1
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Lindquist S, Wang Y, Andersson EL, Tsuji Grebe S, Alenius GM, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Lundberg L, Hernell O. Effects of bile salt-stimulated lipase on blood cells and associations with disease activity in human inflammatory joint disorders. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289980. [PMID: 37566600 PMCID: PMC10420350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) was originally recognized as a lipolytic enzyme expressed by the exocrine pancreas and in some species, notably humans, the lactating mammary gland, being secreted into the duodenum and with the mother's milk, respectively. However, BSSL is also present in the blood and has been assigned additional functions, even beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional BSSL knockout mice are protected from developing disease in animal models of arthritis, and antibodies directed towards BSSL prevent or mitigate disease in similar models. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of BSSL as a newly discovered player in inflammation and specifically in inflammatory joint disorders. As part of mechanism of action, we here show that BSSL is secreted by neutrophils, interacts with monocytes and stimulates their migration in vitro. An anti-BSSL antibody that blocks the human BSSL-monocyte interaction was shown to simultaneously prevent the signaling pathway by which BSSL induce cell migration. Moreover, in this cohort study we show that BSSL levels are significantly higher in blood samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis compared to healthy controls. The BSSL levels in patients' blood also correlated with disease activity scores and established inflammatory markers. Hence, although the mode of action is not yet fully clarified, we conclude that BSSL could be considered a proinflammatory component in the innate immune system and thus a possible novel target for treatment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Lipum AB, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lotta Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Lipum AB, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Gerd-Marie Alenius
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Lipum AB, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Palacios-Acedo AL, Mezouar S, Mège D, Crescence L, Dubois C, Panicot-Dubois L. P2RY12-Inhibitors Reduce Cancer-Associated Thrombosis and Tumor Growth in Pancreatic Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:704945. [PMID: 34589424 PMCID: PMC8475274 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet function can be modified by cancer cells to support tumor growth, causing alterations in the delicate hemostatic equilibrium. Cancer-cell and platelet interactions are one of the main pillars of Trousseau’s syndrome: a paraneoplastic syndrome with recurring and migrating episodes of thrombophlebitis. Altogether, this leads to a four-fold risk of thrombotic events in cancer patients, which in turn, portend a poor prognosis. We previously demonstrated that anti-P2RY12 drugs inhibit cancer-associated-thrombosis and formation of tumor metastasis in pancreatic cancer models. Here, we aimed to (1) compare the effects of aspirin and clopidogrel on pancreatic cancer prevention, (2) characterize the effects of clopidogrel (platelet P2RY12 inhibitor) on cancer-associated thrombosis and cancer growth in vivo, (3) determine the effect of P2RY12 across different digestive-tract cancers in vitro, and (4) analyze the expression pattern of P2RY12 in two different cancer types affecting the digestive system. Clopidogrel treatment resulted in better survival rates with smaller primary tumors and less metastasis than aspirin treatment. Clopidogrel was also more effective than aspirin at dissolving spontaneous endogenous thrombi in our orthotopic advanced cancer mouse model. P2RY12 expression gives pancreatic adenocarcinomas proliferative advantages. In conclusion, we propose the hypothesis that clopidogrel should be further studied to target and prevent Trousseau’s syndrome; as well as diminish cancer growth and spread. However, more studies are required to determine the implicated pathways and effects of these drugs on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Palacios-Acedo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Diane Mège
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Marseille, France.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Lydie Crescence
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Dubois
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Marseille, France
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3
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Haen P, Crescence L, Mege D, Altié A, Dubois C, Panicot-Dubois L. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with a Low Thrombosis Risk Due to Storage Pool Deficiency in Platelets. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030228. [PMID: 33668375 PMCID: PMC7996194 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) disease is the second most common cause of mortality in cancer patients, and evaluation and prevention of thrombosis risk is essential. VTE-associated risk varies according to the type of tumor disease. Oral cancer is the most frequent type of head and neck cancer, and it represents approximately 2.1% of all cancers worldwide. Most tumors are squamous cell carcinomas and are mainly due to tobacco and alcohol abuse. VTE risk associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is low. However, many studies have shown that OSCC has the following biological features of cancers associated with a high thrombosis risk: modified thrombosis and fibrinolysis mechanisms; strong expression of procoagulant proteins; secretion of procoagulant microparticles; and production of procoagulant cytokines. Using an original mouse model of tongue squamous cell carcinoma, our study aimed to clarify this paradoxical situation. First, we showed that OSCC tumors have a pro-aggregatory phenotype and a high local thrombosis risk. Second, we found that tongue tumor mice do not have an elevated systemic thrombosis risk (the risk of an "at distance" thrombosis event such as lower extremity deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) and even show a reduction in risk. Third, we demonstrated that tongue tumor mice show a reduction in platelet reactivity, which explains the low systemic thrombosis risk. Finally, we found that tongue tumor mice present granule pool deficiency, thereby explaining the reduction in platelet reactivity and systemic thrombosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Haen
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE, C2VN, 13885 Marseille, France; (P.H.); (L.C.); (D.M.); (A.A.); (C.D.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laveran Military and Academic Hospital, 13384 Marseille, France
| | - Lydie Crescence
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE, C2VN, 13885 Marseille, France; (P.H.); (L.C.); (D.M.); (A.A.); (C.D.)
- Aix Marseille Université, PIVMI, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Diane Mege
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE, C2VN, 13885 Marseille, France; (P.H.); (L.C.); (D.M.); (A.A.); (C.D.)
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, Timone University Hospital, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Altié
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE, C2VN, 13885 Marseille, France; (P.H.); (L.C.); (D.M.); (A.A.); (C.D.)
| | - Christophe Dubois
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE, C2VN, 13885 Marseille, France; (P.H.); (L.C.); (D.M.); (A.A.); (C.D.)
- Aix Marseille Université, PIVMI, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE, C2VN, 13885 Marseille, France; (P.H.); (L.C.); (D.M.); (A.A.); (C.D.)
- Aix Marseille Université, PIVMI, 13885 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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4
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Fan C, Yang X, Wang WW, Wang J, Li W, Guo M, Huang S, Wang Z, Liu K. Role of Kv1.3 Channels in Platelet Functions and Thrombus Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2360-2375. [PMID: 32787516 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Platelet activation by stimulatory factors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca
2+
]
i
), which is essential for almost all platelet functions. Modulation of Ca
2+
influx and [Ca
2+
]
i
in platelets has been emerging as a possible strategy for preventing and treating platelet-dependent thrombosis. Voltage-gated potassium 1.3 channels (Kv1.3) are highly expressed in platelets and able to regulate agonist-evoked [Ca
2+
]
i
increase. However, the role of Kv1.3 channels in regulating platelet functions and thrombosis has not yet been elucidated. In addition, it is difficult to obtain a specific blocker for this channel, since Kv1.3 shares identical drug-binding sites with other K
+
channels. Here, we investigate whether specific blockade of Kv1.3 channels by monoclonal antibodies affects platelet functions and thrombosis.
Approach and Results:
In this study, we produced the anti-Kv1.3 monoclonal antibody 6E12#15, which could specifically recognize both human and mouse Kv1.3 proteins and sufficiently block Kv1.3 channel currents. We found Kv1.3 blockade by 6E12#15 inhibited platelet aggregation, adhesion, and activation upon agonist stimulation. In vivo treatment with 6E12#15 alleviated thrombus formation in a mesenteric arteriole thrombosis mouse model and protected mice from collagen/epinephrine-induced pulmonary thromboembolism. Furthermore, we observed Kv1.3 regulated platelet functions by modulating Ca
2+
influx and [Ca
2+
]
i
elevation, and that this is mediated in part by P2X
1
. Interestingly,
Kv1.3
−/−
mice showed impaired platelet aggregation while displayed no abnormalities in in vivo thrombus formation. This phenomenon was related to more megakaryocytes and platelets produced in
Kv1.3
−/−
mice compared with wild-type mice.
Conclusions:
We showed specific inhibition of Kv1.3 by the novel monoclonal antibody 6E12#15 suppressed platelet functions and platelet-dependent thrombosis through modulating platelet [Ca
2+
]
i
elevation. These results indicate that Kv1.3 could act as a promising therapeutic target for antiplatelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.F., M.G., S.H., Z.W.)
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Center for Cardiac Intensive Care, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (X.Y.)
| | | | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.W.)
| | - Wenzhu Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (W.L.)
| | - Mengyuan Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.F., M.G., S.H., Z.W.)
| | - Shiyuan Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.F., M.G., S.H., Z.W.)
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.F., M.G., S.H., Z.W.)
| | - Kun Liu
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (K.L.)
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5
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Sha L, Zhou S, Xi Y, Li R, Li X. The level of bile salt-stimulated lipase in the milk of Chinese women and its association with maternal BMI. J Biomed Res 2019; 34:122-128. [PMID: 32305966 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.33.20180107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) concentration in the milk of Chinese women and its correlation with maternal body mass index (BMI), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational hypertensive disorder (GHD). The BSSL levels in the milk samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BSSL level in colostrum milk of mothers with full-term infants was positively correlated with pregnancy week and negatively correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and BMI late in pregnancy. Moreover, the BSSL concentration in mature milk was positively correlated with BMI gain during pregnancy. The BSSL concentration in colostrum milk was lower in GDM mothers than in normal mothers. The BSSL helps infants digest fat in early life and its level was associated with lactation. The changes in BSSL characteristics with maternal BMI and GDM in this study may have clinical implications regarding the effects of pregnancy weight and metabolism on the nutrition and health of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sha
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yangyang Xi
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
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6
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Choi HJ, Yun JW, Kim YH, Kwon E, Hyon MK, Kim JY, Che JH, Ho Kim W, Seong SY, Kang BC. Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of sodium taurodeoxycholate in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:268-276. [PMID: 31215257 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1609493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses suggesting potential clinical application. However, the toxicity of TDCA has not been evaluated in detail in vivo. We investigated the acute toxicity and 4-week repeated-dose toxicity of TDCA following intravenous infusion under Good Laboratory Practice regulations. In the sighting study of acute toxicity, one of two rats (one male and one female) treated with 300 mg/kg TDCA died with hepatotoxicity, suggesting that the approximate 50% lethal dose of TDCA is 300 mg/kg. Edema and discoloration were observed at the injection sites of tails when rats were infused with 150 mg/kg or higher amount of TDCA once. In 4-week repeated-dose toxicity study, no treatment-related mortality or systemic changes in hematology and serum biochemistry, organ weights, gross pathology, or histopathology were observed. However, the tail injection site showed redness, discharge, hardening, and crust formation along with histopathological changes such as ulceration, edema, fibrosis, and thrombosis when rats were infused with 20 mg/kg TDCA. Taken together, TDCA induced no systemic toxicity or macroscopic lesions at the injection site at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, which is 33 times higher than the median effective dose observed in a mouse sepsis model. These findings suggest that TDCA might have a favorable therapeutic index in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Choi
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Kim
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyong Hyon
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seong
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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7
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8
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Lombardo D, Silvy F, Crenon I, Martinez E, Collignon A, Beraud E, Mas E. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, and MODY-8 diabetes: is bile salt-dependent lipase (or carboxyl ester lipase) at the crossroads of pancreatic pathologies? Oncotarget 2018; 9:12513-12533. [PMID: 29552330 PMCID: PMC5844766 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinomas and diabetes mellitus are responsible for the deaths of around two million people each year worldwide. Patients with chronic pancreatitis do not die directly of this disease, except where the pathology is hereditary. Much current literature supports the involvement of bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), in the pathophysiology of these pancreatic diseases. The purpose of this review is to shed light on connections between chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas by gaining an insight into BSDL and its variants. This enzyme is normally secreted by the exocrine pancreas, and is diverted within the intestinal lumen to participate in the hydrolysis of dietary lipids. However, BSDL is also expressed by other cells and tissues, where it participates in lipid homeostasis. Variants of BSDL resulting from germline and/or somatic mutations (nucleotide insertion/deletion or nonallelic homologous recombination) are expressed in the pancreas of patients with pancreatic pathologies such as chronic pancreatitis, MODY-8, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We discuss the possible link between the expression of BSDL variants and these dramatic pancreatic pathologies, putting forward the suggestion that BSDL and its variants are implicated in the cell lipid metabolism/reprogramming that leads to the dyslipidemia observed in chronic pancreatitis, MODY-8, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We also propose potential strategies for translation to therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lombardo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Crenon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Collignon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Evelyne Beraud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
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9
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Johansson BB, Fjeld K, El Jellas K, Gravdal A, Dalva M, Tjora E, Ræder H, Kulkarni RN, Johansson S, Njølstad PR, Molven A. The role of the carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) gene in pancreatic disease. Pancreatology 2018; 18:12-19. [PMID: 29233499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), also known as bile salt-dependent or -stimulated lipase (BSDL, BSSL), hydrolyzes dietary fat, cholesteryl esters and fat-soluble vitamins in the duodenum. CEL is mainly expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and lactating mammary glands. The human CEL gene resides on chromosome 9q34.3 and contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region that encodes a mucin-like protein tail. Although the number of normal repeats does not appear to significantly influence the risk for pancreatic disease, single-base pair deletions in the first VNTR repeat cause a syndrome of endocrine and exocrine dysfunction denoted MODY8. Hallmarks are low fecal elastase levels and pancreatic lipomatosis manifesting before the age of twenty, followed by development of diabetes and pancreatic cysts later in life. The mutant protein forms intracellular and extracellular aggregates, suggesting that MODY8 is a protein misfolding disease. Recently, a recombined allele between CEL and its pseudogene CELP was discovered. This allele (CEL-HYB) encodes a chimeric protein with impaired secretion increasing five-fold the risk for chronic pancreatitis. The CEL gene has proven to be exceptionally polymorphic due to copy number variants of the CEL-CELP locus and alterations involving the VNTR. Genome-wide association studies or deep sequencing cannot easily pick up this wealth of genetic variation. CEL is therefore an attractive candidate gene for further exploration of links to pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente B Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karianne Fjeld
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Khadija El Jellas
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anny Gravdal
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Dalva
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erling Tjora
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Ræder
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Human endoglin as a potential new partner involved in platelet-endothelium interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 75:1269-1284. [PMID: 29080903 PMCID: PMC5843676 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex interactions between platelets and activated endothelium occur during the thrombo-inflammatory reaction at sites of vascular injuries and during vascular hemostasis. The endothelial receptor endoglin is involved in inflammation through integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion and transmigration; and heterozygous mutations in the endoglin gene cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. This vascular disease is characterized by a bleeding tendency that is postulated to be a consequence of telangiectasia fragility rather than a platelet defect, since platelets display normal functions in vitro in this condition. Here, we hypothesize that endoglin may act as an adhesion molecule involved in the interaction between endothelial cells and platelets through integrin recognition. We find that the extracellular domain of human endoglin promotes specific platelet adhesion under static conditions and confers resistance of adherent platelets to detachment upon exposure to flow. Also, platelets adhere to confluent endothelial cells in an endoglin-mediated process. Remarkably, Chinese hamster ovary cells ectopically expressing the human αIIbβ3 integrin acquire the capacity to adhere to myoblast transfectants expressing human endoglin, whereas platelets from Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia patients lacking the αIIbβ3 integrin are defective for endoglin-dependent adhesion to endothelial cells. Furthermore, the bleeding time, but not the prothrombin time, is significantly prolonged in endoglin-haplodeficient (Eng+/−) mice compared to Eng+/+ animals. These results suggest a new role for endoglin in αIIbβ3 integrin-mediated adhesion of platelets to the endothelium, and may provide a better understanding on the basic cellular mechanisms involved in hemostasis and thrombo-inflammatory events.
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11
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Kiebala M, Singh MV, Piepenbrink MS, Qiu X, Kobie JJ, Maggirwar SB. Platelet Activation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Patients Is Not Altered with Cocaine Abuse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130061. [PMID: 26076359 PMCID: PMC4467977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has indicated that platelets, which are anucleate blood cells, significantly contribute to inflammatory disorders. Importantly, platelets also likely contribute to various inflammatory secondary disorders that are increasingly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV) infection including neurological impairments and cardiovascular complications. Indeed, HIV infection is often associated with increased levels of platelet activators. Additionally, cocaine, a drug commonly abused by HIV-infected individuals, leads to increased platelet activation in humans. Considering that orchestrated signaling mechanisms are essential for platelet activation, and that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitors can alter platelet function, the role of NF-κB signaling in platelet activation during HIV infection warrants further investigation. Here we tested the hypothesis that inhibitory kappa B kinase complex (IKK) activation would be central for platelet activation induced by HIV and cocaine. Whole blood from HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, with or without cocaine abuse was used to assess platelet activation via flow cytometry whereas IKK activation was analyzed by performing immunoblotting and in vitro kinase assays. We demonstrate that increased platelet activation in HIV patients, as measured by CD62P expression, is not altered with reported cocaine use. Furthermore, cocaine and HIV do not activate platelets in whole blood when treated ex vivo. Finally, HIV-induced platelet activation does not involve the NF-κB signaling intermediate, IKKβ. Platelet activation in HIV patients is not altered with cocaine abuse. These results support the notion that non-IKK targeting approaches will be better suited for the treatment of HIV-associated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kiebala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meera V. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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12
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Walsh TG, Harper MT, Poole AW. SDF-1α is a novel autocrine activator of platelets operating through its receptor CXCR4. Cell Signal 2014; 27:37-46. [PMID: 25283599 PMCID: PMC4265729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Platelets store and secrete the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α upon platelet activation, but the ability of platelet-derived SDF-1α to signal in an autocrine/paracrine manner mediating functional platelet responses relevant to thrombosis and haemostasis is unknown. We sought to explore the role of platelet-derived SDF-1α and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7 in facilitating platelet activation and determine the mechanism facilitating SDF-1α-mediated regulation of platelet function. Using human washed platelets, CXCR4 inhibition, but not CXCR7 blockade significantly abrogated collagen-mediated platelet aggregation, dense granule secretion and thromboxane (Tx) A2 production. Time-dependent release of SDF-1α from collagen-activated platelets supports a functional role for SDF-1α in this regard. Using an in vitro whole blood perfusion assay, collagen-induced thrombus formation was substantially reduced with CXCR4 inhibition. In washed platelets, recombinant SDF-1α in the range of 20–100 ng/mL− 1 could significantly enhance platelet aggregation responses to a threshold concentration of collagen. These enhancements were completely dependent on CXCR4, but not CXCR7, which triggered TxA2 production and dense granule secretion. Rises in cAMP were significantly blunted by SDF-1α, which could also enhance collagen-mediated Ca(2 +) mobilisation, both of which were mediated by CXCR4. This potentiating effect of SDF-1α primarily required TxA2 signalling acting upstream of dense granule secretion, whereas blockade of ADP signalling could only partially attenuate SDF-1α-induced platelet activation. Therefore, this study supports a potentially novel autocrine/paracrine role for platelet-derived SDF-1α during thrombosis and haemostasis, through a predominantly TxA2-dependent and ADP-independent pathway. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation, TxA2 production and dense granule secretion require CXCR4 signalling. CXCR4 regulates platelet thrombus formation. SDF-1α-induced changes in cAMP and Ca(2 +) signalling require CXCR4. SDF-1α, via CXCR4, enhances platelet activation responses to collagen, primarily through a TxA2-dependent and ADP-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony G Walsh
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T Harper
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W Poole
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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13
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Hubert L, Darbousset R, Panicot-Dubois L, Robert S, Sabatier F, Fallague K, Dignat-George F, Dubois C. Neutrophils recruit and activate human endothelial colony-forming cells at the site of vessel injury via P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and L-selectin. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1170-81. [PMID: 24606340 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) represent a subpopulation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that have been implicated in vascular repair. However, no study has evaluated the role of ECFCs in endothelial injury leading to thrombus formation. OBJECTIVE We investigated the kinetics, mechanisms and role of ECFC recruitment in the dynamics of thrombus formation and stabilization. METHODS AND RESULTS Using digital intravital microscopy in living mice, we show that ECFCs, but not mature endothelial cells, adhere to sites of laser-induced injury and do not affect the kinetics of thrombus formation. This interaction occurs once the platelet thrombus has been stabilized, and is dependent on the presence of neutrophils but not platelets or fibrin. In vitro, the interaction of the activated neutrophils with activated endothelial cells is a prerequisite for the capture of ECFCs. Neutrophils activate ECFCs and increase their angiogenic properties, such as their ability to migrate and to form pseudocapillaries. This newly identified interaction of ECFCs with the neutrophils is mediated by the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)/L-selectin axis both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first demonstration that neutrophils present at the site of injury recruit ECFCs via PSGL-1/L-selectin. This interaction between neutrophils and ECFCs could play a key role in the regeneration of injured vessels in pathophysiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hubert
- Aix Marseille Université, VRCM INSERM UMR-S1076, Marseille, France
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14
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Ivanov SM, Lagunin AA, Pogodin PV, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. Identification of Drug-Induced Myocardial Infarction-Related Protein Targets through the Prediction of Drug–Target Interactions and Analysis of Biological Processes. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1263-81. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Ivanov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Lagunin
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Pogodin
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Filimonov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Poroikov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Mezouar S, Darbousset R, Dignat-George F, Panicot-Dubois L, Dubois C. Inhibition of platelet activation prevents the P-selectin and integrin-dependent accumulation of cancer cell microparticles and reduces tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:462-75. [PMID: 24889539 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism constitutes one of the main causes of death during the progression of a cancer. We previously demonstrated that tissue factor (TF)-bearing cancer cell-derived microparticles accumulate at the site of injury in mice developing a pancreatic cancer. The presence of these microparticles at the site of thrombosis correlates with the size of the platelet-rich thrombus. The objective of this study was to determine the involvement of TF expressed by cancer cell-derived microparticles on thrombosis associated with cancer. We observed that pancreatic cancer cell derived microparticles expressed TF, its inhibitor tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) as well as the integrins αvβ1 and αvβ3. In mice bearing a tumor under-expressing TF, a significant decrease in circulating TF activity associated with an increase bleeding time and a 100-fold diminished fibrin generation and platelet accumulation at the site of injury were observed. This was mainly due to the interaction of circulating cancer cell-derived microparticles expressing TFPI with activated platelets and fibrinogen. In an ectopic model of cancer, treatment of mice with Clopidogrel, an anti-platelet drug, decreased the size of the tumors and restored hemostasis by preventing the accumulation of cancer cell-derived microparticles at the site of thrombosis. In a syngeneic orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer Clopidogrel also significantly inhibited the development of metastases. Together, these results indicate that an anti-platelet strategy may efficiently treat thrombosis associated with cancer and reduce the progression of pancreatic cancer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mezouar
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR-S1076, 13385, Marseille, France
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16
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Cai X, Chen Z, Pan X, Xia L, Chen P, Yang Y, Hu H, Zhang J, Li K, Ge J, Yu K, Zhuang J. Inhibition of angiogenesis, fibrosis and thrombosis by tetramethylpyrazine: mechanisms contributing to the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88176. [PMID: 24505417 PMCID: PMC3914919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the active ingredients extracted from the Chinese herb Chuanxiong, which has been used to treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of TMP have not been fully elucidated. In a previous study we showed that TMP-mediated glioma suppression and neural protection involves the inhibition of CXCR4 expression. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays a fundamental role in many physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we further investigated whether the regulation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway is also involved in the TMP-mediated inhibition of neovascularization or fibrosis and improvement of microcirculation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a scratch-wound assay, we demonstrated that TMP significantly suppressed the migration and tubule formation of the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line ECV304 in vitro. The expression of CXCR4 in ECV304 cells is notably down-regulated after TMP treatment. In addition, TMP significantly suppresses corneal neovascularization in a rat model of corneal alkali burn injury. The expression of CXCR4 on days 1, 3 and 7 post-injury was determined through RT-PCR analysis. Consistent with our hypotheses, the expression of CXCR4 in the rat cornea is significantly increased with alkali burn and dramatically down-regulated with TMP treatment. Moreover, TMP treatment significantly attenuates bleomycin-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis, while immunofluorescence shows a notably decreased amount of CXCR4-positive cells in the TMP-treated group. Furthermore, TMP significantly down-regulates the expression of CXCR4 in platelets, lymphocytes and red blood cells. Whole-blood viscosity and platelet aggregation in rats are significantly decreased by TMP treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results show that TMP exerts potent effects in inhibiting neovascularization, fibrosis and thrombosis under pathological conditions; thus, the underlying mechanism of TMP might partially contribute to the down-regulation of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Xueke Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Huan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Kaijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, P. R. China
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17
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Involvement of neutrophils in thrombus formation in living mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 62:1-9. [PMID: 24485849 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is one of the major causes of human death worldwide. Identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to thrombus formation is thus crucial for the understanding of the thrombotic process. To examine thrombus formation in a living mouse, new technologies have been developed. Digital intravital microscopy allows to visualize the development of thrombosis and generation of fibrin in real-time within living animal in a physiological context. This specific system allowed the identification of new cellular partners involved in platelet adhesion and activation. Furthermore, it improved, especially, the knowledge of the early phase of thrombus formation and fibrin generation in vivo. Until now, platelets used to be considered the sole central player in thrombus generation. However, recently, it has been demonstrated that leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, play a crucial role in the activation of the blood coagulation cascade leading to thrombosis. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms leading to thrombus formation in the microcirculation according to the method of injury in mice with a special focus on the new identified roles of neutrophils in this process.
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18
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Petruzziello-Pellegrini TN, Moslemi-Naeini M, Marsden PA. New insights into Shiga toxin-mediated endothelial dysfunction in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Virulence 2013; 4:556-63. [PMID: 23955166 PMCID: PMC5359733 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli represents a significant global health concern, especially as hypervirulent pathogens surface amidst outbreaks of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxin (Stx) is key in the microangiopathic events underlying the disease and its central role is underscored by the unprecedented HUS outbreak in Germany in 2011. The mechanisms of Stx-mediated endothelial dysfunction have been a major focus of research that has contributed to the current understanding of the pathogenic changes in endothelial phenotype leading to HUS. Among the newer concepts are Stx-mediated gene regulation in the absence of protein synthesis inhibition, a potential role for complement activation, and accumulating evidence for detectable serum markers before the onset of the classic clinical features of HUS. Further investigation of newer therapeutic targets and potential prognostic markers is essential to assess their utility in mitigating disease and/or predicting outcomes and will provide an improved overall understanding of HUS pathogenesis.
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19
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Fontbonne H, Puigserver A, Bouza B, Lombardo D, Ajandouz EH. Activation of bile salt dependent lipase by (lyso)phosphatidic acid and platelet activating factor. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3002-7. [PMID: 23891620 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The activity of breast milk BSDL was assayed with or without phospholipids as extra-intestinal effector candidates. Phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid and platelet activating factor but not phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine stimulated BSDL activity at least as efficiently as taurocholate. The apparent dissociation constants of PA and LPA at saturating concentrations of three different substrates were between 0.1 and 13.4 μM and that of PAF was below or equal to 200 pM. Kinetic data suggested the existence of at least one binding site for each of these effectors. PA, LPA and PAF are likely extra-intestinal modulators of BSDL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Fontbonne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2 UMR 7313, Case 342, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France
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20
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Abstract
An electron transport system regulates the initiation of thrombus formation through the activation of critical receptors involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. Protein disulfide isomerase along with other thiol isomerases, important for intracellular protein synthesis, are responsible for this extracellular activity during thrombus formation. Inhibition of these thiol isomerases blocks platelet aggregation and fibrin generation. Pharmaceuticals directed against these thiol isomerases offers a novel approach to antithrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Furie
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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21
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Ragvin A, Fjeld K, Weiss FU, Torsvik J, Aghdassi A, Mayerle J, Simon P, Njølstad PR, Lerch MM, Johansson S, Molven A. The number of tandem repeats in the carboxyl-ester lipase (CEL) gene as a risk factor in alcoholic and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2012; 13:29-32. [PMID: 23395566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the last exon of the carboxyl-ester lipase (CEL) gene has been reported to associate with alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis (ACP) in a Japanese study. Here, we have investigated the association between the number of CEL VNTR repeats and ACP or idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP) in a cohort of German patients. METHODS Patients diagnosed with ACP (n = 203) or ICP (n = 64) were genotyped using a screening method consisting of PCR followed by DNA fragment analysis. The allele frequencies of different CEL VNTR lengths were compared to the frequencies in healthy controls (n = 390). RESULTS We observed no statistical significant associations between CEL VNTR allele frequencies and ACP or ICP. CONCLUSION This study did not find evidence that supported an association between the common length variations of the CEL VNTR and chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ragvin
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Lindquist S, Andersson EL, Lundberg L, Hernell O. Bile salt-stimulated lipase plays an unexpected role in arthritis development in rodents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47006. [PMID: 23071697 PMCID: PMC3469624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the hypothesis that bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), in addition to being a key enzyme in dietary fat digestion during early infancy, plays an important role in inflammation, notably arthritis. METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in rodents are commonly used experimental models that reproduce many of the pathogenic mechanisms of human rheumatoid arthritis, i.e. increased cellular infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage and bone in the distal joints. We used the CIA model to compare the response in BSSL wild type (BSSL-WT) mice with BSSL-deficient 'knock-out' (BSSL-KO) and BSSL-heterozygous (BSSL-HET) littermates. We also investigated if intraperitoneal injection of BSSL-neutralizing antibodies affected the development or severity of CIA and PIA in mice and rats, respectively. RESULTS In two consecutive studies, we found that BSSL-KO male mice, in contrast to BSSL-WT littermates, were significantly protected from developing arthritis. We also found that BSSL-HET mice were less prone to develop disease compared to BSSL-WT mice, but not as resistant as BSSL-KO mice, suggesting a gene-dose effect. Moreover, we found that BSSL-neutralizing antibody injection reduced both the incidence and severity of CIA and PIA in rodents. CONCLUSION Our data strongly support BSSL as a key player in the inflammatory process, at least in rodents. It also suggests the possibility that BSSL-neutralizing agents could serve as a therapeutic model to reduce the inflammatory response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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24
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Tissue factor-positive neutrophils bind to injured endothelial wall and initiate thrombus formation. Blood 2012; 120:2133-43. [PMID: 22837532 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-437772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, blood coagulation and innate immunity have been viewed as interrelated responses. Recently, the presence of leukocytes at the sites of vessel injury has been described. Here we analyzed interaction of neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets in thrombus formation after a laser-induced injury in vivo. Neutrophils immediately adhered to injured vessels, preceding platelets, by binding to the activated endothelium via leukocyte function antigen-1-ICAM-1 interactions. Monocytes rolled on a thrombus 3 to 5 minutes postinjury. The kinetics of thrombus formation and fibrin generation were drastically reduced in low tissue factor (TF) mice whereas the absence of factor XII had no effect. In vitro, TF was detected in neutrophils. In vivo, the inhibition of neutrophil binding to the vessel wall reduced the presence of TF and diminished the generation of fibrin and platelet accumulation. Injection of wild-type neutrophils into low TF mice partially restored the activation of the blood coagulation cascade and accumulation of platelets. Our results show that the interaction of neutrophils with endothelial cells is a critical step preceding platelet accumulation for initiating arterial thrombosis in injured vessels. Targeting neutrophils interacting with endothelial cells may constitute an efficient strategy to reduce thrombosis.
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25
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Stax MJ, Kootstra NA, van 't Wout AB, Tanck MWT, Bakker M, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. HIV-1 disease progression is associated with bile-salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) gene polymorphism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32534. [PMID: 22412885 PMCID: PMC3295759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DC-SIGN expressed by dendritic cells captures HIV-1 resulting in trans-infection of CD4+ T-lymphocytes. However, BSSL (bile-salt stimulated lipase) binding to DC-SIGN interferes with HIV-1 capture. DC-SIGN binding properties of BSSL associate with the polymorphic repeated motif of BSSL exon 11. Furthermore, BSSL binds to HIV-1 co-receptor CXCR4. We hypothesized that BSSL modulates HIV-1 disease progression and emergence of CXCR4 using HIV-1 (X4) variants. Results The relation between BSSL genotype and HIV-1 disease progression and emergence of X4 variants was studied using Kaplan Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis in a cohort of HIV-1 infected men having sex with men (n = 334, with n = 130 seroconverters). We analyzed the association of BSSL genotype with set-point viral load and CD4 cell count, both pre-infection and post-infection at viral set-point. The number of repeats in BSSL exon 11 were highly variable ranging from 10 to 18 in seropositive individuals and from 5–17 in HRSN with 16 repeats being dominant (>80% carry at least one allele with 16 repeats). We defined 16 to 18 repeats as high (H) and less than 16 repeats as low (L) repeat numbers. Homozygosity for the high (H) repeat number BSSL genotype (HH) correlated with high CD4 cell numbers prior to infection (p = 0.007). In HIV-1 patients, delayed disease progression was linked to the HH BSSL genotype (RH = 0.462 CI = 0.282–0.757, p = 0.002) as was delayed emergence of X4 variants (RH = 0.525, 95% CI = 0.290–0.953, p = 0.034). The LH BSSL genotype, previously found to be associated with enhanced DC-SIGN binding of human milk, was identified to correlate with accelerated disease progression in our cohort of HIV-1 infected MSM (RH = 0.517, 95% CI = 0.328–0.818, p = 0.005). Conclusion We identify BSSL as a marker for HIV-1 disease progression and emergence of X4 variants. Additionally, we identified a relation between BSSL genotype and CD4 cell counts prior to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J. Stax
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and CINIMA at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angélique B. van 't Wout
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and CINIMA at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W. T. Tanck
- Department Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (KEBB), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William A. Paxton
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Petruzziello-Pellegrini TN, Yuen DA, Page AV, Patel S, Soltyk AM, Matouk CC, Wong DK, Turgeon PJ, Fish JE, Ho JJD, Steer BM, Khajoee V, Tigdi J, Lee WL, Motto DG, Advani A, Gilbert RE, Karumanchi SA, Robinson LA, Tarr PI, Liles WC, Brunton JL, Marsden PA. The CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2012. [PMID: 22232208 DOI: 10.1172/jci57313)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a potentially life-threatening condition. It often occurs after gastrointestinal infection with E. coli O157:H7, which produces Shiga toxins (Stx) that cause hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury. Stx-mediated changes in endothelial phenotype have been linked to the pathogenesis of HUS. Here we report our studies investigating Stx-induced changes in gene expression and their contribution to the pathogenesis of HUS. Stx function by inactivating host ribosomes but can also alter gene expression at concentrations that minimally affect global protein synthesis. Gene expression profiling of human microvascular endothelium treated with Stx implicated a role for activation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 by their shared cognate chemokine ligand (stromal cell-derived factor-1 [SDF-1]) in Stx-mediated pathophysiology. The changes in gene expression required a catalytically active Stx A subunit and were mediated by enhanced transcription and mRNA stability. Stx also enhanced the association of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF1 mRNAs with ribosomes. In a mouse model of Stx-mediated pathology, we noted changes in plasma and tissue content of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF-1 after Stx exposure. Furthermore, inhibition of the CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction decreased endothelial activation and organ injury and improved animal survival. Finally, in children infected with E. coli O157:H7, plasma SDF-1 levels were elevated in individuals who progressed to HUS. Collectively, these data implicate the CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway in Stx-mediated pathogenesis and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of complications associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection.
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Petruzziello-Pellegrini TN, Yuen DA, Page AV, Patel S, Soltyk AM, Matouk CC, Wong DK, Turgeon PJ, Fish JE, Ho JJD, Steer BM, Khajoee V, Tigdi J, Lee WL, Motto DG, Advani A, Gilbert RE, Karumanchi SA, Robinson LA, Tarr PI, Liles WC, Brunton JL, Marsden PA. The CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:759-76. [PMID: 22232208 DOI: 10.1172/jci57313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a potentially life-threatening condition. It often occurs after gastrointestinal infection with E. coli O157:H7, which produces Shiga toxins (Stx) that cause hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury. Stx-mediated changes in endothelial phenotype have been linked to the pathogenesis of HUS. Here we report our studies investigating Stx-induced changes in gene expression and their contribution to the pathogenesis of HUS. Stx function by inactivating host ribosomes but can also alter gene expression at concentrations that minimally affect global protein synthesis. Gene expression profiling of human microvascular endothelium treated with Stx implicated a role for activation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 by their shared cognate chemokine ligand (stromal cell-derived factor-1 [SDF-1]) in Stx-mediated pathophysiology. The changes in gene expression required a catalytically active Stx A subunit and were mediated by enhanced transcription and mRNA stability. Stx also enhanced the association of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF1 mRNAs with ribosomes. In a mouse model of Stx-mediated pathology, we noted changes in plasma and tissue content of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF-1 after Stx exposure. Furthermore, inhibition of the CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction decreased endothelial activation and organ injury and improved animal survival. Finally, in children infected with E. coli O157:H7, plasma SDF-1 levels were elevated in individuals who progressed to HUS. Collectively, these data implicate the CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway in Stx-mediated pathogenesis and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of complications associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Relatively little is known with regards to the mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission across a mucosal surface and more specifically what effects host factors have on influencing infection and early viral dissemination. The purpose of this review is to summarize which factors of the innate immune response can influence mucosal transmission of HIV-1. RECENT FINDINGS A large array of cell types reside at the mucosal surface ranging from Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages as well as CD4⁺ lymphocytes, all of which interact with the virus in a unique and different way and which can contribute to risk of HIV-1 transmission. Numerous factors present in bodily secretions as well as the carrier fluids of HIV-1 (breast milk, vaginal secretions, semen and intestinal mucus) can influence transmission and early virus replication. These range from cytokines, chemokines, small peptides, glycoproteins as well as an array of host intracellular molecules which can influence viral uncoating, reverse transcription as well as egress from the infected cell. SUMMARY Better understanding the cellular mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission and how different host factor can influence infection will aide in the future development of vaccines, microbicides, and therapies.
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Comparative Structures and Evolution of Vertebrate Carboxyl Ester Lipase (CEL) Genes and Proteins with a Major Role in Reverse Cholesterol Transport. CHOLESTEROL 2011; 2011:781643. [PMID: 22162806 PMCID: PMC3227413 DOI: 10.1155/2011/781643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bile-salt activated carboxylic ester lipase (CEL) is a major triglyceride, cholesterol ester and vitamin ester hydrolytic enzyme contained within pancreatic and lactating mammary gland secretions. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, secondary and tertiary structures and gene locations for CEL genes, and encoded proteins using data from several vertebrate genome projects. A proline-rich and O-glycosylated 11-amino acid C-terminal repeat sequence (VNTR) previously reported for human and other higher primate CEL proteins was also observed for other eutherian mammalian CEL sequences examined. In contrast, opossum CEL contained a single C-terminal copy of this sequence whereas CEL proteins from platypus, chicken, lizard, frog and several fish species lacked the VNTR sequence. Vertebrate CEL genes contained 11 coding exons. Evidence is presented for tandem duplicated CEL genes for the zebrafish genome. Vertebrate CEL protein subunits shared 53-97% sequence identities; demonstrated sequence alignments and identities for key CEL amino acid residues; and conservation of predicted secondary and tertiary structures with those previously reported for human CEL. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the relationships and potential evolutionary origins of the vertebrate CEL family of genes which were related to a nematode carboxylesterase (CES) gene and five mammalian CES gene families.
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Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted proteins with chemoattractant properties that play a key role in inflammation, metastasis, and embryonic development. We previously demonstrated a nonchemotactic role for one such chemokine pair, stromal cell-derived factor-1α and its G-protein coupled receptor, CXCR4. Stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 are expressed on cardiac myocytes and have direct consequences on cardiac myocyte physiology by inhibiting contractility in response to the nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) agonist, isoproterenol. As a result of the importance of β-adrenergic signaling in heart failure pathophysiology, we investigated the underlying mechanism involved in CXCR4 modulation of βAR signaling. Our studies demonstrate activation of CXCR4 by stromal cell-derived factor-1 leads to a decrease in βAR-induced PKA activity as assessed by cAMP accumulation and PKA-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban, an inhibitor of SERCA2a. We determined CXCR4 regulation of βAR downstream targets is β2AR-dependent. We demonstrated a physical interaction between CXCR4 and β2AR as determined by coimmunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and BRET techniques. The CXCR4-β2AR interaction leads to G-protein signal modulation and suggests the interaction is a novel mechanism for regulating cardiac myocyte contractility. Chemokines are physiologically and developmentally relevant to myocardial biology and represent a novel receptor class of cardiac modulators. The CXCR4-β2AR complex could represent a hitherto unknown target for therapeutic intervention.
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Thomas GM, Panicot-Dubois L, Lacroix R, Dignat-George F, Lombardo D, Dubois C. Cancer cell-derived microparticles bearing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 accelerate thrombus formation in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1913-27. [PMID: 19667060 PMCID: PMC2737159 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent publications have demonstrated the presence of tissue factor (TF)–bearing microparticles (MPs) in the blood of patients suffering from cancer. However, whether these MPs are involved in thrombosis remains unknown. We show that pancreatic and lung cancer cells produce MPs that express active TF and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Cancer cell–derived MPs aggregate platelets via a TF-dependent pathway. In vivo, cancer cell–derived MPs, but not their parent cells, infused into a living mouse accumulate at the site of injury and reduce tail bleeding time and the time to occlusion of venules and arterioles. This thrombotic state is also observed in mice developing tumors. In such mice, the amount of circulating platelet-, endothelial cell–, and cancer cell–derived MPs is increased. Endogenous cancer cell–derived MPs shed from the growing tumor are able to accumulate at the site of injury. Infusion of a blocking P-selectin antibody abolishes the thrombotic state observed after injection of MPs or in mice developing a tumor. Collectively, our results indicate that cancer cell–derived MPs bearing PSGL-1 and TF play a key role in thrombus formation in vivo. Targeting these MPs could be of clinical interest in the prevention of thrombosis and to limit formation of metastasis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Thomas
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, 13385 Marseille, France
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Gresele P, Falcinelli E, Momi S. Potentiation and priming of platelet activation: a potential target for antiplatelet therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:352-60. [PMID: 18539343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular events represent the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and platelet aggregation and thrombus formation are the main effectors of acute arterial ischemic events. Although antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of antithrombotic treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disorders, available antiplatelet agents have less than satisfactory efficacy; thus, the identification of novel potential target candidates for antiplatelet therapy is highly warranted. Recent evidence suggests that several molecules that amplify the aggregation response of platelets to activating stimuli, which are either released by platelets (potentiating molecules) or present in the milieu before platelets get activated (primers), play a major role in pathologic thrombus formation without being significantly involved in primary haemostasis. These molecules appear to be a particularly appealing novel potential pharmacologic target for antiplatelet therapy. Here, we review the present knowledge on some molecules acting as potentiators or primers of platelet activation and discuss their possible pharmacologic modulation for antithrombotic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Via Enrico dal Pozzo, Perugia, Italy.
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