1
|
Guo X, Yang Y, Tang J, Xiang J. Ephs in cancer progression: complexity and context-dependent nature in signaling, angiogenesis and immunity. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:299. [PMID: 38811954 PMCID: PMC11137953 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, comprising 14 distinct members classified into two subgroups: EphAs and EphBs.. Despite their essential functions in normal physiological processes, accumulating evidence suggests that the involvement of the Eph family in cancer is characterized by a dual and often contradictory nature. Research indicates that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling influences cell-cell communication, subsequently regulating cell migration, adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. The contradictory functionalities may arise from the diversity of Eph signaling pathways and the heterogeneity of different cancer microenvironment. In this review, we aim to discuss the dual role of the Eph receptors in tumor development, attempting to elucidate the paradoxical functionality through an exploration of Eph receptor signaling pathways, angiogenesis, immune responses, and more. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor development. Additionally, we will explore the evolving landscape of utilizing Eph receptors as potential targets for tumor therapy and diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Guo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyi Yang
- Health Management Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montero-Herradón S, García-Ceca J, Villarejo-Torres M, Zapata AG. Peripheral T-cell responses of EphB2- and EphB3-deficient mice in a model of collagen-induced arthritis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:159. [PMID: 38558087 PMCID: PMC10984909 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Both EphB2- and EphB3-deficient mice exhibit profound histological alterations in the thymic epithelial network but few changes in T-cell differentiation, suggesting that this organization would be sufficient to produce functional T lymphocytes. Also, other antigen-presenting cells involved in immunological education could substitute the thymic epithelium. Accordingly, we found an increased frequency of plasmacytoid dendritic cells but not of conventional dendritic cells, medullary fibroblasts or intrathymic B lymphocytes. In addition, there are no lymphoid infiltrates in the organs of mutant mice nor do they contain circulating autoantibodies. Furthermore, attempts to induce arthritic lesions after chicken type II collagen administration fail totally in EphB2-deficient mice whereas all WT and half of the immunized EphB3-/- mice develop a typical collagen-induced arthritis. Our results point out that Th17 cells, IL4-producing Th2 cells and regulatory T cells are key for the induction of disease, but mutant mice appear to have deficits in T cell activation or cell migration properties. EphB2-/- T cells show reduced in vitro proliferative responses to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies, produce low levels of anti-type II collagen antibodies, and exhibit low proportions of T follicular helper cells. On the contrary, EphB3-/- lymph node cells respond accurately to the different immune stimuli although in lower levels than WT cells but show a significantly reduced migration in in vitro transwell assays, suggesting that no sufficient type II collagen-dependent activated lymphoid cells reached the joints, resulting in reduced arthritic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montero-Herradón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Ceca
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Villarejo-Torres
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Exopolyphosphatases PPX1 and PPX2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulate dormancy response and pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Integrating T cell receptor sequences and transcriptional profiles by clonotype neighbor graph analysis (CoNGA). Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:54-63. [PMID: 34426704 PMCID: PMC8832949 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Links between T cell clonotypes, as defined by T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, and phenotype, as reflected in gene expression (GEX) profiles, surface protein expression and peptide:major histocompatibility complex binding, can reveal functional relationships beyond the features shared by clonally related cells. Here we present clonotype neighbor graph analysis (CoNGA), a graph theoretic approach that identifies correlations between GEX profile and TCR sequence through statistical analysis of GEX and TCR similarity graphs. Using CoNGA, we uncovered associations between TCR sequence and GEX profiles that include a previously undescribed 'natural lymphocyte' population of human circulating CD8+ T cells and a set of TCR sequence determinants of differentiation in thymocytes. These examples show that CoNGA might help elucidate complex relationships between TCR sequence and T cell phenotype in large, heterogeneous, single-cell datasets.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mason EO, Goldgur Y, Robev D, Freywald A, Nikolov DB, Himanen JP. Structure of the EphB6 receptor ectodomain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247335. [PMID: 33770085 PMCID: PMC7997048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors are the largest group amongst the receptor tyrosine kinases and are divided into two subgroups, A and B, based on ligand binding specificities and sequence conservation. Through ligand-induced and ligand-independent activities, Ephs play central roles in diverse biological processes, including embryo development, regulation of neuronal signaling, immune responses, vasculogenesis, as well as tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The Eph extracellular regions (ECDs) are constituted of multiple domains, and previous structural studies of the A class receptors revealed how they interact with ephrin ligands and simultaneously mediate Eph-Eph clustering necessary for biological activity. Specifically, EphA structures highlighted a model, where clustering of ligand-bound receptors relies on two distinct receptor/receptor interfaces. Interestingly, most unliganded A class receptors also form an additional, third interface, between the ligand binding domain (LBD) and the fibronectin III domain (FN3) of neighboring molecules. Structures of B-class Eph ECDs, on the other hand, have never been reported. To further our understanding of Eph receptor function, we crystallized the EphB6-ECD and determined its three-dimensional structure using X-ray crystallography. EphB6 has important functions in both normal physiology and human malignancies and is especially interesting because this atypical receptor innately lacks kinase activity and our understanding of the mechanism of action is still incomplete. Our structural data reveals the overall EphB6-ECD architecture and shows EphB6-LBD/FN3 interactions similar to those observed for the unliganded A class receptors, suggesting that these unusual interactions are of general importance to the Eph group. We also observe unique structural features, which likely reflect the atypical signaling properties of EphB6, namely the need of co-receptor(s) for this kinase-inactive Eph. These findings provide new valuable information on the structural organization and mechanism of action of the B-class Ephs, and specifically EphB6, which in the future will assist in identifying clinically relevant targets for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia O. Mason
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yehuda Goldgur
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorothea Robev
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Dimitar B. Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DBN); (JPH)
| | - Juha P. Himanen
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DBN); (JPH)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Luo ZY, Hu YY, Bi YW, Yang JM, Zou WJ, Song YL, Li S, Shen T, Li SJ, Huang L, Zhou AJ, Gao TM, Li JM. The gut microbiota regulates autism-like behavior by mediating vitamin B 6 homeostasis in EphB6-deficient mice. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:120. [PMID: 32819434 PMCID: PMC7441571 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder, and the effective pharmacological treatments for the core autistic symptoms are currently limited. Increasing evidence, particularly that from clinical studies on ASD patients, suggests a functional link between the gut microbiota and the development of ASD. However, the mechanisms linking the gut microbiota with brain dysfunctions (gut-brain axis) in ASD have not yet been full elucidated. Due to its genetic mutations and downregulated expression in patients with ASD, EPHB6, which also plays important roles in gut homeostasis, is generally considered a candidate gene for ASD. Nonetheless, the role and mechanism of EPHB6 in regulating the gut microbiota and the development of ASD are unclear. RESULTS Here, we found that the deletion of EphB6 induced autism-like behavior and disturbed the gut microbiota in mice. More importantly, transplantation of the fecal microbiota from EphB6-deficient mice resulted in autism-like behavior in antibiotic-treated C57BL/6J mice, and transplantation of the fecal microbiota from wild-type mice ameliorated the autism-like behavior in EphB6-deficient mice. At the metabolic level, the disturbed gut microbiota in EphB6-deficient mice led to vitamin B6 and dopamine defects. At the cellular level, the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in the medial prefrontal cortex was regulated by gut microbiota-mediated vitamin B6 in EphB6-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovers a key role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of autism-like social behavior by vitamin B6, dopamine, and the E/I balance in EphB6-deficient mice, and these findings suggest new strategies for understanding and treating ASD. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Yi Luo
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying Hu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Wei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Long Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
EPHA4 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell contractility and is a sex-specific hypertension risk gene in individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Hypertens 2020; 37:775-789. [PMID: 30817459 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of genetic variants of EPHA4, a receptor tyrosine kinase, with hypertension, and its role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contractility. METHODS Data from two human genetic studies, ADVANCE and HCHS/SOL, were analyzed for association of EPHA4 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) with hypertension risks. The effect of EPHA4 signalling on mouse VSMC contractility was assessed. RESULTS We identified a SNV (rs75843691 hg19 chr2:g.222395371 C>G), located in the third intron of EPHA4 gene, being significantly associated with hypertension in human female patients (P value = 8.3 × 10, below the Bonferroni-corrected critical P value) but not male patients with type 2 diabetes from the ADVANCE clinical trial. We found that EPHA4 was expressed in VSMCs and its stimulation by anti-EPHA4 antibody led to reduced VSMC contractility. Estrogen enhanced the contractility-lowering effect of EPHA4 stimulation. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of Epha4 expression in VSMCs resulted in increased contractility of VSMCs from female mice but not from male mice. CONCLUSION EPHA4 appears to be a sex-specific hypertension risk gene in type 2 diabetic patients. Forward EPHA4 signalling reduces VSMC contractility, and estrogen is a modifier of this effect. The effect of EPHA4 on VSMCs contractility explains the association of EPHA4 gene with hypertension risks in female patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi W, Ye B, Rame M, Wang Y, Cioca D, Reibel S, Peng J, Qi S, Vitale N, Luo H, Wu J. The receptor tyrosine kinase EPHB6 regulates catecholamine exocytosis in adrenal gland chromaffin cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7653-7668. [PMID: 32321761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor EPH receptor B6 (EPHB6) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that has been shown previously to control catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal gland chromaffin cells (AGCCs) in a testosterone-dependent fashion. EPHB6 also has a role in regulating blood pressure, but several facets of this regulation remain unclear. Using amperometry recordings, we now found that catecholamine secretion by AGCCs is compromised in the absence of EPHB6. AGCCs from male knockout (KO) mice displayed reduced cortical F-actin disassembly, accompanied by decreased catecholamine secretion through exocytosis. This phenotype was not observed in AGCCs from female KO mice, suggesting that testosterone, but not estrogen, contributes to this phenotype. Of note, reverse signaling from EPHB6 to ephrin B1 (EFNB1) and a 7-amino acid-long segment in the EFNB1 intracellular tail were essential for the regulation of catecholamine secretion. Further downstream, the Ras homolog family member A (RHOA) and FYN proto-oncogene Src family tyrosine kinase (FYN)-proto-oncogene c-ABL-microtubule-associated monooxygenase calponin and LIM domain containing 1 (MICAL-1) pathways mediated the signaling from EFNB1 to the defective F-actin disassembly. We discuss the implications of EPHB6's effect on catecholamine exocytosis and secretion for blood pressure regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bei Ye
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marion Rame
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR-3212 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yujia Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Junzheng Peng
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shijie Qi
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR-3212 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Nephrology Department, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Darling TK, Lamb TJ. Emerging Roles for Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands in Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1473. [PMID: 31333644 PMCID: PMC6620610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and mediate a myriad of essential processes in humans from embryonic development to adult tissue homeostasis through interactions with membrane-bound ephrin ligands. The ubiquitous expression of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands among the cellular players of the immune system underscores the importance of these molecules in orchestrating an optimal immune response. This review provides an overview of the various roles of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in immune cell development, activation, and migration. We also discuss the role of Eph receptors in disease pathogenesis as well as the implications of Eph receptors as future immunotherapy targets. Given the diverse and critical roles of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands throughout the immune system during both resting and activated states, this review aims to highlight the critical yet underappreciated roles of this family of signaling molecules in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thayer K Darling
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University Laney Graduate School, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhatia S, Oweida A, Lennon S, Darragh LB, Milner D, Phan AV, Mueller AC, Van Court B, Raben D, Serkova NJ, Wang XJ, Jimeno A, Clambey ET, Pasquale EB, Karam SD. Inhibition of EphB4-Ephrin-B2 Signaling Reprograms the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Head and Neck Cancers. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2722-2735. [PMID: 30894369 PMCID: PMC6522285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying targets present in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to immune evasion has become an important area of research. In this study, we identified EphB4-ephrin-B2 signaling as a regulator of both innate and adaptive components of the immune system. EphB4 belongs to receptor tyrosine kinase family that interacts with ephrin-B2 ligand at sites of cell-cell contact, resulting in bidirectional signaling. We found that EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition alone or in combination with radiation (RT) reduced intratumoral regulatory T cells (Tregs) and increased activation of both CD8+ and CD4+Foxp3- T cells compared with the control group in an orthotopic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) model. We also compared the effect of EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition combined with RT with combined anti-PDL1 and RT and observed similar tumor growth suppression, particularly at early time-points. A patient-derived xenograft model showed reduction of tumor-associated M2 macrophages and favored polarization towards an antitumoral M1 phenotype following EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition with RT. In vitro, EphB4 signaling inhibition decreased Ki67-expressing Tregs and Treg activation compared with the control group. Overall, our study is the first to implicate the role of EphB4-ephrin-B2 in tumor immune response. Moreover, our findings suggest that EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition combined with RT represents a potential alternative for patients with HNSCC and could be particularly beneficial for patients who are ineligible to receive or cannot tolerate anti-PDL1 therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition as an alternative to anti-PDL1 therapeutics that can be used in combination with radiation to induce an effective antitumor immune response in patients with HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ayman Oweida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shelby Lennon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurel B Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dallin Milner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andy V Phan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adam C Mueller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi W, Wang Y, Peng J, Qi S, Vitale N, Kaneda N, Murata T, Luo H, Wu J. EPHB6 controls catecholamine biosynthesis by up-regulating tyrosine hydroxylase transcription in adrenal gland chromaffin cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6871-6887. [PMID: 30824540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EPHB6 is a member of the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular kinase (EPH) family and a receptor tyrosine kinase with a dead kinase domain. It is involved in blood pressure regulation and adrenal gland catecholamine (CAT) secretion, but several facets of EPHB6-mediated CAT regulation are unclear. In this study, using biochemical, quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and gene microarray assays, we found that EPHB6 up-regulates CAT biosynthesis in adrenal gland chromaffin cells (AGCCs). We observed that epinephrine content is reduced in the AGCCs from male Ephb6-KO mice, caused by decreased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in CAT biosynthesis. We demonstrate that the signaling pathway from EPHB6 to tyrosine hydroxylase expression in AGCCs involves Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1), MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), proto-oncogene c-Jun, activator protein 1 (AP1), and early growth response 1 (EGR1). On the other hand, signaling via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and ELK1, ETS transcription factor (ELK1) was not affected by EPHB6 deletion. We further report that EPHB6's effect on AGCCs was via reverse signaling through ephrin B1 and that EPHB6 acted in concert with the nongenomic effect of testosterone to control CAT biosynthesis. Our findings elucidate the mechanisms by which EPHB6 modulates CAT biosynthesis and identify potential therapeutic targets for diseases, such as hypertension, caused by dysfunctional CAT biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- From the Research Centre and
| | - Yujia Wang
- From the Research Centre and.,the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | | | | | - Nicolas Vitale
- the Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR-3212, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France, and
| | - Norio Kaneda
- the Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 4688503, Japan
| | - Tomiyasu Murata
- the Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 4688503, Japan
| | | | - Jiangping Wu
- From the Research Centre and .,Nephrology Department, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ernst AS, Böhler LI, Hagenston AM, Hoffmann A, Heiland S, Sticht C, Bendszus M, Hecker M, Bading H, Marti HH, Korff T, Kunze R. EphB2-dependent signaling promotes neuronal excitotoxicity and inflammation in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:15. [PMID: 30722785 PMCID: PMC6362601 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Local cerebral hypoperfusion causes ischemic stroke while driving multiple cell-specific responses including inflammation, glutamate-induced neurotoxicity mediated via NMDAR, edema formation and angiogenesis. Despite the relevance of these pathophysiological mechanisms for disease progression and outcome, molecular determinants controlling the onset of these processes are only partially understood. In this context, our study intended to investigate the functional role of EphB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is crucial for synapse function and binds to membrane-associated ephrin-B ligands. Cerebral ischemia was induced in Ephb2−/− mice by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by different times (6, 12, 24 and 48 h) of reperfusion. Histological, neurofunctional and transcriptome analyses indicated an increase in EphB2 phosphorylation under these conditions and attenuated progression of stroke in Ephb2−/− mice. Moreover, while infiltration of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes into the peri-infarct region was not altered, expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators MCP-1 and IL-6 was decreased in these mice. In vitro analyses indicated that binding of EphB2 to astrocytic ephrin-B ligands stimulates NF-κB-mediated cytokine expression via the MAPK pathway. Further magnetic resonance imaging of the Ephb2−/− ischemic brain revealed a lower level of cytotoxic edema formation within 6 h upon onset of reperfusion. On the mechanistic level, absence of neuronal EphB2 decreased the mitochondrial Ca2+ load upon specific activation of NMDAR but not during synaptic activity. Furthermore, neuron-specific loss of ephrin-B2 reduced the extent of cerebral tissue damage in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Collectively, EphB2 may promote the immediate response to an ischemia-reperfusion event in the central nervous system by (i) pro-inflammatory activation of astrocytes via ephrin-B-dependent signaling and (ii) amplification of NMDA-evoked neuronal excitotoxicity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu T, Zhang BQ, Raelson J, Yao YM, Wu HD, Xu ZX, Marois-Blanchet FC, Tahir MR, Wang Y, Bradley WE, Luo H, Wu J, Sheng JZ, Hu SJ. Analysis of the association of EPHB6, EFNB1 and EFNB3 variants with hypertension risks in males with hypogonadism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14497. [PMID: 30262919 PMCID: PMC6160468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the EPH kinase family and their ligands are involved in blood pressure regulation, and such regulation is often sex- or sex hormone-dependent, based on animal and human genetic studies. EPHB6 gene knockout (KO) in mice leads to hypertension in castrated males but not in un-manipulated KO males or females. To assess whether this finding in mice is relevant to human hypertension, we conducted a human genetic study for the association of EPHB6 and its two ligands, EFNB1 and EFNB3, with hypertension in hypogonadic patients. Seven hundred and fifty hypertensive and 750 normotensive Han Chinese patients, all of whom were hypogonadic, were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the regions of the genes, plus an additional 50 kb 5′ of the genes for EPHB6, EFNB1 and EFNB3. An imputed insertion/deletion polymorphism, rs35530071, was found to be associated with hypertension at p-values below the Bonferroni-corrected significance level of 0.0024. This marker is located 5′ upstream of the EFNB3 gene start site. Previous animal studies showed that while male EFNB3 gene knockout mice were normotensive, castration of these mice resulted in hypertension, corroborating the results of the human genetic study. Considering the significant associations of EFNB3 SNPs with hypertension in hypogonadic males and supporting evidence from castrated EFNB3 KO mice, we conclude that loss-of-function variants of molecules in the EPHB6 signaling pathway in the presence of testosterone are protective against hypertension in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Bi-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - John Raelson
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yu-Mei Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Huan-Dong Wu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zao-Xian Xu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | | | - Muhammad Ramzan Tahir
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yujia Wang
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - W Edward Bradley
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada. .,Nephrology Service, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Jian-Zhong Sheng
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
| | - Shen-Jiang Hu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muñoz JJ, García-Ceca J, Montero-Herradón S, Sánchez del Collado B, Alfaro D, Zapata A. Can a Proper T-Cell Development Occur in an Altered Thymic Epithelium? Lessons From EphB-Deficient Thymi. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:135. [PMID: 29666605 PMCID: PMC5891583 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the effects of distinct Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands, ephrins on the structure, immunophenotype, and development of thymus and their main cell components, thymocytes (T) and thymic epithelial cells (TECs), have been studied. In recent years, the thymic phenotype of mutant mice deficient in several Ephs and ephrins B has been determined. Remarkably, thymic stroma in these animals exhibits important defects that appear early in ontogeny but little alterations in the proportions of distinct lymphoid cell populations. In the present manuscript, we summarize and extend these results discussing possible mechanisms governing phenotypical and functional thymocyte maturation in an absence of the critical T-TEC interactions, concluding that some signaling mediated by key molecules, such as MHCII, CD80, β5t, Aire, etc. could be sufficient to enable a proper maturation of thymocytes, independently of morphological alterations affecting thymic epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Muñoz
- Center for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Ceca
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Montero-Herradón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Zapata
- Center for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kou CTJ, Kandpal RP. Differential Expression Patterns of Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands in Human Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7390104. [PMID: 29682554 PMCID: PMC5851329 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7390104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which are activated by ephrin ligands that either are anchored to the membrane or contain a transmembrane domain. These molecules play important roles in the development of multicellular organisms, and the physiological functions of these receptor-ligand pairs have been extensively documented in axon guidance, neuronal development, vascular patterning, and inflammation during tissue injury. The recognition that aberrant regulation and expression of these molecules lead to alterations in proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of a variety of human cancers has made them potential targets for cancer therapeutics. We present here the involvement of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma, and medulloblastoma. The aberrations in their abundances are described in the context of multiple signaling pathways, and differential expression is suggested as the mechanism underlying tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ting Jimmy Kou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Raj P. Kandpal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Shi W, Blanchette A, Peng J, Qi S, Luo H, Ledoux J, Wu J. EPHB6 and testosterone in concert regulate epinephrine release by adrenal gland chromaffin cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:842. [PMID: 29339804 PMCID: PMC5770418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor (EPH) B6 (EPHB6) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. We previously demonstrated that EPHB6 knockout reduces catecholamine secretion in male but not female mice, and castration reverses this phenotype. We showed here that male EPHB6 knockout adrenal gland chromaffin cells presented reduced acetylcholine-triggered Ca2+ influx. Such reduction depended on the non-genomic effect of testosterone. Increased large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel current densities were recorded in adrenal gland chromaffin cells from male EPHB6 knockout mice but not from castrated knockout or female knockout mice. Blocking of the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel in adrenal gland chromaffin cells from male knockout mice corrected their reduced Ca2+ influx. We conclude that the absence of EPHB6 and the presence of testosterone would lead to augmented large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel currents, which limit voltage-gated calcium channel opening in adrenal gland chromaffin cells. Consequently, acetylcholine-triggered Ca2+ influx is reduced, leading to lower catecholamine release in adrenal gland chromaffin cells from male knockout mice. This explains the reduced resting-state blood catecholamine levels, and hence the blood pressure, in male but not female EPHB6 knock mice. These findings have certain clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Junzheng Peng
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shijie Qi
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Ledoux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada.
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Nephrology Department, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu H, Devraj K, Möller K, Liebner S, Hecker M, Korff T. EphrinB-mediated reverse signalling controls junctional integrity and pro-inflammatory differentiation of endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2017; 112:151-63. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-12-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SummaryThe EphB/ephrinB receptor-ligand system is pivotal for the development of the embryonic vasculature and for angiogenesis in the adult organism. We observed that (i) the expression of ephrinB2 and ephrinB1 is up-regulated in capillaries during inflammation, that (ii) these ligands are localised on the luminal endothelial surface, and that (iii) they interact with the ephrinB-receptor EphB2 on monocyte/macrophages. This study delineates the impact of ephrinB-mediated reverse signalling on the integrity and proinflammatory differentiation of the endothelium. To this end, in vitro analyses with human cultured endothelial cells reveal that knockdown of ephrinB2 or ephrinB1 impairs monocyte transmigration through the endothelium. While ephrinB2 but not ephrinB1 interacts with PECAM-1 (CD31) in this context, reverse signalling by ephrinB1 but not ephrinB2 elicits a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent up-regulation of E-selectin expression. Furthermore, treatment of endothelial cells with soluble EphB2 receptor bodies or EphB2-overexpressing mouse myeloma cells links ephrinB2 to PECAM-1 and induces its Src-dependent phosphorylation while diminishing Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) activity and increasing endothelial cell permeability. We conclude that extravasation of EphB2 positive leukocyte populations is facilitated by lowering the integrity of endothelial cell junctions and enhancing the pro-inflammatory phenotype of the endothelium through activation of ephrinB ligands.
Collapse
|
18
|
El Zawily A, McEwen E, Toosi B, Vizeacoumar FS, Freywald T, Vizeacoumar FJ, Freywald A. The EphB6 receptor is overexpressed in pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and increases its sensitivity to doxorubicin treatment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14767. [PMID: 29116180 PMCID: PMC5676711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While impressive improvements have been achieved in T-ALL therapy, current treatment approaches fail in approximately 25% of patients and these patients have limited treatment options. Another significant group of patients is being overtreated, which causes long-lasting side effects. Identification of molecules controlling drug resistance in T-ALL is crucial for treatment optimisation in both scenarios. We report here the EphB6 receptor is frequently overexpressed in T-ALL. Remarkably, our observations indicate that EphB6 acts in T-ALL cells to enhance sensitivity to a DNA-damaging drug, doxorubicin, as interruption of EphB6 activity interferes with the efficiency of doxorubicin-induced eradication of T-ALL cells in cell culture and in xenograft animals. This effect relies on the protection of Akt kinase signaling, while Akt inhibition combined with doxorubicin application produces synergistic effects on the elimination of EphB6-deficient T-ALL cells. These data imply that EphB6 suppresses T-ALL resistance by interfering with Akt activity. Our observations highlight a novel role for EphB6 in reducing drug resistance of T-ALL and suggest that doxorubicin treatment should produce better results if personalised based on EphB6 levels. If successfully verified in clinical studies, this approach should improve outcomes for T-ALL patients resistant to current therapies and for patients, who are being overtreated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El Zawily
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.,Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
| | - Emily McEwen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Behzad Toosi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Frederick S Vizeacoumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan,107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Tanya Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fecher-Trost C, Wissenbach U, Weissgerber P. TRPV6: From identification to function. Cell Calcium 2017; 67:116-122. [PMID: 28501141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fecher-Trost
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Building 46, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Wissenbach
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Building 46, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Petra Weissgerber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Building 46, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lu P, Shih C, Qi H. Ephrin B1-mediated repulsion and signaling control germinal center T cell territoriality and function. Science 2017; 356:science.aai9264. [PMID: 28408722 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai9264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Follicular T helper (TFH) cells orchestrate the germinal center (GC) reaction locally. Local mechanisms regulating their dynamics and helper functions are not well defined. Here we found that GC-expressed ephrin B1 (EFNB1) repulsively inhibited T cell to B cell adhesion and GC TFH retention by signaling through TFH-expressed EPHB6 receptor. At the same time, EFNB1 promoted interleukin-21 production from GC TFH cells by signaling predominantly through EPHB4. Consequently, EFNB1-null GCs were associated with defective production of plasma cells despite harboring excessive TFH cells. In a competitive GC reaction, EFNB1-deficient B cells more efficiently interacted with TFH cells and produced more bone-marrow plasma cells, likely as a result of gaining more contact-dependent help. Our results reveal a contact-dependent repulsive guidance system that controls GC TFH dynamics and effector functions locally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Lu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changming Shih
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. .,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tremblay J, Wang Y, Raelson J, Marois-Blanchet FC, Wu Z, Luo H, Bradley E, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Harrap S, Hamet P, Wu J. Evidence from single nucleotide polymorphism analyses of ADVANCE study demonstrates EFNB3 as a hypertension risk gene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44114. [PMID: 28272517 PMCID: PMC5341021 DOI: 10.1038/srep44114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
EPH kinases and their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), have vital and diverse biological functions. We recently reported that Efnb3 gene deletion results in hypertension in female but not male mice. These data suggest that EFNB3 regulates blood pressure in a sex- and sex hormone-dependent way. In the present study, we conducted a human genetic study to assess the association of EFNB3 single nucleotide polymorphisms with human hypertension risks, using 3,448 patients with type 2 diabetes from the ADVANCE study (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Peterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation). We have observed significant association between 2 SNPs in the 3′ untranslated region or within the adjacent region just 3′ of the EFNB3 gene with hypertension, corroborating our findings from the mouse model. Thus, our investigation has shown that EFNB3 is a hypertension risk gene in certain individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Tremblay
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yujia Wang
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - John Raelson
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Zenghui Wu
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Edward Bradley
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - John Chalmers
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Harrap
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Armc5 deletion causes developmental defects and compromises T-cell immune responses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13834. [PMID: 28169274 PMCID: PMC5309699 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5) is a cytosolic protein with no enzymatic activities. Little is known about its function and mechanisms of action, except that gene mutations are associated with risks of primary macronodular adrenal gland hyperplasia. Here we map Armc5 expression by in situ hybridization, and generate Armc5 knockout mice, which are small in body size. Armc5 knockout mice have compromised T-cell proliferation and differentiation into Th1 and Th17 cells, increased T-cell apoptosis, reduced severity of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, and defective immune responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. These mice also develop adrenal gland hyperplasia in old age. Yeast 2-hybrid assays identify 16 ARMC5-binding partners. Together these data indicate that ARMC5 is crucial in fetal development, T-cell function and adrenal gland growth homeostasis, and that the functions of ARMC5 probably depend on interaction with multiple signalling pathways. Mutations in ARMC5 are associated with risk of primary macronodular adrenal gland hyperplasia. Here the authors show that mice lacking Armc5 have adrenal gland hyperplasia and defective T-cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and in vivo T-cell-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
|
23
|
The role of GRIP1 and ephrin B3 in blood pressure control and vascular smooth muscle cell contractility. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38976. [PMID: 27941904 PMCID: PMC5150233 DOI: 10.1038/srep38976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor B family (EPHB) and their ligands, ephrinBs (EFNBs), are involved in blood pressure regulation in animal models. We selected 528 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes of EPHB6, EFNB2, EFNB3 and GRIP1 in the EPH/EFN signalling system to query the International Blood Pressure Consortium dataset. A SNP within the glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) gene presented a p-value of 0.000389, approaching the critical p-value of 0.000302, for association with diastolic blood pressure of 60,396 individuals. According to echocardiography, we found that Efnb3 gene knockout mice showed enhanced constriction in the carotid arteries. In vitro studies revealed that in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells, siRNA knockdown of GRIP1, which is in the EFNB3 reverse signalling pathway, resulted in increased contractility of these cells. These data suggest that molecules in the EPHB/EFNB signalling pathways, specifically EFNB3 and GRIP1, are involved blood pressure regulation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Shiuan E, Chen J. Eph Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Tumor Immunity. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6452-6457. [PMID: 27811149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The family of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands regulate a diverse array of physiologic processes, such as axonal guidance, bone remodeling, and immune cell development and trafficking. Eph/ephrin interactions have also been implicated in various pathologic processes, including inflammation, cancer, and tumor angiogenesis. Because Eph receptors play prominent roles in both the immune system and cancer, they likely impact the tumor immune microenvironment, an area in which Eph receptors remain understudied. Here, we provide the first comprehensive review of Eph receptors in the context of tumor immunity. With the recent rise of cancer immunotherapies as promising therapeutic interventions, further elucidation of the roles of Eph receptors in the tumor immune microenvironment will be critical for understanding and developing novel targets against tumor immune evasion. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6452-7. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Shiuan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang Y, Hamet P, Thorin E, Tremblay J, Raelson J, Wu Z, Luo H, Jin W, Lavoie JL, Peng J, Marois-Blanchet FC, Tahir MR, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Harrap S, Qi S, Li CY, Wu J. Reduced blood pressure after smooth muscle EFNB2 deletion and the potential association of EFNB2 mutation with human hypertension risk. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1817-1825. [PMID: 27530629 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephrin B2 (EFNB2) is a ligand for erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular kinases (EPH), the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases. It has critical functions in many biological systems, but is not known to regulate blood pressure. We generated mice with a smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific deletion of EFNB2 and investigated its roles in blood pressure regulation and vascular SMC (VSMC) contractility. Male Efnb2 knockout (KO) mice presented reduced blood pressure, whereas female KO mice had no such reduction. Both forward signaling from EFNB2 to EPHs and reverse signaling from EPHs to EFNB2 were involved in regulating VSMC contractility, with EPHB4 serving as a critical molecule for forward signaling, based on crosslinking studies. We also found that a region from aa 313 to aa 331 in the intracellular tail of EFNB2 was essential for reverse signaling regulating VSMC contractility, based on deletion mutation studies. In a human genetic study, we identified five SNPs in the 3' region of the EFNB2 gene, which were in linkage disequilibrium and were significantly associated with hypertension for male but not female subjects, consistent with our findings in mice. The coding (minor) alleles of these five SNPs were protective in males. We have thus discovered a previously unknown blood pressure-lowering mechanism mediated by EFNB2 and identified EFNB2 as a gene associated with hypertension risk in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Thorin
- Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal and Université Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Raelson
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,PGX-Services, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zenghui Wu
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wei Jin
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie L Lavoie
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Junzheng Peng
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Ramzan Tahir
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Chalmers
- Department of Biostatistics, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Woodward
- Department of Biostatistics, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Harrap
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shijie Qi
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Yibin Li
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo H, Broux B, Wang X, Hu Y, Ghannam S, Jin W, Larochelle C, Prat A, Wu J. EphrinB1 and EphrinB2 regulate T cell chemotaxis and migration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:292-306. [PMID: 27039370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are believed to be key effector cells in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we examined the roles of T cell ephrinB1 (EFNB1) and ephrinB2 (EFNB2) in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS. We provide evidence that animals with T cell specific double deletion of EFNB1 and EFNB2 (dKO) have reduced proliferation in response to MOG35-55, defective Th1 and Th17 differentiations and significantly lower scores of MOG-induced EAE. We further demonstrate that dKO T cells are compromised in their ability to migrate into the CNS of EAE animals in vivo and towards multiple chemokines in vitro. Using deletion mutations, we identified a critical 11-aa EFNB1 intracellular domain segment that controls T cell chemotaxis towards CCL21. In humans, EFNB1 and EFNB2 are highly expressed in Th1 and Th17 cells and EFNB1- and EFNB2-expressing T cells are found among immune cell infiltrates in MS lesions. Reverse signaling through EFNB1 and EFNB2 in human Th17 cells enhances their migration through a monolayer of blood brain barrier endothelial cells. Our study demonstrates that expression of EFNB1 and EFNB2 is implicated in Th cell differentiation and migration to inflammatory sites in both EAE and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Luo
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Bieke Broux
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada; Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Agoralaan building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Xuehai Wang
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Yan Hu
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Soufiane Ghannam
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Wei Jin
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jiangping Wu
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center e (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Y, Wu Z, Thorin E, Tremblay J, Lavoie JL, Luo H, Peng J, Qi S, Wu T, Chen F, Shen J, Hu S, Wu J. Estrogen and testosterone in concert with EFNB3 regulate vascular smooth muscle cell contractility and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H861-72. [PMID: 26851246 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00873.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EPH kinases and their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), have vital and diverse biological functions, although their function in blood pressure (BP) control has not been studied in detail. In the present study, we report that Efnb3 gene knockout (KO) led to increased BP in female but not male mice. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were target cells for EFNB3 function in BP regulation. The deletion of EFNB3 augmented contractility of VSMCs from female but not male KO mice, compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Estrogen augmented VSMC contractility while testosterone reduced it in the absence of EFNB3, although these sex hormones had no effect on the contractility of VSMCs from WT mice. The effect of estrogen on KO VSMC contractility was via a nongenomic pathway involving GPER, while that of testosterone was likely via a genomic pathway, according to VSMC contractility assays and GPER knockdown assays. The sex hormone-dependent contraction phenotypes in KO VSMCs were reflected in BP in vivo. Ovariectomy rendered female KO mice normotensive. At the molecular level, EFNB3 KO in VSMCs resulted in reduced myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation, an event enhancing sensitivity to Ca(2+)flux in VSMCs. Our investigation has revealed previously unknown EFNB3 functions in BP regulation and show that EFNB3 might be a hypertension risk gene in certain individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zenghui Wu
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Eric Thorin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie L Lavoie
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junzheng Peng
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shijie Qi
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Fei Chen
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Shenjiang Hu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nephrology Service, CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Expression of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphB2 on Dendritic Cells Is Modulated by Toll-Like Receptor Ligation but Is Not Required for T Cell Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138835. [PMID: 26407069 PMCID: PMC4583388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases interact with their ephrin ligands on adjacent cells to facilitate contact-dependent cell communication. Ephrin B ligands are expressed on T cells and have been suggested to act as co-stimulatory molecules during T cell activation. There are no detailed reports of the expression and modulation of EphB receptors on dendritic cells, the main antigen presenting cells that interact with T cells. Here we show that mouse splenic dendritic cells (DC) and bone-marrow derived DCs (BMDC) express EphB2, a member of the EphB family. EphB2 expression is modulated by ligation of TLR4 and TLR9 and also by interaction with ephrin B ligands. Co-localization of EphB2 with MHC-II is also consistent with a potential role in T cell activation. However, BMDCs derived from EphB2 deficient mice were able to present antigen in the context of MHC-II and produce T cell activating cytokines to the same extent as intact DCs. Collectively our data suggest that EphB2 may contribute to DC responses, but that EphB2 is not required for T cell activation. This result may have arisen because DCs express other members of the EphB receptor family, EphB3, EphB4 and EphB6, all of which can interact with ephrin B ligands, or because EphB2 may be playing a role in another aspect of DC biology such as migration.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hu Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Jin W, Cheng B, Fang X, Martel-Pelletier J, Kapoor M, Peng J, Qi S, Shi G, Wu J, Luo H. Role of EFNB1 and EFNB2 in Mouse Collagen-Induced Arthritis and Human Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1778-88. [PMID: 25779027 DOI: 10.1002/art.39116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE EFNB1 and EFNB2 are ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. This study was undertaken to investigate how the expression of Efnb1 and Efnb2 on murine T cells influences the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and to assess correlations between the T cell expression of these 2 molecules and measures of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS CIA was studied in mice with T cell-specific deletion (double gene knockout [dKO]) of both Efnb1 and Efnb2. Expression of EFNB1 and EFNB2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in peripheral blood T cells from patients with RA was determined by quantitative reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In dKO mice, clinical scores of arthritis were reduced compared to those in wild-type (WT) control mice. Serum collagen-specific antibody titers in dKO mice were lower than those in WT mice. In analyses based on equal cell numbers, dKO mouse T cells, as compared to WT mouse T cells, provided vastly inferior help to B cells in the production of collagen-specific antibodies in vitro. T cells from dKO mice were compromised in their ability to migrate to the arthritic paws in vivo and in their ability to undergo chemotaxis toward CXCL12 in vitro. Deletion mutation of Efnb1 and Efnb2 intracellular tails revealed critical regions in controlling T cell chemotaxis. T cells from RA patients expressed higher EFNB1 mRNA levels, which correlated with RA symptoms and laboratory findings. CONCLUSION Efnb1 and Efnb2 in T cells are essential for pathogenic antibody production and for T cell migration to the inflamed paws in mice with CIA. These findings suggest that the expression of EFNB1 in T cells might be a useful parameter for monitoring RA disease activity and treatment responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xuehai Wang
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yongqiang Wu
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Baoli Cheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Fang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Mohit Kapoor
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junzheng Peng
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shijie Qi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guixiu Shi
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that in addition to having major roles in morphogenesis, in some tissues Eph receptor and ephrin signaling regulates the differentiation of cells. In one mode of deployment, cell contact dependent Eph-ephrin activation induces a distinct fate of cells at the interface of their expression domains, for example in early ascidian embryos and in the vertebrate hindbrain. In another mode, overlapping Eph receptor and ephrin expression underlies activation within a cell population, which promotes or inhibits cell differentiation in bone remodelling, neural progenitors and keratinocytes. Eph-ephrin activation also contributes to formation of the appropriate number of progenitor cells by increasing or decreasing cell proliferation. These multiple roles of Eph receptor and ephrin signaling may enable a coupling between morphogenesis and the differentiation and proliferation of cells.
Collapse
Key Words
- Eph receptor
- Eph receptor, Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell receptor
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor-1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase
- NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- RGS3, Regulator of G-protein signaling 3
- STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAZ, Tafazzin
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TEC, Thymic epithelial cell
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- ZHX2, Zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2
- ascidian development
- bone
- cell proliferation
- differentiation
- ephrin
- ephrin, Eph receptor interacting protein
- hindbrain
- keratinocytes
- neural progenitors
- p120GAP, GTPase activating protein
- thymocytes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Wilkinson
- a Division of Developmental Neurobiology; MRC National Institute for Medical Research ; London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Thorin E, Luo H, Tremblay J, Lavoie JL, Wu Z, Peng J, Qi S, Wu J. EPHB4 Protein Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Regulates Their Contractility, and EPHB4 Deletion Leads to Hypotension in Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14235-44. [PMID: 25903126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EPH kinases are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), are also cell surface molecules. This work presents evidence that EPHB4 on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is involved in blood pressure regulation. We generated gene KO mice with smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of EPHB4. Male KO mice, but not female KO mice, were hypotensive. VSMCs from male KO mice showed reduced contractility when compared with their WT counterparts. Signaling both from EFNBs to EPHB4 (forward signaling) and from EPHB4 to EFNB2 (reverse signaling) modulated VSMC contractility. At the molecular level, the absence of EPHB4 in VSMCs resulted in compromised signaling from Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) to myosin light chain, the last of which controls the contraction force of motor molecule myosin. Near the cell membrane, an adaptor protein GRIP1, which can associate with EFNB2, was found to be essential in mediating EPHB4-to-EFNB reverse signaling, which regulated VSMC contractility, based on siRNA gene knockdown studies. Our research indicates that EPHB4 plays an essential role in regulating small artery contractility and blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9
| | - Eric Thorin
- the Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8
| | - Hongyu Luo
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9
| | - Julie L Lavoie
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, the Département de Kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, and
| | - Zenghui Wu
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9
| | - Junzheng Peng
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9
| | - Shijie Qi
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9
| | - Jiangping Wu
- From the Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, the Nephrology Service, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yan Y, Wang Q, Yan XL, Zhang Y, Li W, Tang F, Li X, Yang P. miR-10a controls glioma migration and invasion through regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition via EphA8. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:756-65. [PMID: 25683004 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the development of cancers. However, the role of miRNAs in glioma is still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that microRNA-10a (miR-10a) promotes cell migration and invasion by negatively regulating the expression of Eph tyrosine kinase receptor A8 (EphA8). Ectopic expression of EphA8 counteracts the promotion of migration and invasion induced by miR-10a. We further demonstrate that miR-10a and EphA8 regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to affect cell migration and invasion. Collectively, we unveil a branch of the miR-10a/EphA8 pathway that regulates the progression of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Conditioned deletion of ephrinB1 and/or ephrinB2 in either thymocytes or thymic epithelial cells alters the organization of thymic medulla and favors the appearance of thymic epithelial cysts. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:517-29. [PMID: 25417117 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding about medullary compartment, its niches composition and formation is still limited. Previous studies using EphB2 and/or EphB3 knockout mice showed an abnormal thymic development that affects mainly to the epithelial component, including the cortex/medulla distribution, thymic epithelial cell (TEC) morphology and different epithelial-specific marker expression. We have already demonstrated that the lack of ephrinB1 and/or ephrinB2, either on thymocytes or on TECs, alters the cell intermingling processes necessary for thymus organization and affect cortical TEC subpopulations. In the present work, we have used the Cre-LoxP model to selectively delete ephrinB1 and/or ephrinB2 in thymocytes (EfnB1(thy/thy), EfnB2(thy/thy), EfnB1(thy/thy)EfnB2(thy/thy) mice) or TECs (EfnB1(tec/tec), EfnB2(tec/tec), EfnB1(tec/tec)EfnB2(tec/tec) mice) and have analyzed their role on the medullary compartment. In all the studied mutants, medullary areas are smaller and more compact than in the wt thymuses. In most of them, we observe abundant big cysts and a higher proportion of UEA(hi)MTS10(-) cells than in wt mice, which are often forming small cysts. On EfnB1(tec/tec)EfnB2(tec/tec), changes affecting organ size and medullary compartment start at perinatal stage. Our data shed some light on knowledge about wt medulla histological structure and cysts meaning and formation process and on the role played by ephrinB in them.
Collapse
|
34
|
Gucciardo E, Sugiyama N, Lehti K. Eph- and ephrin-dependent mechanisms in tumor and stem cell dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3685-710. [PMID: 24794629 PMCID: PMC11113620 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors comprise the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Initially regarded as axon-guidance and tissue-patterning molecules, Eph receptors have now been attributed with various functions during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. Their ligands, ephrins, are synthesized as membrane-associated molecules. At least two properties make this signaling system unique: (1) the signal can be simultaneously transduced in the receptor- and the ligand-expressing cell, (2) the signaling outcome through the same molecules can be opposite depending on cellular context. Moreover, shedding of Eph and ephrin ectodomains as well as ligand-dependent and -independent receptor crosstalk with other RTKs, proteases, and adhesion molecules broadens the repertoire of Eph/ephrin functions. These integrated pathways provide plasticity to cell-microenvironment communication in varying tissue contexts. The complex molecular networks and dynamic cellular outcomes connected to the Eph/ephrin signaling in tumor-host communication and stem cell niche are the main focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nami Sugiyama
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Allonby O, El Zawily AM, Freywald T, Mousseau DD, Chlan J, Anderson D, Benmerah A, Sidhu V, Babu M, DeCoteau J, Freywald A. Ligand stimulation induces clathrin- and Rab5-dependent downregulation of the kinase-dead EphB6 receptor preceded by the disruption of EphB6-Hsp90 interaction. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2645-57. [PMID: 25152371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-induced internalisation and subsequent downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) serve to determine biological outputs of their signalling. Intrinsically kinase-deficient RTKs control a variety of biological responses, however, the mechanism of their downregulation is not well understood and its analysis is focused exclusively on the ErbB3 receptor. The Eph group of RTKs is represented by the EphA and EphB subclasses. Each bears one kinase-inactive member, EphA10 and EphB6, respectively, suggesting an important role for these molecules in the Eph signalling network. While EphB6 effects on cell behaviour have been assessed, the mechanism of its downregulation remains elusive. Our work reveals that EphB6 and its kinase-active relative, and signalling partner, EphB4, are downregulated in a similar manner in response to their common ligand, ephrin-B2. Following stimulation, both receptors are internalised through clathrin-coated pits and are degraded in lysosomes. Their targeting for lysosomal degradation relies on the activity of an early endosome regulator, the Rab5 GTPase, as this process is inhibited in the presence of a Rab5 dominant-negative mutant. EphB6 also interacts with the Hsp90 chaperone and EphB6 downregulation is preceded by their rapid dissociation. Moreover, the inhibition of Hsp90 results in EphB6 degradation, mimicking its ligand-induced downregulation. These processes appear to rely on overlapping mechanisms, since Hsp90 inhibition does not significantly enhance ligand-induced EphB6 elimination. Taken together, our observations define a novel mechanism for intrinsically kinase-deficient RTK downregulation and support an intriguing model, where Hsp90 dissociation acts as a trigger for ligand-induced receptor removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odette Allonby
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Amr M El Zawily
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Tanya Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Chlan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Deborah Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Cancer Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Vishaldeep Sidhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK,S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK,S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - John DeCoteau
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Effect of reduced EPHB4 expression in thymic epithelial cells on thymocyte development and peripheral T cell function. Mol Immunol 2013; 58:1-9. [PMID: 24246266 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Eph kinase (EPH) and ephrin (EFN) families are involved in a broad range of developmental processes. Increasing evidence is demonstrating the important roles of EPHBs and EphrinBs in the immune system. In this study on epithelial cell-specific Ephb4 knockout (KO) mice, we investigated T-cell development and function after EPHB4 deletion. KO mice presented normal thymic weight and cellularity. Their thymocyte subpopulation percentages were in the normal range. KO mice had normal T-cell numbers and percentages in the spleen, and T cells were activated and proliferated normally upon TCR ligation. Furthermore, naïve spleen CD4 cells from KO and wild type mice were capable of differentiating, in a comparable manner, into Th1, Th17 and Treg cells. In vivo, KO mice mounted effective delayed type hypersensitivity responses, indicating that thymocytes develop normally in the absence of TEC EPHB4, and T cells derived from EPHB4-deleted thymic epithelian cells (TEC) have normal function. Our data suggest that heavy redundancy and promiscuous interaction between EPHs and EFNs compensate for the missing EPHB4 in TECs, and TEC EPHB4's role in T cell development might only be revealed if multiple EPHs are ablated simultaneously. We cannot exclude the possibility that (1) some immunological parameters not examined in this study are affected by the deletion; (2) the deletion is not complete due to the leaky Cre-LoxP system, and the remaining EPHB4 in TEC is sufficient for thymocyte development; or (3) EPHB4 expression in TEC is not required for T cell development and function.
Collapse
|
38
|
Nguyen TM, Arthur A, Hayball JD, Gronthos S. EphB and Ephrin-B interactions mediate human mesenchymal stem cell suppression of activated T-cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2751-64. [PMID: 23711177 PMCID: PMC3787464 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) express the contact-dependent erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinase family and their cognate ephrin ligands, which are known to regulate thymocyte maturation and selection, T-cell transendothelial migration, activation, co-stimulation, and proliferation. However, the contribution of Eph/ephrin molecules in mediating human MSC suppression of activated T-cells remains to be determined. In the present study, we showed that EphB2 and ephrin-B2 are expressed by ex vivo expanded MSC, while the corresponding ligands, ephrin-B1 and EphB4, respectively, are highly expressed by T-cells. Initial studies demonstrated that EphB2-Fc and ephrin-B2-Fc molecules suppressed T-cell proliferation in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays compared with human IgG-treated controls. While the addition of a third-party MSC population demonstrated dramatic suppression of T-cell proliferation responses in the MLR, blocking the function of EphB2 or EphB4 receptors using inhibitor binding peptides significantly increased T-cell proliferation. Consistent with these observations, shRNA EphB2 or ephrin-B2 knockdown expression in MSC reduced their ability to inhibit T-cell proliferation. Importantly, the expression of immunosuppressive factors, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, transforming growth factor-β1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressed by MSC, was up-regulated after stimulation with EphB4 and ephrin-B1 in the presence of interferon (IFN)-γ, compared with untreated controls. Conversely, key factors involved in T-cell activation and proliferation, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-17, were down-regulated by T-cells treated with EphB2 or ephrin-B2 compared with untreated controls. Studies utilizing signaling inhibitors revealed that inhibition of T-cell proliferation is partly mediated through EphB2-induced ephrin-B1 reverse signaling or ephrin-B2-mediated EphB4 forward signaling by activating Src, PI3Kinase, Abl, and JNK kinase pathways, activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Taken together, these observations suggest that EphB/ephrin-B interactions play an important role in mediating human MSC inhibition of activated T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Ephrin-B2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ephrin-B2/genetics
- Ephrin-B2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor, EphB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, EphB2/genetics
- Receptor, EphB2/metabolism
- Receptor, EphB4/genetics
- Receptor, EphB4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao M. Nguyen
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agnes Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Stem Cell Research and Robinson Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Buensuceso AV, Deroo BJ. The Ephrin Signaling Pathway Regulates Morphology and Adhesion of Mouse Granulosa Cells In Vitro1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:25. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
40
|
Adrain C, Freeman M. New lives for old: evolution of pseudoenzyme function illustrated by iRhoms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:489-98. [PMID: 22781900 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing of genomes has revealed that most enzyme families include inactive homologues. These pseudoenzymes are often well conserved, implying a selective pressure to retain them during evolution, and therefore that they have significant function. Mechanistic insights and evolutionary lessons are now emerging from the study of a broad range of such 'dead' enzymes. The recently discovered iRhoms - inactive homologues of rhomboid proteases - have joined derlins and other members of the rhomboid-like clan in regulating the fate of proteins as they pass through the secretory pathway. There is a strong case that dead enzymes, which have been rather overlooked, may be a rich source of biological regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Adrain
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
T cell-specific deletion of EFNB2 minimally affects T cell development and function. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:141-7. [PMID: 22673212 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eph kinases and their ephrin ligands (EFN) are all cell surface molecules, capable of transmitting signals in both directions (1, 2). Such bidirectional signaling is called forward (from EFNs to Ephs) and reverse (from Ephs to EFNs) signaling. Eph family kinases have 15 members, divided into A and B subfamilies. Ephrin ligands have 9 members, also classified into A and B families. Ephs and ephrins interact promiscuously, but EphAs mainly interact with EFNAs, and EphBs with EFNBs. EphB family kinases and their ephrin ligands (EFN) are expressed in the T cell compartment. RESULTS In this study, using mice with T cell-specific EFNB2 gene knockout (EFNB2 KO mice), we investigated T cell development and function after EFNB2 deletion. EFNB2 KO mice presented normal thymus weight and cellularity. Their thymocyte subpopulations, such as CD4CD8 double positive cells and CD4 and CD8 single positive cells, were normally distributed, but there was a significant relative increase of CD4CD8 double negative cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that there was a moderate increase in the DN3 subpopulation. This augmented percentage of DN cells was further confirmed in competitive repopulation chimeras, suggesting that EFNB2 is involved in thymocyte development. The EFNB2 KO mice had normal T cell numbers and percentages in the spleen, and the T cells were able to be activated and to proliferate normally upon TCR ligation. Further, EFNB2 KO naïve CD4 cells were capable of differentiating into Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells similar to WT naïve CD4 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the involvement of EFNB2 in thymocyte development. However, heavy redundancy among Eph/EFN family members prevents the occurrence of detrimental phenotypes in the T cell compartment caused by T cell-specific EFNB2 gene null mutation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kawano H, Katayama Y, Minagawa K, Shimoyama M, Henkemeyer M, Matsui T. A novel feedback mechanism by Ephrin-B1/B2 in T-cell activation involves a concentration-dependent switch from costimulation to inhibition. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1562-72. [PMID: 22622783 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional signals via Eph receptors/ephrins have been recognized as major forms of contact-dependent cell communications such as cell attraction and repulsion. T cells express EphBs, and their ligands, the ephrin-Bs, have been known as costimulatory molecules for T-cell proliferation. Recently, another remarkable feature of ephrin-As has emerged in the form of a concentration-dependent transition from promotion to inhibition in axon growth. Here we examined whether this modification plays a role in ephrin-B costimulation in murine primary T cells. Low doses of ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 costimulated T-cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3, but high concentrations strongly inhibited it. In contrast, ephrin-B3 showed a steadily increasing stimulatory effect. This modulation was virtually preserved in T cells from mice simultaneously lacking four genes, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, and EphB6. High concentrations of ephrin-B1/B2, but not ephrin-B3, inhibited the anti-CD3-induced phosphorylation of Lck and its downstream signals such as Erk and Akt. Additionally, high doses of any ephrin-Bs could phosphorylate EphB4. However, only ephrin-B1/B2 but not ephrin-B3 recruited SHP1, a phosphatase to suppress the phosphorylation of Lck. These data suggest that EphB4 signaling could engage in negative feedback to TCR signals. T-cell activation may be finely adjusted by the combination and concentration of ephrin-Bs expressed in the immunological microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawano
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Weissgerber P, Kriebs U, Tsvilovskyy V, Olausson J, Kretz O, Stoerger C, Mannebach S, Wissenbach U, Vennekens R, Middendorff R, Flockerzi V, Freichel M. Excision of Trpv6 gene leads to severe defects in epididymal Ca2+ absorption and male fertility much like single D541A pore mutation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17930-41. [PMID: 22427671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.328286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of aspartate residue 541 by alanine (D541A) in the pore of TRPV6 channels in mice disrupts Ca(2+) absorption by the epididymal epithelium, resulting in abnormally high Ca(2+) concentrations in epididymal luminal fluid and in a dramatic but incomplete loss of sperm motility and fertilization capacity, raising the possibility of residual activity of channels formed by TRPV6(D541A) proteins (Weissgerber, P., Kriebs, U., Tsvilovskyy, V., Olausson, J., Kretz, O., Stoerger, C., Vennekens, R., Wissenbach, U., Middendorff, R., Flockerzi, V., and Freichel, M. (2011) Sci. Signal. 4, ra27). It is known from other cation channels that introducing pore mutations even if they largely affect their conductivity and permeability can evoke considerably different phenotypes compared with the deletion of the corresponding protein. Therefore, we generated TRPV6-deficient mice (Trpv6(-/-)) by deleting exons encoding transmembrane domains with the pore-forming region and the complete cytosolic C terminus harboring binding sites for TRPV6-associated proteins that regulate its activity and plasma membrane anchoring. Using this strategy, we aimed to determine whether the TRPV6(D541A) pore mutant still contributes to residual channel activity and/or channel-independent functions in vivo. Trpv6(-/-) males reveal severe defects in fertility and motility and viability of sperm and a significant increase in epididymal luminal Ca(2+) concentration that is mirrored by a lack of Ca(2+) uptake by the epididymal epithelium. Therewith, Trpv6 excision affects epididymal Ca(2+) handling and male fertility to the same extent as the introduction of the D541A pore mutation, arguing against residual functions of the TRPV6(D541A) pore mutant in epididymal epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Weissgerber
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitaet des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Luo H, Wu Z, Tremblay J, Thorin E, Peng J, Lavoie JL, Hu B, Stoyanova E, Cloutier G, Qi S, Wu T, Cameron M, Wu J. Receptor tyrosine kinase Ephb6 regulates vascular smooth muscle contractility and modulates blood pressure in concert with sex hormones. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:6819-29. [PMID: 22223652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph kinases constitute the largest receptor tyrosine kinase family, and their ligands, ephrins (Efns), are also cell surface molecules. Our study is the first to assess the role of Ephb6 in blood pressure (BP) regulation. We observed that EphB6 and all three of its Efnb ligands were expressed on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in mice. We discovered that small arteries from castrated Ephb6 gene KO males showed increased contractility, RhoA activation, and constitutive myosin light chain phosphorylation ex vivo compared with their WT counterparts. Consistent with this finding, castrated Ephb6 KO mice presented heightened BP compared with castrated WT controls. In vitro experiments in VSMC revealed that cross-linking Efnbs but not Ephb6 resulted in reduced VSMC contractions, suggesting that reverse signaling through Efnbs was responsible for the observed BP phenotype. The reverse signaling was mediated by an adaptor protein Grip1. Additional experiments demonstrated decreased 24-h urine catecholamines in male Ephb6 KO mice, probably as a compensatory feedback mechanism to keep their BP in the normal range. After castration, however, such compensation was abolished in Ephb6 KO mice and was likely the reason why BP increased overtly in these animals. It suggests that Ephb6 has a target in the nervous/endocrine system in addition to VSMC, regulating a testosterone-dependent catecholamine compensatory mechanism. Our study discloses that Ephs and Efns, in concert with testosterone, play a critical role in regulating small artery contractility and BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Luo H, Wu Z, Qi S, Jin W, Han B, Wu J. Ephrinb1 and Ephrinb2 are associated with interleukin-7 receptor α and retard its internalization from the cell surface. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44976-87. [PMID: 22069310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-7 plays vital roles in thymocyte development, T cell homeostasis, and the survival of these cells. IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) on thymocytes and T cells is rapidly internalized upon IL-7 ligation. Ephrins (Efns) are cell surface molecules and ligands of the largest receptor kinase family, Eph kinases. We discovered that T cell-specific double gene knock-out (dKO) of Efnb1 and Efnb2 in mice led to reduced IL-7Rα expression in thymocytes and T cells, and that IL-7Rα down-regulation was accelerated in dKO CD4 cells upon IL-7 treatment. On the other hand, Efnb1 and Efnb2 overexpression on T cell lymphoma EL4 cells retarded IL-7Rα down-regulation. dKO T cells manifested compromised STAT5 activation and homeostatic proliferation, an IL-7-dependent process. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Efnb1 and Efnb2 interacted physically with IL-7Rα. Such interaction likely retarded IL-7Rα internalization, as Efnb1 and Efnb2 were not internalized. Therefore, we revealed a novel function of Efnb1 and Efnb2 in stabilizing IL-7Rα expression at the post-translational level, and a previously unknown modus operandi of Efnbs in the regulation of expression of other vital cell surface receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Luo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université deMontréal, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Luo H, Charpentier T, Wang X, Qi S, Han B, Wu T, Terra R, Lamarre A, Wu J. Efnb1 and Efnb2 proteins regulate thymocyte development, peripheral T cell differentiation, and antiviral immune responses and are essential for interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41135-41152. [PMID: 21976681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.302596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular kinases (Eph kinases) constitute the largest family of cell membrane receptor tyrosine kinases, and their ligand ephrins are also cell surface molecules. Because of promiscuous interaction between Ephs and ephrins, there is considerable redundancy in this system, reflecting the essential roles of these molecules in the biological system through evolution. In this study, both Efnb1 and Efnb2 were null-mutated in the T cell compartment of mice through loxP-mediated gene deletion. Mice with this double conditional mutation (double KO mice) showed reduced thymus and spleen size and cellularity. There was a significant decrease in the DN4, double positive, and single positive thymocyte subpopulations and mature CD4 and CD8 cells in the periphery. dKO thymocytes and peripheral T cells failed to compete with their WT counterparts in irradiated recipients, and the T cells showed compromised ability of homeostatic expansion. dKO naive T cells were inferior in differentiating into Th1 and Th17 effectors in vitro. The dKO mice showed diminished immune response against LCMV infection. Mechanistic studies revealed that IL-6 signaling in dKO T cells was compromised, in terms of abated induction of STAT3 phosphorylation upon IL-6 stimulation. This defect likely contributed to the observed in vitro and in vivo phenotype in dKO mice. This study revealed novel roles of Efnb1 and Efnb2 in T cell development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Luo
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Xuehai Wang
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Shijie Qi
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Bing Han
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Tao Wu
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada; Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Rafik Terra
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada; Service Nephrologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Truitt L, Freywald A. Dancing with the dead: Eph receptors and their kinase-null partners. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:115-29. [PMID: 21455264 DOI: 10.1139/o10-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, ephrins, are membrane proteins coordinating a wide range of biological functions both in developing embryos and in adult multicellular organisms. Numerous studies have implicated Eph receptors in the induction of opposing responses, including cell adhesion or repulsion, support or inhibition of cell proliferation and cell migration, and progression or suppression of multiple malignancies. Similar to other receptor tyrosine kinases, Eph receptors rely on their ability to catalyze tyrosine phosphorylation for signal transduction. Interestingly, however, Eph receptors also actively utilize three kinase-deficient receptor tyrosine kinases, EphB6, EphA10, and Ryk, in their signaling network. The accumulating evidence suggests that the unusual flexibility of the Eph family, allowing it to initiate antagonistic responses, might be partially explained by the influence of the kinase-dead participants and that the exact outcome of an Eph-mediated action is likely to be defined by the balance between the signaling of catalytically potent and catalytically null receptors. We discuss in this minireview the emerging functions of the kinase-dead EphB6, EphA10, and Ryk receptors both in normal biological responses and in malignancy, and analyze currently available information related to the molecular mechanisms of their action in the context of the Eph family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Truitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Sasketchewan, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Muñoz JJ, Cejalvo T, Alonso-Colmenar LM, Alfaro D, Garcia-Ceca J, Zapata A. Eph/Ephrin-mediated interactions in the thymus. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:271-80. [PMID: 21952679 DOI: 10.1159/000329490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we review available information on the relevance of Eph and ephrins in numerous processes occurring in the thymus that regulate not only T cell differentiation but also thymic epithelial cell (TEC) development and organization. Eph/ephrins are a large family of receptors and ligands involved in organogenesis and homeostasis of adult tissues. They are extensively expressed in the thymus and seem to be involved in the colonization of lymphoid progenitor cells and their migration throughout the thymic parenchyma necessary to provide an adequate topological location of developing thymocytes in the epithelial network that ensures their correct differentiation. In addition, EphB2 and EphB3 play a cell-autonomous role in regulating the transitions of double-negative to double-positive cells and of double-positive to single-positive thymocytes and the lack of these molecules or their ligands ephrin B1 and ephrin B2 induces profound alterations of the TEC maturation and in the arrangement of epithelial network. We emphasize that these results are largely reflecting the role played by this family of molecules in controlling thymocyte-TEC interactions within the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Muñoz
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Center, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Braun J, Hoffmann SC, Feldner A, Ludwig T, Henning R, Hecker M, Korff T. Endothelial cell ephrinB2-dependent activation of monocytes in arteriosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:297-305. [PMID: 21127290 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.217646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression of ephrinB2 in endothelial cells delineates their arterial phenotype and is a prerequisite for the development of the embryonic vasculature. Whereas the role of ephrinB2 in the microcirculation has been studied extensively, its expression and function in adult arteries is hardly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Our analyses showed that in mouse arteries, ephrinB2 is located on the luminal surface of endothelial cells and may physically interact with monocyte EphB receptors. Moreover, transdifferentiation of human monocytes into macrophages was associated with an increase in EphB2 expression, and exposing monocytes to immobilized ephrinB2 resulted in phosphorylation of the receptor followed by an increased expression of proinflammatory chemokines such as interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2. Relating to the (patho)physiological relevance of these findings, immunofluorescence analyses revealed that ephrinB2 is most abundantly expressed in endothelial cells at arteriosclerosis predilection sites of the mouse aorta. Subsequent analyses indicated that monocyte adhesion to aortic segments abundantly expressing ephrinB2 is strongly enhanced and that endothelial cell ephrinB2 forward signaling is sufficient to upregulate cytokine expression in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest a hitherto unknown link between vascular ephrinB2 expression and the proinflammatory activation of monocytes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Braun
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pham DNT, Luo H, Wu J. Reduced Ran expression in Ran(+/-) fibroblasts increases cytokine-stimulated nuclear abundance of the AP-1 subunits c-Fos and c-Jun. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4623-6. [PMID: 20965183 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ran (Ras-related nuclear protein), a Ras family GTPase, is involved in multiple cellular functions, including the regulation of DNA replication, cell cycle progression, nuclear structure formation, RNA processing-exportation, and nuclear protein importation. Ran(+/-) embryonic stem (ES) cells were produced in an attempt to generate Ran null mutant mice. Even after an extremely large number of blastocyst injections, no Ran(+/-) chimeric mice could be generated. Ran(+/-) ES cell-derived fibroblasts showed reduced Ran protein expression, and manifested augmented nuclear abundance of AP-1 factors (c-Jun and c-Fos) upon cytokine stimulation. Our experiments demonstrated that intracellular Ran protein levels controlled the nuclear presence of certain transcription factors, such as c-Fos and c-Jun.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diep Ngoc Thi Pham
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|