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Popescu AS, Butler CA, Allendorf DH, Piers TM, Mallach A, Roewe J, Reinhardt P, Cinti A, Redaelli L, Boudesco C, Pradier L, Pocock JM, Thornton P, Brown GC. Alzheimer's disease-associated R47H TREM2 increases, but wild-type TREM2 decreases, microglial phagocytosis of synaptosomes and neuronal loss. Glia 2023; 71:974-990. [PMID: 36480007 PMCID: PMC10952257 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor, upregulated on the surface of microglia associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals heterozygous for the R47H variant of TREM2 have greatly increased risk of developing AD. We examined the effects of wild-type (WT), R47H and knock-out (KO) of human TREM2 expression in three microglial cell systems. Addition of mouse BV-2 microglia expressing R47H TREM2 to primary mouse neuronal cultures caused neuronal loss, not observed with WT TREM2. Neuronal loss was prevented by using annexin V to block exposed phosphatidylserine, an eat-me signal and ligand of TREM2, suggesting loss was mediated by microglial phagocytosis of neurons exposing phosphatidylserine. Addition of human CHME-3 microglia expressing R47H TREM2 to LUHMES neuronal-like cells also caused loss compared to WT TREM2. Expression of R47H TREM2 in BV-2 and CHME-3 microglia increased their uptake of phosphatidylserine-beads and synaptosomes versus WT TREM2. Human iPSC-derived microglia with heterozygous R47H TREM2 had increased phagocytosis of synaptosomes vs common-variant TREM2. Additionally, phosphatidylserine liposomes increased activation of human iPSC-derived microglia expressing homozygous R47H TREM2 versus common-variant TREM2. Finally, overexpression of TREM2 in CHME-3 microglia caused increased expression of cystatin F, a cysteine protease inhibitor, and knock-down of cystatin F increased CHME-3 uptake of phosphatidylserine-beads. Together, these data suggest that R47H TREM2 may increase AD risk by increasing phagocytosis of synapses and neurons via greater activation by phosphatidylserine and that WT TREM2 may decrease microglial phagocytosis of synapses and neurons via cystatin F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma S. Popescu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Claire A. Butler
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | | | - Thomas M. Piers
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Julian Roewe
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. Pocock
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Peter Thornton
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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2
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Hawksworth C, Salih F, Cresswell K, Steukers L, Diaz C, Killin L, Pradier L, Bradshaw A, Dawoud D. Participating in innovative medicines initiative funded neurodegenerative disorder projects—An impact analysis conducted as part of the NEURONET project. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1140722. [PMID: 37006486 PMCID: PMC10060789 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1140722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission's Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) has funded many projects focusing on neurodegenerative disorders (ND) that aimed to improve the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and understanding of NDs. To facilitate collaboration across this project portfolio, the IMI funded the “NEURONET” project between March 2019 and August 2022 with the aim of connecting these projects and promoting synergies, enhancing the visibility of their findings, understanding the impact of the IMI funding and identifying research gaps that warrant more/new funding. The IMI ND portfolio currently includes 20 projects consisting of 270 partner organizations across 25 countries. The NEURONET project conducted an impact analysis to assess the scientific and socio-economic impact of the IMI ND portfolio. This was to better understand the perceived areas of impact from those directly involved in the projects. The impact analysis was conducted in two stages: an initial stage developed the scope of the project, defined the impact indicators and measures to be used. A second stage designed and administered the survey amongst partners from European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) organizations and other partners (hereafter, referred to as “non-EFPIA” organizations). Responses were analyzed according to areas of impact: organizational, economic, capacity building, collaborations and networking, individual, scientific, policy, patient, societal and public health impact. Involvement in the IMI ND projects led to organizational impact, and increased networking, collaboration and partnerships. The key perceived disadvantage to project participation was the administrative burden. These results were true for both EFPIA and non-EFPIA respondents. The impact for individual, policy, patients and public health was less clear with people reporting both high and low impact. Overall, there was broad alignment between EFPIA and non-EFPIA participants' responses apart from for awareness of project assets, as part of scientific impact, which appeared to be slightly higher among non-EFPIA respondents. These results identified clear areas of impact and those that require improvement. Areas to focus on include promoting asset awareness, establishing the impact of the IMI ND projects on research and development, ensuring meaningful patient involvement in these public-private partnership projects and reducing the administrative burden associated with participation in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hawksworth
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Claire Hawksworth
| | - Fatima Salih
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Cresswell
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos Diaz
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lewis Killin
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Department of Scientific Strategy and External Relations, Sanofi, Paris, France
| | | | - Dalia Dawoud
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wang Z, Jin M, Hong W, Liu W, Reczek D, Lagomarsino VN, Hu Y, Weeden T, Frosch MP, Young-Pearse TL, Pradier L, Selkoe D, Walsh DM. Learnings about Aβ from human brain recommend the use of a live-neuron bioassay for the discovery of next generation Alzheimer's disease immunotherapeutics. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:39. [PMID: 36899414 PMCID: PMC10007750 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing debate, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) remains the prime therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, rational drug design has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about neuroactive Aβ. To help address this deficit, we developed live-cell imaging of iPSC-derived human neurons (iNs) to study the effects of the most disease relevant form of Aβ-oligomeric assemblies (oAβ) extracted from AD brain. Of ten brains studied, extracts from nine caused neuritotoxicity, and in eight cases this was abrogated by Aβ immunodepletion. Here we show that activity in this bioassay agrees relatively well with disruption of hippocampal long-term potentiation, a correlate of learning and memory, and that measurement of neurotoxic oAβ can be obscured by more abundant non-toxic forms of Aβ. These findings indicate that the development of novel Aβ targeting therapeutics may benefit from unbiased activity-based discovery. To test this principle, we directly compared 5 clinical antibodies (aducanumab, bapineuzumab, BAN2401, gantenerumab, and SAR228810) together with an in-house aggregate-preferring antibody (1C22) and established relative EC50s in protecting human neurons from human Aβ. The results yielded objective numerical data on the potency of each antibody in neutralizing human oAβ neuritotoxicity. Their relative efficacies in this morphological assay were paralleled by their functional ability to rescue oAβ-induced inhibition of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. This novel paradigm provides an unbiased, all-human system for selecting candidate antibodies for advancement to human immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ming Jin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David Reczek
- Sanofi-Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Valentina N Lagomarsino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Hu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim Weeden
- Sanofi-Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Dennis Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Boudesco C, Nonneman A, Cinti A, Picardi P, Redaelli L, Swijsen S, Roewe J, Reinhardt P, Ibach M, Walter J, Pocock JM, Ren Y, Driguez P, Dargazanli G, Eyquem S, Proto J, Flores‐Morales A, Pradier L. Novel potent liposome agonists of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 phenocopy antibody treatment in cells. Glia 2022; 70:2290-2308. [PMID: 35912412 PMCID: PMC9804933 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The receptor Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's Disease and TREM2 stimulation represents a novel therapeutic opportunity. TREM2 can be activated by antibodies targeting the stalk region, most likely through receptor dimerization. Endogenous ligands of TREM2 are suggested to be negatively charged apoptotic bodies, mimicked by phosphatidylserine incorporated in liposomes and other polyanionic molecules likely binding to TREM2 IgV fold. However, there has been much discrepancy in the literature on the nature of phospholipids (PLs) that can activate TREM2 and on the stability of the corresponding liposomes over time. We describe optimized liposomes as robust agonists selective for TREM2 over TREM1 in cellular system. The detailed structure/activity relationship studies of lipid polar heads indicate that negatively charged lipid heads are required for activity and we identified the shortest maximally active PL sidechain. Optimized liposomes are active on both TREM2 common variant and TREM2 R47H mutant. Activity and selectivity were further confirmed in different native TREM2 expressing cell types including on integrated cellular responses such as stimulation of phagocytic activity. Such tool agonists will be useful in further studies of TREM2 biology in cellular systems alongside antibodies, and in the design of small molecule synthetic TREM2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julian Roewe
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Melanie Ibach
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jennifer M. Pocock
- Department of NeuroinflammationUniversity College London, Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Yi Ren
- Rare and Neurology TASanofiFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
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5
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O'Rourke D, Coll-Padrós N, Bradshaw A, Killin L, Pradier L, Georges J, Dawoud DM, Steukers L, Diaz C. The Innovative Medicines Initiative neurodegeneration portfolio: From individual projects to collaborative networks. Front Neurol 2022; 13:994301. [PMCID: PMC9666729 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.994301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The IMI public-private partnership between the European Commission and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) was launched in 2008 with an initial budget of €2 billion. Aiming to accelerate the development of innovative medicines for areas of unmet clinical need, the IMI has committed over €380 million to projects on neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), catalyzing public-private collaborations at scale and at all stages of the R&D pipeline. Because of this vast investment, research on neurodegenerative diseases has made enormous strides in recent decades. The challenge for the future however remains to utilize this newly found knowledge and generated assets to develop better tools and novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we report the results of an integrated programme analysis of the IMI NDD portfolio, performed by the Neuronet Coordination and Support Action. Neuronet was launched by the IMI in 2019 to boost synergies and collaboration between projects in the IMI NDD portfolio, to increase the impact and visibility of research, and to facilitate interactions with related initiatives worldwide. Our analysis assessed the characteristics, structure and assets of the project portfolio and identifies lessons from projects spanning preclinical research to applied clinical studies and beyond. Evaluation of project parameters and network analyses of project partners revealed a complex web of 236 partnering organizations, with EFPIA partners often acting as connecting nodes across projects, and with a great diversity of academic institutions. Organizations in the UK, Germany, France and the Netherlands were highly represented in the portfolio, which has a strong focus on clinical research in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease in particular. Based on surveys and unstructured interviews with NDD research leaders, we identified actions to enhance collaboration between project partners, by improving the structure and definition of in-kind contributions; reducing administrative burdens; and enhancing the exploitation of outcomes from research investments by EU taxpayers and EFPIA. These recommendations could help increase the efficiency and impact of future public-private partnerships on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana O'Rourke
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela Bradshaw
- Alzheimer Europe, Luxembourg, Luxembourg,*Correspondence: Angela Bradshaw
| | - Lewis Killin
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Dalia M. Dawoud
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, United Kingdom,Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Carlos Diaz
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Stern AM, Liu L, Jin S, Liu W, Meunier AL, Ericsson M, Miller MB, Batson M, Sun T, Kathuria S, Reczek D, Pradier L, Selkoe DJ. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2528-2540. [PMID: 35084489 PMCID: PMC9337809 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueously soluble oligomers of amyloid-β peptide may be the principal neurotoxic forms of amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease, initiating downstream events that include tau hyperphosphorylation, neuritic/synaptic injury, microgliosis and neuron loss. Synthetic oligomeric amyloid-β has been studied extensively, but little is known about the biochemistry of natural oligomeric amyloid-β in human brain, even though it is more potent than simple synthetic peptides and comprises truncated and modified amyloid-β monomers. We hypothesized that monoclonal antibodies specific to neurotoxic oligomeric amyloid-β could be used to isolate it for further study. Here we report a unique human monoclonal antibody (B24) raised against synthetic oligomeric amyloid-β that potently prevents Alzheimer’s disease brain oligomeric amyloid-β-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation. B24 binds natural and synthetic oligomeric amyloid-β and a subset of amyloid plaques, but only in the presence of Ca2+. The amyloid-β N terminus is required for B24 binding. Hydroxyapatite chromatography revealed that natural oligomeric amyloid-β is highly avid for Ca2+. We took advantage of the reversible Ca2+-dependence of B24 binding to perform non-denaturing immunoaffinity isolation of oligomeric amyloid-β from Alzheimer’s disease brain-soluble extracts. Unexpectedly, the immunopurified material contained amyloid fibrils visualized by electron microscopy and amenable to further structural characterization. B24-purified human oligomeric amyloid-β inhibited mouse hippocampal long-term potentiation. These findings identify a calcium-dependent method for purifying bioactive brain oligomeric amyloid-β, at least some of which appears fibrillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Stern
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road Rm 10002Q, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road Rm 10002Q, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shanxue Jin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road Rm 10002Q, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road Rm 10002Q, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angela L Meunier
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road Rm 10002Q, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Harvard Medical School Electron Microscopy Facility, Goldenson Building 323, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael B Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Megan Batson
- Sanofi Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Tingwan Sun
- Sanofi Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Sagar Kathuria
- Sanofi Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - David Reczek
- Sanofi Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Correspondence to: Dennis J. Selkoe Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital 60 Fenwood Road Rm 10002Q Boston, MA 02115, USA E-mail:
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Lopez-Grancha M, Bernardelli P, Moindrot N, Genet E, Vincent C, Roudieres V, Krick AI, Sabuco JF, Machnik D, Ibghi D, Pradier L, Taupin V. A Novel Selective PKR Inhibitor Restores Cognitive Deficits and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer Disease Experimental Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:262-275. [PMID: 34531308 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), the double-strand RNA-dependent kinase protein kinase R (PKR )/EIF2AK2 is activated in brain with increased phosphorylation of its substrate eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). AD risk-promoting factors, such as ApoE4 allele or the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), have been associated with activation of PKR-dependent signaling. Here, we report the discovery of a novel potent and selective PKR inhibitor (SAR439883) and demonstrate its neuroprotective pharmacological activity in AD experimental models. In ApoE4 human replacement male mice, 1-week oral treatment with SAR439883 rescued short-term memory impairment in the spatial object recognition test and dose-dependently reduced learning and memory deficits in the Barnes maze test. Moreover, in AβO-injected male mice, a 2-week administration of SAR439883 in diet dose-dependently ameliorated the AβO-induced cognitive impairment in both Y-maze and Morris Water Maze, prevented loss of synaptic proteins, and reduced levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β In both mouse models, these effects were associated with a dose-dependent inhibition of brain PKR activity as measured by both PKR occupancy and partial lowering of peIF2α levels. Our results provide evidence that selective pharmacological inhibition of PKR by a small selective molecule can rescue memory deficits and prevent neurodegeneration in animal models of AD-like pathology, suggesting that inhibition of PKR is a potential therapeutic approach for AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reports the identification of a new small molecule potent and selective protein kinase R (PKR) inhibitor that can prevent cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD) experimental models, including a mouse model expressing the most prevalent AD genetic risk factor ApoE4. With high potency and selectivity, this PKR inhibitor represents a unique tool for investigating the physiological role of PKR and a starting point for developing new drug candidates for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Lopez-Grancha
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Bernardelli
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Nicolas Moindrot
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Elisabeth Genet
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Carine Vincent
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Valerie Roudieres
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - AIain Krick
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Jean-François Sabuco
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - David Machnik
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Delphine Ibghi
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Veronique Taupin
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
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8
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Do TM, Capdevila C, Pradier L, Blanchard V, Lopez-Grancha M, Schussler N, Steinmetz A, Beninga J, Boulay D, Dugay P, Verdier P, Aubin N, Dargazanli G, Chaves C, Genet E, Lossouarn Y, Loux C, Michoux F, Moindrot N, Chanut F, Gury T, Eyquem S, Valente D, Bergis O, Rao E, Lesuisse D. Tetravalent Bispecific Tandem Antibodies Improve Brain Exposure and Efficacy in an Amyloid Transgenic Mouse Model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:58-77. [PMID: 33005703 PMCID: PMC7502788 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most antibodies display very low brain exposure due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) preventing their entry into brain parenchyma. Transferrin receptor (TfR) has been used previously to ferry antibodies to the brain by using different formats of bispecific constructs. Tetravalent bispecific tandem immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) (TBTIs) containing two paratopes for both TfR and protofibrillar forms of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide were constructed and shown to display higher brain penetration than the parent anti-Aβ antibody. Additional structure-based mutations on the TfR paratopes further increased brain exposure, with maximal enhancement up to 13-fold in wild-type mice and an additional 4–5-fold in transgenic (Tg) mice harboring amyloid plaques, the main target of our amyloid antibody. Parenchymal target engagement of extracellular amyloid plaques was demonstrated using in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging as well as histological methods. The best candidates were selected for a chronic study in an amyloid precursor protein (APP) Tg mouse model showing efficacy at reducing brain amyloid load at a lower dose than the corresponding monospecific antibody. TBTIs represent a promising format for enhancing IgG brain penetration using a symmetrical construct and keeping bivalency of the payload antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Minh Do
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Laurent Pradier
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | - Anke Steinmetz
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Denis Boulay
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Dugay
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Verdier
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | - Nadine Aubin
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Catarina Chaves
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Elisabeth Genet
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Yves Lossouarn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Moindrot
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Franck Chanut
- Pathology Department, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Thierry Gury
- Pathology Department, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Stéphanie Eyquem
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Delphine Valente
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Alfortville, France
| | - Olivier Bergis
- Translational In vivo Models, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Ercole Rao
- Biologics Research, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Lesuisse
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
- Corresponding author:
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9
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Elmer BM, Swanson KA, Bangari DS, Piepenhagen PA, Roberts E, Taksir T, Guo L, Obinu MC, Barneoud P, Ryan S, Zhang B, Pradier L, Yang ZY, Nabel GJ. Gene delivery of a modified antibody to Aβ reduces progression of murine Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226245. [PMID: 31887144 PMCID: PMC6936806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) hold promise but have been limited by the inability of these proteins to migrate efficiently across the blood brain barrier (BBB). Central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer by vectors like adeno-associated virus (AAV) overcome this barrier by allowing the bodies’ own cells to produce the therapeutic protein, but previous studies using this method to target amyloid-β have shown success only with truncated single chain antibodies (Abs) lacking an Fc domain. The Fc region mediates effector function and enhances antigen clearance from the brain by neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated reverse transcytosis and is therefore desirable to include for such treatments. Here, we show that single chain Abs fused to an Fc domain retaining FcRn binding, but lacking Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) binding, termed a silent scFv-IgG, can be expressed and released into the CNS following gene transfer with AAV. While expression of canonical IgG in the brain led to signs of neurotoxicity, this modified Ab was efficiently secreted from neuronal cells and retained target specificity. Steady state levels in the brain exceeded peak levels obtained by intravenous injection of IgG. AAV-mediated expression of this scFv-IgG reduced cortical and hippocampal plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of progressive β-amyloid plaque accumulation. These findings suggest that CNS gene delivery of a silent anti-Aβ scFv-IgG was well-tolerated, durably expressed and functional in a relevant disease model, demonstrating the potential of this modality for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford M. Elmer
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kurt A. Swanson
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dinesh S. Bangari
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Piepenhagen
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Errin Roberts
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Taksir
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lei Guo
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Susan Ryan
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Sartori M, Mendes T, Desai S, Lasorsa A, Herledan A, Malmanche N, Mäkinen P, Marttinen M, Malki I, Chapuis J, Flaig A, Vreulx AC, Ciancia M, Amouyel P, Leroux F, Déprez B, Cantrelle FX, Maréchal D, Pradier L, Hiltunen M, Landrieu I, Kilinc D, Herault Y, Laporte J, Lambert JC. BIN1 recovers tauopathy-induced long-term memory deficits in mice and interacts with Tau through Thr 348 phosphorylation. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:631-652. [PMID: 31065832 PMCID: PMC6778065 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bridging integrator 1 gene (BIN1) is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this report, we investigated how BIN1-dependent pathophysiological processes might be associated with Tau. We first generated a cohort of control and transgenic mice either overexpressing human MAPT (TgMAPT) or both human MAPT and BIN1 (TgMAPT;TgBIN1), which we followed-up from 3 to 15 months. In TgMAPT;TgBIN1 mice short-term memory deficits appeared earlier than in TgMAPT mice; however-unlike TgMAPT mice-TgMAPT;TgBIN1 mice did not exhibit any long-term or spatial memory deficits for at least 15 months. After killing the cohort at 18 months, immunohistochemistry revealed that BIN1 overexpression prevents both Tau mislocalization and somatic inclusion in the hippocampus, where an increase in BIN1-Tau interaction was also observed. We then sought mechanisms controlling the BIN1-Tau interaction. We developed a high-content screening approach to characterize modulators of the BIN1-Tau interaction in an agnostic way (1,126 compounds targeting multiple pathways), and we identified-among others-an inhibitor of calcineurin, a Ser/Thr phosphatase. We determined that calcineurin dephosphorylates BIN1 on a cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation site at T348, promoting the open conformation of the neuronal BIN1 isoform. Phosphorylation of this site increases the availability of the BIN1 SH3 domain for Tau interaction, as demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and in primary neurons. Finally, we observed that although the levels of the neuronal BIN1 isoform were unchanged in AD brains, phospho-BIN1(T348):BIN1 ratio was increased, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. In conclusion, our data support the idea that BIN1 modulates the AD risk through an intricate regulation of its interaction with Tau. Alteration in BIN1 expression or activity may disrupt this regulatory balance with Tau and have direct effects on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Sartori
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Tiago Mendes
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
- SANOFI Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Shruti Desai
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
| | - Alessia Lasorsa
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576, Lille, France
| | - Adrien Herledan
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, EGID, Lille, France
- INSERM U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Malmanche
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Idir Malki
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576, Lille, France
| | - Julien Chapuis
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
| | - Amandine Flaig
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
| | - Anaïs-Camille Vreulx
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
| | - Marion Ciancia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, EGID, Lille, France
- INSERM U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Déprez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, EGID, Lille, France
- INSERM U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - François-Xavier Cantrelle
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576, Lille, France
| | - Damien Maréchal
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- SANOFI Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576, Lille, France
| | - Devrim Kilinc
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.
- INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.
- CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.
- Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France.
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.
- INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.
- CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.
- Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France.
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- INSERM U1167, RID-AGE: Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019, Lille, France.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
- University of Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx), Lille, France.
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11
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Van Gool B, Storck SE, Reekmans SM, Lechat B, Gordts PLSM, Pradier L, Pietrzik CU, Roebroek AJM. LRP1 Has a Predominant Role in Production over Clearance of Aβ in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7234-7245. [PMID: 31004319 PMCID: PMC6728278 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) has a dual role in the metabolism of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In cellular models, LRP1 enhances amyloid-β (Aβ) generation via APP internalization and thus its amyloidogenic processing. However, conditional knock-out studies in mice define LRP1 as an important mediator for the clearance of extracellular Aβ from brain via cellular degradation or transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In order to analyze the net effect of LRP1 on production and clearance of Aβ in vivo, we crossed mice with impaired LRP1 function with a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Analysis of Aβ metabolism showed that, despite reduced Aβ clearance due to LRP1 inactivation in vivo, less Aβ was found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain interstitial fluid (ISF). Further analysis of APP metabolism revealed that impairment of LRP1 in vivo shifted APP processing from the Aβ-generating amyloidogenic cleavage by beta-secretase to the non-amyloidogenic processing by alpha-secretase as shown by a decrease in extracellular Aβ and an increase of soluble APP-α (sAPP-α). This shift in APP processing resulted in overall lower Aβ levels and a reduction in plaque burden. Here, we present for the first time clear in vivo evidence that global impairment of LRP1's endocytosis function favors non-amyloidogenic processing of APP due to its reduced internalization and subsequently, reduced amyloidogenic processing. By inactivation of LRP1, the inhibitory effect on Aβ generation overrules the simultaneous impaired Aβ clearance, resulting in less extracellular Aβ and reduced plaque deposition in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Van Gool
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 604, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara M Reekmans
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 604, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Lechat
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 604, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 604, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Laurent Pradier
- SANOFI, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, 1 Avenue P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anton J M Roebroek
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 604, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Pradier L, Blanchard-Brégeon V, Bohme A, Debeir T, Menager J, Benoit P, Barneoud P, Taupin V, Bertrand P, Dugay P, Cameron B, Shi Y, Naimi S, Duchesne M, Gagnaire M, Weeden T, Travaline T, Reczek D, Khiroug L, Slaoui M, Brunel P, Fukuyama H, Ravetch J, Canton T, Cohen C. SAR228810: an antibody for protofibrillar amyloid β peptide designed to reduce the risk of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:117. [PMID: 30486882 PMCID: PMC6264593 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-amyloid β (Aβ) immunotherapy represents a major area of drug development for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, Aβ peptide adopts multiple conformations and the pathological forms to be specifically targeted have not been identified. Aβ immunotherapy-related vasogenic edema has also been severely dose limiting for antibodies with effector functions binding vascular amyloid such as bapineuzumab. These two factors might have contributed to the limited efficacy demonstrated so far in clinical studies. METHODS To address these limitations, we have engineered SAR228810, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) with limited Fc effector functions that binds specifically to soluble protofibrillar and fibrillar forms of Aβ peptide and we tested it together with its murine precursor SAR255952 in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Unlike gantenerumab and BAN2401, SAR228810 and SAR255952 do not bind to Aβ monomers, low molecular weight Aβ oligomers or, in human brain sections, to Aβ diffuse deposits which are not specific of AD pathology. Both antibodies prevent Aβ42 oligomer neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures. In vivo, SAR255952, a mouse aglycosylated IgG1, dose-dependently prevented brain amyloid plaque formation and plaque-related inflammation with a minimal active dose of 3 mg/kg/week by the intraperitoneal route. No increase in plasma Aβ levels was observed with SAR255952 treatment, in line with its lack of affinity for monomeric Aβ. The effects of SAR255952 translated into synaptic functional improvement in ex-vivo hippocampal slices. Brain penetration and decoration of cerebral amyloid plaques was documented in live animals and postmortem. SAR255952 (up to 50 mg/kg/week intravenously) did not increase brain microhemorrhages and/or microscopic changes in meningeal and cerebral arteries in old APPSL mice while 3D6, the murine version of bapineuzumab, did. In immunotolerized mice, the clinical candidate SAR228810 demonstrated the same level of efficacy as the murine SAR255952. CONCLUSION Based on the improved efficacy/safety profile in non-clinical models of SAR228810, a first-in-man single and multiple dose administration clinical study has been initiated in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France.
| | | | - Andrees Bohme
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Thomas Debeir
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Jean Menager
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Benoit
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Pascal Barneoud
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Véronique Taupin
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Dugay
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Yi Shi
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Souad Naimi
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Marc Duchesne
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Marie Gagnaire
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Tim Weeden
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Framingham, USA.,Present address: Dyne Therapeutics, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - David Reczek
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Framingham, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- The Rockefeller University, New-York City, USA.,Present address: Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Thierry Canton
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Caroline Cohen
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
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13
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Schussler N, Brureau A, Blanchard-Bregeon V, Pech C, Hamon S, Chaillou P, Guillemot JC, Barneoud P, Bertrand P, Pradier L, Rooney T. NFL in CSF and serum, a potential translational dynamic biomarker of neurodegeneration in preclinical models. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Walsh DM, Jin M, Wang Z, Liu W, Lagomarsino V, Weeden T, Reczek D, Young-Pearse T, Pradier L, Selkoe DJ. P1‐106: A HEAD‐TO‐HEAD COMPARISON OF LEAD CLINICAL ANTI‐Aβ ANTIBODIES. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic M. Walsh
- Ann Romney Centre for Neurologic DiseasesBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Ming Jin
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Zemin Wang
- Centre for Neurologic DiseasesBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Wen Liu
- Centre for Neurologic DiseasesBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA
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15
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Latta-Mahieu M, Elmer B, Bretteville A, Wang Y, Lopez-Grancha M, Goniot P, Moindrot N, Ferrari P, Blanc V, Schussler N, Brault E, Roudières V, Blanchard V, Yang ZY, Barneoud P, Bertrand P, Roucourt B, Carmans S, Bottelbergs A, Mertens L, Wintmolders C, Larsen P, Hersley C, McGathey T, Racke MM, Liu L, Lu J, O'Neill MJ, Riddell DR, Ebneth A, Nabel GJ, Pradier L. Systemic immune-checkpoint blockade with anti-PD1 antibodies does not alter cerebral amyloid-β burden in several amyloid transgenic mouse models. Glia 2017; 66:492-504. [PMID: 29134678 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation represents a central component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent work suggests that breaking immune tolerance by Programmed cell Death-1 (PD1) checkpoint inhibition produces an IFN-γ-dependent systemic immune response, with infiltration of the brain by peripheral myeloid cells and neuropathological as well as functional improvements even in mice with advanced amyloid pathology (Baruch et al., (): Nature Medicine, 22:135-137). Immune checkpoint inhibition was therefore suggested as potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders when activation of the immune system is appropriate. Because a xenogeneic rat antibody (mAb) was used in the study, whether the effect was specific to PD1 target engagement was uncertain. In the present study we examined whether PD1 immunotherapy can lower amyloid-β pathology in a range of different amyloid transgenic models performed at three pharmaceutical companies with the exact same anti-PD1 isotype and two mouse chimeric variants. Although PD1 immunotherapy stimulated systemic activation of the peripheral immune system, monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration into the brain was not detected, and progression of brain amyloid pathology was not altered. Similar negative results of the effect of PD1 immunotherapy on amyloid brain pathology were obtained in two additional models in two separate institutions. These results show that inhibition of PD1 checkpoint signaling by itself is not sufficient to reduce amyloid pathology and that additional factors might have contributed to previously published results (Baruch et al., (): Nature Medicine, 22:135-137). Until such factors are elucidated, animal model data do not support further evaluation of PD1 checkpoint inhibition as a therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradford Elmer
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Yaming Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | - Mati Lopez-Grancha
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Philippe Goniot
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Nicolas Moindrot
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Paul Ferrari
- SANOFI, 13 quai Jules Guesde, Vitry/Seine, 94403, France
| | | | - Nathalie Schussler
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Emmanuel Brault
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Valérie Roudières
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | | | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Pascal Barneoud
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Bart Roucourt
- reMYND NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Sofie Carmans
- reMYND NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Mertens
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Peter Larsen
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | | | - Tyler McGathey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | | | - Ling Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | - Jirong Lu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | | | | | - Andreas Ebneth
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Gary J Nabel
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Laurent Pradier
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
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Brureau A, Blanchard-Bregeon V, Pech C, Hamon S, Chaillou P, Guillemot JC, Barneoud P, Bertrand P, Pradier L, Rooney T, Schussler N. NF-L in cerebrospinal fluid and serum is a biomarker of neuronal damage in an inducible mouse model of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 104:73-84. [PMID: 28392472 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of neurofilaments (NFs), the major constituents of the neuronal cytoskeleton, is a distinctive feature of neurological diseases and several studies have shown that soluble NFs can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Here we have used an inducible transgenic mouse model of neurodegeneration, CamKII-TetOp25 mice, to evaluate whether NF-L levels in CSF or blood can be used as a biochemical biomarker of neurodegeneration. Induction of p25 transgene brain expression led to increase in CSF and serum NF-L levels that correlated with ongoing neurodegeneration. Switching off p25 prevented further increases in both CSF and serum NF-L levels and concomitantly stopped the progression of neurodegeneration. The levels of CSF NF-L detected in p25 mice are about 4-fold higher than the CSF levels detected in patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as symptomatic FTD (bvFTD). In addition, our data indicate that the NF-L detected in CSF is most likely a cleaved form of NF-L. These results suggest that CSF and serum NF-L are of interest to be further explored as potential translational dynamic biomarkers of neurodegeneration or as pharmacodynamics biomarkers at least in preclinical animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Brureau
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France; Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | | | - Catherine Pech
- Evotec, 19 route d'Espagne, - BP13669-31036 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Stéphanie Hamon
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Pascal Chaillou
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | | | - Pascal Barneoud
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Thomas Rooney
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Nathalie Schussler
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France.
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Weissmann R, Hüttenrauch M, Kacprowski T, Bouter Y, Pradier L, Bayer TA, Kuss AW, Wirths O. Gene Expression Profiling in the APP/PS1KI Mouse Model of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:397-409. [PMID: 26639971 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early intraneuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, extracellular deposition of Aβ peptides, and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates. These lesions cause dendritic and synaptic alterations and induce an inflammatory response in the diseased brain. Although the neuropathological characteristics of AD have been known for decades, the molecular mechanisms causing the disease are still under investigation. Studying gene expression changes in postmortem AD brain tissue can yield new insights into the molecular disease mechanisms. To that end, one can employ transgenic AD mouse models and the next-generation sequencing technology. In this study, a whole-brain transcriptome analysis was carried out using the well-characterized APP/PS1KI mouse model for AD. These mice display a robust phenotype reflected by working memory deficits at 6 months of age, a significant neuron loss in a variety of brain areas including the CA1 region of the hippocampus and a severe amyloid pathology. Based on deep sequencing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 6-month-old WT or PS1KI and APP/PS1KI were identified and verified by qRT-PCR. Compared to WT mice, 250 DEGs were found in APP/PS1KI mice, while 186 DEGs could be found compared to PS1KI control mice. Most of the DEGs were upregulated in APP/PS1KI mice and belong to either inflammation-associated pathways or lysosomal activation, which is likely due to the robust intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ in this mouse model. Our comprehensive brain transcriptome study further highlights APP/PS1KI mice as a valuable model for AD, covering molecular inflammatory and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weissmann
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Hüttenrauch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi, Therapeutic Strategy Unit Neurodegeneration and Pain, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Santin MD, Vandenberghe ME, Herard AS, Pradier L, Cohen C, Debeir T, Delzescaux T, Rooney T, Dhenain M. In Vivo Detection of Amyloid Plaques by Gadolinium-Stained MRI Can Be Used to Demonstrate the Efficacy of an Anti-amyloid Immunotherapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:55. [PMID: 27047372 PMCID: PMC4802995 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular deposition of β amyloid plaques is an early event associated to Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we have used in vivo gadolinium-stained high resolution (29∗29∗117 μm3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to follow-up in a longitudinal way individual amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 mice and evaluate the efficacy of a new immunotherapy (SAR255952) directed against protofibrillar and fibrillary forms of Aβ. APP/PS1 mice were treated for 5 months between the age of 3.5 and 8.5 months. SAR255952 reduced amyloid load in 8.5-months-old animals, but not in 5.5-months animals compared to mice treated with a control antibody (DM4). Histological evaluation confirmed the reduction of amyloid load and revealed a lower density of amyloid plaques in 8.5-months SAR255952-treated animals. The longitudinal follow-up of individual amyloid plaques by MRI revealed that plaques that were visible at 5.5 months were still visible at 8.5 months in both SAR255952 and DM4-treated mice. This suggests that the amyloid load reduction induced by SAR255952 is related to a slowing down in the formation of new plaques rather than to the clearance of already formed plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu D Santin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michel E Vandenberghe
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Herard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Caroline Cohen
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Thierry Delzescaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thomas Rooney
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Mouton-Liger F, Rebillat AS, Gourmaud S, Paquet C, Leguen A, Dumurgier J, Bernadelli P, Taupin V, Pradier L, Rooney T, Hugon J. PKR downregulation prevents neurodegeneration and β-amyloid production in a thiamine-deficient model. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1594. [PMID: 25590804 PMCID: PMC4669750 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain thiamine homeostasis has an important role in energy metabolism and displays reduced activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thiamine deficiency (TD) induces regionally specific neuronal death in the animal and human brains associated with a mild chronic impairment of oxidative metabolism. These features make the TD model amenable to investigate the cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Once activated by various cellular stresses, including oxidative stress, PKR acts as a pro-apoptotic kinase and negatively controls the protein translation leading to an increase of BACE1 translation. In this study, we used a mouse TD model to assess the involvement of PKR in neuronal death and the molecular mechanisms of AD. Our results showed that the TD model activates the PKR-eIF2α pathway, increases the BACE1 expression levels of Aβ in specific thalamus nuclei and induces motor deficits and neurodegeneration. These effects are reversed by PKR downregulation (using a specific inhibitor or in PKR knockout mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mouton-Liger
- 1] Inserm UMR-S942, Paris 75010, France [2] Department of Histology, Pathology and Biochemistry, Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, Service AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - S Gourmaud
- 1] Inserm UMR-S942, Paris 75010, France [2] Department of Histology, Pathology and Biochemistry, Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, Service AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - C Paquet
- 1] Inserm UMR-S942, Paris 75010, France [2] Department of Histology, Pathology and Biochemistry, Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, Service AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France [3] Clinical and Research Memory Center, Paris Nord Ile de France Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - A Leguen
- Inserm UMR-S942, Paris 75010, France
| | - J Dumurgier
- 1] Department of Histology, Pathology and Biochemistry, Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, Service AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France [2] Clinical and Research Memory Center, Paris Nord Ile de France Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - P Bernadelli
- Sanofi-Aventis Therapeutic Strategy Unit Aging, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - V Taupin
- Sanofi-Aventis Therapeutic Strategy Unit Aging, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - L Pradier
- Sanofi-Aventis Therapeutic Strategy Unit Aging, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - T Rooney
- Sanofi-Aventis Therapeutic Strategy Unit Aging, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - J Hugon
- 1] Inserm UMR-S942, Paris 75010, France [2] Department of Histology, Pathology and Biochemistry, Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, Service AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France [3] Clinical and Research Memory Center, Paris Nord Ile de France Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Christensen DZ, Huettenrauch M, Mitkovski M, Pradier L, Wirths O. Axonal degeneration in an Alzheimer mouse model is PS1 gene dose dependent and linked to intraneuronal Aβ accumulation. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:139. [PMID: 25018730 PMCID: PMC4073286 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities and impairments in axonal transport are suggested to strongly contribute to the pathological alterations underlying AD. The exact mechanisms leading to axonopathy are currently unclear, but it was recently suggested that APP expression itself triggers axonal degeneration. We used APP transgenic mice and crossed them on a hemi- or homozygous PS1 knock-in background (APP/PS1KI). Depending on the mutant PS1 dosage, we demonstrate a clear aggravation in both plaque-associated and plaque-distant axonal degeneration, despite of an unchanged APP expression level. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides were found to accumulate in axonal swellings as well as in axons and apical dendrites proximate to neurons accumulating intraneuronal Aβ in their cell bodies. This suggests that Aβ can be transported within neurites thereby contributing to axonal deficits. In addition, diffuse extracellular Aβ deposits were observed in the close vicinity of axonal spheroids accumulating intracellular Aβ, which might be indicative of a local Aβ release from sites of axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Z Christensen
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Huettenrauch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Goettingen, Germany
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Central Nervous System Department, Centre de Recherche Vitry-Alfortville, Sanofi-Aventis Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
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21
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Do TM, Alata W, Dodacki A, Traversy MT, Chacun H, Pradier L, Scherrmann JM, Farinotti R, Calon F, Bourasset F. Altered cerebral vascular volumes and solute transport at the blood-brain barriers of two transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:311-7. [PMID: 24631967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the integrity and function of the blood-brain barrier in 3xTg-AD mice aged 3-18 months and in APP/PS1 mice aged 8-months to determine the impacts of changes in amyloid and tau proteins on the brain vascular changes. The vascular volume (Vvasc) was sub-normal in 3xTg-AD mice aged from 6 to 18 months, but not in the APP/PS1 mice. The uptakes of [(3)H]-diazepam by the brains of 3xTg-AD, APP/PS1 and their age-matched control mice were similar at all the times studied, suggesting that the simple diffusion of small solutes is unchanged in transgenic animals. The uptake of d-glucose by the brains of 18-month old 3xTg-AD mice, but not by those of 8-month old APP/PS1 mice, was reduced compared to their age-matched controls. Accordingly, the amount of Glut-1 protein was 1.4 times lower in the brain capillaries of 18 month-old 3xTg-AD mice than in those of age-matched control mice. We conclude that the brain vascular volume is reduced early in 3xTg-AD mice, 6 months before the appearance of pathological lesions, and that this reduction persists until they are at least 18 months old. The absence of alterations in the BBB of APP/PS1 mice suggests that hyperphosphorylated tau proteins contribute to the vascular changes that occur in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Do
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique et pharmacocinétique, EA 4123, Université Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Wael Alata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Agnès Dodacki
- Inserm, U1144, Paris F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75006, France; Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75013, France
| | | | - Hélène Chacun
- CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi-Aventis Therapeutic Strategy Unit Aging, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm, U1144, Paris F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75006, France; Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Robert Farinotti
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique et pharmacocinétique, EA 4123, Université Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Fanchon Bourasset
- Inserm, U1144, Paris F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75006, France; Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75013, France.
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Wirths O, Hillmann A, Pradier L, Härtig W, Bayer TA. Oligomeric pyroglutamate amyloid-β is present in microglia and a subfraction of vessels in patients with Alzheimer's disease: implications for immunotherapy. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 35:741-9. [PMID: 23481684 DOI: 10.3233/jad-121945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
N-terminally truncated pyroglutamate amyloid-β (Aβ) starting at position 3 (AβpE3) represents a major fraction of Aβ peptides in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, we have identified low molecular weight AβpE3 oligomers, which can be detected by 9D5, a novel mouse monoclonal antibody. In the present study, we analyzed the immunohistochemical staining profile in the brain of patients with AD and in the APP/PS1KI mouse model, as well as in aged rhesus monkeys. 9D5-positive microglia and blood vessels were found in many AD cases, in the transgenic mouse model, and in an aged macaque. The presence of 9D5-immunoreactivity in microglia indicates that low molecular weight AβpE3 oligomers may be phagocytosed, since in the APP/PS1KI model, Aβ is exclusively produced in neurons due to neuronal expression of transgenic AβPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, Germany.
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Santin M, Debeir T, Delzescaux T, Hérard A, Cohen C, Pradier L, Rooney T, Dhenain M. IC‐P‐019:
In vivo
Gd‐staining MRI reveals efficacy of anti‐beta‐amyloid immunotherapy after longitudinal study in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Santin M, Debeir T, Delzescaux T, Hérard A, Cohen C, Pradier L, Rooney T, Dhenain M. P2–401:
In vivo
Gd‐staining MRI reveals efficacy of anti‐beta‐amyloid immunotherapy after longitudinal study in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mouton-Liger F, Rebillat AS, Gourmaud S, Leguen A, Paquet C, Pradier L, Rooney T, Hugon J. Neuroprotective role of PKR in a model of neurodegeneration due to mild impairment of oxidative metabolism. Mol Neurodegener 2013. [PMCID: PMC3846720 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-s1-p31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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26
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Mouton-Liger F, Paquet C, Dumurgier J, Bouras C, Pradier L, Gray F, Hugon J. Oxidative stress increases BACE1 protein levels through activation of the PKR-eIF2α pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:885-96. [PMID: 22306812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate limiting enzyme for accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ)-peptide in the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative stress (OS) that leads to metabolic dysfunction and apoptosis of neurons in AD enhances BACE1 expression and activity. The activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was proposed to explain the BACE1 mRNA increase under OS. However, little is known about the translational control of BACE1 in OS. Recently, a post-transcriptional increase of BACE1 level controlled by phosphorylation of eIF2α (eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α) have been described after energy deprivation. PKR (double-stranded RNA dependant protein kinase) is a pro-apoptotic kinase that phosphorylates eIF2α and modulates JNK activation in various cellular stresses. We investigated the relations between PKR, eIF2α and BACE1 in AD brains in APP/PS1 knock-in mice and in hydrogen peroxide-induced OS in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell cultures. Immunoblotting results showed that activated PKR (pPKR) and activated eIF2α (peIF2α) and BACE1 levels are increased in AD cortices and BACE1 correlate with phosphorylated eIF2α levels. BACE1 protein levels are increased in response to OS in SH-SY5Y cells and specific inhibitions of PKR-eIF2α attenuate BACE1 protein levels in this model. Our findings provide a new translational regulation of BACE1, under the control of PKR in OS, where eIF2α phosphorylation regulates BACE1 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Service d'Histologie et de Biologie du Vieillissement, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, Université Paris VII, Paris, France.
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Paquet C, Mouton-Liger F, Meurs EF, Mazot P, Bouras C, Pradier L, Gray F, Hugon J. The PKR activator PACT is induced by Aβ: involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2011; 22:219-29. [PMID: 21790829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include senile plaques made of Aβ peptide, neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein and neuronal loss. The pro-apoptotic kinase PKR can be activated by Aβ and can phosphorylate tau protein via GSK3β kinase activation. The activated form of PKR (pPKR) accumulates in affected neurons and could participate in neuronal degeneration in AD. The mechanism of abnormal PKR activation in AD is not elucidated but could be linked to the PKR activator PACT. PACT stainings, and levels were assessed in the brains of AD patients and in APP/PS1 knock-in transgenic mice and in cell cultures exposed to stresses. We showed that PACT and pPKR colocalizations are enhanced in AD brains. Their levels are increased and correlated in AD and APP/PS1 knock-in mice brains. In human neuroblastoma cells exposed to Aβ, tunicamycin or H2O2, PACT and pPKR concentrations are increased. PACT then PKR inhibitions indicate that PACT is upstream of PKR activation. Our findings demonstrate that PACT levels are enhanced in AD brains and could partly be caused by the action of Aβ. In addition, PACT participates in PKR activation. The PACT-PKR pathway represents a potential link between Aβ accumulation, PKR activation and tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Paquet
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Paris Nord Ile de France.
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Cartier N, Gautier B, Burlot M, Troquier L, Pradier L, Aubourg P, Blum D, Buee L. P3‐425: AAV gene therapy with cholesterol 24‐hydroxylase improves Alzheimer's phenotype of tau mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cousin E, Macé S, Rocher C, Dib C, Muzard G, Hannequin D, Pradier L, Deleuze JF, Génin E, Brice A, Campion D. No replication of genetic association between candidate polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1443-51. [PMID: 19889475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a genetically complex disorder, for which new putative susceptibility genes are constantly proposed in the literature. We selected 16 candidate genes involved in biological pathways closely related to the pathology, and for which a genetic association with Alzheimer's disease was previously detected: ACE, BACE1, BDNF, ECE1, HSPG2, IDE, IL1a, IL6, IL10, MAPT, PLAU, PrnP, PSEN1, SORL1, TFCP2 and TGFb1. The variants originally associated with the disease were genotyped in a French Caucasian sample including 428 cases and 475 controls and tested for association in order to replicate the initial results. Despite a careful replication study design, we failed to validate the initial findings for any of these variants, with the possible exception of MAPT, SORL1 and TFCP2 for which some nominal but inconsistent evidence of association was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Cousin
- Biological Sciences Department, sanofi-aventis Recherche et Développement, Centre de Génétique humaine, 91057 Evry, France
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30
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Schulz H, Kolde R, Adler P, Aksoy I, Anastassiadis K, Bader M, Billon N, Boeuf H, Bourillot PY, Buchholz F, Dani C, Doss MX, Forrester L, Gitton M, Henrique D, Hescheler J, Himmelbauer H, Hübner N, Karantzali E, Kretsovali A, Lubitz S, Pradier L, Rai M, Reimand J, Rolletschek A, Sachinidis A, Savatier P, Stewart F, Storm MP, Trouillas M, Vilo J, Welham MJ, Winkler J, Wobus AM, Hatzopoulos AK. The FunGenES database: a genomics resource for mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6804. [PMID: 19727443 PMCID: PMC2731164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have high self-renewal capacity and the potential to differentiate into a large variety of cell types. To investigate gene networks operating in pluripotent ES cells and their derivatives, the “Functional Genomics in Embryonic Stem Cells” consortium (FunGenES) has analyzed the transcriptome of mouse ES cells in eleven diverse settings representing sixty-seven experimental conditions. To better illustrate gene expression profiles in mouse ES cells, we have organized the results in an interactive database with a number of features and tools. Specifically, we have generated clusters of transcripts that behave the same way under the entire spectrum of the sixty-seven experimental conditions; we have assembled genes in groups according to their time of expression during successive days of ES cell differentiation; we have included expression profiles of specific gene classes such as transcription regulatory factors and Expressed Sequence Tags; transcripts have been arranged in “Expression Waves” and juxtaposed to genes with opposite or complementary expression patterns; we have designed search engines to display the expression profile of any transcript during ES cell differentiation; gene expression data have been organized in animated graphs of KEGG signaling and metabolic pathways; and finally, we have incorporated advanced functional annotations for individual genes or gene clusters of interest and links to microarray and genomic resources. The FunGenES database provides a comprehensive resource for studies into the biology of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Schulz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raivo Kolde
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Adler
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Irène Aksoy
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | | | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hélène Boeuf
- Université Bordeaux 2, CNRS-UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Frank Buchholz
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Lesley Forrester
- Queens Medical Research Institute E2.47, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Domingos Henrique
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heinz Himmelbauer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Lubitz
- BioInnovation Zentrum, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Meena Rai
- Department of Medicine -Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Pierre Savatier
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Francis Stewart
- BioInnovation Zentrum, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike P. Storm
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jaak Vilo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Melanie J. Welham
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Antonis K. Hatzopoulos
- Department of Medicine -Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Trouillas M, Saucourt C, Duval D, Gauthereau X, Thibault C, Dembele D, Feraud O, Menager J, Rallu M, Pradier L, Boeuf H. Bcl2, a transcriptional target of p38alpha, is critical for neuronal commitment of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1450-9. [PMID: 18437159 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells remain pluripotent in vitro when grown in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) cytokine. LIF starvation leads to cell commitment, and part of the ES-derived differentiated cells die by apoptosis together with caspase3-cleavage and p38alpha activation. Inhibition of p38 activity by chemical compounds (PD169316 and SB203580), along with LIF withdrawal, leads to different outcomes on cell apoptosis, giving the opportunity to study the influence of apoptosis on cell differentiation. By gene profiling studies on ES-derived differentiated cells treated or not with these inhibitors, we have characterized the common and specific set of genes modulated by each inhibitor. We have also identified key genes that might account for their different survival effects. In addition, we have demonstrated that some genes, similarly regulated by both inhibitors (upregulated as Bcl2, Id2, Cd24a or downregulated as Nodal), are bona fide p38alpha targets involved in neurogenesis and found a correlation with their expression profiles and the onset of neuronal differentiation triggered upon retinoic acid treatment. We also showed, in an embryoid body differentiation protocol, that overexpression of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-BCL2 fusion protein and repression of p38alpha are essential to increase formation of TUJ1-positive neuronal cell networks along with an increase in Map2-expressing cells.
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32
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Wirths O, Multhaup G, Czech C, Feldmann N, Blanchard V, Tremp G, Beyreuther K, Pradier L, Bayer TA. Intraneuronal APP/A beta trafficking and plaque formation in beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 transgenic mice. Brain Pathol 2006; 12:275-86. [PMID: 12146796 PMCID: PMC8095864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropil deposition of beta-amyloid peptides A beta40 and A beta42 is believed to be the key event in the neurodegenerative processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since A beta seems to carry a transport signal that is required for axonal sorting of its precursor beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), we studied the intraneuronal staining profile of A beta peptides in a transgenic mouse model expressing human mutant APP751 (KM670/671NL and V7171) and human mutant presenilin-1 (PS-1 M146L) in neurons. Using surface plasmon resonance we analyzed the A beta antibodies and defined their binding profile to APP, A beta40 and A beta42. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that intraneuronal A beta40 and A beta42 staining preceded plaque deposition, which started at 3 months of age. A beta was observed in the somatodendritic and axonal compartments of many neurons. Interestingly, the striatum, which lacks transgenic APP expression harbored many plaques at 10 months of age. This is most likely due to an APP/A beta transport problem and may be a model region to study APP/A beta trafficking as an early pathological event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Germany
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Center for Molecular Biology University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Feldmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Germany
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33
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Damjanac M, Page G, Rioux-Bilan A, Pain S, Latta-Mahieu M, Pradier L, Hugon J. P1-1 Rôle des voies du contrôle traductionnel PKR et mTOR dans le modèle de souris transgéniques Alzheimer APPSL/PS1 Knock-in. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bassilana F, Mace N, Li Q, Stutzmann JM, Gross CE, Pradier L, Benavides J, Ménager J, Bezard E. Unraveling substantia nigra sequential gene expression in a progressive MPTP-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 20:93-103. [PMID: 16137570 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of a progressive nonhuman primate model mimicking Parkinson's disease (PD) evolution, we monitored transcriptional fluctuations in the substantia nigra using Affymetrix microarrays in control (normal), saline-treated (normal), 6 days-treated (asymptomatic with 20% cell loss), 12 days-treated (asymptomatic with 40% cell loss) and 25 days-treated animals (fully parkinsonian with 85% cell loss). Two statistical methods were used to ascertain the regulation and real-time quantitative PCR was used to confirm their regulation. Surprisingly, the number of deregulated transcripts is limited at all time points and five clusters exhibiting different profiles were defined using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Such profiles are likely to represent activation/deactivation of mechanisms of different nature. We briefly speculate about (i) the existence of yet unknown compensatory mechanisms is unraveled, (ii) the putative triggering of a developmental program in the mature brain in reaction to progressing degeneration and finally, (iii) the activation of mechanisms leading eventually to death in final stage. These data should help development of new therapeutic approaches either aimed at enhancing existing compensatory mechanisms or at protecting dopamine neurons.
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Lafay-Chebassier C, Paccalin M, Page G, Barc-Pain S, Perault-Pochat MC, Gil R, Pradier L, Hugon J. mTOR/p70S6k signalling alteration by Abeta exposure as well as in APP-PS1 transgenic models and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2005; 94:215-25. [PMID: 15953364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, neuropathological hallmarks include the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) in senile plaques, phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal death. Abeta is the major aetiological agent according to the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Translational control includes phosphorylation of the kinases mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70S6k which modulate cell growth, proliferation and autophagy. It is mainly part of an anti-apoptotic cellular signalling. In this study, we analysed modifications of mTOR/p70S6k signalling in cellular and transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease, as well as in lymphocytes of patients and control individuals. Abeta 1-42 produced a rapid and persistent down-regulation of mTOR/p70S6k phosphorylation in murine neuroblastoma cells associated with caspase 3 activation. Using western blottings, we found that phosphorylated forms of mTOR and p70S6k are decreased in the cortex but not in the cerebellum (devoid of plaques) of double APP/PS1 transgenic mice compared with control mice. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemical methods. Finally, the expression of phosphorylated p70S6k was significantly reduced in lymphocytes of Alzheimer's patients, and levels of phosphorylated p70S6k were statistically correlated with Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the mainly anti-apoptotic mTOR/p70S6k signalling is altered in cellular and transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease and in peripheral cells of patients, and could contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Page G, Ingrand S, Lafay-Chebassier C, Rioux-Bilan A, Latta Mahieu M, Pochat MCP, Bayer T, Pradier L, Hugon J. [P‐179]: PKR is activated in Alzheimer's disease and in experimental models. Alzheimers Dement 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2005.06.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Mbebi C, González de Aguilar JL, Sée V, Dupuis L, Frossard N, Mercken L, Pradier L, Larmet Y, Loeffler JP. Antibody-bound β-amyloid precursor protein stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by cortical neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 19:129-41. [PMID: 15837568 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of extracellular depositions of fibrillar beta-amyloid (A beta), which is derived from the alternative processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Although APP is thought to function as a cell surface receptor, its mode of action still remains elusive. In this study, we found that the culture medium derived from cortical neurons treated with an anti-APP antibody triggers the death of naive neurons. Biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses revealed the presence, both in the conditioned medium and in neurons, of increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Furthermore, the expression of these proinflammatory mediators occurred through a c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase/c-Jun-dependent mechanism. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism whereby neuronal APP in its full-length configuration induces neuronal death. Such a mechanism might be relevant to neuroinflammatory processes as those observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Mbebi
- Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, INSERM, U692, Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Médecine, 11, rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Santiard-Baron D, Langui D, Delehedde M, Delatour B, Schombert B, Touchet N, Tremp G, Paul MF, Blanchard V, Sergeant N, Delacourte A, Duyckaerts C, Pradier L, Mercken L. Expression of human FE65 in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice is associated with a reduction in beta-amyloid load. J Neurochem 2005; 93:330-8. [PMID: 15816856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FE65 is an adaptor protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In cultured non-neuronal cells, the formation of the FE65-APP complex is a key element for the modulation of APP processing, signalling and beta-amyloid (Abeta) production. The functions of FE65 in vivo, including its role in the metabolism of neuronal APP, remain to be investigated. In this study, transgenic mice expressing human FE65 were generated and crossbred with APP transgenic mice, known to develop Abeta deposits at 6 months of age. Compared with APP mice, APP/FE65 double transgenic mice exhibited a lower Abeta accumulation in the cerebral cortex as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and immunoassay, and a lower level of APP-CTFs. The reduced accumulation of Abeta in APP/FE65 double transgenics, compared with APP mice, could be linked to the low Abeta42 level observed at 4 months of age and to the lower APP-CTFs levels. The present work provides evidence that FE65 plays a role in the regulation of APP processing in an in vivo model.
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Macé S, Cousin E, Ricard S, Génin E, Spanakis E, Lafargue-Soubigou C, Génin B, Fournel R, Roche S, Haussy G, Massey F, Soubigou S, Bréfort G, Benoit P, Brice A, Campion D, Hollis M, Pradier L, Benavides J, Deleuze JF. ABCA2 is a strong genetic risk factor for early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 18:119-25. [PMID: 15649702 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological, biological and genetic data indicate a relationship between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease (AD) including the association of polymorphisms of ABCA1 (a gene that is known to participate in cholesterol and phospholipid transport) with AD prevalence. Based on these data, we postulated that genetic variation in the related and brain-specific ABCA2 gene leads to increase risk of AD. A large case-control study was conducted where the sample was randomly divided into a hypothesis-testing sample (230 cases/286 controls) and a validation sample (210 cases/233 controls). Among the 45 SNPs we tested, one synonymous SNP (rs908832) was found significantly associated with AD in both samples. Additional analyses performed on the whole sample showed a very strong association between this marker and early-onset AD (OR = 3.82, 95% C.I. = [2.00 - 7.30], P = 5 x 10(-5)). Further research is needed to understand the functional role of this polymorphism. However, together with the reported associations of AD with APOE, CYP46A1 and ABCA1, the present result adds a very significant support for the role of cholesterol and phospholipid homeostasis in AD and a rationale for testing novel cholesterol homeostasis-related therapeutic strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Macé
- Aventis Pharma, Evry Genetics Center and Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Paris Research Center, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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40
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Schuessel K, Schäfer S, Bayer TA, Czech C, Pradier L, Müller-Spahn F, Müller WE, Eckert A. Impaired Cu/Zn-SOD activity contributes to increased oxidative damage in APP transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 18:89-99. [PMID: 15649699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. To determine which mechanisms cause the origin of oxidative damage, we analyzed enzymatic antioxidant defense (Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase Cu/Zn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx and glutathione reductase GR) and lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde MDA and 4-hydroxynonenal HNE in two different APP transgenic mouse models at 3-4 and 12-15 months of age. No changes in any parameter were observed in brains from PDGF-APP695(SDL) mice, which have low levels of Abeta and no plaque load. In contrast, Thy1-APP751(SL) mice show high Abeta accumulation with aging and plaques from an age of 6 months. In brains of these mice, HNE levels were increased at 3 months (female transgenic mice) and at 12 months (both gender), that is, before and after plaque deposition, and the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD was reduced. Interestingly, beta-amyloidogenic cleavage of APP was increased in female Thy1-APP751(SL) mice, which also showed increased HNE levels with simultaneously reduced Cu/Zn-SOD activity earlier than male Thy1-APP751(SL) mice. Our results demonstrate that impaired Cu/Zn-SOD activity contributes to oxidative damage in Thy1-APP751(SL) transgenic mice, and these findings are closely linked to increased beta-amyloidogenic cleavage of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schuessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocentre, J.W. Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany
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41
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Boom A, Pochet R, Authelet M, Pradier L, Borghgraef P, Van Leuven F, Heizmann CW, Brion JP. Astrocytic calcium/zinc binding protein S100A6 over expression in Alzheimer's disease and in PS1/APP transgenic mice models. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1742:161-8. [PMID: 15590066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes recruitment and activation are a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously observed an overexpression for S100A6 protein, a Ca(2+)/Zn(2+) binding protein presenting more affinity for zinc than for calcium, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we demonstrated in AD patients but also in two different AD mouse models, that astrocytic S100A6 protein was homogeneously up-regulated within the white matter. However, within the grey matter, almost all S100A6 immunoreactivity was concentrated in astrocytes surrounding the Abeta amyloid deposits of senile plaques. These S100A6 neocortex labelled astrocytes were also positive for the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B protein. Contrasting with S100A6, the distribution for S100B and GFA astrocytic labelled cells was not restricted to the Abeta amyloid deposit in grey matter, but widely distributed throughout the neocortex. Coupling the knowledge that biometals such as zinc are highly concentrated in the amyloid deposits in AD and S100A6 having a high affinity for Zn(2+) may suggest that S100A6 plays a role in AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boom
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, Bldg GE, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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42
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Langui D, Girardot N, El Hachimi KH, Allinquant B, Blanchard V, Pradier L, Duyckaerts C. Subcellular topography of neuronal Abeta peptide in APPxPS1 transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 2004; 165:1465-77. [PMID: 15509518 PMCID: PMC1618656 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In transgenic mice expressing human mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and mutant presenilin-1 (PS1), Abeta antibodies labeled granules, about 1 microm in diameter, in the perikaryon of neurons clustered in the isocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and brainstem. The granules were present before the onset of Abeta deposits; their number increased up to 9 months and decreased in 15-month-old animals. They were immunostained by antibodies against Abeta 40, Abeta 42, and APP C-terminal region. In double immunofluorescence experiments, the intracellular Abeta co-localized with lysosome markers and less frequently with MG160, a Golgi marker. Abeta accumulation correlated with an increased volume of lysosomes and Golgi apparatus, while the volume of endoplasmic reticulum and early endosomes did not change. Some granules were immunolabeled with an antibody against flotillin-1, a raft marker. At electron microscopy, Abeta, APP-C terminal, cathepsin D, and flotillin-1 epitopes were found in the lumen of multivesicular bodies. This study shows that Abeta peptide and APP C-terminal region accumulate in multivesicular bodies containing lysosomal enzymes, while APP N-terminus is excluded from them. Multivesicular bodies could secondarily liberate their content in the extracellular space as suggested by the association of cathepsin D with Abeta peptide in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Langui
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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43
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Casas C, Sergeant N, Itier JM, Blanchard V, Wirths O, van der Kolk N, Vingtdeux V, van de Steeg E, Ret G, Canton T, Drobecq H, Clark A, Bonici B, Delacourte A, Benavides J, Schmitz C, Tremp G, Bayer TA, Benoit P, Pradier L. Massive CA1/2 neuronal loss with intraneuronal and N-terminal truncated Abeta42 accumulation in a novel Alzheimer transgenic model. Am J Pathol 2004; 165:1289-300. [PMID: 15466394 PMCID: PMC1618627 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a substantial degeneration of pyramidal neurons and the appearance of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Here we present a novel transgenic mouse model, APP(SL)PS1KI that closely mimics the development of AD-related neuropathological features including a significant hippocampal neuronal loss. This transgenic mouse model carries M233T/L235P knocked-in mutations in presenilin-1 and overexpresses mutated human beta-amyloid (Abeta) precursor protein. Abeta(x-42) is the major form of Abeta species present in this model with progressive development of a complex pattern of N-truncated variants and dimers, similar to those observed in AD brain. At 10 months of age, an extensive neuronal loss (>50%) is present in the CA1/2 hippocampal pyramidal cell layer that correlates with strong accumulation of intraneuronal Abeta and thioflavine-S-positive intracellular material but not with extracellular Abeta deposits. A strong reactive astrogliosis develops together with the neuronal loss. This loss is already detectable at 6 months of age and is PS1KI gene dosage-dependent. Thus, APP(SL)PS1KI mice further confirm the critical role of intraneuronal Abeta(42) in neuronal loss and provide an excellent tool to investigate therapeutic strategies designed to prevent AD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caty Casas
- Department of Central Nervous System/Alzheimer Disease, Aventis-Pharma Paris Research Center, Vitry sur Seine, France
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44
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Gatto GJ, Bohme GA, Caldwell WS, Letchworth SR, Traina VM, Obinu MC, Laville M, Reibaud M, Pradier L, Dunbar G, Bencherif M. TC-1734: an orally active neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator with antidepressant, neuroprotective and long-lasting cognitive effects. CNS Drug Rev 2004; 10:147-66. [PMID: 15179444 PMCID: PMC6741718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of selective ligands targeting neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to alleviate symptoms associated with neurodegenerative diseases presents the advantage of affecting multiple deficits that are the hallmarks of these pathologies. TC-1734 is an orally active novel neuronal nicotinic agonist with high selectivity for neuronal nicotinic receptors. Microdialysis studies indicate that TC-1734 enhances the release of acetylcholine from the cortex. TC-1734, by either acute or repeated administration, exhibits memory enhancing properties in rats and mice and is neuroprotective following excitotoxic insult in fetal rat brain in cultures and against alterations of synaptic transmission induced by deprivation of glucose and oxygen in hippocampal slices. At submaximal doses, TC-1734 produced additive cognitive effects when used in combination with tacrine or donepezil. Unlike (-)-nicotine, behavioral sensitization does not develop following repeated administration of TC-1734. Its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile (half-life of 2 h) contrasts with the long lasting improvement in working memory (18 h) demonstrating that cognitive improvement extends beyond the lifetime of the compound. The very low acute toxicity of TC-1734 and its receptor activity profile provides additional mechanistic basis for its suggested potential as a clinical candidate. TC-1734 was very well tolerated in acute and chronic oral toxicity studies in mice, rats and dogs. Phase I clinical trials demonstrated TC-1734's favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile by acute oral administration at doses ranging from 2 to 320 mg. The bioavailability, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and safety profile of TC-1734 provides an example of a safe, potent and efficacious neuronal nicotinic modulator that holds promise for the management of the hallmark symptomatologies observed in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Andrees Bohme
- Aventis Pharma S. A., Centre de Recherches de Paris, Vitry Sur Seine, France
| | | | | | | | - M. Carmen Obinu
- Aventis Pharma S. A., Centre de Recherches de Paris, Vitry Sur Seine, France
| | - Michel Laville
- Aventis Pharma S. A., Centre de Recherches de Paris, Vitry Sur Seine, France
| | - Michel Reibaud
- Aventis Pharma S. A., Centre de Recherches de Paris, Vitry Sur Seine, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Aventis Pharma S. A., Centre de Recherches de Paris, Vitry Sur Seine, France
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Keil U, Bonert A, Marques CA, Scherping I, Weyermann J, Strosznajder JB, Müller-Spahn F, Haass C, Czech C, Pradier L, Müller WE, Eckert A. Amyloid beta-induced changes in nitric oxide production and mitochondrial activity lead to apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50310-20. [PMID: 15371443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405600200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests an important role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, we investigated the effects of acute and chronic exposure to increasing concentrations of amyloid beta (Abeta) on mitochondrial function and nitric oxide (NO) production in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate that PC12 cells and human embryonic kidney cells bearing the Swedish double mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APPsw), exhibiting substantial Abeta levels, have increased NO levels and reduced ATP levels. The inhibition of intracellular Abeta production by a functional gamma-secretase inhibitor normalizes NO and ATP levels, indicating a direct involvement of Abeta in these processes. Extracellular treatment of PC12 cells with comparable Abeta concentrations only leads to weak changes, demonstrating the important role of intracellular Abeta. In 3-month-old APP transgenic (tg) mice, which exhibit no plaques but already detectable Abeta levels in the brain, reduced ATP levels can also be observed showing the in vivo relevance of our findings. Moreover, we could demonstrate that APP is present in the mitochondria of APPsw PC12 cells. This presence might be directly involved in the impairment of cytochrome c oxidase activity and depletion of ATP levels in APPsw PC12 cells. In addition, APPsw human embryonic kidney cells, which produce 20-fold increased Abeta levels compared with APPsw PC12 cells, and APP tg mice already show a significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential under basal conditions. We suggest a hypothetical sequence of pathogenic steps linking mutant APP expression and amyloid production with enhanced NO production and mitochondrial dysfunction finally leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Keil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, University of Frankfurt, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Grinevich VP, Letchworth SR, Lindenberger KA, Menager J, Mary V, Sadieva KA, Buhlman LM, Bohme GA, Pradier L, Benavides J, Lukas RJ, Bencherif M. Heterologous expression of human {alpha}6{beta}4{beta}3{alpha}5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: binding properties consistent with their natural expression require quaternary subunit assembly including the {alpha}5 subunit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:619-26. [PMID: 15356217 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.075069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression and lesioning studies were conducted to identify possible subunit assembly partners in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) containing alpha6 subunits (alpha6(*) nAChR). SH-EP1 human epithelial cells were transfected with the requisite subunits to achieve stable expression of human alpha6beta2, alpha6beta4, alpha6beta2beta3, alpha6beta4beta3, or alpha6beta4beta3alpha5 nAChR. Cells expressing subunits needed to form alpha6beta4beta3alpha5 nAChR exhibited saturable [(3)H]epibatidine binding (K(d) = 95.9 +/- 8.3 pM and B(max) = 84.5 +/- 1.6 fmol/mg of protein). The rank order of binding competition potency (K(i)) for prototypical nicotinic compounds was alpha-conotoxin MII (6 nM) > nicotine (156 nM) approximately methyllycaconitine (200 nM) > alpha-bungarotoxin (>10 microM), similar to that for nAChR in dopamine neurons displaying a distinctive pharmacology. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesioning studies indicated that beta3 and alpha5 subunits are likely partners of the alpha6 subunits in nAChR expressed in dopaminergic cell bodies. Similar to findings in rodents, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions of human brain indicated that alpha6 subunit mRNA expression was 13-fold higher in the substantia nigra than in the cortex or the rest of the brain. Thus, heterologous expression studies suggest that the human alpha5 subunit makes a critical contribution to alpha6beta4beta3alpha5 nAChR assembly into a ligand-binding form with native alpha6(*)-nAChR-like pharmacology and of potential physiological and pathophysiological relevance.
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Delatour B, Blanchard V, Pradier L, Duyckaerts C. Alzheimer pathology disorganizes cortico-cortical circuitry: direct evidence from a transgenic animal model. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:41-7. [PMID: 15207260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with a "disconnection syndrome" due to the gradual loss of morphological and functional integrity of cortico-cortical pathways. This hypothesis derives from indirect neuropathological observations, but definitive evidence that AD primarily targets cortico-cortical networks is still lacking. By means of neuroanatomical anterograde tracing methods, we have investigated, in a murine transgenic model of AD, the impact of the amyloid burden on axonal terminals in different neural systems. Axonal tracings revealed, in accordance with the "disconnection syndrome" hypothesis, that cortico-cortical fibers are significantly disorganized. Terminal fields in local and distant cortical areas contained numerous swollen dystrophic neurites often grouped in grape-like clusters at the plaque periphery. In contrary to fibers of cortical origin, those originating from subcortical brain structures only showed limited signs of degeneration upon reaching their cortical targets. These observations suggest a selective disruption of cortico-cortical connections induced by AD brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Delatour
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France.
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Langui D, Girardot N, El Hachimi KH, Blanchard V, Pradier L, Duyckaerts CJ. O1-01-05 Aβ peptide and C-terminal fragment of APP in multivesicular bodies in APP and APPxPS1 transgenic mice. Possible involvement of exosomes in the pathogenesis of senile plaques. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)80032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Eckert A, Keil U, Bonert A, Scherping I, Marques CA, Haass C, Czech C, Pradier L, Müller WE. P4-252 Impact of β-amyloid on mitochondrial failure in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)81810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Madeira A, Pommet JM, Parker F, Duchenne M, Mercken L, Pradier L, Prochiantz A, Allinquant B. P3-190 Set protein is involved in neuronal apoptosis induced by an APP cytoplasmic subdomain. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)81342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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