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Du MT, Bergsagel PL, Chesi M. Immunocompetent Mouse Models of Multiple Myeloma: Therapeutic Implications. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024; 38:533-546. [PMID: 38233233 PMCID: PMC10942746 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Immunocompetent mouse models of multiple myeloma (MM) are particularly needed in the era of T cell redirected therapy to understand drivers of sensitivity and resistance, optimize responses, and prevent toxicities. Three mouse models have been extensively characterized: the Balb/c plasmacytomas, the 5TMM, and the Vk*MYC. In the last year, additional models have been generated, which, for the first time, capture primary MM initiating events, like MMSET/NSD2 or cyclin D1 dysregulation. However, the long latency needed for tumor development and the lack of transplantable lines limit their utilization. Future studies should focus on modeling hyperdiploid MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Tien Du
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, MCCRB 3-040, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Peter Leif Bergsagel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, MCCRB 3-040, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Marta Chesi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, MCCRB 3-040, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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Zeuner S, Vollmer J, Sigaud R, Oppermann S, Peterziel H, ElHarouni D, Oehme I, Witt O, Milde T, Ecker J. Combination drug screen identifies synergistic drug interaction of BCL-XL and class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in MYC-amplified medulloblastoma cells. J Neurooncol 2024; 166:99-112. [PMID: 38184819 PMCID: PMC10824805 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with MYC-amplified Group 3 medulloblastoma (MB) (subtype II) show poor progression-free survival rates. Class I histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are highly effective for the treatment of MYC-amplified MB in vitro and in vivo. Drug combination regimens including class I HDACi may represent an urgently needed novel treatment approach for this high risk disease. METHODS A medium-throughput in vitro combination drug screen was performed in three MYC-amplified and one non-MYC-amplified MB cell line testing 75 clinically relevant drugs alone and in combination with entinostat. The drug sensitivity score (DSS) was calculated based on metabolic inhibition quantified by CellTiter-Glo. The six top synergistic combination hits were evaluated in a 5 × 5 combination matrix and a seven-ray design. Synergy was validated and characterized by cell counts, caspase-3-like-activity and poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-(PARP)-cleavage. On-target activity of drugs was validated by immunoprecipitation and western blot. BCL-XL dependency of the observed effect was explored with siRNA mediated knockdown of BCL2L1, and selective inhibition with targeted compounds (A-1331852, A-1155463). RESULTS 20/75 drugs effectively reduced metabolic activity in combination with entinostat in all three MYC-amplified cell lines (DSS ≥ 10). The combination entinostat and navitoclax showed the strongest synergistic interaction across all MYC-amplified cell lines. siRNA mediated knockdown of BCL2L1, as well as targeted inhibition with selective inhibitors showed BCL-XL dependency of the observed effect. Increased cell death was associated with increased caspase-3-like-activity. CONCLUSION Our study identifies the combination of class I HDACi and BCL-XL inhibitors as a potential new approach for the treatment of MYC-amplified MB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zeuner
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Vollmer
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romain Sigaud
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sina Oppermann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Peterziel
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina ElHarouni
- Department of Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Oehme
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ecker
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ferrad M, Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Drouineau E, Oblet C, Marchiol T, Cook-Moreau J, Denizot Y. Homozygous iMycCα transgenic mice as a model of plasma B-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2114-2125. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2064989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferrad
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Nour Ghazzaui
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Emilie Drouineau
- I2BC, IBITEC-S, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christelle Oblet
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Tiffany Marchiol
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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Kasprzyk ME, Sura W, Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk A. Enhancing B-Cell Malignancies-On Repurposing Enhancer Activity towards Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3270. [PMID: 34210001 PMCID: PMC8269369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas and leukemias derive from B cells at various stages of maturation and are the 6th most common cancer-related cause of death. While the role of several oncogenes and tumor suppressors in the pathogenesis of B-cell neoplasms was established, recent research indicated the involvement of non-coding, regulatory sequences. Enhancers are DNA elements controlling gene expression in a cell type- and developmental stage-specific manner. They ensure proper differentiation and maturation of B cells, resulting in production of high affinity antibodies. However, the activity of enhancers can be redirected, setting B cells on the path towards cancer. In this review we discuss different mechanisms through which enhancers are exploited in malignant B cells, from the well-studied translocations juxtaposing oncogenes to immunoglobulin loci, through enhancer dysregulation by sequence variants and mutations, to enhancer hijacking by viruses. We also highlight the potential of therapeutic targeting of enhancers as a direction for future investigation.
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Fairlie WD, Lee EF. Co-Operativity between MYC and BCL-2 Pro-Survival Proteins in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2841. [PMID: 33799592 PMCID: PMC8000576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), c-MYC and related proteins are arguably amongst the most widely studied in all of biology. Every year there are thousands of papers reporting on different aspects of their biochemistry, cellular and physiological mechanisms and functions. This plethora of literature can be attributed to both proteins playing essential roles in the normal functioning of a cell, and by extension a whole organism, but also due to their central role in disease, most notably, cancer. Many cancers arise due to genetic lesions resulting in deregulation of both proteins, and indeed the development and survival of tumours is often dependent on co-operativity between these protein families. In this review we will discuss the individual roles of both proteins in cancer, describe cancers where co-operativity between them has been well-characterised and finally, some strategies to target these proteins therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3084, Australia
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Zhang PL, Herrera GA, Liu B. Monoclonal glomerulopathy with features of cryoglobulinemic glomerulopathy in murine multiple myeloma model. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:387-394. [PMID: 33135540 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1841349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo and animal models of monoclonal light chain-associated renal diseases are limited. The Vk*MYC transgenic model with multiple myeloma in 50-70 weeks old mice with renal involvement has been reported before, but detailed renal pathologic changes have not been well documented. This study fully investigated pathologic changes in the kidneys of Vk*MYC transgenic model using light microscopy, immunofluorescence stains for kappa and lambda light chains, and electron microscopy. Compared to the kidneys of wild-type mice, the kidneys of transgenic mice showed either mesangial segmental expansion, some with associated hypercellularity, and/or thrombotic obstruction of glomerular capillaries. The glomeruli revealed stronger lambda staining than kappa light chain staining. Six out of 12 kidneys from transgenic mice showed abundant electron-dense deposits when examined ultrastructurally. The deposits were located in glomerular capillary lumina in three cases. Large luminal and subendothelial deposits were characterized by randomly disposed microtubular structures measuring up to 16 nm in diameter, with overall features most consistent with cryoglobulins. In summary, about 50% of kidneys from the Vk*MYC mice with myeloma had features most consistent with monoclonal cryoglobulinemic glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping L Zhang
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Beaumont Laboratories, Beaumont Health , Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | | | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
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In vitro and ex vivo gene expression profiling reveals differential kinetic response of HSPs and UPR genes is associated with PI resistance in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:78. [PMID: 32724061 PMCID: PMC7387444 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-00344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive inter-individual variation in response to chemotherapy (sensitive vs resistant tumors) is a serious cause of concern in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In this study, we used human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs), and patient-derived CD138+ cells to compare kinetic changes in gene expression patterns between innate proteasome inhibitor (PI)-sensitive and PI-resistant HMCLs following test dosing with the second-generation PI Ixazomib. We found 1553 genes that changed significantly post treatment in PI-sensitive HMCLs compared with only seven in PI-resistant HMCLs (p < 0.05). Genes that were uniquely regulated in PI-resistant lines were RICTOR (activated), HNF4A, miR-16-5p (activated), MYCN (inhibited), and MYC (inhibited). Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) using top kinetic response genes identified the proteasome ubiquitination pathway (PUP), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response as top canonical pathways in Ix-sensitive cell lines and patient-derived cells, whereas EIF2 signaling and mTOR signaling pathways were unique to PI resistance. Further, 10 genes were common between our in vitro and ex vivo post-treatment kinetic PI response profiles and Shaughnessy’s GEP80-postBz gene expression signature, including the high-risk PUP gene PSMD4. Notably, we found that heat shock proteins and PUP pathway genes showed significant higher upregulation in Ix-sensitive lines compared with the fold-change in Ix-resistant myelomas.
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Ferrad M, Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Cook-Moreau J, Denizot Y. Mouse Models of c-myc Deregulation Driven by IgH Locus Enhancers as Models of B-Cell Lymphomagenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1564. [PMID: 32793219 PMCID: PMC7390917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations linking various oncogenes to transcriptional enhancers of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus are often implicated as the cause of B-cell malignancies. Two major IgH transcriptional enhancers have been reported so far. The Eμ enhancer located upstream of the Cμ gene controls early events in B-cell maturation such as VDJ recombination. The 3' regulatory region (3'RR) located downstream from the Cα gene controls late events in B-cell maturation such as IgH transcription, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination. Convincing demonstrations of the essential contributions of both Eμ and 3'RR in B-cell lymphomagenesis have been provided by transgenic and knock-in animal models which bring the oncogene c-myc under Eμ/3'RR transcriptional control. This short review summarizes the different mouse models so far available and their interests/limitations for progress in our understanding of human c-myc-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferrad
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Nour Ghazzaui
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Ferrad M, Carrion C, Cook-Moreau J, Denizot Y, Boyer F. Eμ and 3'RR transcriptional enhancers of the IgH locus cooperate to promote c-myc-induced mature B-cell lymphomas. Blood Adv 2020; 4:28-39. [PMID: 31899800 PMCID: PMC6960469 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous B-cell lymphomas feature translocations linking oncogenes to different locations in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. During Burkitt lymphoma (BL), IgH breakpoints for c-myc translocation stand either close to JH segments or within switch regions. Transcription, accessibility, and remodeling of the IgH locus are under the control of the 2 potent cis-acting enhancer elements: Eμ and the 3' regulatory region (3'RR). To ensure their respective contributions to oncogene deregulation in the context of the endogenous IgH locus, we studied transgenic mice harboring a knock-in of c-myc in various positions of the IgH locus (3' to JH segments, 5' to Cμ with Eμ deletion and Cα). The observed spectrum of tumors, kinetics of emergence, and transcriptome analysis provide strong evidence that both Eμ and 3'RR deregulate c-myc and cooperate together to promote B-cell lymphomagenesis. Transgenics mimicking endemic BL (with c-myc placed 3' to JH segments) exhibited the highest rate of B-cell lymphoma emergence, the highest Ki67 index of proliferation, and the highest transcriptomic similarities to human BL. The 3'RR enhancer alone deregulated c-myc and initiated the development of BL-like lymphomas, suggesting that its targeting would be of therapeutic interest to reduce c-myc oncogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ghazzaui
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Mélissa Ferrad
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Claire Carrion
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - François Boyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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CD19-positive antibody-secreting cells provide immune memory. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3163-3176. [PMID: 30478153 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are critical for the maintenance of humoral immunity through the continued production of antibodies specific for previously encountered pathogen or vaccine antigens. Recent reports describing humoral immune memory have suggested the importance of long-lived CD19- bone marrow (BM) ASCs, which secrete antibodies recognizing previously encountered vaccine antigens. However, these reports do not agree upon the unique contribution of the CD19+ BM ASC subset toward humoral immunity. Here, we found both CD19+ and negative ASCs from human BM were similar in functional capacity to react to a number of vaccine antigens via ELISpot assays. The CD19+ cells were the predominant ASC population found in lymphoid tissues, and unlike the CD19- ASCs, which were found only in spleen and BM, the CD19+ ASCs were found in tonsil and blood. CD19+ ASCs from the BM, spleen, and tonsil were capable of recognizing polio vaccine antigens, indicating the CD19+ ASC cells play a novel role in long-lasting immune defense. Comparative gene expression analysis indicated CD19+ and negative BM ASCs differed significantly by only 14 distinct messenger RNAs and exhibited similar gene expression for cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis control necessary for long life. In addition, we show identical CDR-H3 sequences found on both BM ASC subsets, indicating a shared developmental path. Together, these results provide novel insight for the distribution, function, genetic regulation, and development of long-lived ASCs and may not only impact improved cell therapies but also enhance strategies for vaccine development.
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Vlummens P, De Veirman K, Menu E, De Bruyne E, Offner F, Vanderkerken K, Maes K. The Use of Murine Models for Studying Mechanistic Insights of Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Front Genet 2019; 10:740. [PMID: 31475039 PMCID: PMC6704229 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. In normal plasma cell development, cells undergo programmed DNA breaks and translocations, a process necessary for generation of a wide repertoire of antigen-specific antibodies. This process also makes them vulnerable for the acquisition of chromosomal defects. Well-known examples of these aberrations, already seen at time of MM diagnosis, are hyperdiploidy or the translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Over the recent years, however, novel aspects concerning genomic instability and its role in tumor development, disease progression and nascence of refractory disease were identified. As such, genomic instability is becoming a very relevant research topic with the potential identification of novel disease pathways. In this review, we aim to describe recent studies involving murine MM models focusing on the deregulation of processes implicated in genomic instability and their clinical impact. More specifically, we will discuss chromosomal instability, DNA damage and repair responses, development of drug resistance, and recent insights into the study of clonal hierarchy using different murine MM models. Lastly, we will discuss the importance and the use of murine MM models in the pre-clinical evaluation of promising novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vlummens
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Immunotherapeutics in Multiple Myeloma: How Can Translational Mouse Models Help? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2186494. [PMID: 31093282 PMCID: PMC6481018 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2186494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is usually diagnosed in older adults at the time of immunosenescence, a collection of age-related changes in the immune system that contribute to increased susceptibility to infection and cancer. The MM tumor microenvironment and cumulative chemotherapies also add to defects in immunity over the course of disease. In this review we discuss how mouse models have furthered our understanding of the immune defects caused by MM and enabled immunotherapeutics to progress to clinical trials, but also question the validity of using immunodeficient models for these purposes. Immunocompetent models, in particular the 5T series and Vk⁎MYC models, are increasingly being utilized in preclinical studies and are adding to our knowledge of not only the adaptive immune system but also how the innate system might be enhanced in anti-MM activity. Finally we discuss the concept of immune profiling to target patients who might benefit the most from immunotherapeutics, and the use of humanized mice and 3D culture systems for personalized medicine.
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Ozerova M, Nefedova Y. Estrogen promotes multiple myeloma through enhancing the immunosuppressive activity of MDSC. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:1557-1562. [PMID: 30601091 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1538511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of estrogen in solid cancers has been widely investigated, its effect in hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM) is not known. Here, we utilized a syngeneic mouse model of MM to address this question. In this model, treatment with 17β-estradiol significantly promoted progression of the disease. This effect has not been attributed to the direct effect of estrogen on MM cells but rather was mediated through estrogen-induced alterations in tumor microenvironment. In MM bone marrow, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent one of the major cellular populations. 17β-estradiol did not promote expansion and accumulation of MDSCs. However, it significantly increased their ability to suppress T cells proliferation. Thus, these data demonstrated that estrogen promotes progression of MM by enhancing an immunosuppressive function of the bone marrow MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ozerova
- a Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program , The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Yulia Nefedova
- a Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program , The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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14
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Greco C, D'Agnano I, Vitelli G, Vona R, Marino M, Mottolese M, Zuppi C, Capoluongo E, Ameglio F. C-Myc Deregulation is Involved in Melphalan Resistance of Multiple Myeloma: Role of PDGF-BB. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/205873920601900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes are important regulators of cancer growth and progression and their action may be modulated by proteins of the growth factor family, such as angiogenic cytokines, known to be strongly involved in neoplastic evolution. Reciprocal interactions between oncogenes and angiogenic modulators may represent, in haematological neoplasms, including multiple myeloma (MM), a possible mechanism of drug resistance. The aim of this work is to investigate in vitro and in vivo whether or not c-myc deregulation is involved in the melphalan resistance elicited by myeloma patients and consequently to clarify the role of the angiogenic factor PDGF-BB in modulating c-myc protein expression. Fifty-one MM patients on chemotherapy with melphalan were analyzed for structural alterations of the c-myc gene, c-Myc protein expression, as well as for serum PDGF-BB release. For the in vitro study, two M14-derived established cell clones, differing for the c-Myc protein expression (c-Myc low -expressing or constitutively expressing clones) were used. Our results show that PDGF-BB is able to up-regulate Myc expression and reduce melphalan sensitivity of tumor cell clones, constitutively expressing c-myc gene product. In addition, down-regulation of c-Myc protein induces the expression of PDGF-β receptor molecules and reduces PDGF-BB release. In agreement with these results, in vivo data show that melphalan-resistant MM patients present overexpressed c-Myc protein and higher serum PDGF-β receptor levels compared to minor responding patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Greco
- Clinical Pathology Service, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
| | - I. D'Agnano
- Pharmacology Dept, University of Milan, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
- Institute of Biomedical Technology-CNR, Milan
| | - G. Vitelli
- Clinical Pathology Service, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
| | - R. Vona
- Clinical Pathology Service, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
- Dept of Drug Research and Evaluation Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, 1st. Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - M. Marino
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
| | - M. Mottolese
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
| | - C. Zuppi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome
| | - E. Capoluongo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome
| | - F. Ameglio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome
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15
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Oncogene-specific T cells fail to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells in mice. Blood 2018; 132:924-934. [PMID: 30002144 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-834036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, little is known about the interaction between (pre-)malignant B cells and T cells. We generated transgenic mice that allow B cell-specific induction of the oncogene SV40 large T-antigen (TAg) to analyze the role of oncogene-specific T cells during sporadic B-cell lymphoma development. Constitutive TAg expression in CD19-Cre × LoxP-Tag mice resulted in TAg-tolerant CD8+ T cells and development of B-cell lymphomas. In contrast, CD19-CreERT2 × LoxP-Tag mice retained TAg-competent CD8+ T cells at time of oncogene induction and TAg expression in few B cells of adult mice resulted in exceptionally rare lymphoma formation late in life. Increased lymphoma incidence in the absence of TAg-specific T cells suggested T cell-mediated inhibition of lymphoma progression. However, TAg-initiated B cells were not eliminated by T cells and detected long term. Our results demonstrate a failure of the immune system to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells, retaining the risk of lymphoma development.
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16
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The IgH 3' regulatory region and c-myc-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7059-7067. [PMID: 27729620 PMCID: PMC5351691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation and mutations of c-myc have been reported in multiple mature B-cell malignancies such as Burkitt lymphoma, myeloma and plasma cell lymphoma. After translocation into the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus, c-myc is constitutively expressed under the control of active IgH cis-regulatory enhancers. Those located in the IgH 3 regulatory region (3RR) are master control elements of transcription. Over the past decade numerous convincing demonstrations of 3RRs contribution to mature c-myc-induced lymphomagenesis have been made using transgenic models with various types of IgH-c-myc translocations and transgenes. This review highlights how IgH 3RR physiological functions play a critical role in c-myc deregulation during lymphomagenesis.
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Saintamand A, Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Denizot Y. [The IgH 3'RR: Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde of B-cell maturation and lymphomagenesis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:963-970. [PMID: 29200394 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173311013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The four transcriptional enhancers located in the 3' regulatory region (3'RR) of the IgH locus control the late phases of B-cell maturation, namely IgH locus transcription, somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Doctor Jekyll by nature, the 3'RR acts as Mister Hyde in case of oncogenic translocation at the IgH locus taking under its transcriptional control the translocated oncogene. The aim of this review is to show this duality on the basis of the latest scientific advances in the structure and function of the 3'RR and to hIghlight the targeting of the 3'RR as a potential therapeutic approach in mature B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Saintamand
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Nour Ghazzaui
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
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18
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Varano G, Raffel S, Sormani M, Zanardi F, Lonardi S, Zasada C, Perucho L, Petrocelli V, Haake A, Lee AK, Bugatti M, Paul U, Van Anken E, Pasqualucci L, Rabadan R, Siebert R, Kempa S, Ponzoni M, Facchetti F, Rajewsky K, Casola S. The B-cell receptor controls fitness of MYC-driven lymphoma cells via GSK3β inhibition. Nature 2017; 546:302-306. [PMID: 28562582 DOI: 10.1038/nature22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Similar to resting mature B cells, where the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) controls cellular survival, surface BCR expression is conserved in most mature B-cell lymphomas. The identification of activating BCR mutations and the growth disadvantage upon BCR knockdown of cells of certain lymphoma entities has led to the view that BCR signalling is required for tumour cell survival. Consequently, the BCR signalling machinery has become an established target in the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Here we study the effects of BCR ablation on MYC-driven mouse B-cell lymphomas and compare them with observations in human Burkitt lymphoma. Whereas BCR ablation does not, per se, significantly affect lymphoma growth, BCR-negative (BCR-) tumour cells rapidly disappear in the presence of their BCR-expressing (BCR+) counterparts in vitro and in vivo. This requires neither cellular contact nor factors released by BCR+ tumour cells. Instead, BCR loss induces the rewiring of central carbon metabolism, increasing the sensitivity of receptor-less lymphoma cells to nutrient restriction. The BCR attenuates glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) activity to support MYC-controlled gene expression. BCR- tumour cells exhibit increased GSK3β activity and are rescued from their competitive growth disadvantage by GSK3β inhibition. BCR- lymphoma variants that restore competitive fitness normalize GSK3β activity after constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway, commonly through Ras mutations. Similarly, in Burkitt lymphoma, activating RAS mutations may propagate immunoglobulin-crippled tumour cells, which usually represent a minority of the tumour bulk. Thus, while BCR expression enhances lymphoma cell fitness, BCR-targeted therapies may profit from combinations with drugs targeting BCR- tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Varano
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Simon Raffel
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Sormani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Zanardi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Christin Zasada
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Perucho
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Haake
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Albert K Lee
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ulrike Paul
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eelco Van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Ateneo Vita Salute and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pathology and Lymphoid Malignancies Units, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Casola
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
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Wolf I, Bouquet C, Naumann F, Melchers F. Generation of precursor, immature, and mature murine B1-cell lines from c-myc/bcl-xL-overexpressing pre-BI cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:911-920. [PMID: 28294314 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated expression of c-myc and bcl-xL is long known to generate transformed B cells in humans and mice. We overexpressed these genes to induce in vitro and in vivo differentiation of fetal liver-derived mouse pre-BI cells to B1-lineage pre-BII-like, immature and mature B-cell lines, and to Ig-secreting cells. In vitro, doxycycline-controlled c-myc/bcl-xL-overexpressing CD19+ CD93+ c-kikt+ IgM- pre-BI cells differentiate to and survive as CD19+ CD93+ c-kit- IgM+ immature B1 cells. Timed CpG stimulation of these oncogene-overexpressing pre-B or immature B1 cells generates either CD19+ CD93low c-kit- IgM- SLC- pre-BII-like or IgM+ MHCII+ CD73+ CD80+ CD40+ mature B1-cell lines and IgM-secreting B1 cells in vitro and fixes their state of differentiation. All cell lines are clonable, but a majority of immature and mature B1-cell clones eventually reach a nonproliferating, surviving G0 -state. Transplanted in vivo, c-myc/bcl-xL-overexpressing pre-B cells expand to mature B1 cells, and to IgM- and IgA-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. Within 2 months, plasmablasts have expanded most prominently in BM and spleen, indicating that the host selectively expanded development of these transformed plasma cells. The sIgM+ B1-cell lines and clones offer the possibility to study their roles in the development of B1-Ab repertoires, of B1-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and of B1-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Fritz Melchers
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Liu H, Peng F, Liu Z, Jiang F, Li L, Gao S, Wang G, Song J, Ruan E, Shao Z, Fu R. CYR61/CCN1 stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro and contributes to bone remodeling in vivo in myeloma bone disease. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:631-639. [PMID: 28035364 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61/CCN1), a secreted protein in bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, has diverse effects on many cellular activities such as growth and differentiation. However, the effect of CCN1 on osteoblasts (OBs) in myeloma bone disease remains unclear. In our study, the level of CCN1 in multiple myeloma (MM) patients was detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. The proliferation and differentiation of OBs from MM patients were observed after stimulated by CCN1 in vitro. The myeloma cells transduced with CYR61 gene (RPMI‑8226/CYR61) were injected in a mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of CCN1 in vivo and compare with zoledronic acid. The results showed that CYR61/CCN1 levels in BM supernatant and OBs both elevated significantly in all newly diagnosed MM patients, especially in patients without bone disease (P=0.001 and P<0.001). After 30 ng/l CCN1 stimulation for 24 h, the quantity and mineralization of OBs increased significantly in vitro (P=0.046 and 0.048). The transcription factors of Wnt pathway, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and β-catenin were upregulated in OBs after CCN1 stimulation (P=0.012 and 0.011). After injection of RPMI‑8226 cells, bone lesions were observed obviously by microCT and histochemistry at 7 weeks. Radiographic analysis of the bones showed decreased resorption in CCN1 overexpression group and zoledronic acid group, while severe resorption in negative control. Furthermore, trabecular bone volume in CCN1 overexpression group (1.7539±0.16949) was significantly higher than zoledronic acid group (1.2839±0.077) (P=0.012). In conclusion, CCN1 can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of OBs in vitro and contribute to bone remodeling in vivo in MBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Fengping Peng
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Fengjuan Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guojin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Erbao Ruan
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Hamouda MA, Jacquel A, Robert G, Puissant A, Richez V, Cassel R, Fenouille N, Roulland S, Gilleron J, Griessinger E, Dubois A, Bailly-Maitre B, Goncalves D, Mallavialle A, Colosetti P, Marchetti S, Amiot M, Gomez-Bougie P, Rochet N, Deckert M, Avet-Loiseau H, Hofman P, Karsenti JM, Jeandel PY, Blin-Wakkach C, Nadel B, Cluzeau T, Anderson KC, Fuzibet JG, Auberger P, Luciano F. BCL-B (BCL2L10) is overexpressed in patients suffering from multiple myeloma (MM) and drives an MM-like disease in transgenic mice. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1705-22. [PMID: 27455953 PMCID: PMC4995074 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Luciano et al. generate transgenic mice expressing the Bcl-B gene under the control of the VH promoter and Eµ enhancer and show that these mice recapitulate the characteristic features of human MM. Multiple myeloma (MM) evolves from a premalignant condition known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). However, the factors underlying the malignant transformation of plasmocytes in MM are not fully characterized. We report here that Eµ-directed expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-B protein in mice drives an MM phenotype that reproduces accurately the human disease. Indeed, with age, Eµ-bcl-b transgenic mice develop the characteristic features of human MM, including bone malignant plasma cell infiltration, a monoclonal immunoglobulin peak, immunoglobulin deposit in renal tubules, and highly characteristic bone lytic lesions. In addition, the tumors are serially transplantable in irradiated wild-type mice, underlying the tumoral origin of the disease. Eµ-bcl-b plasmocytes show increased expression of a panel of genes known to be dysregulated in human MM pathogenesis. Treatment of Eµ-bcl-b mice with drugs currently used to treat patients such as melphalan and VELCADE efficiently kills malignant plasmocytes in vivo. Finally, we find that Bcl-B is overexpressed in plasmocytes from MM patients but neither in MGUS patients nor in healthy individuals, suggesting that Bcl-B may drive MM. These findings suggest that Bcl-B could be an important factor in MM disease and pinpoint Eµ-bcl-b mice as a pertinent model to validate new therapies in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Amine Hamouda
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Puissant
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Valentine Richez
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Romeo Cassel
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nina Fenouille
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jerome Gilleron
- Team 7, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Griessinger
- Team 4, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Alix Dubois
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Beatrice Bailly-Maitre
- Team 8, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Diogo Goncalves
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- Team 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Pascal Colosetti
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Marchetti
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Rochet
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marcel Deckert
- Team 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Herve Avet-Loiseau
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037, INSERM-Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UPS)-CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Jean-Michel Karsenti
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Jeandel
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France CNRS UMR 7370, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Cluzeau
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jean-Gabriel Fuzibet
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Frederic Luciano
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
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22
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Evans HR, Karmakharm T, Lawson MA, Walker RE, Harris W, Fellows C, Huggins ID, Richmond P, Chantry AD. Osteolytica: An automated image analysis software package that rapidly measures cancer-induced osteolytic lesions in in vivo models with greater reproducibility compared to other commonly used methods. Bone 2016; 83:9-16. [PMID: 26456145 PMCID: PMC4720217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methods currently used to analyse osteolytic lesions caused by malignancies such as multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer vary from basic 2-D X-ray analysis to 2-D images of micro-CT datasets analysed with non-specialised image software such as ImageJ. However, these methods have significant limitations. They do not capture 3-D data, they are time-consuming and they often suffer from inter-user variability. We therefore sought to develop a rapid and reproducible method to analyse 3-D osteolytic lesions in mice with cancer-induced bone disease. To this end, we have developed Osteolytica, an image analysis software method featuring an easy to use, step-by-step interface to measure lytic bone lesions. Osteolytica utilises novel graphics card acceleration (parallel computing) and 3-D rendering to provide rapid reconstruction and analysis of osteolytic lesions. To evaluate the use of Osteolytica we analysed tibial micro-CT datasets from murine models of cancer-induced bone disease and compared the results to those obtained using a standard ImageJ analysis method. Firstly, to assess inter-user variability we deployed four independent researchers to analyse tibial datasets from the U266-NSG murine model of myeloma. Using ImageJ, inter-user variability between the bones was substantial (±19.6%), in contrast to using Osteolytica, which demonstrated minimal variability (±0.5%). Secondly, tibial datasets from U266-bearing NSG mice or BALB/c mice injected with the metastatic breast cancer cell line 4T1 were compared to tibial datasets from aged and sex-matched non-tumour control mice. Analyses by both Osteolytica and ImageJ showed significant increases in bone lesion area in tumour-bearing mice compared to control mice. These results confirm that Osteolytica performs as well as the current 2-D ImageJ osteolytic lesion analysis method. However, Osteolytica is advantageous in that it analyses over the entirety of the bone volume (as opposed to selected 2-D images), it is a more rapid method and it has less user variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - T Karmakharm
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK.
| | - M A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - R E Walker
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - W Harris
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - C Fellows
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - I D Huggins
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - P Richmond
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK; Insigneo Institute for In silico Medicine, The Pam Liversige Building, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - A D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; Insigneo Institute for In silico Medicine, The Pam Liversige Building, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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23
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Ramachandran IR, Condamine T, Lin C, Herlihy SE, Garfall A, Vogl DT, Gabrilovich DI, Nefedova Y. Bone marrow PMN-MDSCs and neutrophils are functionally similar in protection of multiple myeloma from chemotherapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:117-24. [PMID: 26639197 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer of plasma cells localized preferentially in the bone marrow (BM). Resistance to chemotherapy represents one of the main challenges in MM management. BM microenvironment is known to play a critical role in protection of MM cells from chemotherapeutics; however, mechanisms responsible for this effect are largely unknown. Development of MM is associated with accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) mostly represented by pathologically activated relatively immature polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN-MDSCs). Here, we investigated whether PMN-MDSCs are responsible for BM microenvironment-mediated MM chemoresistance. Using in vivo mouse models allowing manipulation of myeloid cell number, we demonstrated a critical role for myeloid cells in MM growth and chemoresistance. PMN-MDSCs isolated from MM-bearing host are immunosuppressive and thus, functionally distinct from their counterpart in tumor-free host neutrophils. We found, however, that both PMN-MDSCs and neutrophils equally promote MM survival from doxorubicin and melphalan and that this effect is mediated by soluble factors rather than direct cell-cell contact. Our data indicate that targeting PMN-MDSCs would enhance chemotherapy efficacy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu R Ramachandran
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Condamine
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cindy Lin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E Herlihy
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfred Garfall
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan T Vogl
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dmitry I Gabrilovich
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yulia Nefedova
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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24
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Sin SH, Kim Y, Eason A, Dittmer DP. KSHV Latency Locus Cooperates with Myc to Drive Lymphoma in Mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005135. [PMID: 26327622 PMCID: PMC4556645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to Kaposi sarcoma and B-cell malignancies. Mechanisms of KSHV-induced oncogenesis remain elusive, however, in part due to lack of reliable in vivo models. Recently, we showed that transgenic mice expressing the KSHV latent genes, including all viral microRNAs, developed splenic B cell hyperplasia with 100% penetrance, but only a fraction converted to B cell lymphomas, suggesting that cooperative oncogenic events were missing. Myc was chosen as a possible candidate, because Myc is deregulated in many B cell lymphomas. We crossed KSHV latency locus transgenic (latency) mice to Cα Myc transgenic (Myc) mice. By itself these Myc transgenic mice develop lymphomas only rarely. In the double transgenic mice (Myc/latency) we observed plasmacytosis, severe extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and liver, and increased proliferation of splenocytes. Myc/latency mice developed frank lymphoma at a higher rate than single transgenic latency or Myc mice. These data indicate that the KSHV latency locus cooperates with the deregulated Myc pathways to further lymphoma progression. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma as well as the B-cell malignancies primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Only a few KSHV genes, including all micro RNAs, are expressed in latent infection of B cells. We already showed that KSHV latency locus transgenic mice consistently develop B cell hyperplasia. To find out possible host contributions to lymphomagenesis we evaluated the Myc oncogene. Compound KSHV latency locus and Myc mice developed plasmacytosis exemplified by increased frequency of plasma cells in the spleen, a high accelerated lymphoma development, and severe extramedullary hematopoiesis. These data show that the KSHV latency locus can cooperate with Myc activation in viral lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anthony Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Paton-Hough J, Chantry AD, Lawson MA. A review of current murine models of multiple myeloma used to assess the efficacy of therapeutic agents on tumour growth and bone disease. Bone 2015; 77:57-68. [PMID: 25868800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical in vivo models of multiple myeloma are essential tools for investigating the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma and for testing new therapeutic agents and strategies prior to their potential use in clinical trials. Over the last five decades, several different types of murine models of multiple myeloma have been developed ranging from immunocompetent syngeneic models, e.g. the 5 T series of myeloma cells, to immunocompromised models including the SCID xenograft models, which use human myeloma cell lines or patient-derived cells. Other models include hybrid models featuring the implantation of SCID mice with bone chips (SCID-hu or SCID-rab) or 3-D bone scaffolds (SCID-synth-hu), and mice that have been genetically engineered to develop myeloma. Bearing in mind the differences in these models, it is not surprising that they reflect to varying degrees different aspects of myeloma. Here we review the past and present murine models of myeloma, with particular emphasis on their advantages and limitations, characteristics, and their use in testing therapeutic agents to treat myeloma tumour burden and bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paton-Hough
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - A D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - M A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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26
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Richardson PG, Moreau P, Laubach JP, Gupta N, Hui AM, Anderson KC, San Miguel JF, Kumar S. The investigational proteasome inhibitor ixazomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Future Oncol 2015; 11:1153-68. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ixazomib is an investigational, reversible 20S proteasome inhibitor. It is the first oral proteasome inhibitor under clinical investigation in multiple myeloma (MM). Under physiological conditions, the stable citrate ester drug substance, ixazomib citrate (MLN9708), rapidly hydrolyzes to the biologically active boronic acid, ixazomib (MLN2238). Preclinical studies have demonstrated antitumor activity in MM cell lines and xenograft models. In Phase I/II clinical studies ixazomib has had generally manageable toxicities, with limited peripheral neuropathy observed to date. Preliminary data from these studies indicate ixazomib is active as a single agent in relapsed/refractory MM and as part of combination regimens in newly diagnosed patients. Phase III studies in combination with lenalidomide–dexamethasone are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Richardson
- Division of Hematologic Malignancy, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Hotel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Jacob P Laubach
- Division of Hematologic Malignancy, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Neeraj Gupta
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ai-Min Hui
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Division of Hematologic Malignancy, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jesús F San Miguel
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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27
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Rosean TR, Tompkins VS, Tricot G, Holman CJ, Olivier AK, Zhan F, Janz S. Preclinical validation of interleukin 6 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Immunol Res 2014; 59:188-202. [PMID: 24845460 PMCID: PMC4209159 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the biologic and molecular genetic underpinnings of multiple myeloma (MM) have identified the pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), as a factor crucial to the growth, proliferation and survival of myeloma cells. IL-6 is also a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis and a sculptor of the tumor microenvironment in the bone marrow of patients with myeloma. This knowledge has engendered considerable interest in targeting IL-6 for therapeutic purposes, using a variety of antibody- and small-molecule-based therapies. However, despite the early recognition of the importance of IL-6 for myeloma and the steady progress in our knowledge of IL-6 in normal and malignant development of plasma cells, additional efforts will be required to translate the promise of IL-6 as a target for new myeloma therapies into significant clinical benefits for patients with myeloma. This review summarizes published research on the role of IL-6 in myeloma development and describes ongoing efforts by the University of Iowa Myeloma Multidisciplinary Oncology Group to develop new approaches to the design and testing of IL-6-targeted therapies and preventions of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rosean
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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28
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Plasmacytomagenesis in Eμ-v-abl transgenic mice is accelerated when apoptosis is restrained. Blood 2014; 124:1099-109. [PMID: 24986687 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-570770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice susceptible to plasma cell tumors provide a useful model for human multiple myeloma. We previously showed that mice expressing an Eµ-v-abl oncogene solely develop plasmacytomas. Here we show that loss of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim or, to a lesser extent, overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 or Mcl-1, significantly accelerated the development of plasmacytomas and increased their incidence. Disease was preceded by an increased abundance of plasma cells, presumably reflecting their enhanced survival capacity in vivo. Plasmacytomas of each genotype expressed high levels of v-abl and frequently harbored a rearranged c-myc gene, probably as a result of chromosome translocation. As in human multiple myelomas, elevated expression of cyclin D genes was common, and p53 deregulation was rare. Our results for plasmacytomas highlight the significance of antiapoptotic changes in multiple myeloma, which include elevated expression of Mcl-1 and, less frequently, Bcl-2, and suggest that closer attention to defects in Bim expression is warranted.
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29
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In vivo models of multiple myeloma (MM). Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Hu Y, Zheng M, Gali R, Tian Z, Topal Görgün G, Munshi NC, Mitsiades CS, Anderson KC. A novel rapid-onset high-penetrance plasmacytoma mouse model driven by deregulation of cMYC cooperating with KRAS12V in BALB/c mice. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e156. [PMID: 24185503 PMCID: PMC3880436 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal is to develop a rapid and scalable system for functionally evaluating deregulated genes in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we forcibly expressed human cMYC and KRAS12V in mouse T2 B cells (IgM(+)B220(+)CD38(+)IgD(+)) using retroviral transduction and transplanted these cells into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Recipients developed plasmacytomas with short onset (70 days) and high penetrance, whereas neither cMYC nor KRAS12V alone induced disease in recipient mice. Tumor cell morphology and cell surface biomarkers (CD138(+)B220(-)IgM(-)GFP(+)) indicate a plasma cell neoplasm. Gene set enrichment analysis further confirms that the tumor cells have a plasma cell gene expression signature. Plasmacytoma cells infiltrated multiple loci in the bone marrow, spleen and liver; secreted immunoglobulins; and caused glomerular damage. Our findings therefore demonstrate that deregulated expression of cMYC with KRAS12V in T2 B cells rapidly generates a plasma cell disease in mice, suggesting utility of this model both to elucidate molecular pathogenesis and to validate novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Bortezomib resistance can be reversed by induced expression of plasma cell maturation markers in a mouse in vitro model of multiple myeloma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77608. [PMID: 24204892 PMCID: PMC3812176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematopoietic malignancy, remains an incurable plasma cell (PC) neoplasm. While the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (Bz) has increased patient survival, resistance represents a major treatment obstacle as most patients ultimately relapse becoming refractory to additional Bz therapy. Current tests fail to detect emerging resistance; by the time patients acquire resistance, their prognosis is often poor. To establish immunophenotypic signatures that predict Bz sensitivity, we utilized Bz-sensitive and -resistant cell lines derived from tumors of the Bcl-XL/Myc mouse model of PC malignancy. We identified significantly reduced expression of two markers (CD93, CD69) in “acquired” (Bz-selected) resistant cells. Using this phenotypic signature, we isolated a subpopulation of cells from a drug-naïve, Bz-sensitive culture that displayed “innate” resistance to Bz. Although these genes were identified as biomarkers, they may indicate a mechanism for Bz-resistance through the loss of PC maturation which may be induced and/or selected by Bz. Significantly, induction of PC maturation in both “acquired” and “innate” resistant cells restored Bz sensitivity suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for reversing Bz resistance in refractory MM.
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32
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Stessman HAF, Mansoor A, Zhan F, Janz S, Linden MA, Baughn LB, Van Ness B. Reduced CXCR4 expression is associated with extramedullary disease in a mouse model of myeloma and predicts poor survival in multiple myeloma patients treated with bortezomib. Leukemia 2013; 27:2075-7. [PMID: 23728080 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H A F Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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33
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Stessman HAF, Baughn LB, Sarver A, Xia T, Deshpande R, Mansoor A, Walsh SA, Sunderland JJ, Dolloff NG, Linden MA, Zhan F, Janz S, Myers CL, Van Ness BG. Profiling bortezomib resistance identifies secondary therapies in a mouse myeloma model. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1140-50. [PMID: 23536725 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells in the bone marrow. Although the first-to-market proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade) has been successfully used to treat patients with myeloma, drug resistance remains an emerging problem. In this study, we identify signatures of bortezomib sensitivity and resistance by gene expression profiling (GEP) using pairs of bortezomib-sensitive (BzS) and bortezomib-resistant (BzR) cell lines created from the Bcl-XL/Myc double-transgenic mouse model of multiple myeloma. Notably, these BzR cell lines show cross-resistance to the next-generation proteasome inhibitors, MLN2238 and carfilzomib (Kyprolis) but not to other antimyeloma drugs. We further characterized the response to bortezomib using the Connectivity Map database, revealing a differential response between these cell lines to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Furthermore, in vivo experiments using the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat confirmed that the predicted responder showed increased sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors in the BzR line. These findings show that GEP may be used to document bortezomib resistance in myeloma cells and predict individual sensitivity to other drug classes. Finally, these data reveal complex heterogeneity within multiple myeloma and suggest that resistance to one drug class reprograms resistant clones for increased sensitivity to a distinct class of drugs. This study represents an important next step in translating pharmacogenomic profiling and may be useful for understanding personalized pharmacotherapy for patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A F Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Ramachandran IR, Martner A, Pisklakova A, Condamine T, Chase T, Vogl T, Roth J, Gabrilovich D, Nefedova Y. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate growth of multiple myeloma by inhibiting T cells in bone marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3815-23. [PMID: 23460744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are one of the major factors limiting the immune response in cancer. However, their role in bone marrow (BM), the site of primary localization of multiple myeloma (MM), is poorly understood. In this study, we found a significant accumulation of CD11b(+)CD14(-)CD33(+) immunosuppressive MDSC in BM of patients with newly diagnosed MM. To assess the possible role of MDSC in MM, we used immunocompetent mouse models. Immunosuppressive MDSC accumulated in BM of mice as early as 1 wk after tumor inoculation. S100A9 knockout (KO) mice, which are deficient in their ability to accumulate MDSC in tumor-bearing hosts, demonstrated reduced MDSC accumulation in BM after injection of MM cells compared with wild-type mice. Growth of the immunogenic MM cells was significantly reduced in S100A9KO mice. This effect was associated with the accumulation of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in BM and spleens of S100A9KO mice, but not wild-type mice, and was abrogated by the administration of anti-CD8 Ab or adoptive transfer of MDSC. Thus, the accumulation of MDSC at early stages of MM plays a critical role in MM progression and suggests that MDSC can be considered a possible therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu R Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Hofgaard PO, Jodal HC, Bommert K, Huard B, Caers J, Carlsen H, Schwarzer R, Schünemann N, Jundt F, Lindeberg MM, Bogen B. A novel mouse model for multiple myeloma (MOPC315.BM) that allows noninvasive spatiotemporal detection of osteolytic disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51892. [PMID: 23284805 PMCID: PMC3527494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a lethal human cancer characterized by a clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow. Mouse models of human MM are technically challenging and do not always recapitulate human disease. Therefore, new mouse models for MM are needed. Mineral-oil induced plasmacytomas (MOPC) develop in the peritoneal cavity of oil-injected BALB/c mice. However, MOPC typically grow extramedullary and are considered poor models of human MM. Here we describe an in vivo-selected MOPC315 variant, called MOPC315.BM, which can be maintained in vitro. When injected i.v. into BALB/c mice, MOPC315.BM cells exhibit tropism for bone marrow. As few as 10(4) MOPC315.BM cells injected i.v. induced paraplegia, a sign of spinal cord compression, in all mice within 3-4 weeks. MOPC315.BM cells were stably transfected with either firefly luciferase (MOPC315.BM.Luc) or DsRed (MOPC315.BM.DsRed) for studies using noninvasive imaging. MOPC315.BM.Luc cells were detected in the tibiofemoral region already 1 hour after i.v. injection. Bone foci developed progressively, and as of day 5, MM cells were detected in multiple sites in the axial skeleton. Additionally, the spleen (a hematopoietic organ in the mouse) was invariably affected. Luminescent signals correlated with serum myeloma protein concentration, allowing for easy tracking of tumor load with noninvasive imaging. Affected mice developed osteolytic lesions. The MOPC315.BM model employs a common strain of immunocompetent mice (BALB/c) and replicates many characteristics of human MM. The model should be suitable for studies of bone marrow tropism, development of osteolytic lesions, drug testing, and immunotherapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O. Hofgaard
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henriette C. Jodal
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kurt Bommert
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken and Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bertrand Huard
- Division of Hematology, University Hospitals of Geneva and Department of Pathology-Immunology, Geneva University Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jo Caers
- Department of Hematology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf Schwarzer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Schünemann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Jundt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mona M. Lindeberg
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Long JS, Ryan KM. New frontiers in promoting tumour cell death: targeting apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy. Oncogene 2012; 31:5045-60. [PMID: 22310284 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted disease comprising a combination of genetic, metabolic and signalling aberrations, which severely disrupt the normal homeostasis of cell growth and death. Many oncogenic events while promoting tumour development also increase the sensitivity of cells to cell death stimuli including chemotherapeutic drugs. As a result, tumour cells often acquire the ability to evade death by inactivating cell death pathways that normally function to eliminate damaged and harmful cells. The impairment of cell death function is also often the reason for the development of chemotherapeutic resistance encountered during treatment. It is therefore necessary to achieve a comprehensive understanding of existing cell death pathways and the relevant regulatory components involved, with the intention of identifying new strategies to kill cancer cells. This review provides an insightful overview of the common forms of cell death signalling pathways, the interactions between these pathways and the ways in which these pathways are deregulated in cancer. We also discuss the emerging therapies targeted at activating or restoring cell death pathways to induce tumour cell death, which are currently being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Long
- Tumour Cell Death Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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Linden MA, Kirchhof N, Carlson CS, Van Ness BG. Targeted overexpression of an activated N-ras gene results in B-cell and plasma cell lymphoproliferation and cooperates with c-myc to induce fatal B-cell neoplasia. Exp Hematol 2011; 40:216-27. [PMID: 22120021 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignant expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Although there is no pathognomonic genetic lesion among multiple myeloma patients, activation of the ras gene has been identified as a common mutation. We have previously described the use of the 3' κ immunoglobulin light chain enhancer (3'KE) to target transgenic expression in murine B and plasma cells, resulting in bcl-X(L) and c-myc-driven murine models of multiple myeloma. In this report, we characterize the role of activated mutant N-ras in B and plasma cells in transgenic mice. We constructed transgenic mice that use 3'KE to direct expression of a mutant activated N-ras. We also crossed the N-ras mice with mice bearing a c-myc transgene to study the cooperative effects of the transgenic constructs. Mice were sacrificed when moribund or at specific time intervals and characterized by serology, light microscopy, and flow cytometry. The transgenic N-ras animals develop B- and plasma cell lymphoproliferation, and aged mice develop immunoglobulinemia, renal hyaline tubular casts, and microscopic foci of abnormal plasma cells in extramedullary sites, including the liver and kidney. Bitransgenic 3'KE/N-Ras V12 × Eμ-c-Myc mice develop fatal B-cell neoplasia, with a median survival of 10 weeks. These data indicate that activated N-ras can play a role in B- and plasma cell homeostasis and that activated N-Ras and c-Myc can cooperate to induce B-cell neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Linden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA.
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Mirandola L, Yu Y, Jenkins MR, Chiaramonte R, Cobos E, John CM, Chiriva-Internati M. Tracking human multiple myeloma xenografts in NOD-Rag-1/IL-2 receptor gamma chain-null mice with the novel biomarker AKAP-4. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:394. [PMID: 21923911 PMCID: PMC3189930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is a fatal malignancy ranking second in prevalence among hematological tumors. Continuous efforts are being made to develop innovative and more effective treatments. The preclinical evaluation of new therapies relies on the use of murine models of the disease. METHODS Here we describe a new MM animal model in NOD-Rag1null IL2rgnull (NRG) mice that supports the engraftment of cell lines and primary MM cells that can be tracked with the tumor antigen, AKAP-4. RESULTS Human MM cell lines, U266 and H929, and primary MM cells were successfully engrafted in NRG mice after intravenous administration, and were found in the bone marrow, blood and spleen of tumor-challenged animals. The AKAP-4 expression pattern was similar to that of known MM markers, such as paraproteins, CD38 and CD45. CONCLUSIONS We developed for the first time a murine model allowing for the growth of both MM cell lines and primary cells in multifocal sites, thus mimicking the disease seen in patients. Additionally, we validated the use of AKAP-4 antigen to track tumor growth in vivo and to specifically identify MM cells in mouse tissues. We expect that our model will significantly improve the pre-clinical evaluation of new anti-myeloma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Yuefei Yu
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marjorie R Jenkins
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Raffaella Chiaramonte
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | | | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Lee EC, Fitzgerald M, Bannerman B, Donelan J, Bano K, Terkelsen J, Bradley DP, Subakan O, Silva MD, Liu R, Pickard M, Li Z, Tayber O, Li P, Hales P, Carsillo M, Neppalli VT, Berger AJ, Kupperman E, Manfredi M, Bolen JB, Van Ness B, Janz S. Antitumor activity of the investigational proteasome inhibitor MLN9708 in mouse models of B-cell and plasma cell malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7313-23. [PMID: 21903769 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical success of the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (VELCADE) has validated the proteasome as a therapeutic target for treating human cancers. MLN9708 is an investigational proteasome inhibitor that, compared with bortezomib, has improved pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity in preclinical studies. Here, we focused on evaluating the in vivo activity of MLN2238 (the biologically active form of MLN9708) in a variety of mouse models of hematologic malignancies, including tumor xenograft models derived from a human lymphoma cell line and primary human lymphoma tissue, and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of plasma cell malignancies (PCM). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Both cell line-derived OCI-Ly10 and primary human lymphoma-derived PHTX22L xenograft models of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were used to evaluate the pharmacodynamics and antitumor effects of MLN2238 and bortezomib. The iMyc(Cα)/Bcl-X(L) GEM model was used to assess their effects on de novo PCM and overall survival. The newly developed DP54-Luc-disseminated model of iMyc(Cα)/Bcl-X(L) was used to determine antitumor activity and effects on osteolytic bone disease. RESULTS MLN2238 has an improved pharmacodynamic profile and antitumor activity compared with bortezomib in both OCI-Ly10 and PHTX22L models. Although both MLN2238 and bortezomib prolonged overall survival, reduced splenomegaly, and attenuated IgG2a levels in the iMyc(Cα)/Bcl-X(L) GEM model, only MLN2238 alleviated osteolytic bone disease in the DP54-Luc model. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly showed the antitumor activity of MLN2238 in a variety of mouse models of B-cell lymphoma and PCM, supporting its clinical development. MLN9708 is being evaluated in multiple phase I and I/II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund C Lee
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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40
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Strasser A, Cory S, Adams JM. Deciphering the rules of programmed cell death to improve therapy of cancer and other diseases. EMBO J 2011; 30:3667-83. [PMID: 21863020 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the major form of programmed cell death in metazoan organisms, plays critical roles in normal development, tissue homeostasis and immunity, and its disturbed regulation contributes to many pathological states, including cancer, autoimmunity, infection and degenerative disorders. In vertebrates, it can be triggered either by engagement of 'death receptors' of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family on the cell surface or by diverse intracellular signals that act upon the Bcl-2 protein family, which controls the integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane through the complex interactions of family members. Both pathways lead to cellular demolition by dedicated proteases termed caspases. This review discusses the groundbreaking experiments from many laboratories that have clarified cell death regulation and galvanised efforts to translate this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of malignant and perhaps certain autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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41
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Wang C, Tai Y, Lisanti MP, Liao DJ. c-Myc induction of programmed cell death may contribute to carcinogenesis: a perspective inspired by several concepts of chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11:615-26. [PMID: 21278493 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.11.7.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Myc protein, encoded by c-myc gene, in its wild-type form can induce tumors with a high frequency and can induce massive programmed cell death (PCD) in most transgenic mouse models, with greater efficiency than other oncogenes. Evidence also indicates that c-Myc can cause proliferative inhibition, i.e. mitoinhibition. The c-Myc-induced PCD and mitoinhibition, which may be attributable to its inhibition of cyclin D1 and induction of p53, may impose a pressure of compensatory proliferation, i.e. regeneration, onto the initiated cells (cancer progenitor cells) that occur sporadically and are resistant to the mitoinhibition. The initiated cells can thus proliferate robustly and progress to a malignancy. This hypothetical thinking, i.e. the concurrent PCD and mitoinhibition induced by c-Myc can promote carcinogenesis, predicts that an optimal balance is achieved between cell death and ensuing regeneration during oncogenic transformation by c-Myc, which can better promote carcinogenesis. In this perspective, we summarize accumulating evidence and challenge the current model that oncoprotein induces carcinogenesis by promoting cellular proliferation and/or inhibiting PCD. Inspired by c-myc oncogene, we surmise that many tumor-suppressive or growth-inhibitory genes may also be able to promote carcinogenesis in a similar way, i.e. by inducing PCD and/or mitoinhibition of normal cells to create a need for compensatory proliferation that drives a robust replication of initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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42
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Kelly PN, Strasser A. The role of Bcl-2 and its pro-survival relatives in tumourigenesis and cancer therapy. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1414-24. [PMID: 21415859 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour development requires a combination of defects that allow nascent neoplastic cells to become self-sufficient for cell proliferation and insensitive to signals that normally restrain cell growth. Among the latter, evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis) has proven to be critical for the development and sustained growth of many, perhaps all, cancers. Apoptotic cell death is regulated by complex interactions between pro-survival members and two subgroups of pro-apoptotic members of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein family. In this invited review article, we reminisce on the discovery of Bcl-2, the first regulator of cell death identified, we discuss the mechanisms that control apoptotic cell death, focussing on how defects in this process promote the development and sustained growth of tumours and also affect their responses to anticancer therapeutics and, finally, we describe how current knowledge of the regulatory networks of apoptosis is exploited to develop novel approaches for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Kelly
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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Ahmad A, Groshong JS, Matta H, Schamus S, Punj V, Robinson LJ, Gill PS, Chaudhary PM. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) K13 cooperates with Myc to promote lymphoma in mice. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:1033-40. [PMID: 20818173 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.10.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive form of lymphoma that is associated with infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). One of the KSHV genes expressed in PEL cells is K13, a potent activator of the NF-κB pathway. K13 transgenic mice develop lymphomas, but after a long period of latency. A possible candidate that could cooperate with K13 in the development of PEL is c-Myc, whose expression is frequently dysregulated in PEL cells. To study the cooperative interaction between K13 and c-Myc in the pathogenesis of PEL, we crossed the K13 transgenic mice to iMyc(Eμ) transgenic mice that overexpress Myc. We report that lymphomas in the K13/iMyc(Eμ) double transgenic mice developed with shorter latency and were histologically distinct from those observed in the iMyc(Eμ) mice. Lymphomas in the K13/iMyc(Eμ) mice also lacked the expression of B- and T-cell markers, thus resembling the immunophenotype of PEL. The accelerated development of lymphoma in the K13/iMyc(Eμ) mice was associated with increased expression of K13, elevated NF-κB activity and decrease in apoptosis. Taken collectively, our results demonstrate a cooperative interaction between the NF-κB and Myc pathways in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwaar Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA, USA
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B-cell activating factor and v-Myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) influence progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18956-60. [PMID: 20956327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013420107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice bearing a v-Myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) transgene controlled by an Ig-alpha heavy-chain enhancer (iMyc(Cα) mice) rarely develop lymphomas but instead have increased rates of memory B-cell turnover and impaired antibody responses to antigen. We found that male progeny of iMyc(Cα) mice mated with mice transgenic (Tg) for CD257 (B-cell activating factor, BAFF) developed CD5(+) B-cell leukemia resembling human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which also displays a male gender bias. Surprisingly, leukemic cells of Myc/Baff Tg mice expressed higher levels of c-Myc than did B cells of iMyc(Cα) mice. We found that CLL cells of many patients with progressive disease also expressed high amounts of c-MYC, particularly CLL cells whose survival depends on nurse-like cells (NLC), which express high-levels of BAFF. We find that BAFF could enhance CLL-cell expression of c-MYC via activation the canonical IκB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB pathway. Inhibition of the IKK/NF-κB pathway in mouse or human leukemia cells blocked the capacity of BAFF to induce c-MYC or promote leukemia-cell survival and significantly impaired disease progression in Myc/Baff Tg mice. This study reveals an important relationship between BAFF and c-MYC in CLL which may affect disease development and progression, and suggests that inhibitors of the canonical NF-κB pathway may be effective in treatment of patients with this disease.
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Qi CF, Shin DM, Li Z, Wang H, Feng J, Hartley JW, Fredrickson TN, Kovalchuk AL, Morse HC. Anaplastic plasmacytomas: relationships to normal memory B cells and plasma cell neoplasms of immunodeficient and autoimmune mice. J Pathol 2010; 221:106-16. [PMID: 20217872 PMCID: PMC3415987 DOI: 10.1002/path.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic plasmacytomas (APCTs) from NFS.V(+) congenic mice and pristane-induced plasmacytic PCTs from BALB/c mice were previously shown to be histologically and molecularly distinct subsets of plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs). Here we extended these comparisons, contrasting primary APCTs and PCTs by gene expression profiling in relation to the expression profiles of normal naïve, germinal centre, and memory B cells and plasma cells. We also sequenced immunoglobulin genes from APCT and APCT-derived cell lines and defined surface phenotypes and chromosomal features of the cell lines by flow cytometry and by spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results indicate that APCTs share many features with normal memory cells and the plasma cell-related neoplasms (PLs) of FASL-deficient mice, suggesting that APCTs and PLs are related and that both derive from memory B cells. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Zhaoyang Li
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianxum Feng
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Janet W Hartley
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Torgny N Fredrickson
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander L Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical role in the natural history of human plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs), such as plasma cell myeloma and plasmacytoma (PCT). IL-6 is also at the center of neoplastic plasma cell transformation in BALB/c (C) mice carrying a transgene, H2-L(d)-IL6, that encodes human IL-6 under control of the major histocompatibility complex H2-L(d) promoter: strain C.H2-L(d)-IL6. These mice are prone to PCT, but tumor development is incomplete with long latencies ( approximately 40% PCT at 12 months of age). To generate a more robust mouse model of IL-6-dependent PCN, we intercrossed strain C.H2-L(d)-IL6 with strains C.iMyc(Emu) or C.iMyc(Calpha), 2 interrelated gene-insertion models of the chromosomal T(12;15) translocation causing deregulated expression of Myc in mouse PCT. Deregulation of MYC is also a prominent feature of human PCN. We found that double-transgenic C.H2-L(d)-IL6/iMyc(Emu) and C.H2-L(d)-IL6/iMyc(Calpha) mice develop PCT with full penetrance (100% tumor incidence) and short latencies (3-6 months). The mouse tumors mimic molecular hallmarks of their human tumor counterparts, including elevated IL-6/Stat3/Bcl-X(L) signaling. The newly developed mouse strains may provide a good preclinical research tool for the design and testing of new approaches to target IL-6 in treatment and prevention of human PCNs.
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47
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Epstein-Barr virus and its role in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: an unresolved issue. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:351-65. [PMID: 19619654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For several reasons Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) has become a paradigm in cancer research: for its particular geographical distribution, the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the cases in high incidence areas, and for the activation of the proto-oncogene c-myc by chromosomal translocation in one of the immunoglobulin gene loci. As c-MYC activates both, proliferation and apoptosis, at least two events have to cooperate in lymphomagenesis: activation of c-MYC and a shift in the balance from apoptosis towards survival. Antigenic and/or polyclonal stimulation of the B cell receptor, genetic instability imposed by activation induced deaminase (AID), as well as the viral gene products EBNA1 and several small non-coding non-polyadenylated RNAs are the main factors suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis of BL. Despite intensive research, the role of the virus has remained largely elusive in the past decades, but the discovery of two viral microRNA clusters that are expressed in EBV associated tumors including BL has raised new hopes and expectations that EBV is going to reveal its mystery. This review focuses on the interplay between cellular and viral factors and puts special emphasis on mouse models and experimental cell culture systems that address these points.
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48
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Casellas R, Yamane A, Kovalchuk AL, Potter M. Restricting activation-induced cytidine deaminase tumorigenic activity in B lymphocytes. Immunology 2009; 126:316-28. [PMID: 19302140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA breaks play an essential role in germinal centre B cells as intermediates to immunoglobulin class switching, a recombination process initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation is likewise catalysed by AID but is believed to occur via single-strand DNA breaks. When improperly repaired, AID-mediated lesions can promote chromosomal translocations (CTs) that juxtapose the immunoglobulin loci to heterologous genomic sites, including oncogenes. Two of the most studied translocations are the t(8;14) and T(12;15), which deregulate cMyc in human Burkitt's lymphomas and mouse plasmacytomas, respectively. While a complete understanding of the aetiology of such translocations is lacking, recent studies using diverse mouse models have shed light on two important issues: (1) the extent to which non-specific or AID-mediated DNA lesions promote CTs, and (2) the safeguard mechanisms that B cells employ to prevent AID tumorigenic activity. Here we review these advances and discuss the usage of pristane-induced mouse plasmacytomas as a tool to investigate the origin of Igh-cMyc translocations and B-cell tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Casellas
- Genomics and Immunity, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zhang J, Sattler M, Tonon G, Grabher C, Lababidi S, Zimmerhackl A, Raab MS, Vallet S, Zhou Y, Cartron MA, Hideshima T, Tai YT, Chauhan D, Anderson KC, Podar K. Targeting angiogenesis via a c-Myc/hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha-dependent pathway in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5082-90. [PMID: 19509231 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow angiogenesis is associated with multiple myeloma (MM) progression. Here, we report high constitutive hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (Hif-1alpha) expression in MM cells, which is associated with oncogenic c-Myc. A drug screen for anti-MM agents that decrease Hif-1alpha and c-Myc levels identified a variety of compounds, including bortezomib, lenalidomide, enzastaurin, and adaphostin. Functionally, based on transient knockdowns and overexpression, our data delineate a c-Myc/Hif-1alpha-dependent pathway mediating vascular endothelial growth factor production and secretion. The antiangiogenic activity of our tool compound, adaphostin, was subsequently shown in a zebrafish model and translated into a preclinical in vitro and in vivo model of MM in the bone marrow milieu. Our data, therefore, identify Hif-1alpha as a novel molecular target in MM and add another facet to anti-MM drug activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Khuda SE, Loo WM, Janz S, Van Ness B, Erickson LD. Deregulation of c-Myc Confers distinct survival requirements for memory B cells, plasma cells, and their progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7537-49. [PMID: 19017943 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the c-Myc oncogene is tightly associated with human and murine plasma cell (PC) neoplasms. Through the analysis of Ag-specific B cell responses in mice where Myc is targeted to the Igh Calpha locus, we show here that c-Myc dramatically impairs the primary and secondary Ab response. This impairment is differentiation stage specific, since germinal center B cell formation, affinity maturation, and class switch recombination were intact. Examination of PC viability revealed that c-Myc triggered apoptosis only upon final maturation when Ab is secreted and is resistant to the survival factor BAFF (B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family). In contrast, PC precursors (PC(pre)) that ultimately give rise to mature PCs survived normally and vigorously expanded with BAFF signaling. We further show that c-Myc also facilitates the apoptosis of memory B cells. Thus, Calpha-Myc controls both cellular arms of long-lived B cell immunity than previously anticipated. Only when deregulation of c-Myc was combined with enforced Bcl-x(L) expression were mature PCs able to survive in response to BAFF. These data indicate that the survival requirements for tumor-susceptible PC(pre) and PCs are distinct and that tumor progression likely develops as PC(pre) transition to functional PCs when apoptotic pathways such as members of the Bcl-2 family are disabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefat E Khuda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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