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Verelst J, Geukens N, Eddarkaoui S, Vliegen D, De Smidt E, Rosseels J, Franssens V, Molenberghs S, Francois C, Stoops E, Bjerke M, Engelborghs S, Laghmouchi M, Carmans S, Buée L, Vanmechelen E, Winderickx J, Thomas D. A Novel Tau Antibody Detecting the First Amino-Terminal Insert Reveals Conformational Differences Among Tau Isoforms. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:48. [PMID: 32296712 PMCID: PMC7136581 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As human Tau undergoes pathologically relevant post-translational modifications when expressed in yeast, the use of humanized yeast models for the generation of novel Tau monoclonal antibodies has previously been proven to be successful. In this study, human Tau2N4R-ΔK280 purified from yeast was used for the immunization of mice and subsequent selection of high affinity Tau-specific monoclonal antibodies. The characterization of four novel antibodies in different Tau model systems yielded a phosphorylation-dependent antibody (15A10), an antibody directed to the first microtubule-binding repeat domain (16B12), a carboxy-terminal antibody (20G10) and an antibody targeting an epitope on the hinge of the first and second amino-terminal insert (18F12). The latter was found to be conformation-dependent, suggesting structural differences between the Tau splicing isoforms and allowing insight in the roles played by the amino-terminal inserts. As this monoclonal antibody also has the capacity to detect tangle-like structures in different transgenic Tau mice and neurofibrillary tangles in brain sections of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, we also tested the diagnostic potential of 18F12 in a pilot study and found this monoclonal antibody to have the ability to discriminate Alzheimer's disease patients from control individuals based on increased Tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Verelst
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMRS1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Bjerke
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universtieit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universtieit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMRS1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
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van Olst L, Verhaege D, Franssen M, Kamermans A, Roucourt B, Carmans S, Ytebrouck E, van der Pol SMA, Wever D, Popovic M, Vandenbroucke RE, Sobrino T, Schouten M, de Vries HE. Microglial activation arises after aggregation of phosphorylated-tau in a neuron-specific P301S tauopathy mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 89:89-98. [PMID: 32008854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia are characterized by neuronal expression of aberrant tau protein, tau hyperphosphorylation (pTAU), tau aggregation and neurofibrillary tangle formation sequentially culminating into neuronal cell death, a process termed tauopathy. Our aim was to address at which tauopathy stage neuroinflammation starts and to study the related microglial phenotype. We used Thy1-hTau.P301S (PS) mice expressing human tau with a P301S mutation specifically in neurons. Significant levels of cortical pTAU were present from 2 months onwards. Dystrophic morphological complexity of cortical microglia arose after pTAU accumulation concomitant with increased microglial lysosomal volumes and a significant loss of homeostatic marker Tmem119. Interestingly, we detected increases in neuronal pTAU and postsynaptic structures in the lysosomes of PS microglia. Moreover, the overall cortical postsynaptic density was decreased in 6-month-old PS mice. Together, our results indicate that microglia adopt a pTAU-associated phenotype, and are morphologically and functionally distinct from wild-type microglia after neuronal pTAU accumulation has initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn van Olst
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Daan Verhaege
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Franssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin Kamermans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Susanne M A van der Pol
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Wever
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marko Popovic
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marijn Schouten
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Latta-Mahieu M, Elmer B, Bretteville A, Wang Y, Lopez-Grancha M, Goniot P, Moindrot N, Ferrari P, Blanc V, Schussler N, Brault E, Roudières V, Blanchard V, Yang ZY, Barneoud P, Bertrand P, Roucourt B, Carmans S, Bottelbergs A, Mertens L, Wintmolders C, Larsen P, Hersley C, McGathey T, Racke MM, Liu L, Lu J, O'Neill MJ, Riddell DR, Ebneth A, Nabel GJ, Pradier L. Systemic immune-checkpoint blockade with anti-PD1 antibodies does not alter cerebral amyloid-β burden in several amyloid transgenic mouse models. Glia 2017; 66:492-504. [PMID: 29134678 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation represents a central component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent work suggests that breaking immune tolerance by Programmed cell Death-1 (PD1) checkpoint inhibition produces an IFN-γ-dependent systemic immune response, with infiltration of the brain by peripheral myeloid cells and neuropathological as well as functional improvements even in mice with advanced amyloid pathology (Baruch et al., (): Nature Medicine, 22:135-137). Immune checkpoint inhibition was therefore suggested as potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders when activation of the immune system is appropriate. Because a xenogeneic rat antibody (mAb) was used in the study, whether the effect was specific to PD1 target engagement was uncertain. In the present study we examined whether PD1 immunotherapy can lower amyloid-β pathology in a range of different amyloid transgenic models performed at three pharmaceutical companies with the exact same anti-PD1 isotype and two mouse chimeric variants. Although PD1 immunotherapy stimulated systemic activation of the peripheral immune system, monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration into the brain was not detected, and progression of brain amyloid pathology was not altered. Similar negative results of the effect of PD1 immunotherapy on amyloid brain pathology were obtained in two additional models in two separate institutions. These results show that inhibition of PD1 checkpoint signaling by itself is not sufficient to reduce amyloid pathology and that additional factors might have contributed to previously published results (Baruch et al., (): Nature Medicine, 22:135-137). Until such factors are elucidated, animal model data do not support further evaluation of PD1 checkpoint inhibition as a therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradford Elmer
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Yaming Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | - Mati Lopez-Grancha
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Philippe Goniot
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Nicolas Moindrot
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Paul Ferrari
- SANOFI, 13 quai Jules Guesde, Vitry/Seine, 94403, France
| | | | - Nathalie Schussler
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Emmanuel Brault
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Valérie Roudières
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | | | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Pascal Barneoud
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Bart Roucourt
- reMYND NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Sofie Carmans
- reMYND NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Mertens
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Peter Larsen
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | | | - Tyler McGathey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | | | - Ling Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | - Jirong Lu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | | | | | - Andreas Ebneth
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Gary J Nabel
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Laurent Pradier
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
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Carmans S, Hendriks JJA, Thewissen K, Van den Eynden J, Stinissen P, Rigo JM, Hellings N. The inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine modulates macrophage activity by activation of neutral amino acid transporters. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2420-30. [PMID: 20623529 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycine, an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), has been shown to modulate peripheral immune cell responses. In that respect, glycine levels are increased in several neuroinflammatory disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we show that glycine modulates macrophage effector functions implicated in CNS inflammation and in other, related inflammatory conditions. We demonstrate that glycine does not affect the production of reactive oxygen species but stimulates myelin phagocytosis and the production of the proinflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by rat macrophages. These effects of glycine are not mediated by the glycine receptor (GlyR) or by glycine transporters (GlyTs), as neither the GlyR antagonist strychnine nor the antagonist of GlyT1 (ALX5407) reverses the observed effects. In contrast, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, a substrate of neutral amino acid transporters (NAATs), inhibits the glycine-mediated enhancement of myelin phagocytosis as well as of NO and TNF-alpha production. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that glycine modulates macrophage function through activation of NAATs. Glycine may thereby influence immunological processes in inflammatory diseases involving macrophage activation and demyelination, including MS and related conditions associated with altered glycine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Carmans
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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den Eynden JV, Ali SS, Horwood N, Carmans S, Brône B, Hellings N, Steels P, Harvey RJ, Rigo JM. Glycine and glycine receptor signalling in non-neuronal cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2009; 2:9. [PMID: 19738917 PMCID: PMC2737430 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.02.009.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter acting mainly in the caudal part of the central nervous system. Besides this neurotransmitter function, glycine has cytoprotective and modulatory effects in different non-neuronal cell types. Modulatory effects were mainly described in immune cells, endothelial cells and macroglial cells, where glycine modulates proliferation, differentiation, migration and cytokine production. Activation of glycine receptors (GlyRs) causes membrane potential changes that in turn modulate calcium flux and downstream effects in these cells. Cytoprotective effects were mainly described in renal cells, hepatocytes and endothelial cells, where glycine protects cells from ischemic cell death. In these cell types, glycine has been suggested to stabilize porous defects that develop in the plasma membranes of ischemic cells, leading to leakage of macromolecules and subsequent cell death. Although there is some evidence linking these effects to the activation of GlyRs, they seem to operate in an entirely different mode from classical neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Van den Eynden
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sheen Saheb Ali
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nikki Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross CampusLondon, UK
| | - Sofie Carmans
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert Brône
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paul Steels
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Jean-Michel Rigo
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
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Hendriks JJA, Slaets H, Carmans S, de Vries HE, Dijkstra CD, Stinissen P, Hellings N. Leukemia inhibitory factor modulates production of inflammatory mediators and myelin phagocytosis by macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 204:52-7. [PMID: 18771807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes survival of glial cells and neurons during autoimmune and injury responses in the central nervous system (CNS). While various studies indicate that LIF also modulates ongoing inflammatory responses, data on underlying events are lacking. In this study we demonstrate that LIF modulates macrophage function. LIF inhibits the production of oxygen radicals and TNFalpha and stimulates myelin uptake by macrophages. These effects of LIF are accompanied by activation of the JAK/STAT3 signalling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that LIF has anti-inflammatory properties and enhances myelin clearance, implicating that LIF may be an important factor in CNS inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome J A Hendriks
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Diepenbeek, Belgium
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