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Yeh WY, Lin YL, Yang WY, Chou CH, Wu YHS, Chen YC. Functional chicken-liver hydrolysates ameliorate insulin resistance and cognitive decline in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101887. [PMID: 35477132 PMCID: PMC9058603 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the slaughtering processing in Taiwan, approximately 10,000 metric tons of broiler livers are produced yearly. However, these livers are regarded as waste. Our team has successfully developed a functional chicken-liver hydrolysate (CLH) with several useful activities. It has been reported that there is a positive relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and cognitive decline. To maximize broiler-livers' utilization and add value, we investigated the modulative effects of the CLHs on glucose homeostasis and cognitive decline in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. After a 9-wk experiment, CLH supplementation lowered blood glucose by increasing GLUT4 protein expressions in the brains, livers, and muscles of STZ-induced mice (P < 0.05). CLHs also enhanced antioxidant capacities in the livers and brains of STZ-induced mice. Amended memory and alternation behavior were tested by using water and Y-maze assays (P < 0.05). Besides, STZ-induced mice with CLH supplementation had less contracted neuron bodies in the hippocampus and lower (P < 0.05) Aβ depositions in the dentate gyrus area. Less AGE accumulation and apoptosis-related proteins (RAGE, JNK, and activated Caspase 3) in the brains of STZ-induced mice were also detected by supplementing CLHs (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results from this study offer not only scientific evidence on the amelioration of insulin resistance and cognitive decline in hyperglycemia but also add value to this byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Yeh
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; Zoonoses Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsieng Samuel Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
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Golde TE. Alzheimer’s disease – the journey of a healthy brain into organ failure. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:18. [PMID: 35248124 PMCID: PMC8898417 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exacts an immense personal, societal, and economic toll. AD was first described at the neuropathological level in the early 1900s. Today, we have mechanistic insight into select aspects of AD pathogenesis and have the ability to clinically detect and diagnose AD and underlying AD pathologies in living patients. These insights demonstrate that AD is a complex, insidious, degenerative proteinopathy triggered by Aβ aggregate formation. Over time Aβ pathology drives neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology, dysfunction of virtually all cell types in the brain, and ultimately, overt neurodegeneration. Yet, large gaps in our knowledge of AD pathophysiology and huge unmet medical need remain. Though we largely conceptualize AD as a disease of aging, heritable and non-heritable factors impact brain physiology, either continuously or at specific time points during the lifespan, and thereby alter risk for devolvement of AD. Herein, I describe the lifelong journey of a healthy brain from birth to death with AD, while acknowledging the many knowledge gaps that remain regarding our understanding of AD pathogenesis. To ensure the current lexicon surrounding AD changes from inevitable, incurable, and poorly manageable to a lexicon of preventable, curable, and manageable we must address these knowledge gaps, develop therapies that have a bigger impact on clinical symptoms or progression of disease and use these interventions at the appropriate stage of disease.
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Golde TE. Disease-Modifying Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease: More Questions than Answers. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:209-227. [PMID: 35229269 PMCID: PMC8885119 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific advances over the last four decades have steadily infused the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field with great optimism that therapies targeting Aβ, amyloid, tau, and innate immune activation states in the brain would provide disease modification. Unfortunately, this optimistic scenario has not yet played out. Though a recent approval of the anti-Aβ aggregate binding antibody, Aduhelm (aducanumab), as a "disease-modifying therapy for AD" is viewed by some as a breakthrough, many remain unconvinced by the data underlying this approval. Collectively, we have not succeeded in changing AD from a largely untreatable, inevitable, and incurable disease to a treatable, preventable, and curable one. Here, I will review the major foci of the AD "disease-modifying" therapeutic pipeline and some of the "open questions" that remain in terms of these therapeutic approaches. I will conclude the review by discussing how we, as a field, might adjust our approach, learning from our past failures to ensure future success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Abstract
On 7 June 2021, aducanumab was granted accelerated approval for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) by the FDA on the basis of amyloid-lowering effects considered reasonably likely to confer clinical benefit. This decision makes aducanumab the first new drug to be approved for the treatment of AD since 2003 and the first drug to ever be approved for modification of the course of AD. Many have questioned how scientific evidence, expert advice and the best interests of patients and families were considered in the approval decision. In this article, we argue that prior to approval, the FDA and Biogen's shared interpretation of clinical trial data - that high-dose aducanumab was substantially clinically effective - avoided conventional scientific scrutiny, was prominently advanced by patient representative groups who had been major recipients of Biogen funds, and raised concerns that safeguards were insufficient to mitigate regulatory capture within the FDA. Here, we reflect on events leading to the FDA's decision on 7 June 2021 and consider whether any lessons can be learned for the field.
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Xiang X, Wang J, Ning L. Novel strategies for the fight of Alzheimer's disease targeting amyloid-β protein. J Drug Target 2021; 30:259-268. [PMID: 34435898 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1973482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is recognised as a devastating neurodegenerative disease throughout the world and lack of effective treatments, is a growing concern in modern society with a growing population of elderly patients. A growing number of studies reveal that abnormal accumulation and deposition of Aβ is responsible for AD. Inspired by this, strategies for the treatment of AD targeting-Aβ clearance have been discussed for a long period, exploring new drugs which is capable of destroying soluble Aβ oligomers and unsolvable Aβ aggregates. In this paper, results of recent clinical trials on several anti-amyloid-β drugs are presented and several emerging anti-amyloid AD therapies based on recent studies are reviewed. Furthermore, some of the current challenges and novel strategies to prevent AD are addressed. Herein, this review focuses on current pharmacotherapy of AD targeting-Aβ and intends to design a promising therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Shangfei Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linhong Ning
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
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Deficiency in BDNF/TrkB Neurotrophic Activity Stimulates δ-Secretase by Upregulating C/EBPβ in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 28:655-669.e5. [PMID: 31315045 PMCID: PMC6684282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signaling regulates neuronal development, differentiation, and survival, and deficient BDNF/TrkB activity underlies neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, exactly how BDNF/TrkB participates in AD pathology remains unclear. Here, we show that deprivation of BDNF/TrkB increases inflammatory cytokines and activates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, resulting in the upregulation of transcription factor C/EBPβ. This, in turn, results in increased expression of δ-secretase, leading to both APP and Tau fragmentation by δ-secretase and neuronal loss, which can be blocked by expression of STAT3 Y705F, knockdown of C/EBPβ, or the δ-secretase enzymatic-dead C189S mutant. Inhibition of this pathological cascade can also rescue impaired synaptic plasticity and cognitive dysfunctions. Importantly, reduction in BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signaling is inversely coupled with an increase in JAK2/STAT3, C/EBPβ, and δ-secretase escalation in human AD brains. Therefore, our findings provide a mechanistic link between BDNF/TrkB reduction, C/EBPβ upregulation, δ-secretase activity, and Aβ and Tau alterations in murine brains. Deficient BDNF/TrkB activity underlies AD pathogenesis. Wang et al. report that deprivation of BDNF/TrkB increases inflammatory cytokines and activates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, resulting in the upregulation of C/EBPβ/AEP signaling. Reduction of BDNF is inversely coupled with the aforementioned pathway in AD brains. Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3/C/EBPβ/AEP prevents BDNF-depletion-mediated pathology.
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Siddiquee AT, Kadota A, Fujiyoshi A, Miyagawa N, Saito Y, Suzuki H, Kondo K, Yamauchi H, Ito T, Segawa H, Tooyama I, Miura K, Ueshima H. Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in elderly Japanese men. Alcohol 2020; 85:145-152. [PMID: 31923561 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although heavy alcohol consumption has been identified as a risk factor for adverse cognitive functioning, it currently remains unclear whether moderate alcohol consumption exerts similar effects. Observational studies previously reported the potential benefits of moderate alcohol consumption on cognition, particularly in the elderly; however, these effects have not yet been demonstrated in Asian populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption levels and global and domain-specific cognitive functions in cognitively intact elderly Japanese men. Cross-sectional data from the Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis (SESSA), an ongoing prospective, population-based study in Shiga, Japan, were used to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive function. Men (n = 585) aged ≥65 years provided information on their weekly consumption of alcohol, and the data obtained were used to construct categories of never, ex- (quit before interview), very light (<14 g/day), light (14-23 g/day), moderate (>23-46 g/day), and heavy (>46 g/day) drinkers. Cognitive function was measured using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). A fractional logistic regression model adjusted for age, education, body mass index, smoking, exercise, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia showed that the CASI scores for global and domain-specific cognitive functions were not significantly different between all subgroups of current drinkers and never-drinkers. However, the CASI score of ex-drinkers (multivariable adjusted mean CASI score [SD]) was significantly lower than that of never-drinkers in the global [never vs. ex: 90.16 (2.21) vs. 88.26 (2.58)] and abstraction and judgment domain [never vs. ex: 9.48 (0.46) vs. 8.61 (0.57)]). The present results do not suggest any beneficial or adverse relationship between current alcohol consumption levels and cognitive functioning (both global and domain specific) in elderly Japanese men; however, low cognitive function among ex-drinkers warrants future investigations to identify the factors causing drinkers to quit.
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Lessard CB, Rodriguez E, Ladd TB, Minter LM, Osborne BA, Miele L, Golde TE, Ran Y. γ-Secretase modulators exhibit selectivity for modulation of APP cleavage but inverse γ-secretase modulators do not. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:61. [PMID: 32430033 PMCID: PMC7236921 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background γ-Secretase is a multiprotein protease that cleaves amyloid protein precursor (APP) and other type I transmembrane proteins. It has two catalytic subunits, presenilins 1 and 2 (PS1 and 2). In our previous report, we observed subtle differences in PS1- and PS2-mediated cleavages of select substrates and slightly different potencies of PS1 versus PS2 inhibition for select γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) on various substrates. In this study, we investigated whether γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) and inverse γ-secretase modulators (iGSMs) modulate γ-secretase processivity using multiple different substrates. We next used HEK 293T cell lines in which PSEN1 or PSEN2 was selectively knocked out to investigate processivity and response to GSMs and iGSMs. Methods For cell-free γ-secretase cleavage assay, recombinant substrates were incubated with CHAPSO-solubilized CHO or HEK 293T cell membrane with GSMs or iGSMs in suitable buffer. For cell-based assay, cDNA encoding substrates were transfected into HEK 293T cells. Cells were then treated with GSMs or iGSMs, and conditioned media were collected. Aβ and Aβ-like peptide production from cell-free and cell-based assay were measured by ELISA and mass spectrometry. Result These studies demonstrated that GSMs are highly selective for effects on APP, whereas iGSMs have a more promiscuous effect on many substrates. Surprisingly, iGSMs actually appear to act as like GSIs on select substrates. The data with PSEN1 or PSEN2 knocked out HEK 293T reveal that PS1 has higher processivity and response to GSMs than PS2, but PS2 has higher response to iGSM. Conclusion Collectively, these data indicate that GSMs are likely to have limited target-based toxicity. In addition, they show that iGSMs may act as substrate-selective GSIs providing a potential new route to identify leads for substrate-selective inhibitors of certain γ-secretase-mediated signaling events. With growing concerns that long-term β-secretase inhibitor is limited by target-based toxicities, such data supports continued development of GSMs as AD prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Lessard
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Edgardo Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Peschiulli A, Oehlrich D, Rombouts F, Vos A, Gijsen HJM. 3,3-Difluoro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-amines: Potent and permeable BACE-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wang YM, Ming WZ, Liang H, Wang YJ, Zhang YH, Meng DL. Isoquinolines from national herb Corydalis tomentella and neuroprotective effect against lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia cells. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A Closer Look into the Role of Protein Tau in the Identification of Promising Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8090162. [PMID: 30149687 PMCID: PMC6162660 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly known chronic neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), manifests the common type of dementia in 60⁻80% of cases. From a clinical standpoint, a patent cognitive decline and a severe change in personality, as caused by a loss of neurons, is usually evident in AD with about 50 million people affected in 2016. The disease progression in patients is distinguished by a gradual plummet in cognitive functions, eliciting symptoms such as memory loss, and eventually requiring full-time medical care. From a histopathological standpoint, the defining characteristics are intracellular aggregations of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, known as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and depositions of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) in the brain. The abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein is attributed to a wide gamut of neurological disorders known as tauopathies. In addition to the hyperphosphorylated tau lesions, neuroinflammatory processes could occur in a sustained manner through astro-glial activation, resulting in the disease progression. Recent findings have suggested a strong interplay between the mechanism of Tau phosphorylation, disruption of microtubules, and synaptic loss and pathology of AD. The mechanisms underlying these interactions along with their respective consequences in Tau pathology are still ill-defined. Thus, in this review: (1) we highlight the interplays existing between Tau pathology and AD; and (2) take a closer look into its role while identifying some promising therapeutic advances including state of the art imaging techniques.
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Pathological Role of Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase Pin1 in the Disruption of Synaptic Plasticity in Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3270725. [PMID: 28458925 PMCID: PMC5385220 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3270725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss is the structural basis for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the underlying pathological mechanism remains elusive, it is known that misfolded proteins accumulate as β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau tangles decades before the onset of clinical disease. The loss of Pin1 facilitates the formation of these misfolded proteins in AD. Pin1 protein controls cell-cycle progression and determines the fate of proteins by the ubiquitin proteasome system. The activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system directly affects the functional and structural plasticity of the synapse. We localized Pin1 to dendritic rafts and postsynaptic density (PSD) and found the pathological loss of Pin1 within the synapses of AD brain cortical tissues. The loss of Pin1 activity may alter the ubiquitin-regulated modification of PSD proteins and decrease levels of Shank protein, resulting in aberrant synaptic structure. The loss of Pin1 activity, induced by oxidative stress, may also render neurons more susceptible to the toxicity of oligomers of Aβ and to excitation, thereby inhibiting NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity and exacerbating NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic degeneration. These results suggest that loss of Pin1 activity could lead to the loss of synaptic plasticity in the development of AD.
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The Protective Effects of Icariin against the Homocysteine-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Primary Embryonic Cultures of Rat Cortical Neurons. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111557. [PMID: 27879670 PMCID: PMC6274412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin, an ingredient in the medicinal herb Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (EbM), has been considered as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hyperhomocysteinaemia is a risk factor for AD and other associated neurological diseases. In this study we aim to investigate whether icariin can reverse homocysteine (Hcy)-induced neurotoxicity in primary embryonic cultures of rat cortical neurons. Our findings demonstrated that icariin might be able restore the cytoskeleton network damaged by Hcy through the modulation of acetyl-α-tubulin, tyrosinated-α-tubulin, and phosphorylation of the tubulin-binding protein Tau. In addition, icariin downregulated p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) which is a kinase targeting tau protein. Furthermore, icariin effectively restored the neuroprotective protein p-Akt that was downregulated by Hcy. We also applied RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays focused on genes related to AD and neurotoxicity to examine genes differentially altered by Hcy or icariin. Among the altered genes from the arrays, ADAM9 was downregulated 15 folds in cells treated with Hcy, but markedly restored by icariin. ADAM family, encoded α-secreatase, plays a protective role in AD. Overall, our findings demonstrated that icariin exhibits a strong neuroprotective function and have potential for future development for drug treating neurological disorders, such as AD.
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Nagaraj S. Resurrection of neurodegenerative diseases via stem cells. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-016-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Santin MD, Vandenberghe ME, Herard AS, Pradier L, Cohen C, Debeir T, Delzescaux T, Rooney T, Dhenain M. In Vivo Detection of Amyloid Plaques by Gadolinium-Stained MRI Can Be Used to Demonstrate the Efficacy of an Anti-amyloid Immunotherapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:55. [PMID: 27047372 PMCID: PMC4802995 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular deposition of β amyloid plaques is an early event associated to Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we have used in vivo gadolinium-stained high resolution (29∗29∗117 μm3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to follow-up in a longitudinal way individual amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 mice and evaluate the efficacy of a new immunotherapy (SAR255952) directed against protofibrillar and fibrillary forms of Aβ. APP/PS1 mice were treated for 5 months between the age of 3.5 and 8.5 months. SAR255952 reduced amyloid load in 8.5-months-old animals, but not in 5.5-months animals compared to mice treated with a control antibody (DM4). Histological evaluation confirmed the reduction of amyloid load and revealed a lower density of amyloid plaques in 8.5-months SAR255952-treated animals. The longitudinal follow-up of individual amyloid plaques by MRI revealed that plaques that were visible at 5.5 months were still visible at 8.5 months in both SAR255952 and DM4-treated mice. This suggests that the amyloid load reduction induced by SAR255952 is related to a slowing down in the formation of new plaques rather than to the clearance of already formed plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu D Santin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michel E Vandenberghe
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Herard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Caroline Cohen
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Thierry Delzescaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thomas Rooney
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Di Martino RMC, De Simone A, Andrisano V, Bisignano P, Bisi A, Gobbi S, Rampa A, Fato R, Bergamini C, Perez DI, Martinez A, Bottegoni G, Cavalli A, Belluti F. Versatility of the Curcumin Scaffold: Discovery of Potent and Balanced Dual BACE-1 and GSK-3β Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:531-44. [PMID: 26696252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The multitarget approach has gained increasing acceptance as a useful tool to address complex and multifactorial maladies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The concurrent inhibition of the validated AD targets β-secretase (BACE-1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) by attacking both β-amyloid and tau protein cascades has been identified as a promising AD therapeutic strategy. In our study, curcumin was identified as a lead compound for the simultaneous inhibition of both targets; therefore, synthetic efforts were dedicated to obtaining a small library of novel curcumin-based analogues, and a number of potent and balanced dual-target inhibitors were obtained. In particular, 2, 6, and 7 emerged as promising drug candidates endowed with neuroprotective potential and brain permeability. Notably, for some new compounds the symmetrical diketo and the β-keto-enol tautomeric forms were purposely isolated and tested in vitro, allowing us to gain insight into the key requirements for BACE-1 and GSK-3β inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Maria Concetta Di Martino
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , D3, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel I Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maetzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maetzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , D3, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , D3, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Better Utilization of Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Preclinical Studies: From the Bench to the Clinic. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1438:311-47. [PMID: 27150098 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3661-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The major symptom of Alzheimer's disease is dementia progressing with age. Its clinical diagnosis is preceded by a long prodromal period of brain pathology that encompasses both formation of extracellular amyloid and intraneuronal tau deposits in the brain and widespread neuronal death. At present, familial cases of dementia provide the most promising foundation for modeling neurodegenerative tauopathies, a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by prominent intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In this chapter, we describe major behavioral hallmarks of tauopathies, briefly outline the genetics underlying familial cases, and discuss the arising implications for modeling the disease in transgenic mouse systems. The selection of tests performed to evaluate the phenotype of a model should be guided by the key behavioral hallmarks that characterize human disorder and their homology to mouse cognitive systems. We attempt to provide general guidelines and establish criteria for modeling dementia in a mouse; however, interpretations of obtained results should avoid a reductionist "one gene, one disease" explanation of model characteristics. Rather, the focus should be directed to the question of how the mouse genome can cope with the over-expression of the protein coded by transgene(s). While each model is valuable within its own constraints and the experiments performed are guided by specific hypotheses, we seek to expand upon their methodology by offering guidance spanning from issues of mouse husbandry to choices of behavioral tests and routes of drug administration that might increase the external validity of studies and consequently optimize the translational aspect of preclinical research.
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Moretti DV. Theta and alpha EEG frequency interplay in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: evidence from EEG, MRI, and SPECT brain modifications. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:31. [PMID: 25926789 PMCID: PMC4396516 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporo-parietal and medial temporal cortex atrophy are associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as the reduction of regional cerebral blood perfusion in hippocampus. Moreover, the increase of EEG alpha3/alpha2 power ratio has been associated with MCI due to AD and with an increase in theta frequency power in a group of subjects with impaired cerebral perfusion in hippocampus. METHODS Seventy four adult subjects with MCI underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluation, electroencephalogram (EEG) recording and high resolution 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Among the patients, a subset of 27 subjects underwent also perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography and hippocampal atrophy evaluation. Alpha3/alpha2 power ratio as well as cortical thickness was computed for each subject. Three MCI groups were detected according to increasing tertile values of alpha3/alpha2 power ratio and difference of cortical thickness among the groups estimated. RESULTS Higher alpha3/alpha2 power ratio group had wider cortical thinning than other groups, mapped to the Supramarginal and Precuneus bilaterally. Subjects with higher alpha3/alpha2 frequency power ratio showed a constant trend to a lower perfusion than lower alpha3/alpha2 group. Moreover, this group correlates with both a bigger hippocampal atrophy and an increase of theta frequency power. CONCLUSION Higher EEG alpha3/alpha2 power ratio was associated with temporo-parietal cortical thinning, hippocampal atrophy and reduction of regional cerebral perfusion in medial temporal cortex. In this group an increase of theta frequency power was detected inMCI subjects. The combination of higher EEG alpha3/alpha2 power ratio, cortical thickness measure and regional cerebral perfusion reveals a complex interplay between EEG cerebral rhythms, structural and functional brain modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide V. Moretti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Giovanni di Dio – Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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19
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Luczkowski M, De Ricco R, Stachura M, Potocki S, Hemmingsen L, Valensin D. Metal ion mediated transition from random coil to β-sheet and aggregation of Bri2-23, a natural inhibitor of Aβ aggregation. Metallomics 2015; 7:478-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soft metal ion binding enforces critical rearrangement of the structure of Bri2-23, a natural inhibitor of Aβ aggregation, thus shifting its solution behavior to a self aggregating system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo De Ricco
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Siena
- 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Monika Stachura
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Hemmingsen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniela Valensin
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Siena
- 53100 Siena, Italy
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20
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Edwards SR, Hamlin AS, Marks N, Coulson EJ, Smith MT. Comparative studies using the Morris water maze to assess spatial memory deficits in two transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:798-806. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Edwards
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Adam S Hamlin
- Queensland Brain Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Nicola Marks
- Queensland Brain Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- Queensland Brain Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
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Videira R, Castanheira P, Grãos M, Resende R, Salgueiro L, Faro C, Cavaleiro C. Dose-dependent inhibition of BACE-1 by the monoterpenoid 2,3,4,4-tetramethyl-5-methylenecyclopent-2-enone in cellular and mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1275-1279. [PMID: 24921156 DOI: 10.1021/np400903w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACE-1 is an aspartic protease involved in the conversion of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid-β (Aβ) in vivo, which is one of the key steps in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. In a previous screening procedure for inhibitors of BACE-1 activity, the oil of Lavandula luisieri was identified as the most potent among several essential oils. The inhibitory effect of this essential oil on Aβ production was also demonstrated in a cellular assay. The composition of the volatile oil and the isolation of the compound responsible for the inhibitory activity were also reported. The present work focused on the characterization of the inhibition of BACE-1 by this active compound, a monoterpene necrodane ketone, 2,3,4,4-tetramethyl-5-methylenecyclopent-2-enone (1), with assessment of its Ki value and the type of inhibition. The dose-related effects of the compound were also evaluated using two different cell lines, with determinations of the respective EC50 values. The entire oil and the 2,3,4,4-tetramethyl-5-methylenecyclopent-2-enone (1) were tested on a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The overall results showed that compound 1 displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of BACE-1 in cellular and mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and is therefore capable of passing through cellular membranes and the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Videira
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Scarpini E, Cogiamanian F. Alzheimer’s disease: from molecular pathogenesis to innovative therapies. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 3:619-30. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.3.5.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Carro E, Torres-Aleman I. Insulin-like growth factor I and Alzheimer´s disease: therapeutic prospects? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 4:79-86. [PMID: 15853618 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.4.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The search for a cure of Alzheimer's dementia is restless. In recent years, unexpected epidemiological data showing a protective effect of anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering drugs gave way to clinical trials with these compounds. Now, a newly described mechanism indicating that brain amyloid clearance is modulated by serum insulin-like growth factor I may also lead to new trials with this growth factor. Insulin-like growth factor I is an abundant circulating hormone with potent central actions whose levels in serum appear to be altered in Alzheimer's patients. Amyloid clearance, a potential therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease was mostly neglected until recent antiamyloid therapies proved to involve a peripheral amyloid sink. Although more work in animal models are required, the evidence available strongly indicates that insulin-like growth factor I therapy in Alzheimer's dementia may be addressing pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Carro
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Avda. Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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Yang Y, Shiao C, Hemingway JF, Jorstad NL, Shalloway BR, Chang R, Keene CD. Suppressed retinal degeneration in aged wild type and APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice by bone marrow transplantation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64246. [PMID: 23750207 PMCID: PMC3672108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related condition characterized by accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid β peptides (Aβ) in brain and retina. Because bone marrow transplantation (BMT) results in decreased cerebral Aβ in experimental AD, we hypothesized that BMT would mitigate retinal neurotoxicity through decreased retinal Aβ. To test this, we performed BMT in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 double transgenic mice using green fluorescent protein expressing wild type (wt) mice as marrow donors. We first examined retinas from control, non-transplanted, aged AD mice and found a two-fold increase in microglia compared with wt mice, prominent inner retinal Aβ and paired helical filament-tau, and decreased retinal ganglion cell layer neurons. BMT resulted in near complete replacement of host retinal microglia with BMT-derived cells and normalized total AD retinal microglia to non-transplanted wt levels. Aβ and paired helical filament-tau were reduced (61.0% and 44.1% respectively) in BMT-recipient AD mice, which had 20.8% more retinal ganglion cell layer neurons than non-transplanted AD controls. Interestingly, aged wt BMT recipients also had significantly more neurons (25.4%) compared with non-transplanted aged wt controls. Quantitation of retinal ganglion cell layer neurons in young mice confirmed age-related retinal degeneration was mitigated by BMT. We found increased MHC class II expression in BMT-derived microglia and decreased oxidative damage in retinal ganglion cell layer neurons. Thus, BMT is neuroprotective in age-related as well as AD-related retinal degeneration, and may be a result of alterations in innate immune function and oxidative stress in BMT recipient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christine Shiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jake Frederick Hemingway
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nikolas L. Jorstad
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryan Richard Shalloway
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rubens Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Videira R, Castanheira P, Grãos M, Salgueiro L, Faro C, Cavaleiro C. A necrodane monoterpenoid fromLavandula luisieriessential oil as a cell-permeable inhibitor of BACE-1, theβ-secretase in Alzheimer's disease. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Castanheira
- Biocant - Center of Innovation in Biotechnology; Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede; Núcleo 04, Lote 2; 3060-197; Cantanhede; Portugal
| | - Mário Grãos
- Biocant - Center of Innovation in Biotechnology; Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede; Núcleo 04, Lote 2; 3060-197; Cantanhede; Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba; 3000-548; Coimbra; Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba; 3000-548; Coimbra; Portugal
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Teipel SJ, Grothe M, Lista S, Toschi N, Garaci FG, Hampel H. Relevance of magnetic resonance imaging for early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Med Clin North Am 2013; 97:399-424. [PMID: 23642578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampus volumetry currently is the best-established imaging biomarker for AD. However, the effect of multicenter acquisition on measurements of hippocampus volume needs to be explicitly considered when it is applied in large clinical trials, for example by using mixed-effects models to take the clustering of data within centers into account. The marker needs further validation in respect of the underlying neurobiological substrate and potential confounds such as vascular disease, inflammation, hydrocephalus, and alcoholism, and with regard to clinical outcomes such as cognition but also to demographic and socioeconomic outcomes such as mortality and institutionalization. The use of hippocampus volumetry for risk stratification of predementia study samples will further increase with the availability of automated measurement approaches. An important step in this respect will be the development of a standard hippocampus tracing protocol that harmonizes the large range of presently available manual protocols. In the near future, regionally differentiated automated methods will become available together with an appropriate statistical model, such as multivariate analysis of deformation fields, or techniques such as cortical-thickness measurements that yield a meaningful metrics for the detection of treatment effects. More advanced imaging protocols, including DTI, DSI, and functional MRI, are presently being used in monocenter and first multicenter studies. In the future these techniques will be relevant for the risk stratification in phase IIa type studies (small proof-of-concept trials). By contrast, the application of the broader established structural imaging biomarkers, such as hippocampus volume, for risk stratification and as surrogate end point is already today part of many clinical trial protocols. However, clinical care will also be affected by these new technologies. Radiologic expert centers already offer “dementia screening” for well-off middle-aged people who undergo an MRI scan with subsequent automated, typically VBM-based analysis, and determination of z-score deviation from a matched control cohort. Next-generation scanner software will likely include radiologic expert systems for automated segmentation, deformation-based morphometry, and multivariate analysis of anatomic MRI scans for the detection of a typical AD pattern. As these developments will start to change medical practice, first for selected subject groups that can afford this type of screening but later eventually also for other cohorts, clinicians must become aware of the potentials and limitations of these technologies. It is decidedly unclear to date how a middle-aged cognitively intact subject with a seemingly AD-positive MRI scan should be clinically advised. There is no evidence for individual risk prediction and even less for specific treatments. Thus, the development of preclinical diagnostic imaging poses not only technical but also ethical problems that must be critically discussed on the basis of profound knowledge. From a neurobiological point of view, the main determinants of cognitive impairment in AD are the density of synapses and neurons in distributed cortical and subcortical networks. MRI-based measures of regional gray matter volume and associated multivariate analysis techniques of regional interactions of gray matter densities provide insight into the onset and temporal dynamics of cortical atrophy as a close proxy for regional neuronal loss and a basis of functional impairment in specific neuronal networks. From the clinical point of view, clinicians must bear in mind that patients do not suffer from hippocampus atrophy or disconnection but from memory impairment, and that dementia screening in asymptomatic subjects should not be used outside of clinical studies.
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Demattos RB, Lu J, Tang Y, Racke MM, Delong CA, Tzaferis JA, Hole JT, Forster BM, McDonnell PC, Liu F, Kinley RD, Jordan WH, Hutton ML. A plaque-specific antibody clears existing β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease mice. Neuron 2013; 76:908-20. [PMID: 23217740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aβ Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. Preclinical studies demonstrate that plaque prevention is possible; however, the more relevant therapeutic removal of existing plaque has proven elusive. Monoclonal antibodies in development target both soluble and insoluble Aβ peptide. We hypothesized that antibody specificity for deposited plaque was critical for plaque removal since soluble Aβ peptide would block recognition of deposited forms. We developed a plaque-specific antibody that targets a modified Aβ peptide (Aβ(p3-42)), which showed robust clearance of pre-existing plaque without causing microhemorrhage. Interestingly, a comparator N-terminal Aβ antibody 3D6, which binds both soluble and insoluble Aβ(1-42), lacked efficacy for lowering existing plaque but manifested a significant microhemorrhage liability. Mechanistic studies suggested that the lack of efficacy for 3D6 was attributed to poor target engagement in plaques. These studies have profound implications for the development of therapeutic Aβ antibodies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Demattos
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Tiiman A, Palumaa P, Tõugu V. The missing link in the amyloid cascade of Alzheimer's disease - metal ions. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:367-78. [PMID: 23395747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Progressive deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides into amyloid plaques is the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amyloid cascade hypothesis pins this deposition as the primary cause of the disease, but the mechanisms that causes this deposition remain elusive. An increasing amount of evidence shows that biometals Zn(II) and Cu(II) can interact with Aβ, thus influencing the fibrillization and toxicity. This review focuses on the role of Zn(II) and Cu(II) in AD, and revisits the amyloid cascade hypothesis demonstrating the possible roles of Zn(II) and Cu(II) in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Tiiman
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
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Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease: role of amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 intracellular signaling. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:187297. [PMID: 22496686 PMCID: PMC3306972 DOI: 10.1155/2012/187297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by (1) progressive loss of synapses and neurons, (2) intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, and (3) amyloid plaques. Genetically, AD is linked to mutations in few proteins amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2). The molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in AD as well as the physiological function of APP are not yet known. A recent theory has proposed that APP and PS1 modulate intracellular signals to induce cell-cycle abnormalities responsible for neuronal death and possibly amyloid deposition. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of a complex network of proteins, clearly involved in the regulation of signal transduction mechanisms that interact with both APP and PS1. In this review we discuss the significance of novel finding related to cell-signaling events modulated by APP and PS1 in the development of neurodegeneration.
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30
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Pyridazine-derived γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4016-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Rao RN, Maurya PK, Shinde DD, Khalid S. Precolumn derivatization followed by liquid chromatographic separation and determination of tramiprosate in rat plasma by fluorescence detector: Application to pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:282-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lopes JP, Agostinho P. Cdk5: multitasking between physiological and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:49-63. [PMID: 21473899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a peculiar proline-directed serine/threonine kinase. Unlike the other members of the Cdk family, Cdk5 is not directly involved in cell cycle regulation, being normally associated with neuronal processes such as migration, cortical layering and synaptic plasticity. This kinase is present mainly in post-mitotic neurons and its activity is tightly regulated by the interaction with the specific activators, p35 and p39. Despite its pivotal role in CNS development, Cdk5 dysregulation has been implicated in different pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD) and, most recently, prion-related encephalopathies (PRE). In these neurodegenerative conditions, Cdk5 overactivation and relocalization occurs upon association with p25, a truncated form of the normal activator p35. This activator switching will cause a shift in the phosphorylative pattern of Cdk5, with an alteration both in targets and activity, ultimately leading to neuronal demise. In AD and PRE, two disorders that share clinical and neuropathological features, Cdk5 dysregulation is a linking event between the major neuropathological markers: amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation and synaptic and neuronal loss. Moreover, this kinase was shown to be involved in abortive cell cycle re-entry, a feature recently proposed as a possible step in the neuronal apoptosis mechanism of several neurological diseases. This review focuses on the role of Cdk5 in neurons, namely in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, synaptic function and cell survival, both in physiological and in pathological conditions, highlighting the relevance of Cdk5 in the main mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Institute, University of Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Cheng YF, Wang C, Lin HB, Li YF, Huang Y, Xu JP, Zhang HT. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 reverses memory deficits produced by Aβ25-35 or Aβ1-40 peptide in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:181-91. [PMID: 20640406 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cyclic AMP signaling plays an important role in memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about whether inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), which increases intracellular cAMP, reverses β-amyloid peptide (Aβ)-induced memory deficits. OBJECTIVE Experiments were performed to demonstrate the effect of the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram on memory impairment produced by Aβ1-40 (Aβ40) or its core fragment Aβ25-35. METHODS We tested memory using Morris water-maze and passive avoidance tasks and examined expression of phosphorylated cAMP response-element binding protein (pCREB) in the hippocampus in rats treated with Aβ25-35 or Aβ40 into bilateral CA1 subregions, with or without rolipram administration. RESULTS Aβ25-35 (10 μg/side) increased escape latency during acquisition training and decreased swimming time and distance in the target quadrant in the water-maze probe trial; it also decreased 24-h retention in the passive avoidance paradigm. All these were reversed by chronic administration of rolipram (0.5 mg/kg). Similarly, Aβ40 (4 μg/side) produced memory impairment, as demonstrated by decreased retention in passive avoidance; this was also reversed by repeated treatment with rolipram. In addition, rolipram blocked extinction of memory during the 32-day testing period in the passive avoidance test. Further, Aβ40 decreased pCREB expression in the hippocampus, which was also reversed by rolipram; the changes in pCREB were highly correlated with those in memory. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram reverses cognitive deficits associated with AD most likely via increased cAMP/CREB signaling in the hippocampus; PDE4 could be a target for drugs that improve cognition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
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Hauser PS, Narayanaswami V, Ryan RO. Apolipoprotein E: from lipid transport to neurobiology. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:62-74. [PMID: 20854843 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E has a storied history as a lipid transport protein. The integral association between cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein clearance from circulation are intimately related to apoE's function as a ligand for cell-surface receptors of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. The receptor binding properties of apoE are strongly influenced by isoform specific amino acid differences as well as the lipidation state of the protein. As understanding of apoE as a structural component of circulating plasma lipoproteins has evolved, exciting developments in neurobiology have revitalized interest in apoE. The strong and enduring correlation between the apoE4 isoform and age of onset and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease has catapulted apoE to the forefront of neurobiology. Using genetic tools generated for study of apoE lipoprotein metabolism, transgenic "knock-in" and gene-disrupted mice are now favored models for study of its role in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Key structural knowledge of apoE and isoform-specific differences is driving research activity designed to elucidate how a single amino acid change can manifest such profoundly significant pathological consequences. This review describes apoE through a lens of structure-based knowledge that leads to hypotheses that attempt to explain the functions of apoE and isoform-specific effects relating to disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hauser
- Center for Prevention of Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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Teplyakov A, Obmolova G, Canziani G, Zhao Y, Gutshall L, Jung SS, Gilliland GL. His-tag binding by antibody C706 mimics β-amyloid recognition. J Mol Recognit 2010; 24:570-5. [PMID: 20842634 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Aggregation of the Aβ(42) peptide leading to plaque formation is believed to play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies can reduce amyloid plaques and could possibly be used for immunotherapy. We have developed a monoclonal antibody C706, which recognizes the human Aβ peptide. Here we report the crystal structure of the antibody Fab fragment at 1.7 Å resolution. The structure was determined in two crystal forms, P2(1) and C2. Although the Fab was crystallized in the presence of Aβ(16), no peptide was observed in the crystals. The antigen-binding site is blocked by the hexahistidine tag of another Fab molecule in both crystal forms. The poly-His peptide in an extended conformation occupies a crevice between the light and heavy chains of the variable domain. Two consecutive histidines (His4-His5) stack against tryptophan residues in the central pocket of the antigen-binding surface. In addition, they form hydrogen bonds to the acidic residues at the bottom of the pocket. The mode of his-tag binding by C706 resembles the Aβ recognition by antibodies PFA1 and WO2. All three antibodies recognize the same immunodominant B-cell epitope of Aβ. By similarity, residues Phe-Arg-His of Aβ would be a major portion of the C706 epitope.
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Zettl H, Weggen S, Schneider P, Schneider G. Exploring the chemical space of γ-secretase modulators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:402-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Valensin D, Anzini P, Gaggelli E, Gaggelli N, Tamasi G, Cini R, Gabbiani C, Michelucci E, Messori L, Kozlowski H, Valensin G. fac-{Ru(CO)3}2+ Selectively Targets the Histidine Residues of the β-Amyloid Peptide 1-28. Implications for New Alzheimer's Disease Treatments Based on Ruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:4720-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valensin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Anzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Gaggelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Gaggelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Renzo Cini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elena Michelucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Henryk Kozlowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gianni Valensin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Garringer HJ, Murrell J, D'Adamio L, Ghetti B, Vidal R. Modeling familial British and Danish dementia. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214:235-44. [PMID: 19779737 PMCID: PMC8375673 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD) are two autosomal dominant neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in the BRI ( 2 ) gene. FBD and FDD are characterized by widespread cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), parenchymal amyloid deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles. Transgenic mice expressing wild-type and mutant forms of the BRI(2) protein, Bri ( 2 ) knock-in mutant mice, and Bri ( 2 ) gene knock-out mice have been developed. Transgenic mice expressing a human FDD-mutated form of the BRI ( 2 ) gene have partially reproduced the neuropathological lesions observed in FDD. These mice develop extensive CAA, parenchymal amyloid deposition, and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. These animal models allow the study of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the neuronal dysfunction in these diseases and allow the development of potential therapeutic approaches for these and related neurodegenerative conditions. In this review, a comprehensive account of the advances in the development of animal models for FBD and FDD and of their relevance to the study of Alzheimer disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MSB A136, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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Korolainen MA, Nyman TA, Aittokallio T, Pirttilä T. An update on clinical proteomics in Alzheimer's research. J Neurochem 2009; 112:1386-414. [PMID: 20050976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pathologically complex and aetiologically multifactorial dementing disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The pathological brain changes are assumed to occur decades prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. The diagnosis of early AD remains problematic and is mainly based on clinical and neuropsychological findings after the onset of symptoms. Currently available drugs are able to delay the symptom progression of the disease but not to attenuate the progression of pathological brain changes. Many studies exploring AD proteomes have been conducted as the middle of 1990s as a consequence of recent advances in the development of both gel-based and gel-free proteomics approaches. It is hoped that proteomics can contribute to improving the understanding, diagnosis, and follow-up of the progression of AD. In this review, we summarise the present status of proteome alterations, with emphasis on quantitative approaches, in AD brain, CSF and blood, and their relevance to dementia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna A Korolainen
- Department of Neurology, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Asong J, Leach FE, Amster IJ, Venot A, Turnbull JE, Boons GJ. Modular synthesis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides for structure-activity relationship studies. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17394-405. [PMID: 19904943 PMCID: PMC2820250 DOI: 10.1021/ja907358k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although hundreds of heparan sulfate binding proteins have been identified and implicated in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, very little information is known about the ligand requirements for binding and mediating biological activities by these proteins. This difficulty results from a lack of technology for establishing structure-activity relationships, which in turn is due to the structural complexity of natural heparan sulfate (HS) and difficulties of preparing well-defined HS oligosaccharides. To address this deficiency, we developed a modular approach for the parallel combinatorial synthesis of HS oligosaccharides that utilizes a relatively small number of selectively protected disaccharide building blocks, which can easily be converted into glycosyl donors and acceptors. The utility of the modular building blocks has been demonstrated by the preparation of a library of 12 oligosaccharides, which has been employed to probe the structural features of HS for inhibiting the protease, BACE-1. The complex variations in activity with structural changes support the view that important functional information is embedded in HS sequences. Furthermore, the most active derivative provides an attractive lead compound for the preparation of more potent compounds, which may find use as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Arungundram
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, Tel: (+1) 706-542-916
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602-2556
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, Tel: (+1) 706-542-916
| | - Jinkeng Asong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, Tel: (+1) 706-542-916
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602-2556
| | - Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602-2556
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602-2556
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, Tel: (+1) 706-542-916
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Center for Glycobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, Tel: (+1) 706-542-916
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602-2556
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Fluorinated piperidine acetic acids as gamma-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:755-8. [PMID: 20005099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a novel series of difluoropiperidine acetic acids as modulators of gamma-secretase. Synthesis of 2-aryl-3,3-difluoropiperidine analogs was facilitated by a unique and selective beta-difluorination with Selectfluor. Compounds 1f and 2c were selected for in vivo assessment and demonstrated selective lowering of Abeta42 in a genetically engineered mouse model of APP processing. Moreover, in a 7-day safety study, rats treated orally with compound 1f (250mg/kg per day, AUC(0-24)=2100microMh) did not exhibit Notch-related effects.
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Parvanova I, Epiphanio S, Fauq A, Golde TE, Prudêncio M, Mota MM. A small molecule inhibitor of signal peptide peptidase inhibits Plasmodium development in the liver and decreases malaria severity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5078. [PMID: 19337374 PMCID: PMC2659798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver stage of Plasmodium's life cycle is the first, obligatory step in malaria infection. Decreasing the hepatic burden of Plasmodium infection decreases the severity of disease and constitutes a promising strategy for malaria prophylaxis. The efficacy of the gamma-secretase and signal peptide peptidase inhibitor LY411,575 in targeting Plasmodium liver stages was evaluated both in human hepatoma cell lines and in mouse primary hepatocytes. LY411,575 was found to prevent Plasmodium's normal development in the liver, with an IC50 of approximately 80 nM, without affecting hepatocyte invasion by the parasite. In vivo results with a rodent model of malaria showed that LY411,575 decreases the parasite load in the liver and increases by 55% the resistance of mice to cerebral malaria, one of the most severe malaria-associated syndromes. Our data show that LY411,575 does not exert its effect via the Notch signaling pathway suggesting that it may interfere with Plasmodium development through an inhibition of the parasite's signal peptide peptidase. We therefore propose that selective signal peptide peptidase inhibitors could be potentially used for preventive treatment of malaria in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Parvanova
- Unidade de Malária, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Unidade de Malária, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Abdul Fauq
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Unidade de Malária, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Unidade de Malária, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Vrotsos EG, Kolattukudy PE, Sugaya K. MCP-1 involvement in glial differentiation of neuroprogenitor cells through APP signaling. Brain Res Bull 2009; 79:97-103. [PMID: 19185603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously it has been reported that neural stem cells undergoing apoptotic stress have increased levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and increased APP expression results in glial differentiation. APP activity was also shown to be required for staurosporine-induced glial differentiation of neuroprogenitor cells. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine that is expressed early during inflammation. The binding of MCP-1 to its chemokine receptor induces expression of novel transcription factor MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP). MCPIP expression subsequently leads to cell death. Previous studies have shown that pro-apoptotic factors have the ability to induce neural differentiation. Therefore, we investigated if MCPIP expression leads to differentiation of NT2 neuroprogenitor cells. Results showed that MCPIP expression increased glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) expression and also caused distinct morphological changes, both indicative of glial differentiation. Similar results were observed with MCP-1 treatment. Interestingly, APP expression decreased in response to MCPIP. Instead, we found APP activity regulates expression of both MCP-1 and MCPIP. Furthermore, inhibition of either p38 MAPK or JAK signaling pathways significantly reduced APP's effect on MCP-1 and MCPIP. These data demonstrates the role APP has in glial differentiation of NT2 cells through MCP-1/MCPIP signaling. It is possible that increased APP expression after CNS injury could play a role in MCP-1 production, possibly promoting astrocyte activation at injured site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel George Vrotsos
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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45
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Malouf R, Collins H. Tramiprosate (Alzhemed) for Alzheimer's disease. Hippokratia 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Malouf
- Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group; John Radcliffe Hospital (4th Floor, Room 4401C) Headington Oxford UK OX3 9DU
| | - Helen Collins
- Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group, Oxford University; Nuffield Department of Medicine; 4th Floor John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington Oxford Oxon UK OX3 9DU
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Pupi A, Mosconi L, Nobili FM, Sorbi S. Toward the validation of functional neuroimaging as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease: implications for drug development. Mol Imaging Biol 2008; 7:59-68. [PMID: 15912277 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-005-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite investments carried out in the research since Alzheimer's disease (AD) was firstly defined as an isolated clinical entity, there is still a lack of appropriate cure and effective therapies to halt or slow the disease progression. While fundamental research has provided a better characterization of AD, much remains to be done for the development of new biological treatment strategies. It is now being debated whether functional neuroimaging (FNI) could help improve diagnostic accuracy and become a possible biomarker of AD. The primary purpose of this review was to determine whether data already published in the literature meet formal technology assessment standards for using regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) or glucose metabolism (rCMRGlu) as a biomarker for AD. The secondary purpose was to identify any remaining gaps that might need to be systematically addressed before drug developers and regulators accept FNI as a biomarker for AD. The present paper reviews the literature regarding metabolic positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies in AD. There is evidence that treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) leads to changes in brain physiology within the brain regions critical to AD pathology, i.e. the temporal, parietal and frontal association cortex. However, a thorough analysis combining functional and neuropsychological data has not yet been attempted, and much research is needed to validate the role of FNI as a surrogate endpoint for AD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pupi
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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de Chaves EP, Narayanaswami V. Apolipoprotein E and cholesterol in aging and disease in the brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:505-530. [PMID: 19649144 DOI: 10.2217/17460875.3.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol can be detrimental or vital, and must be present in the right place at the right time and in the right amount. This is well known in the heart and the vascular system. However, in the CNS cholesterol is still an enigma, although several of its fundamental functions in the brain have been identified. Brain cholesterol has attracted additional attention owing to its close connection to ApoE, a key polymorphic transporter of extracellular cholesterol in humans. Indeed, both cholesterol and ApoE are so critical to fundamental activities of the brain, that the brain regulates their synthesis autonomously. Yet, similar control mechanisms of ApoE and cholesterol homeostasis may exist on either sides of the blood-brain barrier. One indication is that the APOE ε4 allele is associated with hypercholesterolemia and a proatherogenic profile on the vascular side and with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease on the CNS side. In this review, we draw attention to the association between cholesterol and ApoE in the aging and diseased brain, and to the behavior of the ApoE4 protein at the molecular level. The attempt to correlate in vivo and in vitro observations is challenging but crucial for developing future strategies to address ApoE-related aberrations in cholesterol metabolism selectively in the brain.
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Miao J, Zhang W, Yin R, Liu R, Su C, Lei G, Li Z. S14G-Humanin ameliorates Abeta25-35-induced behavioral deficits by reducing neuroinflammatory responses and apoptosis in mice. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:557-67. [PMID: 18929410 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) deposition and associated neuroinflammation and apoptosis are increasingly recognized as an important component leading to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Humanin (HN) and its derivative, S14G-HN (HNG), are best known for their ability to suppress neuronal death induced by AD-related insults in vitro. Furthermore, limited in vivo studies show that HNG can ameliorate memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular injection of anti-cholinergic drugs or Abeta25-35. However, the mechanism underlying the in vivo effect remains unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of HNG on neuroinflammatory responses and apoptosis associated with behavioral deficits induced by Abeta25-35 in vivo. Our results indicate that intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated Abeta25-35 induced impairment of learning and memory, markedly elevated numbers of reactive astrocytes, activated microglia, and apoptotic cells, as well as remarkable increased levels of IL-6 and TNFalpha. Moreover, intraperitoneal HNG treatment ameliorated behavioral deficits, and reduced neuroinflammatory responses and apoptotic cells in the brain. Cumulatively, these finding demonstrate for the first time that HNG may have the potential for attenuating Abeta-induced cognitive deficits by reducing inflammatory responses and apoptosis in vivo, which may add to the novel evidence for anti-inflammatory and antiapoptosis properties of HNG in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Miao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
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Abeta(1-42) reduces synapse number and inhibits neurite outgrowth in primary cortical and hippocampal neurons: a quantitative analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 175:96-103. [PMID: 18761375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic loss represents one of the earliest signs of neuronal damage and is observed within both Alzheimer's disease patients and transgenic mouse models of the disease. We have developed a novel in vitro assay using high content screening technology to measure changes in a number of cell physiological parameters simultaneously within a neuronal population. Using Hoechst-33342 to label nuclei, betaIII-tubulin as a neuron-specific marker, and synapsin-I as an indicator of pre-synaptic sites, we have designed software to interrogate triple-labelled images, counting only those synaptic puncta associated with tubulin-positive structures. Here we demonstrate that addition of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta(1-42)), to either primary hippocampal or cortical neurons for 4 days in vitro has deleterious effects upon synapse formation, neurite outgrowth and arborisation in a concentration-dependent manner. Control reverse peptide showed no effect over the same concentration range. The effects of Abeta(1-42) were inhibited by D-KLVFFA, which contains residues 16-20 of Abeta that function as a self-recognition element during Abeta assembly and bind to the homologous region of Abeta and block its oligomerisation. These effects of Abeta(1-42) on synapse number and neurite outgrowth are similar to those described within AD patient pathology and transgenic mouse models.
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Abstract
Recently, focus on early detection, diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been increasing. The rationale is that, as with any other serious illness, early intervention will lead to better outcomes for patients and families. Despite the intuitive appeal of this rationale, there is discussion and even debate regarding the issues surrounding early detection and treatment. This review begins with a futuristic case that is aimed at focusing this discussion/debate and then proceeds to consider each of the issues including: should AD screening be part of routine physical examinations? is the amyloid hypothesis correct?: implications for diagnosis and treatment? can neuroimaging studies be used to detect brain amyloid? can symptomatic medications be combined to facilitate cognition? can cognitive rehabilitation programs facilitate cognition? and can immunotherapy and other plaque-busting therapies modify the progression of AD?
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Solomon
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA.
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