1
|
Nicholas CA, Tensun FA, Evans SA, Toole KP, Broncucia H, Hesselberth JR, Gottlieb PA, Wells KL, Smith MJ. Islet-antigen reactive B cells display a unique phenotype and BCR repertoire in autoantibody positive and recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599914. [PMID: 38979376 PMCID: PMC11230262 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells play an important but ill-defined role in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). To better understand their contribution, we performed single cell gene and BCR-seq analysis on pancreatic islet antigen-reactive (IAR) B cells from the peripheral blood of nondiabetic (ND), autoantibody positive prediabetic (AAB), and recent-onset T1D individuals. We found that the frequency of IAR B cells was increased in AAB and T1D. IAR B cells from these donors had altered expression of B cell signaling, pro-inflammatory, infection, and antigen processing and presentation genes. Both AAB and T1D donors demonstrated a significant increase in certain heavy and light chain V genes, and these V genes were enriched in islet-reactivity. Public clones of IAR B cells were restricted almost entirely to AAB and T1D donors. IAR B cells were clonally expanded in the autoimmune donors, particularly the AAB group. Notably, a substantial fraction of IAR B cells in AAB and T1D donors appeared to be polyreactive, which was corroborated by analysis of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. These results expand our understanding of autoreactive B cell activation during T1D and identify unique BCR repertoire changes that may serve as biomarkers for increased disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Nicholas
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Fatima A. Tensun
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Spencer A. Evans
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kevin P. Toole
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hali Broncucia
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristen L. Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng A, Holland SM. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies: mechanistic insights and disease associations. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:161-177. [PMID: 37726402 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cytokine autoantibodies (ACAAs) are increasingly recognized as modulating disease severity in infection, inflammation and autoimmunity. By reducing or augmenting cytokine signalling pathways or by altering the half-life of cytokines in the circulation, ACAAs can be either pathogenic or disease ameliorating. The origins of ACAAs remain unclear. Here, we focus on the most common ACAAs in the context of disease groups with similar characteristics. We review the emerging genetic and environmental factors that are thought to drive their production. We also describe how the profiling of ACAAs should be considered for the early diagnosis, active monitoring, treatment or sub-phenotyping of diseases. Finally, we discuss how understanding the biology of naturally occurring ACAAs can guide therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristine Cheng
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bransfield RC, Mao C, Greenberg R. Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 38200989 PMCID: PMC10779437 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A review of the association between microbes and mental illness is performed, including the history, relevant definitions, infectious agents associated with mental illnesses, complex interactive infections, total load theory, pathophysiology, psychoimmunology, psychoneuroimmunology, clinical presentations, early-life infections, clinical assessment, and treatment. Perspectives on the etiology of mental illness have evolved from demonic possession toward multisystem biologically based models that include gene expression, environmental triggers, immune mediators, and infectious diseases. Microbes are associated with a number of mental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders, as well as suicidality and aggressive or violent behaviors. Specific microbes that have been associated or potentially associated with at least one of these conditions include Aspergillus, Babesia, Bartonella, Borna disease virus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Candida, Chlamydia, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus, human endogenous retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, influenza viruses, measles virus, Mycoplasma, Plasmodium, rubella virus, Group A Streptococcus (PANDAS), Taenia solium, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trypanosoma, and West Nile virus. Recognition of the microbe and mental illness association with the development of greater interdisciplinary research, education, and treatment options may prevent and reduce mental illness morbidity, disability, and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Bransfield
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutey, NJ 07110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang X, Huang X, Huang Y, Zheng J, Lu Y, Mai Z, Zhao X, Cui L, Huang S. The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe? J Transl Med 2023; 21:211. [PMID: 36949458 PMCID: PMC10031900 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by abundant and diverse microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiome. The oral cavity has more than 700 species of bacteria and consists of unique microbiome niches on mucosal surfaces, on tooth hard tissue, and in saliva. The homeostatic balance between the oral microbiota and the immune system plays an indispensable role in maintaining the well-being and health status of the human host. Growing evidence has demonstrated that oral microbiota dysbiosis is actively involved in regulating the initiation and progression of an array of autoimmune diseases.Oral microbiota dysbiosis is driven by multiple factors, such as host genetic factors, dietary habits, stress, smoking, administration of antibiotics, tissue injury and infection. The dysregulation in the oral microbiome plays a crucial role in triggering and promoting autoimmune diseases via several mechanisms, including microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, autoantigen overproduction, and amplification of autoimmune responses by cytokines. Good oral hygiene behaviors, low carbohydrate diets, healthy lifestyles, usage of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, oral microbiota transplantation and nanomedicine-based therapeutics are promising avenues for maintaining a balanced oral microbiome and treating oral microbiota-mediated autoimmune diseases. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases is critical for providing novel insights into the development of oral microbiota-based therapeutic approaches for combating these refractory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Zizhao Mai
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim JW, Jung H, Baek IP, Nam Y, Kang J, Chung MK, Park JB, Lee J, Kwok SK, Kim WU, Park SH, Ju JH. Differential effects of periodontal microbiome on the rheumatoid factor induction during rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19636. [PMID: 36385263 PMCID: PMC9668994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Association between exposure to periodontal bacteria and development of autoantibodies related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been widely accepted; however, direct causal relationship between periodontal bacteria and rheumatoid factor (RF) is currently not fully understood. We investigated whether periodontal bacteria could affect RF status. Patients with preclinical, new-onset, or chronic RA underwent periodontal examination, and investigation of subgingival microbiome via 16S rRNA sequencing. Degree of arthritis and RF induction was examined in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice that were orally inoculated with different periodontal bacteria species. Subsequently, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the mouse spleen cells was performed. Patients with preclinical RA showed an increased abundance of the Porphyromonadacae family in the subgingival microbiome compared to those with new-onset or chronic RA, despite comparable periodontitis severity among them. Notably, a distinct subgingival microbial community was found between patients with high-positive RF and those with negative or low-positive RF (p=0.022). Oral infections with the periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis and Treponema denticola in CIA mice similarly enhanced arthritis score, but resulted in different levels of RF induction. Genes related to B cell receptor signaling, B cell proliferation, activation, and differentiation, and CD4+ T cell costimulation and cytokine production were involved in the differential induction of RF in mice exposed to different bacteria. In summary, periodontal microbiome might shape RF status by affecting the humoral immune response during RA pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Jung
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yoojun Nam
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Kang
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Chung
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Lee
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bockenstedt LK, Wooten RM, Baumgarth N. Immune Response to Borrelia: Lessons from Lyme Disease Spirochetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:145-190. [PMID: 33289684 PMCID: PMC10842262 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward limiting pathogen burdens, minimizing tissue injury, and preventing subsequent reinfection. The evolutionary adaptation of Borrelia spirochetes to their reservoir mammalian hosts may allow for its persistence despite this immune defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response to B. burgdorferi sensu lato, the most widely studied Borrelia spp. and etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis. Pertinent literature will be reviewed with emphasis on in vitro, ex vivo and animal studies that influenced our understanding of both the earliest responses to B. burgdorferi as it enters the mammalian host and those that evolve as spirochetes disseminate and establish infection in multiple tissues. Our focus is on the immune response of inbred mice, the most commonly studied animal model of B. burgdorferi infection and surrogate for one of this pathogen's principle natural reservoir hosts, the white-footed deer mouse. Comparison will be made to the immune responses of humans with Lyme borreliosis. Our goal is to provide an understanding of the dynamics of the mammalian immune response during infection with B. burgdorferi and its relation to the outcomes in reservoir (mouse) and non-reservoir (human) hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lorente E, Fontela MG, Barnea E, Martín-Galiano AJ, Mir C, Galocha B, Admon A, Lauzurica P, López D. Modulation of Natural HLA-B*27:05 Ligandome by Ankylosing Spondylitis-associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2). Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:994-1004. [PMID: 32265295 PMCID: PMC7261815 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HLA-B*27:05 allele and the endoplasmic reticulum-resident aminopeptidases are strongly associated with AS, a chronic inflammatory spondyloarthropathy. This study examined the effect of ERAP2 in the generation of the natural HLA-B*27:05 ligandome in live cells. Complexes of HLA-B*27:05-bound peptide pools were isolated from human ERAP2-edited cell clones, and the peptides were identified using high-throughput mass spectrometry analyses. The relative abundance of a thousand ligands was established by quantitative tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis. The residue frequencies at different peptide position, identified in the presence or absence of ERAP2, determined structural features of ligands and their interactions with specific pockets of the antigen-binding site of the HLA-B*27:05 molecule. Sequence alignment of ligands identified with species of bacteria associated with HLA-B*27-dependent reactive arthritis was performed. In the absence of ERAP2, peptides with N-terminal basic residues and minority canonical P2 residues are enriched in the natural ligandome. Further, alterations of residue frequencies and hydrophobicity profile at P3, P7, and PΩ positions were detected. In addition, several ERAP2-dependent cellular peptides were highly similar to protein sequences of arthritogenic bacteria, including one human HLA-B*27:05 ligand fully conserved in a protein from Campylobacter jejuni These findings highlight the pathogenic role of this aminopeptidase in the triggering of AS autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lorente
- Unidad de Presentación y Regulación Inmunes, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Miguel G Fontela
- Unidad de Presentación y Regulación Inmunes, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eilon Barnea
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Carmen Mir
- Unidad de Presentación y Regulación Inmunes, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Begoña Galocha
- Unidad de Presentación y Regulación Inmunes, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Arie Admon
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Pilar Lauzurica
- Unidad de Presentación y Regulación Inmunes, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Daniel López
- Unidad de Presentación y Regulación Inmunes, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bernard A, Seve P, Abukhashabh A, Roure-Sobas C, Boibieux A, Denis P, Broussolle C, Mathis T, Kodjikian L. Lyme-associated uveitis: Clinical spectrum and review of literature. Eur J Ophthalmol 2019; 30:874-885. [PMID: 31238716 DOI: 10.1177/1120672119856943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical presentation of Lyme-associated uveitis is poorly described. We reported here a case series of seven patients with uveitis related to Lyme disease and a review of the literature. METHODS A retrospective study in our university hospital between 1 May 2003 and 31 July 2016 on 1006 uveitis patients and review of Pubmed library. RESULTS Seven patients (71.4% male, mean age = 53 (38-70)) were diagnosed with a Lyme-associated uveitis. All anatomical types of uveitis were found (four intermediate, three anterior, and three posterior uveitis); most were unilateral (n = 6; 85.7%), one granulomatous and two with synechiae. Peripheral retinal vasculitis was present in four patients. They all had a risk of exposure or extra-ophthalmological symptoms. Antibiotic and steroid treatment was rapidly effective in all patients. Four patients presented recurrences of uveitis, of whom two received a second antibiotic treatment, which is quite common in literature. Persistent or recurrence of symptoms can be explained by three hypotheses: (1) reinfection, (2) relapse of original infection, and (3) autoimmune reaction. CONCLUSION Lyme-associated uveitis appears varied. Hyalitis and involvement of the posterior segment and retinal vasculitis seem to be rather frequent. Its prognosis is mainly good, even if inflammation can be resistant or recurring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Bernard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Seve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Amro Abukhashabh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Chantal Roure-Sobas
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Andre Boibieux
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Denis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Christiane Broussolle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Thibaud Mathis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon I, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adler BL, Christopher-Stine L. Triggers of inflammatory myopathy: insights into pathogenesis. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2018; 25:75-83. [PMID: 29579414 PMCID: PMC5921929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory myopathies, which include dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and the immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies, are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases that manifest with muscle, skin, or lung damage. Collectively, these autoimmune diseases result from loss of tolerance to a select group of self-antigens, although the precise mechanism through which this occurs is not known. Infection, malignancy, and certain medications including statins and the immune checkpoint inhibitors used in cancer therapy have been identified as potential immunologic triggers of the inflammatory myopathies. Some of these triggers are classically associated with specific myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs). The strong association between certain triggers and MSAs provides insights into how an immunologic event can lead to loss of tolerance to specific self-antigens, resulting in autoimmune disease. In this review, we discuss the proposed triggers of the inflammatory myopathies and their associations with MSAs, and provide insights into how these triggers may result in the inflammatory myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Adler
- Department of Medicine Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lisa Christopher-Stine
- Department of Medicine Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aranda-Uribe IS, Ortega E, Martínez-Cordero E. Immunization of BALB/c mice with pigeon IgY induces the production of anti-IgG autoantibodies. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:336-345. [PMID: 28699799 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1344974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of immunological tolerance due to the activation of autoreactive B and T cells triggers physiopathological processes. An example of such conditions is the production of IgG autoantibodies specific for the Fc portion of IgG (anti-Fcγ IgG). Previous reports have shown that patients with pigeon-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis exhibit an increase in the serum levels of anti-Fcγ IgG. There is no in vivo model for the study of this condition and the immunological mechanisms of tolerance breakdown associated with sensitization by pigeon antigens are still unknown. In this work, we show that the repeated immunization of BALB/c mice with pigeon IgY during 16-weeks induces the production of anti-Fcγ IgG and keeps their high levels for seven weeks. The late appearance of anti-Fcγ IgG autoantibodies in the plasma is similar to what has been reported in other experimental autoimmune models. With the occurrence of anti-Fcγ IgG, there is a reduction in the proportion of Foxp3 + cells (regulatory T cells, Tregs) within the population of splenic CD4 + CD25 + T cells. Thus, our data showed that the immunization of BALB/c mice with IgY promotes the production of anti-Fcγ IgG along with a decrease in Tregs in the spleen. We propose that immunization of mice with pigeon antigens, like IgY can provide a model to study the immunological mechanisms involved in the development of pigeon-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sammir Aranda-Uribe
- a Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado Ciencias Biológicas , México City , México.,b Laboratorio de Autoinmunidad , Unidad de Investigación INER , México City , México
| | - Enrique Ortega
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City , México
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ceribelli A, De Santis M, Isailovic N, Gershwin ME, Selmi C. The Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis: a Critical Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 52:58-70. [PMID: 26780034 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIMs, including polymyositis and dermatomyositis) remains largely enigmatic, despite advances in the study of the role played by innate immunity, adaptive immunity, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors in an orchestrated response. Several factors are involved in the inflammatory state that characterizes the different forms of IIMs which share features and mechanisms but are clearly different with respect to the involved sites and characteristics of the inflammation. Cellular and non-cellular mechanisms of both the immune and non-immune systems have been identified as key regulators of inflammation in polymyositis/dermatomyositis, particularly at different stages of disease, leading to the fibrotic state that characterizes the end stage. Among these, a special role is played by an interferon signature and complement cascade with different mechanisms in polymyositis and dermatomyositis; these differences can be identified also histologically in muscle biopsies. Numerous cellular components of the adaptive and innate immune response are present in the site of tissue inflammation, and the complexity of idiopathic inflammatory myositis is further supported by the involvement of non-immune mechanisms such as hypoxia and autophagy. The aim of this comprehensive review is to describe the major pathogenic mechanisms involved in the onset of idiopathic inflammatory myositis and to report on the major working hypothesis with therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ceribelli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, via A. Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria De Santis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, via A. Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Natasa Isailovic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, via A. Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, via A. Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arleevskaya MI, Kravtsova OA, Lemerle J, Renaudineau Y, Tsibulkin AP. How Rheumatoid Arthritis Can Result from Provocation of the Immune System by Microorganisms and Viruses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1296. [PMID: 27582741 PMCID: PMC4987382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), similar to development of a majority of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, is largely due to an inappropriate or inadequate immune response to environmental challenges. Among these challenges, infectious agents are the undisputed leaders. Since the 1870s, an impressive list of microorganisms suspected of provoking RA has formed, and the list is still growing. Although a definite causative link between a specific infectious agent and the disease has not been established, several arguments support such a possibility. First, in the absence of a defined pathogen, the spectrum of triggering agents may include polymicrobial communities or the cumulative effect of several bacterial/viral factors. Second, the range of infectious episodes (i.e., clinical manifestations caused by pathogens) may vary in the process of RA development from preclinical to late-stage disease. Third, infectious agents might not trigger RA in all cases, but trigger it in a certain subset of the cases, or the disease onset may arise from an unfortunate combination of infections along with, for example, psychological stress and/or chronic joint tissue microtrauma. Fourth, genetic differences may have a role in the disease onset. In this review, two aspects of the problem of “microorganisms and RA” are debated. First, is there an acquired immune deficiency and, in turn, susceptibility to infections in RA patients due to the too frequent and too lengthy infections, which at last break the tolerance of self antigens? Or, second, is there a congenital deficiency in tolerance and inflammation control, which may occur even with ordinary infection frequency and duration?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Arleevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Kazan State Medical Academy Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga A Kravtsova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
| | - Julie Lemerle
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan Brest, France
| | - Anatoly P Tsibulkin
- Central Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Kazan State Medical Academy Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Clement CC, Moncrieffe H, Lele A, Janow G, Becerra A, Bauli F, Saad FA, Perino G, Montagna C, Cobelli N, Hardin J, Stern LJ, Ilowite N, Porcelli SA, Santambrogio L. Autoimmune response to transthyretin in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:85633. [PMID: 26973882 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common pediatric rheumatological condition. Although it has been proposed that JIA has an autoimmune component, the autoantigens are still unknown. Using biochemical and proteomic approaches, we identified the molecular chaperone transthyretin (TTR) as an antigenic target for B and T cell immune responses. TTR was eluted from IgG complexes and affinity purified from 3 JIA patients, and a statistically significant increase in TTR autoantibodies was observed in a group of 43 JIA patients. Three cryptic, HLA-DR1-restricted TTR peptides, which induced CD4+ T cell expansion and IFN-γ and TNF-α production in 3 out of 17 analyzed patients, were also identified. Misfolding, aggregation and oxidation of TTR, as observed in the synovial fluid of all JIA patients, enhanced its immunogenicity in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice. Our data point to TTR as an autoantigen potentially involved in the pathogenesis of JIA and to oxidation and aggregation as a mechanism facilitating TTR autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C Clement
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Halima Moncrieffe
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aditi Lele
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ginger Janow
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aniuska Becerra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesco Bauli
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fawzy A Saad
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giorgio Perino
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil Cobelli
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Hardin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norman Ilowite
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jung S, Schickel JN, Kern A, Knapp AM, Eftekhari P, Da Silva S, Jaulhac B, Brink R, Soulas-Sprauel P, Pasquali JL, Martin T, Korganow AS. Chronic bacterial infection activates autoreactive B cells and induces isotype switching and autoantigen-driven mutations. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:131-46. [PMID: 26474536 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The links between infections and the development of B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases are still unclear. In particular, it has been suggested that infection-induced stimulation of innate immune sensors can engage low affinity autoreactive B lymphocytes to mature and produce mutated IgG pathogenic autoantibodies. To test this hypothesis, we established a new knock-in mouse model in which autoreactive B cells could be committed to an affinity maturation process. We show that a chronic bacterial infection allows the activation of such B cells and the production of nonmutated IgM autoantibodies. Moreover, in the constitutive presence of their soluble antigen, some autoreactive clones are able to acquire a germinal center phenotype, to induce Aicda gene expression and to introduce somatic mutations in the IgG heavy chain variable region on amino acids forming direct contacts with the autoantigen. Paradoxically, only lower affinity variants are detected, which strongly suggests that higher affinity autoantibodies secreting B cells are counterselected. For the first time, we demonstrate in vivo that a noncross-reactive infectious agent can activate and induce autoreactive B cells to isotype switching and autoantigen-driven mutations, but on a nonautoimmune background, tolerance mechanisms prevent the formation of consequently dangerous autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jung
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,"Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires", University Hospital and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aurélie Kern
- EA 7290, "Early Bacterial Virulence", Bacteriology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Marie Knapp
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Eftekhari
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvia Da Silva
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA 7290, "Early Bacterial Virulence", Bacteriology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pauline Soulas-Sprauel
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pasquali
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Martin
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ratanji KD, Derrick JP, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins: influence of aggregation. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:99-109. [PMID: 23919460 PMCID: PMC4002659 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.821564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) against biotherapeutics can have detrimental effects on drug safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. The immunogenicity of biotherapeutics is, therefore, an important issue. There is evidence that protein aggregation can result in enhanced immunogenicity; however, the precise immunological and biochemical mechanisms responsible are poorly defined. In the context of biotherapeutic drug development and safety assessment, understanding the mechanisms underlying aggregate immunogenicity is of considerable interest. This review provides an overview of the phenomenon of protein aggregation, the production of unwanted aggregates during bioprocessing, and how the immune response to aggregated protein differs from that provoked by non-aggregated protein. Of particular interest is the nature of the interaction of aggregates with the immune system and how subsequent ADA responses are induced. Pathways considered here include 'classical' activation of the immune system involving antigen presenting cells and, alternatively, the breakdown of B-cell tolerance. Additionally, methods available to screen for aggregation and immunogenicity will be described. With an increased understanding of aggregation-enhanced immune responses, it may be possible to develop improved manufacturing and screening processes to avoid, or at least reduce, the problems associated with ADA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty D Ratanji
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Toumi A, Saleh MA, Yamagami J, Abida O, Kallel M, Masmoudi A, Makni S, Turki H, Hachiya T, Kuroda K, Stanley JR, Masmoudi H, Amagai M. Autoimmune reactivity against precursor form of desmoglein 1 in healthy Tunisians in the area of endemic pemphigus foliaceus. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:19-25. [PMID: 23489520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), the pemphigus foliaceus (PF) antigen, is produced as a precursor (preDsg1) and is transported to the cell surface as the mature form (matDsg1). Recent studies show that B cells from North American individuals without pemphigus can potentially produce anti-preDsg1 IgG antibodies, but ELISA screening of large numbers of normal people in North America and Japan hardly ever shows circulating antibodies against preDsg1 or matDsg1. In contrast, in Tunisia, where PF is endemic, anti-Dsg1 IgGs are frequently detected in healthy individuals. OBJECTIVE To characterize these anti-Dsg1 antibodies from normal individuals in Tunisia. METHODS Sera from 16 healthy individuals and 9 PF patients in the endemic PF area in Tunisia, and sera from Japanese non-endemic PF patients were analyzed by immunoprecipitation-immunoblotting using recombinant proteins of preDsg1, matDsg1, and domain-swapped Dsg1/Dsg2 molecules. RESULTS Sera from normal Tunisian individuals reacted to preDsg1 alone (8/16) or more strongly to preDsg1 than to matDsg1 (7/16), while those from all Tunisian PF patients and Japanese non-endemic PF patients reacted similarly to preDsg1 and matDsg1, or preferentially to matDsg1. The epitopes recognized by anti-Dsg1 IgGs from normal Tunisian individuals were more frequently found in the C-terminal extracellular domains (EC3 to EC5), while those in Tunisian endemic PF patients were more widely distributed throughout the extracellular domains, suggesting IgGs against EC1 and EC2 developed during disease progression. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IgG autoantibodies against Dsg1 are mostly raised against preDsg1 and/or C-terminal domains of Dsg1 in healthy Tunisians in the endemic area of PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Toumi
- Department of Immunology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schickel JN, Pasquali JL, Soley A, Knapp AM, Decossas M, Kern A, Fauny JD, Marcellin L, Korganow AS, Martin T, Soulas-Sprauel P. Carabin deficiency in B cells increases BCR-TLR9 costimulation-induced autoimmunity. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:1261-75. [PMID: 23109291 PMCID: PMC3531602 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind flares of human autoimmune diseases in general, and of systemic lupus in particular, are poorly understood. The present scenario proposes that predisposing gene defects favour clinical flares under the influence of external stimuli. Here, we show that Carabin is low in B cells of (NZB × NZW) F1 mice (murine SLE model) long before the disease onset, and is low in B cells of lupus patients during the inactive phases of the disease. Using knock-out and B-cell-conditional knock-out murine models, we identify Carabin as a new negative regulator of B-cell function, whose deficiency in B cells speeds up early B-cell responses and makes the mice more susceptible to anti-dsDNA production and renal lupus flare after stimulation with a Toll-like Receptor 9 agonist, CpG-DNA. Finally, in vitro analysis of NFκB activation and Erk phosphorylation in TLR9- and B-cell receptor (BCR)-stimulated Carabin-deficient B cells strongly suggests how the internal defect synergizes with the external stimulus and proposes Carabin as a natural inhibitor of the potentially dangerous crosstalk between BCR and TLR9 pathways in self-reactive B cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ku BD, Shin HY. Recurrent polymyositis triggered by bronchiectasis-associated infections. Int J Rheum Dis 2012; 15:e109-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2011.01596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Pasquali JL, Martin T. Control of B cells expressing naturally occurring autoantibodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:145-56. [PMID: 22903672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) are typically polyreactive, bind with low affinity to a discrete set of autoantigens and are encoded by variable region genes in germline configuration. They differ from disease-associated autoantibodies (autoAb), which are mostly monoreactive, somatically mutated and of high affinities. Structure-function studies have shown that polyreactivity of NAbs relies on the somatically generated complementarity determining region, CDR3, of the heavy chain. This finding suggested that NAb-producing B cells were positively selected from the pre-immune B-cell repertoire. The biological significance of this selection remains, however, unclear. Data originating mainly from transgenic mice have shown that mature NAb-producing B cells are frequently ignorant toward their antigen, possibly due to their low affinity, though active tolerance mechanisms are not excluded. An important issue is whether NAb-producing B cells constitute the pool from which pathologic auto Ab emerge after autoantigen-driven maturation. We summarize results obtained in mouse models, showing that some infectious agents are able to induce an autoantigen-driven activation of certain NAb-producing B cells. However direct proof that selection by autoantigen may lead to somatic hypermutation are still lacking. Other data tend to suggest that pathologic auto Abs may derive from non-autoimmune B cells that have diversified by somatic hypermutation of their variable region genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Pasquali
- Clinical Immunology Department, National Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ko HJ, Yang H, Yang JY, Seo SU, Chang SY, Seong JK, Kweon MN. Expansion of Tfh-like cells during chronic Salmonella exposure mediates the generation of autoimmune hypergammaglobulinemia in MyD88-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:618-28. [PMID: 22105301 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of TLR signaling in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems has been a controversial issue that remains to be solved. Here, we determined whether MyD88-dependent TLR signals are required for the generation of B-cell responses during chronic Salmonella infection. Oral administration of recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine (RASV) strain in MyD88(-/-) mice resulted in chronic infection. Infection was accompanied by enlarged germinal centers and hypergammaglobulinemia with anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-specific Ab in sera, and the deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys, suggesting onset of autoimmunity. CD4(+) T cells expressing PD-1, CXCR5, ICOS, and IL-21 were dramatically increased in chronically infected mice, indicating the expansion of follicular helper T (Tfh)-like cells. Of note, the depletion of CD4(+) T cells completely blocked the generation of polyclonal IgG Ab in sera after oral RASV challenge. Inflammatory myeloid cells expressing CD11b and Gr-1 accumulated in high numbers in the spleen of MyD88(-/-) mice. Interestingly, the blockade of PD-1 or ICOS significantly reduced the hypergammaglobulinemia and dsDNA-specific autoantibody production. Overall, these results suggest that Tfh-like cells in chronic bacterial infection trigger autoimmune hypergammaglobulinemia in a PD-1- and ICOS-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Toll-like receptor agonists synergize with CD40L to induce either proliferation or plasma cell differentiation of mouse B cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25542. [PMID: 21991317 PMCID: PMC3184999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a classical dogma, pathogens are sensed (via recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)) by innate immune cells that in turn activate adaptive immune cells. However, recent data showed that TLRs (Toll Like Receptors), the most characterized class of Pattern Recognition Receptors, are also expressed by adaptive immune B cells. B cells play an important role in protective immunity essentially by differentiating into antibody-secreting cells (ASC). This differentiation requires at least two signals: the recognition of an antigen by the B cell specific receptor (BCR) and a T cell co-stimulatory signal provided mainly by CD154/CD40L acting on CD40. In order to better understand interactions of innate and adaptive B cell stimulatory signals, we evaluated the outcome of combinations of TLRs, BCR and/or CD40 stimulation. For this purpose, mouse spleen B cells were activated with synthetic TLR agonists, recombinant mouse CD40L and agonist anti-BCR antibodies. As expected, TLR agonists induced mouse B cell proliferation and activation or differentiation into ASC. Interestingly, addition of CD40 signal to TLR agonists stimulated either B cell proliferation and activation (TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9) or differentiation into ASC (TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4 and TLR7). Addition of a BCR signal to CD40L and either TLR3 or TLR9 agonists did not induce differentiation into ASC, which could be interpreted as an entrance into the memory pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that PAMPs synergize with signals from adaptive immunity to regulate B lymphocyte fate during humoral immune response.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kern A, Collin E, Barthel C, Michel C, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N. Tick Saliva Represses Innate Immunity and Cutaneous Inflammation in a Murine Model of Lyme Disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1343-50. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Kern
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elody Collin
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chloé Michel
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hepatitis viruses and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: epidemiology, mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Blood 2010; 117:1792-8. [PMID: 20959600 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-275818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades considerable evidence has accumulated on the association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and several hematologic malignancies, most notably B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In this review we summarize this evidence, address possible mechanisms whereby hepatitis viruses may contribute to lymphomagenesis, and discuss the therapeutic fallouts from this knowledge. Most of this evidence is on HCV, and this is the main focus of the review. Moreover, we mainly address the association with NHL, the most prevalent hematologic malignancy, and the most extensively investigated with regard to an association with hepatitis viruses. Available evidence on the association with other hematologic malignancies is also addressed briefly.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chandra A, Wormser GP, Klempner MS, Trevino RP, Crow MK, Latov N, Alaedini A. Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1018-24. [PMID: 20227484 PMCID: PMC2897967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Some Lyme disease patients report debilitating chronic symptoms of pain, fatigue, and cognitive deficits despite recommended courses of antibiotic treatment. The mechanisms responsible for these symptoms, collectively referred to as post-Lyme disease syndrome (PLS) or chronic Lyme disease, remain unclear. We investigated the presence of immune system abnormalities in PLS by assessing the levels of antibodies to neural proteins in patients and controls. Serum samples from PLS patients, post-Lyme disease healthy individuals, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and normal healthy individuals were analyzed for anti-neural antibodies by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Anti-neural antibody reactivity was found to be significantly higher in the PLS group than in the post-Lyme healthy (p<0.01) and normal healthy (p<0.01) groups. The observed heightened antibody reactivity in PLS patients could not be attributed solely to the presence of cross-reactive anti-borrelia antibodies, as the borrelial seronegative patients also exhibited elevated anti-neural antibody levels. Immunohistochemical analysis of PLS serum antibody activity demonstrated binding to cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The results provide evidence for the existence of a differential immune system response in PLS, offering new clues about the etiopathogenesis of the disease that may prove useful in devising more effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary P. Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Mary K. Crow
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norman Latov
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Armin Alaedini
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author: Armin Alaedini, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., LC-819, New York, NY 10065; Phone: 212-746-7841;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Newell MK, Tobin RP, Cabrera JH, Sorensen MB, Huckstep A, Villalobos-Menuey EM, Burnett M, McCrea E, Harvey CP, Buddiga A, Bar-Or A, Freedman MS, Nalbantoglu J, Arbour N, Zamvil SS, Antel JP. TLR-mediated B cell activation results in ectopic CLIP expression that promotes B cell-dependent inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:779-89. [PMID: 20631258 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious pathogens produce compounds called Toll ligands that activate TLRs on lymphocytes. Acute activation triggered by certain TLRs appears to "jump start" the innate immune response, characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines and cellular expansion. In some individuals, there is a failure to control acute inflammation, resulting in postinfectious, chronic inflammation. Susceptibility to chronic inflammation is strongly associated with an individual's MHC genes. Recent clinical trials for several autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammation suggest that B lymphocyte depletion therapies dampen chronic immune activation. However, currently, there is no known mechanism that accounts for the correlation among TLR activation, MHC genetics, and a pathological role for B-lymphocytes. Our hypothesis is that TLR-activated B cells (B cells that have been polyclonally activated in the absence of antigen-specific signals) are not controlled properly by T cell-dependent B cell death, thereby causing B cell-dependent chronic inflammation. Here, we show that treatment with Toll ligands results in polyclonal B cell activation accompanied by ectopic expression of CLIP. Furthermore, by adoptively transferring purified CLIP+ B cells in syngeneic animals, we find that CLIP+ B cells induce production of TNF-α by host T cells. Finally, we demonstrate that CLIP-targeted peptide competition results in the death of polyclonally activated CLIP+ B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Newell
- CU Institute for Bioenergetics and Immunology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khitrov AN, Shogenov ZS, Tretyak EB, Ischenko AI, Matsuura E, Neuhaus O, Paltsev MA, Suchkov SV. Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 3:323-31. [PMID: 20477676 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Khitrov
- IM Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, Department of Pathology, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yegutkin GG, Hytönen J, Samburski SS, Yrjänäinen H, Jalkanen S, Viljanen MK. Disordered lymphoid purine metabolism contributes to the pathogenesis of persistent Borrelia garinii infection in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5112-20. [PMID: 20357256 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and adenosine are important regulators of immune responses; however, contribution of purinergic signaling to host defense during persistent microbial infections remains obscure. Lyme borreliosis is a common arthropod-borne infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. In this study, we investigated whether lymphoid purinergic signaling contributes to the mechanisms by which borreliae species evade the immune system and trigger joint inflammation. Intracutaneous inoculation of Borrelia garinii to C3H/He mice induced symptomatic infection manifested in elevated levels of borrelia-specific IgG Abs, persistent spirochete dissemination into the tissues and joint swelling, as well as approximately 2- to 2.5-fold enlargement of draining lymph nodes with hyperplasia of B cell follicle area and L-selectin shedding from activated T lymphocytes. Purine catabolism was also activated in lymph nodes but not spleen and blood of infected C3H/He mice within the first 4 postinfection weeks, particularly manifested in transient upregulations of adenosine triphosphatase/ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 on CD4(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes and adenosine deaminase activity on B220(+) B lymphocytes. Compared with borrelia-susceptible C3H/He strain, lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice displayed markedly enhanced adenosine-generating capability due to approximately three times higher ratio of ecto-5'-nucleotidase to adenosine deaminase. Borrelia-infected C57BL/6 mice efficiently eradicated the inoculated spirochetes at more chronic stage without any signs of arthritis. Strikingly, deletion of key adenosine-generating enzyme, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, was accompanied by significantly enhanced joint swelling in borrelia-infected CD73-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, these data suggest that insufficient basal adenosine level and/or pathogen-induced disordered lymphoid purine homeostasis may serve as important prerequisite for promotion of inflammatory responses and further host's commitment to persistence of bacterial infection and arthritis development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Molin S, Ruzicka T, Prinz JC. Borreliosis mimicking lupus-like syndrome during infliximab treatment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35:631-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Yamagami J, Kacir S, Ishii K, Payne AS, Siegel DL, Stanley JR. Antibodies to the desmoglein 1 precursor proprotein but not to the mature cell surface protein cloned from individuals without pemphigus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5615-21. [PMID: 19843946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In pemphigus foliaceus (PF), autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) cause blisters. Using Ab phage display, we have cloned mAbs from a PF patient. These mAbs, like those from a previous patient, were directed against mature Dsg1 (matDsg1) on the cell surface of keratinocytes and precursor Dsg1 (preDsg1) in the cytoplasm. To determine whether individuals without pemphigus have B cell tolerance to Dsg1, we cloned mAbs from two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and a healthy person. We found mAbs against preDsg1, but not matDsg1. All but 1 of the 23 anti-preDsg1 mAbs from PF patients and those without PF used the VH3-09 (or closely related VH3-20) H chain gene, whereas no PF anti-matDsg1 used these genes. V(H) cDNA encoding anti-preDsg1 had significantly fewer somatic mutations than did anti-matDsg1 cDNA, consistent with chronic Ag-driven hypermutation of the latter compared with the former. These data indicate that individuals without PF do not have B cell tolerance to preDsg1 and that loss of tolerance to matDsg1 is not due to epitope shifting of anti-preDsg1 B cells (because of different V(H) gene usage). However, presentation of peptides from Dsg1 by preDsg1-specific B cells may be one step in developing autoimmunity in PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamagami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Peripheral B cell abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in quiescent phase: decreased memory B cells and membrane CD19 expression. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:426-34. [PMID: 19963348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are hyperactive and produce autoantibodies. Several B cell phenotype characteristics such as the expansion of activated populations, and of a newly identified memory compartment have already been reported. These results are not easy to interpret because of the clinical heterogeneity of SLE, as well as the difficulties to establish homogeneous and well defined groups taking in consideration the activity of the disease and the various therapies. However, although many mediators and mechanisms can contribute to the clinical presentation and subsequent progression of individuals with SLE, several data suggest that some intrinsic B cells abnormalities may be central to the disease process. In this view, we have analysed the phenotype of B cells from 18 patients with quiescent diseases (mean SLEDAI score below 2) and from 11 healthy controls. B cell surface marker expression was determined by flow cytometry. We analysed the main B cell sub-populations. We demonstrate the persistence of plasmocyte-differentiated and -activated B cells even in quiescent patients. However, quiescent patients display a decrease in memory B cells that could reflect the control of their disease. Above all, we describe a lower membrane expression of the CD19 protein on all B cells in every patient compared to controls. This lower CD19 expression is associated with reduced CD45 levels. It is not associated with an evident gene expression alteration and in vitro stimulation restores a control phenotype. These findings suggest certain mechanisms of lupus development.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zampieri S, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Briani C, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Arienti S, Todesco S, Doria A. Polymyositis–dermatomyositis and infections. Autoimmunity 2009; 39:191-6. [PMID: 16769652 DOI: 10.1080/08916930600622348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In genetically predisposed individuals, viruses, bacteria, or parasitic infectious agents are suspected to induce autoimmunity and/or to exacerbate the disease once the self-tolerance is broken. Although direct evidence for this association is still lacking, numerous data from animal models as well as from humans support the hypothesis of a direct contribution of pathogens to the induction of several autoimmune diseases. This review focused on the possible role of infectious agents as triggers of autoimmunity in polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM). Epidemiological studies, clinical and experimental findings that support the hypothesis of infection-induced PM and DM are summarized and discussed. In addition, immune response abnormalities and immunosuppressive medications may be responsible for the high percentage of infectious complications in PM and DM patients. In this review, the increased risk of developing infections in these patients is also underlined and published data are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zampieri
- University of Padova, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cassimos D, Bezirgiannidou Z, Pantelidou D, Christoforidis A, Chatzimichael A, Maritinis G. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia following recurrent mycoplasma pneumonia infections in a child with Down syndrome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 25:693-8. [PMID: 18850483 DOI: 10.1080/08880010802237492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) is mainly associated with cold agglutinin syndrome, whereas both cold IgM and warm IgG autoantibodies have been identified in only two cases in the literature. The authors present an 8-year-old boy with Down syndrome, who suffered from recurrent episodes of MP infection, followed by episodes of hemolytic anemia with normal titer of cold agglutinins. The first 6 episodes were sequenced by nonimmune hemolytic anemia, whereas the latter 7 episodes were followed by episodes of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. This is believed to be the first described case of hemolytic anemia with warm IgG autoantibodies, following MP infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Cassimos
- Pediatric Department, General University Hospital of Alexandroupoli, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
A growing body of experimental and clinical evidence supports the pivotal role of infections in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Infections can be responsible for aberrant immune response leading to a loss of tolerance towards native proteins. Molecular mimicry, especially between Sm or Ro autoantigens and EBV Nuclear Antigen-1 response, as well as the over-expression of type 1 INF genes are among the major contributors to SLE development. On the other hand infections are very common in SLE patients, where they are responsible for 30-50% of morbidity and mortality. Several factors, either genetic, including complement deficiencies or mannose-binding lectin deficiency or acquired such as severe disease manifestations or immunosuppressant use, predispose SLE patients to infections. All types of infections, including bacterial, viral and opportunistic infections, have been reported and the most frequently involved sites of infections are the same as those observed in the general population, including respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections. Some preventive measures could be adopted in order to reduce the rate of infections in SLE patients: i.e. screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and for some chronic viral infections before immunosuppressive treatment; adequate prophylaxes or drug adjustments when indicated, and pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations in patients with stable disease.
Collapse
|
34
|
Charles ED, Green RM, Marukian S, Talal AH, Lake-Bakaar GV, Jacobson IM, Rice CM, Dustin LB. Clonal expansion of immunoglobulin M+CD27+ B cells in HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 2008; 111:1344-56. [PMID: 17942751 PMCID: PMC2214737 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). The pathogenesis of these disorders remains unclear, and it has been proposed that HCV drives the pro-liferation of B cells. Here we demonstrate that certain HCV(+)MC(+) subjects have clonal expansions of immunoglobulin M (IgM)(+)kappa(+)IgD(low/-)CD21(low)CD27(+) B cells. Using RT-PCR to amplify Ig from these singly sorted cells, we show that these predominantly rheumatoid factor-encoding V(H)1-69/J(H)4 and V(kappa)3-20 gene segment-restricted cells have low to moderate levels of somatic hypermutations. Ig sequence analysis suggests that antigen selection drives the generation of mutated clones. These findings lend further support to the notion that specific antigenic stimulation leads to B-cell proliferation in HCV MC and that chronic B-cell stimulation may set the stage for malignant transformation and the development of B-NHL. The finding that these hypermutated, marginal zone-like IgM(+)CD27(+) B cells are clonally expanded in certain subjects with MC offers insight into mechanisms of HCV-associated MC and B-cell malignancy. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00219999.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar D Charles
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
MyD88 negatively controls hypergammaglobulinemia with autoantibody production during bacterial infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1657-67. [PMID: 18227170 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00951-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has convincingly shown that Toll-like receptors are necessary sensors for infections with pathogens, but their activation was also suggested to generate autoimmunity. During experimental infections, the lack of these sensors or of their signaling molecules should lead to a deficient immune response. We found out that MyD88, the major adaptor of the Toll/interleukin-1 (Toll/IL-1) receptor signaling pathway, can actually act as a negative regulator of B-cell function in some settings. MyD88-deficient mice infected by Borrelia burgdorferi developed extreme hypergammaglobulinemia compared to wild-type animals, with high levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies. In vivo, cell transfer experiments and cell blocking assays showed that this phenotype was not linked to the absence of MyD88 in B cells but rather to CD4 T-cell and likely dendritic cell dysfunctions leading to a Th1-to-Th2 cytokine switch. In addition, our results suggest a relative defect in the Ig class switch recombination process, since MyD88 knockout mice developed mostly IgM antibodies. Collectively, these data emphasize the complex role of the Toll/IL-1 receptor pathway in tuning the immune response against infection and avoiding autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Avrameas S, Ternynck T, Tsonis IA, Lymberi P. Naturally occurring B-cell autoreactivity: A critical overview. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:213-8. [PMID: 17888629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In over one century of research in immunology marked progress in the scientific knowledge and the implications derived from it has been made. At the same time several contradictory and seemingly opposing results have been obtained. The term autoimmunity is still conceived by many as a term directly related to an immunopathological state. However, strong evidence exist that not only the immune system is able to recognize self-constituents, but it appears also that this property is essential for homeostasis. Direct or indirect alterations of such self-recognition properties of the immune system may contribute to pathology. In this review, the most recent advances in the field of naturally occurring B-cell autoreactivity in health as well as in disease are presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stratis Avrameas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Woods A, Monneaux F, Soulas-Sprauel P, Muller S, Martin T, Korganow AS, Pasquali JL. Influenza virus-induced type I interferon leads to polyclonal B-cell activation but does not break down B-cell tolerance. J Virol 2007; 81:12525-34. [PMID: 17855528 PMCID: PMC2168975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00839-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between infection and autoimmunity is not yet well understood. This study was designed to evaluate if an acute viral infection known to induce type I interferon production, like influenza, can by itself be responsible for the breakdown of immune tolerance and for autoimmunity. We first tested the effects of influenza virus on B cells in vitro. We then infected different transgenic mice expressing human rheumatoid factors (RF) in the absence or in the constitutive presence of the autoantigen (human immunoglobulin G [IgG]) and young lupus-prone mice [(NZB x NZW)F(1)] with influenza virus and looked for B-cell activation. In vitro, the virus induces B-cell activation through type I interferon production by non-B cells but does not directly stimulate purified B cells. In vivo, both RF and non-RF B cells were activated in an autoantigen-independent manner. This activation was abortive since IgM and IgM-RF production levels were not increased in infected mice compared to uninfected controls, whether or not anti-influenza virus human IgG was detected and even after viral rechallenge. As in RF transgenic mice, acute viral infection of (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice induced only an abortive activation of B cells and no increase in autoantibody production compared to uninfected animals. Taken together, these experiments show that virus-induced acute type I interferon production is not able by itself to break down B-cell tolerance in both normal and autoimmune genetic backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Woods
- INSERM U737, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In order to understand how the natural occurrence of autoreactive B cells is controlled in normal individuals, and how self reactive B cells can escape this control during diverse clinical situations, many different transgenic mice have been generated expressing self reactive antibodies. In this review, we focus our attention on disease-associated self reactive transgenic models which show the variety of the tolerization mechanisms. The same transgenic lines are also used to analyse the effects of the autoimmune genetic background on the self reactive B cell fate, as well as to study the influence of infectious agents on the behaviour of the auto-reactive transgenic B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Pasquali
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, INSERM U 737 and Université Louis Pasteur, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67 091 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wisniewska-Ligier M, Wozniakowska-Gesicka T, Glowacka E, Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, Tchorzewski H. Involvement of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C in children. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:425-32. [PMID: 16970685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the role of selected elements of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C in children. The study comprised 20 children with chronic hepatitis C (group 1), nine healthy hepatitis C virus (HCV) seropositive children (group 2) and 18 healthy children (control group). We evaluated the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 on peripheral blood neutrophils, and generation of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, IL-12 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils. The performed tests demonstrated higher expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on stimulated neutrophils and of TLR4 on non-stimulated neutrophils in group 1 in comparison to HCV seropositive children and controls. In group 1, the expression of TLR2 after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) stimulation showed positive correlation with alanine aminotransferase and asparate aminotransferase activities, while the expression of TLR2 without stimulation and of TLR4 after GCSF stimulation also correlated with necrosis. IL-12 generation by lipopolysachcharide-stimulated neutrophils was higher in group 1 versus controls. In group 1, maximum chemiluminescence (CL) without pre-activation, both spontaneous and after formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylanine and phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) stimulation, was significantly lower than in the controls. CL after tumour necrosis factor-alpha pre-activation and PMA stimulation was still lower than in the controls, however, after opsonized zymosane stimulation it was significantly higher than in the controls. Our studies suggest the involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C in children. Neutrophils demonstrate increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 (correlating with the features of hepatocytic damage and intensification of necrosis), inhibition of oxygen metabolism, and after TNF-alpha pre-activation higher ability to produce ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wisniewska-Ligier
- 3rd Department of Paediatrics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Schiller M, Metze D, Luger TA, Grabbe S, Gunzer M. Immune response modifiers--mode of action. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:331-41. [PMID: 16630072 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2006.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system governs the interconnecting pathways of microbial recognition, inflammation, microbial clearance, and cell death. A family of evolutionarily conserved receptors, known as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), is crucial in early host defense against invading pathogens. Upon TLR stimulation, nuclear factor-kappaB activation and the interferon (IFN)-regulatory factor 3 pathway initiate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and production of type I IFNs (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta), respectively. The innate immunity thereby offers diverse targets for highly selective therapeutics, such as small molecular synthetic compounds that modify innate immune responses. The notion that activation of the innate immune system is a prerequisite for the induction of acquired immunity raised interest in these immune response modifiers as potential therapeutics for viral infections and various tumors. A scenario of dermal events following skin cancer treatment with imiquimod presumably comprises (i) an initial low amount of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages and dermal dendritic cells (DCs), thereby (ii) attracting an increasing number type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) from the blood; (iii) Langerhans cells migrate into draining lymph nodes, leading to an increased presentation of tumor antigen in the draining lymph node, and (iv) consequently an increased generation of tumor-specific T cells and finally (v) an accumulation of tumoricidal effector cells in the treated skin area. The induction of predominately T helper (Th)1-type cytokine profiles by TLR agonists such as imiquimod might have further benefits by shifting the dominant Th2-type response in atopic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis to a more potent Th1 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meinhard Schiller
- Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- O M R Westwood
- European Institute for Health and Medical Sciences, Duke of Kent Building, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Soulas P, Woods A, Martin T. [Infection and autoimmunity: the TLR link]. Med Sci (Paris) 2005; 21:1029-31. [PMID: 16324640 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200521121029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
44
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid factors (RFs) are autoantibodies associated with rheumatoid arthritis. They can be detected in normal individuals, although transiently. This dichotomy has led to questions about the origins and types of RFs. Recently it has been shown that B cells that produce RFs only do so when activated by two signals, one from engagement of the B-cell receptor and the other from recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern through a Toll-like receptor (TLR). These autoantibodies thus link the innate and acquired immune responses. OBJECTIVE Through a review of the literature, an examination of the current knowledge of RF induction is presented. The focus is on a discussion of a beneficial or detrimental role for RFs in normal individuals and in those with chronic disease. RESULTS What makes RF 'good' in some cases and 'bad' in others may reflect the type of RF produced. Low-affinity polyreactive IgM RFs are probably beneficial as they aid in the clearance of immune complexes that are more efficiently cleared, and the RF B cell can act as an antigen-presenting cell and stimulate host defense. However, large amounts of high-affinity RFs found in patients with chronic disease may be harmful by participation in a vicious cycle of autoantibody production by stimulation of self lymphocytes, and/or deposition in blood vessels thus causing vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS Whether RFs are beneficial or detrimental depends on the context in which they are expressed, the type and amount of RF produced, whether the response is perpetuated by TLR ligation and whether other cells are stimulated either directly or indirectly by RF-positive B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula M Nowak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|