further show that the identity of the inactivated MMR gene, the tissue type, the mutational burden or the patient's age does not influence the mutation spectrum, but that a tendency for a greater contribution by the CpG mutational process is observed in tumours as compared to cultured cells. Our analysis suggest that two separable mutational processes operate in the genomes of MMR deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Németh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Lovrics
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Z Gervai
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Masayuki Seki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical & Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Rospo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo TO, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060, Candiolo TO, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo TO, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060, Candiolo TO, Italy
| | - Dávid Szüts
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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13
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Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase deficiency uncouples alkylation-induced strand break generation from PARP-1 activation and glycolysis inhibition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2209. [PMID: 32042007 PMCID: PMC7010680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylation damage is repaired by base excision repair (BER) initiated by alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG). Despite its role in DNA repair, AAG-initiated BER promotes cytotoxicity in a process dependent on poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1); a NAD+-consuming enzyme activated by strand break intermediates of the AAG-initiated repair process. Importantly, PARP-1 activation has been previously linked to impaired glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, whether alkylation affects cellular metabolism in the absence of AAG-mediated BER initiation is unclear. To address this question, we temporally profiled repair and metabolism in wild-type and Aag−/− cells treated with the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). We show that, although Aag−/− cells display similar levels of alkylation-induced DNA breaks as wild type, PARP-1 activation is undetectable in AAG-deficient cells. Accordingly, Aag−/− cells are protected from MMS-induced NAD+ depletion and glycolysis inhibition. MMS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, however, is AAG-independent. Furthermore, treatment with FK866, a selective inhibitor of the NAD+ salvage pathway enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), synergizes with MMS to induce cytotoxicity and Aag−/− cells are resistant to this combination FK866 and MMS treatment. Thus, AAG plays an important role in the metabolic response to alkylation that could be exploited in the treatment of conditions associated with NAD+ dysregulation.
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14
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Kay J, Thadhani E, Samson L, Engelward B. Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 83:102673. [PMID: 31387777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between inflammation and cancer are varied and complex. An important connection linking inflammation to cancer development is DNA damage. During inflammation reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are created to combat pathogens and to stimulate tissue repair and regeneration, but these chemicals can also damage DNA, which in turn can promote mutations that initiate and promote cancer. DNA repair pathways are essential for preventing DNA damage from causing mutations and cytotoxicity, but RONS can interfere with repair mechanisms, reducing their efficacy. Further, cellular responses to DNA damage, such as damage signaling and cytotoxicity, can promote inflammation, creating a positive feedback loop. Despite coordination of DNA repair and oxidative stress responses, there are nevertheless examples whereby inflammation has been shown to promote mutagenesis, tissue damage, and ultimately carcinogenesis. Here, we discuss the DNA damage-mediated associations between inflammation, mutagenesis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, United States.
| | | | - Leona Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
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15
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Parrish MC, Chaim IA, Nagel ZD, Tannenbaum SR, Samson LD, Engelward BP. Nitric oxide induced S-nitrosation causes base excision repair imbalance. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 68:25-33. [PMID: 29929044 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that inflammation leads to the creation of potent DNA damaging chemicals, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide can react with glutathione to create S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), which can in turn lead to S-nitrosated proteins. Of particular interest is the impact of GSNO on the function of DNA repair enzymes. The base excision repair (BER) pathway can be initiated by the alkyl-adenine DNA glycosylase (AAG), a monofunctional glycosylase that removes methylated bases. After base removal, an abasic site is formed, which then gets cleaved by AP endonuclease and processed by downstream BER enzymes. Interestingly, using the Fluorescence-based Multiplexed Host Cell Reactivation Assay (FM-HCR), we show that GSNO actually enhances AAG activity, which is consistent with the literature. This raised the possibility that there might be imbalanced BER when cells are challenged with a methylating agent. To further explore this possibility, we confirmed that GSNO can cause AP endonuclease to translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which might further exacerbate imbalanced BER by increasing the levels of AP sites. Analysis of abasic sites indeed shows GSNO induces an increase in the level of AP sites. Furthermore, analysis of DNA damage using the CometChip (a higher throughput version of the comet assay) shows an increase in the levels of BER intermediates. Finally, we found that GSNO exposure is associated with an increase in methylation-induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, these studies support a model wherein GSNO increases BER initiation while processing of AP sites is decreased, leading to a toxic increase in BER intermediates. This model is also supported by additional studies performed in our laboratory showing that inflammation in vivo leads to increased large-scale sequence rearrangements. Taken together, this work provides new evidence that inflammatory chemicals can drive cytotoxicity and mutagenesis via BER imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C Parrish
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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16
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Markkanen E. Not breathing is not an option: How to deal with oxidative DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 59:82-105. [PMID: 28963982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage constitutes a major threat to genetic integrity, and has thus been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. 7,8-dihydro-8oxo-deoxyGuanine (8-oxo-G) is one of the best characterised oxidative DNA lesions, and it can give rise to point mutations due to its miscoding potential that instructs most DNA polymerases (Pols) to preferentially insert Adenine (A) opposite 8-oxo-G instead of the correct Cytosine (C). If uncorrected, A:8-oxo-G mispairs can give rise to C:G→A:T transversion mutations. Cells have evolved a variety of pathways to mitigate the mutational potential of 8-oxo-G that include i) mechanisms to avoid incorporation of oxidized nucleotides into DNA through nucleotide pool sanitisation enzymes (by MTH1, MTH2, MTH3 and NUDT5), ii) base excision repair (BER) of 8-oxo-G in DNA (involving MUTYH, OGG1, Pol λ, and other components of the BER machinery), and iii) faithful bypass of 8-oxo-G lesions during replication (using a switch between replicative Pols and Pol λ). In the following, the fate of 8-oxo-G in mammalian cells is reviewed in detail. The differential origins of 8-oxo-G in DNA and its consequences for genetic stability will be covered. This will be followed by a thorough discussion of the different mechanisms in place to cope with 8-oxo-G with an emphasis on Pol λ-mediated correct bypass of 8-oxo-G during MUTYH-initiated BER as well as replication across 8-oxo-G. Furthermore, the multitude of mechanisms in place to regulate key proteins involved in 8-oxo-G repair will be reviewed. Novel functions of 8-oxo-G as an epigenetic-like regulator and insights into the repair of 8-oxo-G within the cellular context will be touched upon. Finally, a discussion will outline the relevance of 8-oxo-G and the proteins involved in dealing with 8-oxo-G to human diseases with a special emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Abstract
Human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) initiates base excision repair (BER) to guard against mutations by excising alkylated and deaminated purines. Counterintuitively, increased expression of AAG has been implicated in increased rates of spontaneous mutation in microsatellite repeats. This microsatellite mutator phenotype is consistent with a model in which AAG excises bulged (unpaired) bases, altering repeat length. To directly test the role of base excision in AAG-induced mutagenesis, we conducted mutation accumulation experiments in yeast overexpressing different variants of AAG and detected mutations via high-depth genome resequencing. We also developed a new software tool, hp_caller, to perform accurate genotyping at homopolymeric repeat loci. Overexpression of wild-type AAG elevated indel mutations in homopolymeric sequences distributed throughout the genome. However, catalytically inactive variants (E125Q/E125A) caused equal or greater increases in frameshift mutations. These results disprove the hypothesis that base excision is the key step in mutagenesis by overexpressed wild-type AAG. Instead, our results provide additional support for the previously published model wherein overexpressed AAG interferes with the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. In addition to the above results, we observed a dramatic mutator phenotype for N169S AAG, which has increased rates of excision of undamaged purines. This mutant caused a 10-fold increase in point mutations at G:C base pairs and a 50-fold increase in frameshifts in A:T homopolymers. These results demonstrate that it is necessary to consider the relative activities and abundance of many DNA replication and repair proteins when considering mutator phenotypes, as they are relevant to the development of cancer and its resistance to treatment.
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18
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Lin C, Zhang J. Inflammasomes in Inflammation-Induced Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:271. [PMID: 28360909 PMCID: PMC5350111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is an important multiprotein complex that functions during inflammatory immune responses. The activation of inflammasome will lead to the autoactivation of caspase-1 and subsequent cleavage of proIL-1β and proIL-18, which are key sources of inflammatory manifestations. Recently, the roles of inflammasomes in cancers have been extensively explored, especially in inflammation-induced cancers. In different and specific contexts, inflammasomes exhibit distinct and even contrasting effects in cancer development. In some cases, inflammasomes initiate carcinogenesis through the extrinsic pathway and maintain the malignant cancer microenvironment through the intrinsic pathway. On the contrary, inflammasomes also exert anticancer effects by specialized programmed cell death called pyroptosis and immune regulatory functions. The phases and compartments in which inflammasomes are activated strongly influence the final immune effects. We systemically summarize the functions of inflammasomes in inflammation-induced cancers, especially in gastrointestinal and skin cancers. Besides, information about the current therapeutic use of inflammasome-related products and potential future developing directions are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China
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19
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Leguisamo NM, Gloria HC, Kalil AN, Martins TV, Azambuja DB, Meira LB, Saffi J. Base excision repair imbalance in colorectal cancer has prognostic value and modulates response to chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54199-54214. [PMID: 28903334 PMCID: PMC5589573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is prevalent worldwide, and treatment often involves surgery and genotoxic chemotherapy. DNA repair mechanisms, such as base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR), may not only influence tumour characteristics and prognosis but also dictate chemotherapy response. Defective MMR contributes to chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Moreover, BER affects cellular survival by repairing genotoxic base damage in a process that itself can disrupt metabolism. In this study, we characterized BER and MMR gene expression in colorectal tumours and the association between this repair profile with patients’ clinical and pathological features. In addition, we exploited the possible mechanisms underlying the association between altered DNA repair, metabolism and response to chemotherapy. Seventy pairs of sporadic colorectal tumour samples and adjacent non-tumour mucosal specimens were assessed for BER and MMR gene and protein expression and their association with pathological and clinical features. MMR-deficient colon cancer cells (HCT116) transiently overexpressing MPG or XRCC1 were treated with 5-FU or TMZ and evaluated for viability and metabolic intermediate levels. Increase in BER gene and protein expression is associated with more aggressive tumour features and poor pathological outcomes in CRC. However, tumours with reduced MMR gene expression also displayed low MPG, OGG1 and PARP1 expression. Imbalancing BER by overexpression of MPG, but not XRCC1, sensitises MMR-deficient colon cancer cells to 5-FU and TMZ and leads to ATP depletion and lactate accumulation. MPG overexpression alters DNA repair and metabolism and is a potential strategy to overcome 5-FU chemotherapeutic resistance in MMR-deficient CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Leguisamo
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Helena C Gloria
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antonio N Kalil
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Oncology and Colorectal Surgery, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Talita V Martins
- Oncology and Colorectal Surgery, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Azambuja
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Oncology and Colorectal Surgery, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lisiane B Meira
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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20
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Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Barera S, Locato V, Cocca S, Franchin C, Arrigoni G, Vannini C, Grossi S, Campomenosi P, Pasqualetti V, Bracale M, Alloni R, De Gara L, Cicala M. Effect of Inulin on Proteome Changes Induced by Pathogenic Lipopolysaccharide in Human Colon. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169481. [PMID: 28068390 PMCID: PMC5222518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the protective role of inulin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress was evaluated on human colonic mucosa using a proteomic approach. Human colonic mucosa and submucosa were sealed between two chambers, with the luminal side facing upwards and overlaid with Krebs (control), LPS or LPS+ inulin IQ solution. The solutions on the submucosal side (undernatants) were collected following 30 min of mucosal exposure. iTRAQ based analysis was used to analyze the total soluble proteomes from human colonic mucosa and submucosa treated with different undernatants. Human colonic muscle strips were exposed to the undernatants to evaluate the response to acetylcholine. Inulin exposure was able to counteract, in human colonic mucosa, the LPS-dependent alteration of some proteins involved in the intestinal contraction (myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), myosin regulatory subunit (MYL)), to reduce the up-regulation of two proteins involved in the radical-mediated oxidative stress (the DNA-apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase) APEX1 and the T-complex protein 1 subunit eta (CCT7) and to entail a higher level of some detoxification enzymes (the metallothionein-2 MT2A, the glutathione–S-transferase K GSTk, and two UDP- glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B4, UGT2B17). Inulin exposure was also able to prevent the LPS-dependent intestinal muscle strips contraction impairment and the mucosa glutathione level alterations. Exposure of colonic mucosa to inulin seems to prevent LPS-induced alteration in expression of some key proteins, which promote intestinal motility and inflammation, reducing the radical-mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Simone Barera
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Vittoria Locato
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cocca
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Candida Vannini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sarah Grossi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Campomenosi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Pasqualetti
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rossana Alloni
- Surgery Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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21
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Loilome W, Kadsanit S, Muisook K, Yongvanit P, Namwat N, Techasen A, Puapairoj A, Khuntikeo N, Phonjit P. Imbalanced adaptive responses associated with microsatellite instability in cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:639-646. [PMID: 28356940 PMCID: PMC5351183 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive response of the genome protection mechanism occurs in cells when exposed to genotoxic stress due to the overproduction of free radicals via inflammation and infection. In such circumstances, cells attempt to maintain health via several genome protection mechanisms. However, evidence is increasing that this adaptive response may have deleterious effect; a reduction of antioxidant enzymes and/or imbalance in the DNA repair system generates microsatellite instability (MSI), which has procarcinogenic implications. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that MSI caused by imbalanced responses of antioxidant enzymes and/or DNA repair enzymes as a result of oxidative/nitrative stress arising from the inflammatory response is involved in liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinogenesis. The present study investigated this hypothesis by identifying the expression patterns of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT), and DNA repair enzymes, including alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG), apurinic endonuclease (APE) and DNA polymerase β (DNA pol β). In addition, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, SOD2 and CAT, were examined in human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tissues using immunohistochemical staining. MSI was also analyzed in human CCA tissues. The resulting data demonstrated that the expression levels of the SOD2 and CAT enzymes decreased. The activities of SOD2 and CAT decreased significantly in the CCA tissues, compared with the hepatic tissue of cadaveric donors. In the DNA repairing enzymes, it was found that the expression levels of AAG and DNA pol β enzymes increased, whereas the expression of APE decreased. In addition, it was found that MSI-high was present in 69% of patients, whereas MSI-low was present in 31% of patients, with no patients classified as having microsatellite stability. In the patients, a MSI-high was correlated with poor prognosis, indicated by a shorter survival rate. These results indicated that the reduction of antioxidant enzymes and adaptive imbalance of base excision repair enzymes in human CCA caused MSI, and may be associated with the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Kadsanit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanha Muisook
- Department of Forensics Science, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Puangrat Yongvanit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anucha Puapairoj
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pichai Phonjit
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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22
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Fahrer J, Kaina B. Impact of DNA repair on the dose-response of colorectal cancer formation induced by dietary carcinogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 106:583-594. [PMID: 27693244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, which is causally linked to dietary habits, notably the intake of processed and red meat. Processed and red meat contain dietary carcinogens, including heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) and N-nitroso compounds (NOC). NOC are agents that induce various N-methylated DNA adducts and O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG), which are removed by base excision repair (BER) and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), respectively. HCAs such as the highly mutagenic 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) cause bulky DNA adducts, which are removed from DNA by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Both O6-MeG and HCA-induced DNA adducts are linked to the occurrence of KRAS and APC mutations in colorectal tumors of rodents and humans, thereby driving CRC initiation and progression. In this review, we focus on DNA repair pathways removing DNA lesions induced by NOC and HCA and assess their role in protecting against mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in the large intestine. We further discuss the impact of DNA repair on the dose-response relationship in colorectal carcinogenesis in view of recent studies, demonstrating the existence of 'no effect' point of departures (PoDs), i.e. thresholds for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The available data support the threshold concept for NOC with DNA repair being causally involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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23
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Ray D, Kidane D. Gut Microbiota Imbalance and Base Excision Repair Dynamics in Colon Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:1421-30. [PMID: 27471558 PMCID: PMC4964126 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are required for host nutrition, energy balance, and regulating immune homeostasis, however, in some cases, this mutually beneficial relationship becomes twisted (dysbiosis), and the gut flora can incite pathological disorders including colon cancer. Microbial dysbiosis promotes the release of bacterial genotoxins, metabolites, and causes chronic inflammation, which promote oxidative DNA damage. Oxidized DNA base lesions are removed by base excision repair (BER), however, the role of this altered function of BER, as well as microbiota-mediated genomic instability and colon cancer development, is still poorly understood. In this review article, we will discuss how dysbiotic microbiota induce DNA damage, its impact on base excision repair capacity, the potential link of host BER gene polymorphism, and the risk of dysbiotic microbiota mediated genomic instability and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Ray
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States
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24
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A Practical Approach to the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Tract Carcinomas for Lynch Syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:e17-34. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Therapy-induced microenvironmental changes in cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:497-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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den Hartog G, Chattopadhyay R, Ablack A, Hall EH, Butcher LD, Bhattacharyya A, Eckmann L, Harris PR, Das S, Ernst PB, Crowe SE. Regulation of Rac1 and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Response to Infection of Gastrointestinal Epithelia. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005382. [PMID: 26761793 PMCID: PMC4711900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during infection is an immediate host defense leading to microbial killing. APE1 is a multifunctional protein induced by ROS and after induction, protects against ROS-mediated DNA damage. Rac1 and NAPDH oxidase (Nox1) are important contributors of ROS generation following infection and associated with gastrointestinal epithelial injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if APE1 regulates the function of Rac1 and Nox1 during oxidative stress. Gastric or colonic epithelial cells (wild-type or with suppressed APE1) were infected with Helicobacter pylori or Salmonella enterica and assessed for Rac1 and NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Rac1 and APE1 interactions were measured by co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy and proximity ligation assay (PLA) in cell lines or in biopsy specimens. Significantly greater levels of ROS were produced by APE1-deficient human gastric and colonic cell lines and primary gastric epithelial cells compared to control cells after infection with either gastric or enteric pathogens. H. pylori activated Rac1 and Nox1 in all cell types, but activation was higher in APE1 suppressed cells. APE1 overexpression decreased H. pylori-induced ROS generation, Rac1 activation, and Nox1 expression. We determined that the effects of APE1 were mediated through its N-terminal lysine residues interacting with Rac1, leading to inhibition of Nox1 expression and ROS generation. APE1 is a negative regulator of oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal epithelium during bacterial infection by modulating Rac1 and Nox1. Our results implicate APE1 in novel molecular interactions that regulate early stress responses elicited by microbial infections. Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa is largely lifelong leading to continued stimulation of immune cells. This results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are produced to kill bacteria, but at the same time ROS regulate cellular events in the host. However, prolonged generation of ROS has been implicated in damage of DNA, which ultimately could lead to the development of cancer. We studied a molecule known as APE-1 in gastric and intestinal cells, which is activated upon encounter of ROS. Our results show that APE1 limits the production of ROS in cells that form the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. APE1 regulates ROS production by inhibiting activation of the molecule Rac1. Inhibition of ROS production by APE1 occurred after infection of gastric cells with Helicobacter pylori and after Salmonella infection of intestinal cells. These data demonstrate that APE1 inhibits production of ROS in cells that line the inside of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ranajoy Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amber Ablack
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emily H. Hall
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lindsay D. Butcher
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Harris
- Division of Pediatrics, Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Ernst
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sheila E. Crowe
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Klapacz J, Pottenger LH, Engelward BP, Heinen CD, Johnson GE, Clewell RA, Carmichael PL, Adeleye Y, Andersen ME. Contributions of DNA repair and damage response pathways to the non-linear genotoxic responses of alkylating agents. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 767:77-91. [PMID: 27036068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
From a risk assessment perspective, DNA-reactive agents are conventionally assumed to have genotoxic risks at all exposure levels, thus applying a linear extrapolation for low-dose responses. New approaches discussed here, including more diverse and sensitive methods for assessing DNA damage and DNA repair, strongly support the existence of measurable regions where genotoxic responses with increasing doses are insignificant relative to control. Model monofunctional alkylating agents have in vitro and in vivo datasets amenable to determination of points of departure (PoDs) for genotoxic effects. A session at the 2013 Society of Toxicology meeting provided an opportunity to survey the progress in understanding the biological basis of empirically-observed PoDs for DNA alkylating agents. Together with the literature published since, this review discusses cellular pathways activated by endogenous and exogenous alkylation DNA damage. Cells have evolved conserved processes that monitor and counteract a spontaneous steady-state level of DNA damage. The ubiquitous network of DNA repair pathways serves as the first line of defense for clearing of the DNA damage and preventing mutation. Other biological pathways discussed here that are activated by genotoxic stress include post-translational activation of cell cycle networks and transcriptional networks for apoptosis/cell death. The interactions of various DNA repair and DNA damage response pathways provide biological bases for the observed PoD behaviors seen with genotoxic compounds. Thus, after formation of DNA adducts, the activation of cellular pathways can lead to the avoidance of a mutagenic outcome. The understanding of the cellular mechanisms acting within the low-dose region will serve to better characterize risks from exposures to DNA-reactive agents at environmentally-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klapacz
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
| | - Lynn H Pottenger
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA; Current Address: Olin Corporation, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, MA Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher D Heinen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Rebecca A Clewell
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Yeyejide Adeleye
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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AID-associated DNA repair pathways regulate malignant transformation in a murine model of BCL6-driven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2015; 127:102-12. [PMID: 26385350 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-628164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination of the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes occur in germinal center (GC) B cells and are initiated through deamination of cytidine to uracil by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Resulting uracil-guanine mismatches are processed by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG)-mediated base-excision repair and MSH2-mediated mismatch repair (MMR) to yield mutations and DNA strand lesions. Although off-target AID activity also contributes to oncogenic point mutations and chromosome translocations associated with GC and post-GC B-cell lymphomas, the role of downstream AID-associated DNA repair pathways in the pathogenesis of lymphoma is unknown. Here, we show that simultaneous deficiency of UNG and MSH2 or MSH2 alone causes genomic instability and a shorter latency to the development of BCL6-driven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a murine model. The additional development of several BCL6-independent malignancies in these mice underscores the critical role of MMR in maintaining general genomic stability. In contrast, absence of UNG alone is highly protective and prevents the development of BCL6-driven DLBCL. We further demonstrate that clonal and nonclonal mutations arise within non-Ig AID target genes in the combined absence of UNG and MSH2 and that DNA strand lesions arise in an UNG-dependent manner but are offset by MSH2. These findings lend insight into a complex interplay whereby potentially deleterious UNG activity and general genomic instability are opposed by the protective influence of MSH2, producing a net protective effect that promotes immune diversification while simultaneously attenuating malignant transformation of GC B cells.
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29
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Li N, Parrish M, Chan TK, Yin L, Rai P, Yoshiyuki Y, Abolhassani N, Tan KB, Kiraly O, Chow VTK, Engelward BP. Influenza infection induces host DNA damage and dynamic DNA damage responses during tissue regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2973-88. [PMID: 25809161 PMCID: PMC4802977 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses account for significant morbidity worldwide. Inflammatory responses, including excessive generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), mediate lung injury in severe influenza infections. However, the molecular basis of inflammation-induced lung damage is not fully understood. Here, we studied influenza H1N1 infected cells in vitro, as well as H1N1 infected mice, and we monitored molecular and cellular responses over the course of 2 weeks in vivo. We show that influenza induces DNA damage to both, when cells are directly exposed to virus in vitro (measured using the comet assay) and also when cells are exposed to virus in vivo (estimated via γH2AX foci). We show that DNA damage, as well as responses to DNA damage persist in vivo until long after virus has been cleared, at times when there are inflammation associated RONS (measured by xanthine oxidase activity and oxidative products). The frequency of lung epithelial and immune cells with increased γH2AX foci is elevated in vivo, especially for dividing cells (Ki-67-positive) exposed to oxidative stress during tissue regeneration. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in apoptotic cells as well as increased levels of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair proteins Ku70, Ku86 and Rad51 during the regenerative phase. In conclusion, results show that influenza induces DNA damage both in vitro and in vivo, and that DNA damage responses are activated, raising the possibility that DNA repair capacity may be a determining factor for tissue recovery and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Marcus Parrish
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., 16-743, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Tze Khee Chan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Clinical Research Center, MD11, 10 Medical Drive, Level 5, #05-09, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Lu Yin
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Prashant Rai
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Yamada Yoshiyuki
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Nona Abolhassani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., 16-743, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kong Bing Tan
- Department of Pathology, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System and National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Orsolya Kiraly
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., 16-743, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Suresh Kumar MA, Peluso M, Chaudhary P, Dhawan J, Beheshti A, Manickam K, Thapar U, Pena L, Natarajan M, Hlatky L, Demple B, Naidu M. Fractionated Radiation Exposure of Rat Spinal Cords Leads to Latent Neuro-Inflammation in Brain, Cognitive Deficits, and Alterations in Apurinic Endonuclease 1. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208353 PMCID: PMC4514622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes degeneration of myelin, the insulating sheaths of neuronal axons, leading to neurological impairment. As radiation research on the central nervous system has predominantly focused on neurons, with few studies addressing the role of glial cells, we have focused our present research on identifying the latent effects of single/ fractionated -low dose of low/ high energy radiation on the role of base excision repair protein Apurinic Endonuclease-1, in the rat spinal cords oligodendrocyte progenitor cells’ differentiation. Apurinic endonuclease-1 is predominantly upregulated in response to oxidative stress by low- energy radiation, and previous studies show significant induction of Apurinic Endonuclease-1 in neurons and astrocytes. Our studies show for the first time, that fractionation of protons cause latent damage to spinal cord architecture while fractionation of HZE (28Si) induce increase in APE1 with single dose, which then decreased with fractionation. The oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiation was skewed with increase in immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which likely cause the observed decrease in white matter, increased neuro-inflammation, together leading to the observed significant cognitive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Suresh Kumar
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Peluso
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasbeer Dhawan
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krishnan Manickam
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Upasna Thapar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis Pena
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohan Natarajan
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mamta Naidu
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Shrivastava MS, Hussain Z, Giricz O, Shenoy N, Polineni R, Maitra A, Verma A. Targeting chemokine pathways in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3320-7. [PMID: 25485576 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.968426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is one of the fastest growing malignancies in the US and needs newer therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Chronic inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of EAC and contributes to the dysplastic conversion of normal esophageal epithelium to Barrett's esophagus and frank adenocarcinoma. Chemokines play important roles in mediating inflammation and recent evidence implicates these ligands and their receptors in the development and spread of various tumors. We demonstrated that the chemokines IL8, CXCL1 and CXCL3 are significantly overexpressed during esophageal carcinogenesis and accompanied by amplification and demethylation of the chr4q21 gene locus. We also demonstrated that IL8 levels can be detected in serum of patients with EAC and can serve as potential biomarkers. We now demonstrate that inhibition of IL8 receptor, CXCR2, leads to decreased invasiveness of esophageal adenocarcinoma derived cells without affecting cellular proliferation. Taken together, these studies reveal the important roles that chemokines play in development of esophageal cancer and demonstrate that these pathways can serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Khalili H, Gong J, Brenner H, Austin TR, Hutter CM, Baba Y, Baron JA, Berndt SI, Bézieau S, Caan B, Campbell PT, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Chen C, Hsu L, Jiao S, Conti DV, Duggan D, Fuchs CS, Gala M, Gallinger S, Haile RW, Harrison TA, Hayes R, Hazra A, Henderson B, Haiman C, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Kolonel LN, Küry S, LaCroix A, Marchand LL, Lemire M, Lindor NM, Ma J, Manson JE, Morikawa T, Nan H, Ng K, Newcomb PA, Nishihara R, Potter JD, Qu C, Schoen RE, Schumacher FR, Seminara D, Taverna D, Thibodeau S, Wactawski-Wende J, White E, Wu K, Zanke BW, Casey G, Hudson TJ, Kraft P, Peters U, Slattery ML, Ogino S, Chan AT. Identification of a common variant with potential pleiotropic effect on risk of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:999-1007. [PMID: 26071399 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have separately identified many genetic susceptibility loci for ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD) and colorectal cancer (CRC), there has been no large-scale examination for pleiotropy, or shared genetic susceptibility, for these conditions. We used logistic regression modeling to examine the associations of 181 UC and CD susceptibility variants previously identified by GWAS with risk of CRC using data from the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium and the Colon Cancer Family Registry. We also examined associations of significant variants with clinical and molecular characteristics in a subset of the studies. Among 11794 CRC cases and 14190 controls, rs11676348, the susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for UC, was significantly associated with reduced risk of CRC (P = 7E-05). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of CRC with each copy of the T allele was 0.93 (95% CI 0.89-0.96). The association of the SNP with risk of CRC differed according to mucinous histological features (P heterogeneity = 0.008). In addition, the (T) allele was associated with lower risk of tumors with Crohn's-like reaction but not tumors without such immune infiltrate (P heterogeneity = 0.02) and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-high) but not microsatellite stable or MSI-low tumors (P heterogeneity = 0.03). The minor allele (T) in SNP rs11676348, located downstream from CXCR2 that has been implicated in CRC progression, is associated with a lower risk of CRC, particularly tumors with a mucinous component, Crohn's-like reaction and MSI-high. Our findings offer the promise of risk stratification of inflammatory bowel disease patients for complications such as CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khalili
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Gong
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany, German Cancer Cosortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Carolyn M Hutter
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Bette Caan
- Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constance Chen
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Hsu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuo Jiao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angles, CA, USA
| | - David Duggan
- Systems Imagination, Computational Biology, Pheonix, AZ, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Manish Gala
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of Surgery, University Health Network Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tabitha A Harrison
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Hazra
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian Henderson
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Haiman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John L Hopper
- Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Division of Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sébastien Küry
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Andrea LaCroix
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Services, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Center for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Conghui Qu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert E Schoen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniela Seminara
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Darin Taverna
- Systems Imagination, Computational Biology, Pheonix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emily White
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent W Zanke
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA,
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Thakur S, Dhiman M, Tell G, Mantha AK. A review on protein-protein interaction network of APE1/Ref-1 and its associated biological functions. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:101-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Thakur
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda Punjab India
| | - M. Dhiman
- Center for Genetic Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Emerging Life Science Technologies; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda Punjab India
| | - G. Tell
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences; University of Udine; Udine Italy
| | - A. K. Mantha
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda Punjab India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston TX USA
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Dixon M, Woodrick J, Gupta S, Karmahapatra SK, Devito S, Vasudevan S, Dakshanamurthy S, Adhikari S, Yenugonda VM, Roy R. Naturally occurring polyphenol, morin hydrate, inhibits enzymatic activity of N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase, a DNA repair enzyme with various roles in human disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1102-11. [PMID: 25650313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the mechanisms of DNA repair pathways, including the base excision repair (BER) pathway specifically, has heightened since these pathways have been shown to modulate important aspects of human disease. Modulation of the expression or activity of a particular BER enzyme, N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), has been demonstrated to play a role in carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy as well as neurodegenerative diseases, which has intensified the focus on studying MPG-related mechanisms of repair. A specific small molecule inhibitor for MPG activity would be a valuable biochemical tool for understanding these repair mechanisms. By screening several small molecule chemical libraries, we identified a natural polyphenolic compound, morin hydrate, which inhibits MPG activity specifically (IC50=2.6μM). Detailed mechanism analysis showed that morin hydrate inhibited substrate DNA binding of MPG, and eventually the enzymatic activity of MPG. Computational docking studies with an x-ray derived MPG structure as well as comparison studies with other structurally-related flavonoids offer a rationale for the inhibitory activity of morin hydrate observed. The results of this study suggest that the morin hydrate could be an effective tool for studying MPG function and it is possible that morin hydrate and its derivatives could be utilized in future studies focused on the role of MPG in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dixon
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Suhani Gupta
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Soumendra Krishna Karmahapatra
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Stephen Devito
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Sona Vasudevan
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Sanjay Adhikari
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Venkata M Yenugonda
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States.
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Leitner-Dagan Y, Sevilya Z, Pinchev M, Kremer R, Elinger D, Rennert HS, Schechtman E, Freedman L, Rennert G, Livneh Z, Paz-Elizur T. Enzymatic MPG DNA repair assays for two different oxidative DNA lesions reveal associations with increased lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2763-70. [PMID: 25355292 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is a major mechanism for minimizing mutations and reducing cancer risk. Here, we present the development of reproducible and specific enzymatic assays for methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG) repairing the oxidative lesions 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA) and hypoxanthine (Hx) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells protein extracts. Association of these DNA repair activities with lung cancer was determined using conditional logistic regression with specimens from a population-based case-control study with 96 lung cancer cases and 96 matched control subjects. The mean MPG-εA in case patients was 15.8 units/μg protein (95% CI 15.3-16.3), significantly higher than in control subjects-15.1 (14.6-15.5), *P = 0.011. The adjusted odds ratio for lung cancer associated with a one SD increase in MPG-εA activity (2.48 units) was significantly bigger than 1 (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.4; *P = 0.013). When activity of OGG1, a different DNA repair enzyme for oxidative damage, was included in the model, the estimated odds ratio/SD for a combined MPG-εA-OGG1 score was 2.6 (95% CI 1.6-4.2) *P = 0.0001, higher than the odds ratio for each single assay. The MPG enzyme activity assays described provide robust functional risk biomarkers, with increased MPG-εA activity being associated with increased lung cancer risk, similar to the behavior of MPG-Hx. This underscores the notion that imbalances in DNA repair, including high DNA repair, usually perceived as beneficial, can cause cancer risk. Such DNA repair risk biomarkers may be useful for risk assessment of lung cancer and perhaps other cancer types, and for early detection techniques such as low-dose CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Leitner-Dagan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel, Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Ziv Sevilya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel, Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Mila Pinchev
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ran Kremer
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalia Elinger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel, Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Hedy S Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edna Schechtman
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and
| | - Laurence Freedman
- Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvi Livneh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel, Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Tamar Paz-Elizur
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel, Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
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Aag-initiated base excision repair promotes ischemia reperfusion injury in liver, brain, and kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4878-86. [PMID: 25349415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413582111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is accompanied by the release of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) that damage DNA, among other cellular molecules. Base excision repair (BER) is initiated by DNA glycosylases and is crucial in repairing RONS-induced DNA damage; the alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag/Mpg) excises several DNA base lesions induced by the inflammation-associated RONS release that accompanies ischemia reperfusion (I/R). Using mouse I/R models we demonstrate that Aag(-/-) mice are significantly protected against, rather than sensitized to, I/R injury, and that such protection is observed across three different organs. Following I/R in liver, kidney, and brain, Aag(-/-) mice display decreased hepatocyte death, cerebral infarction, and renal injury relative to wild-type. We infer that in wild-type mice, Aag excises damaged DNA bases to generate potentially toxic abasic sites that in turn generate highly toxic DNA strand breaks that trigger poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp) hyperactivation, cellular bioenergetics failure, and necrosis; indeed, steady-state levels of abasic sites and nuclear PAR polymers were significantly more elevated in wild-type vs. Aag(-/-) liver after I/R. This increase in PAR polymers was accompanied by depletion of intracellular NAD and ATP levels plus the translocation and extracellular release of the high-mobility group box 1 (Hmgb1) nuclear protein, activating the sterile inflammatory response. We thus demonstrate the detrimental effects of Aag-initiated BER during I/R and sterile inflammation, and present a novel target for controlling I/R-induced injury.
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Li IC, Chiu CY, Wu CL, Chi JY, Jian SR, Wang SW, Chang CL. A dual-fluorescent reporter facilitates identification of thiol compounds that suppress microsatellite instability induced by oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:86-95. [PMID: 24412704 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) system corrects replicative errors and minimizes mutations that occur at a high rate in microsatellites. Patients with chronic inflammation or inflammation-associated cancer display microsatellite instability (MSI), indicating a possible MMR inactivation. In fact, H2O2-generated oxidative stress inactivates the MMR function and increases mutation accumulation in a reporter microsatellite. However, it remains unclear whether MSI induced by oxidative stress is preventable because of the lack of a sufficiently sensitive detection assay. Here, we developed and characterized a dual-fluorescent system, utilizing DsRed harboring the (CA)13 microsatellite as a reporter and GFP for normalization, in near-isogenic human colorectal cancer cell lines. Via flow cytometry, this reporter sensitively detected H2O2-generated oxidative microsatellite mutations in a dose-dependent manner. The reporter further revealed that glutathione or N-acetylcysteine was better than aspirin and ascorbic acid for suppressing oxidative microsatellite mutations. These two thiol compounds also partially suppressed oxidative frameshift mutations in the coding microsatellites of the hMSH6 and CHK1 genes based on a fluoresceinated PCR-based assay. MSI suppression by N-acetylcysteine appears to be mediated through reduction of oxidative frameshift mutations in the coding microsatellite of hMSH6 and protection of hMSH6 and other MMR protein levels from being decreased by H2O2. Our findings suggest a linkage between oxidative damage, MMR deficiency, and MSI. The two thiol compounds are potentially valuable for preventing inflammation-associated MSI. The dual-fluorescent reporter with improved features will facilitate identification of additional compounds that modulate MSI, which is relevant to cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, and National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Lin Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Ying Chi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Ru Jian
- Institute of Oral Medicine, and National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shainn-Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Christina L Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Oral Medicine, and National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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38
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Taranejoo S, Moghri M. Development of a novel electrochemical biosensor based on catalytic properties of adenosine deaminase immobilized on graphene oxide/carboxymethyl chitosan/multi-wall carbon nanotube platform. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427214010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu L, Huang C, He ZG. A TetR family transcriptional factor directly regulates the expression of a 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase and physically interacts with the enzyme to stimulate its base excision activity in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9065-75. [PMID: 24509852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methyladenine DNA glycosylase recognizes and excises a wide range of damaged bases and thus plays a critical role in base excision repair. However, knowledge on the regulation of DNA glycosylase in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is limited. In this study, we successfully characterized a TetR family transcriptional factor from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), namely BCG0878c, which directly regulates the expression of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (designated as MbAAG) and influences the base excision activity of this glycosylase at the post-translational level. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting experiments, we identified two conserved motifs within the upstream region of mbaag specifically recognized by BCG0878c. Significant down-regulation of mbaag was observed in BCG0878c-overexpressed M. bovis BCG strains. By contrast, about 12-fold up-regulation of mbaag expression was found in bcg0878c-deleted mutant M. bovis BCG strains. β-Galactosidase activity assays also confirmed these results. Thus, BCG0878c can function as a negative regulator of mbaag expression. In addition, the regulator was shown to physically interact with MbAAG to enhance the ability of the glycosylase to bind damaged DNA. Interaction between the two proteins was further found to facilitate AAG-catalyzed removal of hypoxanthine from DNA. These results indicate that a TetR family protein can dually regulate the function of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase in M. bovis BCG both at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. These findings enhance our understanding of the expression and regulation of AAG in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- From the National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Center for Proteomics Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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40
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Kidane D, Chae WJ, Czochor J, Eckert KA, Glazer PM, Bothwell ALM, Sweasy JB. Interplay between DNA repair and inflammation, and the link to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:116-39. [PMID: 24410153 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.875514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage and repair are linked to cancer. DNA damage that is induced endogenously or from exogenous sources has the potential to result in mutations and genomic instability if not properly repaired, eventually leading to cancer. Inflammation is also linked to cancer. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs) produced by inflammatory cells at sites of infection can induce DNA damage. RONs can also amplify inflammatory responses, leading to increased DNA damage. Here, we focus on the links between DNA damage, repair, and inflammation, as they relate to cancer. We examine the interplay between chronic inflammation, DNA damage and repair and review recent findings in this rapidly emerging field, including the links between DNA damage and the innate immune system, and the roles of inflammation in altering the microbiome, which subsequently leads to the induction of DNA damage in the colon. Mouse models of defective DNA repair and inflammatory control are extensively reviewed, including treatment of mouse models with pathogens, which leads to DNA damage. The roles of microRNAs in regulating inflammation and DNA repair are discussed. Importantly, DNA repair and inflammation are linked in many important ways, and in some cases balance each other to maintain homeostasis. The failure to repair DNA damage or to control inflammatory responses has the potential to lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Kidane
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics
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41
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Sevilya Z, Leitner-Dagan Y, Pinchev M, Kremer R, Elinger D, Rennert HS, Schechtman E, Freedman LS, Rennert G, Paz-Elizur T, Livneh Z. Low integrated DNA repair score and lung cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 7:398-406. [PMID: 24356339 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair is a prime mechanism for preventing DNA damage, mutation, and cancers. Adopting a functional approach, we examined the association with lung cancer risk of an integrated DNA repair score, measured by a panel of three enzymatic DNA repair activities in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The panel included assays for AP endonuclease 1 (APE1), 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), and methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), all of which repair oxidative DNA damage as part of the base excision repair pathways. A blinded population-based case-control study was conducted with 96 patients with lung cancer and 96 control subjects matched by gender, age (±1 year), place of residence, and ethnic group (Jews/non-Jews). The three DNA repair activities were measured, and an integrated DNA repair OMA (OGG1, MPG, and APE1) score was calculated for each individual. Conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals in the lowest tertile of the integrated DNA repair OMA score had an increased risk of lung cancer compared with the highest tertile, with OR = 9.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.1-29.8; P < 0.001, or OR = 5.6; 95% CI, 2.1-15.1; P < 0.001 after cross-validation. These results suggest that pending validation, this DNA repair panel of risk factors may be useful for lung cancer risk assessment, assisting prevention and referral to early detection by technologies such as low-dose computed tomography scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Sevilya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. and
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Garcia-Recio S, Fuster G, Fernandez-Nogueira P, Pastor-Arroyo EM, Park SY, Mayordomo C, Ametller E, Mancino M, Gonzalez-Farre X, Russnes HG, Engel P, Costamagna D, Fernandez PL, Gascón P, Almendro V. Substance P autocrine signaling contributes to persistent HER2 activation that drives malignant progression and drug resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6424-34. [PMID: 24030979 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ERBB receptor transmodulation by heterologous G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) generates functional diversity in signal transduction. Tachykinins are neuropeptides and proinflammatory cytokines that promote cell survival and cancer progression by activating several GPCRs. In this work, we found that the pain-associated tachykinin Substance P (SP) contributes to persistent transmodulation of the ERBB receptors, EGFR and HER2, in breast cancer, acting to enhance malignancy and therapeutic resistance. SP and its high-affinity receptor NK-1R were highly expressed in HER2(+) primary breast tumors (relative to the luminal and triple-negative subtypes) and were overall correlated with poor prognosis factors. In breast cancer cell lines and primary cultures derived from breast cancer samples, we found that SP could activate HER2. Conversely, RNA interference-mediated attenuation of NK-1R, or its chemical inhibition, or suppression of overall GPCR-mediated signaling, all strongly decreased steady-state expression of EGFR and HER2, establishing that their basal activity relied upon transdirectional activation by GPCR. Thus, SP exposure affected cellular responses to anti-ERBB therapies. Our work reveals an important oncogenic cooperation between NK-1R and HER2, thereby adding a novel link between inflammation and cancer progression that may be targetable by SP antagonists that have been clinically explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Garcia-Recio
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology and Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona; Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea; Department of Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, Torino University, Turin, Italy
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Mangerich A, Dedon PC, Fox JG, Tannenbaum SR, Wogan GN. Chemistry meets biology in colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:958-86. [PMID: 23926919 PMCID: PMC4316682 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.832239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine comprises an exceptional venue for a dynamic and complex interplay of numerous chemical and biological processes. Here, multiple chemical and biological systems, including the intestinal tissue itself, its associated immune system, the gut microbiota, xenobiotics, and metabolites meet and interact to form a sophisticated and tightly regulated state of tissue homoeostasis. Disturbance of this homeostasis can cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-a chronic disease of multifactorial etiology that is strongly associated with increased risk for cancer development. This review addresses recent developments in research into chemical and biological mechanisms underlying the etiology of inflammation-induced colon cancer. Beginning with a general overview of reactive chemical species generated during colonic inflammation, the mechanistic interplay between chemical and biological mediators of inflammation, the role of genetic toxicology, and microbial pathogenesis in disease development are discussed. When possible, we systematically compare evidence from studies utilizing human IBD patients with experimental investigations in mice. The comparison reveals that many strong pathological and mechanistic correlates exist between mouse models of colitis-associated cancer, and the clinically relevant situation in humans. We also summarize several emerging issues in the field, such as the carcinogenic potential of novel inflammation-related DNA adducts and genotoxic microbial factors, the systemic dimension of inflammation-induced genotoxicity, and the complex role of genome maintenance mechanisms during these processes. Taken together, current evidence points to the induction of genetic and epigenetic alterations by chemical and biological inflammatory stimuli ultimately leading to cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Mangerich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Molecular Toxicology Group, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - James G. Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steven R. Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gerald N. Wogan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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44
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Rogler G. Chronic ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:235-41. [PMID: 23941831 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important consequences of chronically active ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) - the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - is the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). An increased risk for the occurrence of CRC in up to 30% of affected patients after 35years of UC has been reported. Recent evidence from population based studies indicates a lower risk. Nevertheless the incidence is still significantly increased as compared to individuals without chronic colitis. Colitis-associated CRC (CAC) does not display the adenoma-carcinoma sequence which is typical for sporadic CRC and the pathophysiology appears to be different. Chronic inflammation and the increased turnover of epithelial cells contribute to the development of low- and high-grade dysplasia which may further transform into CAC. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the inflammatory infiltrate are thought to contribute to the generation of dysplastic lesions. In sporadic CRC the sequence of mutations that finally lead to malignancy involves early activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway (in 90% of cases) including mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene, its regulating kinase GSK3β and β-catenin itself. β-catenin mutations are rarer in CAC and mutations in APC occur rather late during the disease progression, whereas there are earlier mutations in p53 and K-ras. Recent data indicate that the intestinal microbiome and its interaction with a functionally impaired mucosal barrier may also play a role in CAC development. CACs frequently show aggressive growth and early metastases. The treatment of CAC in patients with colitis always includes proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis as meta- or synchronic lesions are frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Visceral Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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45
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Zaïr ZM, Johnson GE, Griffiths AP, Jenkins GJ. Diagnostic correlation between the expression of the DNA repair enzyme N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase and esophageal adenocarcinoma onset: a retrospective pilot study. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26:644-50. [PMID: 23137018 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
EAC in its early stages, when it can potentially be cured, is rarely symptomatic and is associated with high mortality rates because in part of late-stage diagnosis. Given that DNA repair is an important contributory factor of early-stage malignancy, our study focused on the expression of the base excision repair enzyme N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG) in EAC disease onset. MPG messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from a maximum of 72 patient samples. Immunohistochemistry was further utilized for the detection of MPG protein, and semiquantitative analysis performed using an H-score approach was carried out on a total of 130 archival tissue samples of different esophageal pathologies. Nuclear localized MPG protein was detected in all nonmalignant tissues derived from the enterohepatic system, with H-score values of 3.9-5.5 ± 0.4-1.0. In cancerous tissues derived from the enterohepatic system, a 9.5-fold increase in the level of MPG mRNA expression was specifically observed in the malignant regions located within the esophagus region. Further analysis revealed a 9- and 14-fold increase in MPG mRNA expression in EAC tumor, node, metastasis stages II and III, respectively, suggesting MPG expression to correlate with EAC disease progression. Immunohistochemistry analysis further showed a sevenfold significant increase in MPG protein expression in EAC tissues. Intriguingly, there was a fivefold significant decrease in nuclear localized MPG protein expression in tissues derived from Barrett's esophagus and low-grade dysplasia. Such findings highlight a complex regulatory pattern governing DNA glycosylase base excision repair initiation, as normal tissue undergoes Barrett's metaplasia and later dedifferentiates to EAC. Indeed, disease-stage-specific alterations in the expression of MPG may highlight a potential role for MPG in determining EAC onset and thus potentially be of clinical relevance for early disease detection and increased patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Zaïr
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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Christmann M, Kaina B. Transcriptional regulation of human DNA repair genes following genotoxic stress: trigger mechanisms, inducible responses and genotoxic adaptation. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8403-20. [PMID: 23892398 PMCID: PMC3794595 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is the first barrier in the defense against genotoxic stress. In recent years, mechanisms that recognize DNA damage and activate DNA repair functions through transcriptional upregulation and post-translational modification were the focus of intensive research. Most DNA repair pathways are complex, involving many proteins working in discrete consecutive steps. Therefore, their balanced expression is important for avoiding erroneous repair that might result from excessive base removal and DNA cleavage. Amelioration of DNA repair requires both a fine-tuned system of lesion recognition and transcription factors that regulate repair genes in a balanced way. Transcriptional upregulation of DNA repair genes by genotoxic stress is counteracted by DNA damage that blocks transcription. Therefore, induction of DNA repair resulting in an adaptive response is only visible through a narrow window of dose. Here, we review transcriptional regulation of DNA repair genes in normal and cancer cells and describe mechanisms of promoter activation following genotoxic exposures through environmental carcinogens and anticancer drugs. The data available to date indicate that 25 DNA repair genes are subject to regulation following genotoxic stress in rodent and human cells, but for only a few of them, the data are solid as to the mechanism, homeostatic regulation and involvement in an adaptive response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Chun KS, Kim EH, Lee S, Hahm KB. Chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancer: the reality and the dream. Gut Liver 2013; 7:137-49. [PMID: 23560148 PMCID: PMC3607766 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in screening, early diagnosis, and the development of noninvasive technology, gastrointestinal (GI) cancer remains a major cause of cancer-associated mortality. Chemoprevention is thought to be a realistic approach for reducing the global burden of GI cancer, and efforts have been made to search for chemopreventive agents that suppress acid reflux, GI inflammation and the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Thus, proton pump inhibitors, statins, monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents have been investigated for their potential to prevent GI cancer. Besides the development of these synthetic agents, a wide variety of the natural products present in a plant-based diet, which are commonly called phytoceuticals, have also sparked hope for the chemoprevention of GI cancer. To perform successful searches of chemopreventive agents for GI cancer, it is of the utmost importance to understand the factors contributing to GI carcinogenesis. Emerging evidence has highlighted the role of chronic inflammation in inducing genomic instability and telomere shortening and affecting polyamine metabolism and DNA repair, which may help in the search for new chemopreventive agents for GI cancer.
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48
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Hile SE, Shabashev S, Eckert KA. Tumor-specific microsatellite instability: do distinct mechanisms underlie the MSI-L and EMAST phenotypes? Mutat Res 2012. [PMID: 23206442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite DNA sequences display allele length alterations or microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumor tissues, and MSI is used diagnostically for tumor detection and classification. We discuss the known types of tumor-specific MSI patterns and the relevant mechanisms underlying each pattern. Mutation rates of individual microsatellites vary greatly, and the intrinsic DNA features of motif size, sequence, and length contribute to this variation. MSI is used for detecting mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient tumors, which display an MSI-high phenotype due to genome-wide microsatellite destabilization. Because several pathways maintain microsatellite stability, tumors that have undergone other events associated with moderate genome instability may display diagnostic MSI only at specific di- or tetranucleotide markers. We summarize evidence for such alternative MSI forms (A-MSI) in sporadic cancers, also referred to as MSI-low and EMAST. While the existence of A-MSI is not disputed, there is disagreement about the origin and pathologic significance of this phenomenon. Although ambiguities due to PCR methods may be a source, evidence exists for other mechanisms to explain tumor-specific A-MSI. Some portion of A-MSI tumors may result from random mutational events arising during neoplastic cell evolution. However, this mechanism fails to explain the specificity of A-MSI for di- and tetranucleotide instability. We present evidence supporting the alternative argument that some A-MSI tumors arise by a distinct genetic pathway, and give examples of DNA metabolic pathways that, when altered, may be responsible for instability at specific microsatellite motifs. Finally, we suggest that A-MSI in tumors could be molecular signatures of environmental influences and DNA damage. Importantly, A-MSI occurs in several pre-neoplastic inflammatory states, including inflammatory bowel diseases, consistent with a role of oxidative stress in A-MSI. Understanding the biochemical basis of A-MSI tumor phenotypes will advance the development of new diagnostic tools and positively impact the clinical management of individual cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Hile
- Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Samion Shabashev
- Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kristin A Eckert
- Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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49
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DNA damage and repair in epithelium after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15813-25. [PMID: 23443095 PMCID: PMC3546663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in humans, following hematoablative treatment, results in biological chimeras. In this case, the transplanted hematopoietic, immune cells and their derivatives can be considered the donor genotype, while the other tissues are the recipient genotype. The first sequel, which has been recognized in the development of chimerical organisms after allo-HSCT, is the graft versus host (GvH) reaction, in which the new developed immune cells from the graft recognize the host’s epithelial cells as foreign and mount an inflammatory response to kill them. There is now accumulating evidence that this chronic inflammatory tissue stress may contribute to clinical consequences in the transplant recipient. It has been recently reported that host epithelial tissue acquire genomic alterations and display a mutator phenotype that may be linked to the occurrence of a GvH reaction. The current review discusses existing data on this recently discovered phenomenon and focuses on the possible pathogenesis, clinical significance and therapeutic implications.
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Leitner-Dagan Y, Sevilya Z, Pinchev M, Kramer R, Elinger D, Roisman LC, Rennert HS, Schechtman E, Freedman L, Rennert G, Livneh Z, Paz-Elizur T. N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase and OGG1 DNA repair activities: opposite associations with lung cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:1765-9. [PMID: 23104324 PMCID: PMC3502197 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a minority of smokers develop lung cancer, possibly due to genetic predisposition, including DNA repair deficiencies. To examine whether inter-individual variations in DNA repair activity of N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG) are associated with lung cancer, we conducted a blinded, population-based, case–control study with 100 lung cancer case patients and 100 matched control subjects and analyzed the data with conditional logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. MPG enzyme activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from case patients was higher than in control subjects, results opposite that of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) DNA repair enzyme activity. For lung cancer associated with one standard deviation increase in MPG activity, the adjusted odds ratio was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2 to 2.6; P = .006). A combined MPG and OGG1 activities score was more strongly associated with lung cancer risk than either activity alone, with an odds ratio of 2.3 (95% CI = 1.4 to 3.6; P < .001). These results form a basis for a future panel of risk biomarkers for lung cancer risk assessment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Leitner-Dagan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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