1
|
Balczon R, Lin MT, Voth S, Nelson AR, Schupp JC, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Stevens T. Lung endothelium, tau, and amyloids in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:533-587. [PMID: 37561137 PMCID: PMC11281824 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelia in the arteries, capillaries, and veins are heterogeneous in structure and function. Lung capillaries in particular represent a unique vascular niche, with a thin yet highly restrictive alveolar-capillary barrier that optimizes gas exchange. Capillary endothelium surveys the blood while simultaneously interpreting cues initiated within the alveolus and communicated via immediately adjacent type I and type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes. This cell-cell communication is necessary to coordinate the immune response to lower respiratory tract infection. Recent discoveries identify an important role for the microtubule-associated protein tau that is expressed in lung capillary endothelia in the host-pathogen interaction. This endothelial tau stabilizes microtubules necessary for barrier integrity, yet infection drives production of cytotoxic tau variants that are released into the airways and circulation, where they contribute to end-organ dysfunction. Similarly, beta-amyloid is produced during infection. Beta-amyloid has antimicrobial activity, but during infection it can acquire cytotoxic activity that is deleterious to the host. The production and function of these cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are the subject of this review. Lung-derived cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are a recently discovered mechanism of end-organ dysfunction, including neurocognitive dysfunction, during and in the aftermath of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mike T Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dysregulated haemostasis in thrombo-inflammatory disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1809-1829. [PMID: 36524413 PMCID: PMC9760580 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory disease is often associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism in affected patients, although in most instances, the mechanistic basis for this increased thrombogenicity remains poorly understood. Acute infection, as exemplified by sepsis, malaria and most recently, COVID-19, drives 'immunothrombosis', where the immune defence response to capture and neutralise invading pathogens causes concurrent activation of deleterious prothrombotic cellular and biological responses. Moreover, dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, and neurodegenerative disorders, are now recognised to occur in parallel with activation of coagulation. In this review, we describe the detailed cellular and biochemical mechanisms that cause inflammation-driven haemostatic dysregulation, including aberrant contact pathway activation, increased tissue factor activity and release, innate immune cell activation and programmed cell death, and T cell-mediated changes in thrombus resolution. In addition, we consider how lifestyle changes increasingly associated with modern life, such as circadian rhythm disruption, chronic stress and old age, are increasingly implicated in unbalancing haemostasis. Finally, we describe the emergence of potential therapies with broad-ranging immunothrombotic functions, and how drug development in this area is challenged by our nascent understanding of the key molecular and cellular parameters that control the shared nodes of proinflammatory and procoagulant pathways. Despite the increasing recognition and understanding of the prothrombotic nature of inflammatory disease, significant challenges remain in effectively managing affected patients, and new therapeutic approaches to curtail the key pathogenic steps in immune response-driven thrombosis are urgently required.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lira AL, Mina N, Bonturi CR, Nogueira RS, Torquato RJS, Oliva MLV, Sousa AA. Anionic Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Bind to Coagulation Factors and Disturb Normal Hemostatic Balance. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1558-1569. [PMID: 36018252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (usNPs) and nanoclusters are an emerging class of nanomaterials exhibiting distinctive physicochemical properties and in vivo behaviors. Although understanding the interactions of usNPs with blood components is of fundamental importance to advance their clinical translation, currently, little is known about the way that usNPs interact with the hemostatic system. This study describes the effects of a model anionic p-mercaptobenzoic acid-coated usNP on the coagulation cascade, with particular emphasis on the contact pathway. It is found that in a purified system, the anionic usNPs bind to and activate factor XII (FXII). The formed usNP-FXII complexes are short-lived (residence time of ∼10 s) and characterized by an affinity constant of ∼200 nM. In human plasma, the anionic usNPs activate the contact pathway and promote coagulation. The usNPs also exhibit anticoagulant activity in plasma by interfering with the thrombin-mediated cleavage of fibrinogen. Taken together, these findings establish that anionic usNPs can disturb the normal hemostatic balance, which in turn may hinder their clinical translation. Finally, it is shown that usNPs can be designed to be nearly inert in plasma by surface coating with the natural peptide glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André L Lira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Natasha Mina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Camila R Bonturi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Ruben S Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J S Torquato
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza V Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Alioscka A Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Association of FXI activity with thrombo-inflammation, extracellular matrix, lipid metabolism and apoptosis in venous thrombosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9761. [PMID: 35697739 PMCID: PMC9192691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments and early phase human trials suggest that inhibition of factor XIa (FXIa) safely prevents venous thromboembolism (VTE), and specific murine models of sepsis have shown potential efficacy in alleviating cytokine storm. These latter findings support the role of FXI beyond coagulation. Here, we combine targeted proteomics, machine learning and bioinformatics, to discover associations between FXI activity (FXI:C) and the plasma protein profile of patients with VTE. FXI:C was measured with a modified activated partial prothrombin time (APTT) clotting time assay. Proximity extension assay-based protein profiling was performed on plasma collected from subjects from the Genotyping and Molecular Phenotyping of Venous Thromboembolism (GMP-VTE) Project, collected during an acute VTE event (n = 549) and 12-months after (n = 187). Among 444 proteins investigated, N = 21 and N = 66 were associated with FXI:C during the acute VTE event and at 12 months follow-up, respectively. Seven proteins were identified as FXI:C-associated at both time points. These FXI-related proteins were enriched in immune pathways related to causes of thrombo-inflammation, extracellular matrix interaction, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. The results of this study offer important new avenues for future research into the multiple properties of FXI, which are of high clinical interest given the current development of FXI inhibitors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
![]()
SARS-CoV-2 infection
is associated with a surprising number of
morbidities. Uncanny similarities with amyloid-disease associated
blood coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances together with neurologic
and cardiac problems led us to investigate the amyloidogenicity of
the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein). Amyloid fibril assays of
peptide library mixtures and theoretical predictions identified seven
amyloidogenic sequences within the S-protein. All seven peptides in
isolation formed aggregates during incubation at 37 °C. Three
20-amino acid long synthetic spike peptides (sequence 192–211,
601–620, 1166–1185) fulfilled three amyloid fibril criteria:
nucleation dependent polymerization kinetics by ThT, Congo red positivity,
and ultrastructural fibrillar morphology. Full-length folded S-protein
did not form amyloid fibrils, but amyloid-like fibrils with evident
branching were formed during 24 h of S-protein coincubation with the
protease neutrophil elastase (NE) in vitro. NE efficiently
cleaved S-protein, rendering exposure of amyloidogenic segments and
accumulation of the amyloidogenic peptide 194–203, part of
the most amyloidogenic synthetic spike peptide. NE is overexpressed
at inflamed sites of viral infection. Our data propose a molecular
mechanism for potential amyloidogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein in
humans facilitated by endoproteolysis. The prospective of S-protein
amyloidogenesis in COVID-19 disease associated pathogenesis can be
important in understanding the disease and long COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Nyström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Hammarström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Poenou G, Dumitru Dumitru T, Lafaie L, Mismetti V, Heestermans M, Bertoletti L. Factor XI Inhibition for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism: An Update on Current Evidence and Future perspectives. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2022; 18:359-373. [PMID: 35707632 PMCID: PMC9191224 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s331614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, emergence of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has drastically improved the prevention of thrombosis. However, several unmet needs prevail in the field of thrombosis prevention, even in the DOACs’ era. The use of DOACs is still constrained and the drugs cannot be administered in every clinical scenario, such as an increased anticoagulant-associated bleeding risk, particularly in some specific populations (cancer – notably those with gastrointestinal or genitourinary cancer – and frail patients), the impossibility to be used in certain patients (eg, end-stage kidney failure during hemodialysis, pregnancy and breastfeeding), and their lack of efficacy in certain clinical scenarios (eg, mechanical heart valves, triple-positive antiphospholipid syndrome). Efforts to find a factor that upon antagonization prevents thrombosis but spares haemostasis have resulted in the identification of coagulation factor XI (FXI) as a therapeutic target. After briefly recapitulating the role of factor XI in the balance of haemostasis, we propose a narrative review of the key data published to date with compounds targeting factor XI to prevent thrombosis as well as the main ongoing clinical studies, opening up prospects for improving the care of patients requiring thrombosis prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Poenou
- Therapeutic and Vascular Medicine Department, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Teona Dumitru Dumitru
- Therapeutic and Vascular Medicine Department, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
- Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ludovic Lafaie
- Geriatric Department, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
- INSERM, UMR1059, Haemostasis and Vascular Dysfunction Team, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, F-42055, France
| | - Valentine Mismetti
- INSERM, UMR1059, Haemostasis and Vascular Dysfunction Team, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, F-42055, France
- Pneumology Department, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Marco Heestermans
- INSERM, UMR1059, Haemostasis and Vascular Dysfunction Team, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, F-42055, France
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes French Blood Donation Agency, Saint-Etienne, F-42100, France
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- Therapeutic and Vascular Medicine Department, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
- INSERM, UMR1059, Haemostasis and Vascular Dysfunction Team, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, F-42055, France
- INSERM, CIC-1408, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
- Correspondence: Laurent Bertoletti, Therapeutic and Vascular Medicine Department, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France, Tel +33477827771, Fax +33477820482, Email
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Genetic Deletion of HLJ1 Does Not Affect Blood Coagulation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042064. [PMID: 35216179 PMCID: PMC8880458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HLJ1 (also called DNAJB4) is a member of the DNAJ/Hsp40 family and plays an important role in regulating protein folding and activity. However, there is little information about the role of HLJ1 in the regulation of physiological function. In this study, we investigated the role of HLJ1 in blood coagulation using wild-type C57BL/6 mice and HLJ1-null (HLJ1-/-) mice. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression and distribution of HLJ1 protein, respectively. The tail bleeding assay was applied to assess the bleeding time and blood loss. A coagulation test was used for measuring the activity of extrinsic, intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. Thromboelastography was used to measure the coagulation parameters in the progression of blood clot formation. The results showed that HLJ1 was detectable in plasma and bone marrow. The distribution of HLJ1 was co-localized with CD41, the marker of platelets and megakaryocytes. However, genetic deletion of HLJ1 did not alter blood loss and the activity of extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways, as well as blood clot formation, compared to wild-type mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that, although HLJ1 appears in megakaryocytes and platelets, it may not play a role in the function of blood coagulation under normal physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jaffar J, McMillan L, Wilson N, Panousis C, Hardy C, Cho HJ, Symons K, Glaspole I, Westall G, Wong M. Coagulation Factor-XII induces interleukin-6 by primary lung fibroblasts: A role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 322:L258-L272. [PMID: 34873957 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00165.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms driving idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remain undefined, however it is postulated that coagulation imbalances may play a role. The impact of blood-derived clotting factors, including factor XII (FXII) has not been investigated in the context of IPF. Methods Plasma levels of FXII were measured by ELISA in patients with IPF and age-matched healthy donors. Expression of FXII in human lung tissue was quantified using multiplex immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Mechanistic investigation of FXII activity was assessed in vitro on primary lung fibroblasts using qPCR and specific receptor/FXII inhibition. The functional outcome of FXII on fibroblast migration was examined by high-content image analysis. Findings Compared to 35 healthy donors, plasma levels of FXII were not higher in IPF (n=27, p>0·05). Tissue FXII was elevated in IPF (n=11) and increased numbers of FXII+ cells were found in IPF (n=8) lung tissue compared to non-diseased controls (n=6, p<0·0001). Activated FXII induced IL6 mRNA and IL-6 protein in fibroblasts that was blocked by anti-FXII antibody, CSL312. FXII-induced IL-6 production via PAR-1 and NF-kB. FXII induced migration of fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner. Interpretation FXII is normally confined to the circulation but leaks from damaged vessels into the lung interstitium in IPF where it 1) induces IL-6 production and 2) enhances migration of resident fibroblasts, critical events that drive chronic inflammation and therefore, contribute to fibrotic disease progression. Targeting FXII-induced fibroblastic processes in IPF may ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis. Funding National Health and Medical Research Council CRE in Lung Fibrosis and CSL Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Jaffar
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyun Jung Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Symons
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Ian Glaspole
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Mae Wong
- CSL Limited, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schuster R, Steffen P, Dreyer B, Rohn S, Schlüter H, Riedner M. Identifying Circulating Urotensin II and Urotensin II-Related Peptide-Generating Enzymes in the Human Plasma Fraction Cohn IV-4. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5368-5378. [PMID: 34734734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) and UII-related peptide (URP) are vasoactive peptide hormones causing strong vasoconstriction or vasodilation, depending on the type of blood vessel. In humans, the active forms are resulting from proteolytic cleavage of their inactive precursor protein. In blood plasma, a defined protease converting the inactive UII and URP precursors into their active forms has not been identified yet. Using mass spectrometry-based enzyme screening for detecting UII- and URP-converting enzymes, the human plasma fraction Cohn IV-4 was chromatographed, and the resulting fractions were screened for UII- or URP-generating activity. Plasma kallikrein (PK) as a UII- and URP-generating protease was identified. URP generation was also found for the serine protease factor XIa, plasmin, thrombin, and, to a smaller extent, factor XIIa. It was demonstrated that in the Cohn IV-4 fraction, PK accounts for a significant amount of UII- and URP-generating activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schuster
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Steffen
- Bowel Cancer & Biomarker Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Benjamin Dreyer
- Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Riedner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cai D, Chen S, Wu B, Chen J, Tao D, Li Z, Dong Q, Zou Y, Chen Y, Bi C, Zu D, Lu L, Fang B. Construction of multifunctional porcine acellular dermal matrix hydrogel blended with vancomycin for hemorrhage control, antibacterial action, and tissue repair in infected trauma wounds. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100127. [PMID: 34585135 PMCID: PMC8452890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of bacterial infection and reduction of hemorrhage, the primary challenges posed by trauma before hospitalization, are essential steps in prolonging the patient's life until they have been transported to a trauma center. Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel is a promising biocompatible material for accelerating wound closure. However, due to the lack of antibacterial properties, this hydrogel is difficult to be applied to acute contaminated wounds. This study formulates an injectable dermal extracellular matrix hydrogel (porcine acellular dermal matrix (ADM)) as a scaffold for skin defect repair. The hydrogel combines vancomycin, an antimicrobial agent for inducing hemostasis, expediting antimicrobial activity, and promoting tissue repair. The hydrogel possesses a porous structure beneficial for the adsorption of vancomycin. The antimicrobial agent can be timely released from the hydrogel within an hour, which is less than the time taken by bacteria to infest an injury, with a cumulative release rate of approximately 80%, and thus enables a relatively fast bactericidal effect. The cytotoxicity investigation demonstrates the biocompatibility of the ADM hydrogel. Dynamic coagulation experiments reveal accelerated blood coagulation by the hydrogel. In vivo antibacterial and hemostatic experiments on a rat model indicate the healing of infected tissue and effective control of hemorrhaging by the hydrogel. Therefore, the vancomycin-loaded ADM hydrogel will be a viable biomaterial for controlling hemorrhage and preventing bacterial infections in trauma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Cai
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - S Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - J Chen
- Bacterial Laboratory, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - D Tao
- Pathology Department, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Z Li
- Pathology Department, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Q Dong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Y Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.,School of Medcine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - C Bi
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.,School of Medcine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - D Zu
- Central Laboratory, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - L Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - B Fang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh PK, Chen ZL, Strickland S, Norris EH. Increased Contact System Activation in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients with Impaired Short-Term Memory. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:59-65. [PMID: 32651324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An activated plasma contact system is an abnormality observed in many Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Since mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients often develop AD, we analyzed the status of contact system activation in MCI patients. We found that kallikrein activity, high molecular weight kininogen cleavage, and bradykinin levels- measures of contact system activation- were significantly elevated in MCI patient plasma compared to plasma from age- and education-matched healthy individuals. Changes were more pronounced in MCI patients with impaired short-term recall memory, indicating the possible role of the contact system in early cognitive changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A novel murine in vivo model for acute hereditary angioedema attacks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15924. [PMID: 34354123 PMCID: PMC8342443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease generally caused by deficiency or mutations in the C1-inhibitor gene, SERPING1, a member of the Serpin family. HAE results in acute attacks of edema, vasodilation, GI pain and hypotension. C1INH is a key inhibitor of enzymes controlling complement activation, fibrinolysis and the contact system. In HAE patients, contact system activation leads to uncontrolled production of bradykinin, the vasodilator responsible for the characteristic symptoms of HAE. In this study, we present the first physiological in vivo model to mimic acute HAE attacks. We evaluate hypotension, one of the many hallmark symptoms of acute HAE attacks using Serping1 deficient mice (serping1−/−) and implanted telemetry. Attacks were induced by IV injection of a silica nanoparticle (SiNP) suspension. Blood pressure was measured in real time, in conscious and untethered mice using implanted telemetry. SiNP injection induced a rapid, reversible decrease in blood pressure, in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. We also demonstrate that an HAE therapeutic, ecallantide, can prevent HAE attacks in this model. The in vivo murine model described here can facilitate the understanding of acute HAE attacks, support drug development and ultimately contribute to improved patient care.
Collapse
|
13
|
Spedicati B, Cocca M, Palmisano R, Faletra F, Barbieri C, Francescatto M, Mezzavilla M, Morgan A, Pelliccione G, Gasparini P, Girotto G. Natural human knockouts and Mendelian disorders: deep phenotyping in Italian isolates. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:1272-1281. [PMID: 33727708 PMCID: PMC8384846 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) allows the identification of human knockouts (HKOs), individuals in whom loss of function (LoF) variants disrupt both alleles of a given gene. HKOs are a valuable model for understanding the consequences of genes function loss. Naturally occurring biallelic LoF variants tend to be significantly enriched in "genetic isolates," making these populations specifically suited for HKO studies. In this work, a meticulous WGS data analysis combined with an in-depth phenotypic assessment of 947 individuals from three Italian genetic isolates led to the identification of ten biallelic LoF variants in ten OMIM genes associated with known autosomal recessive diseases. Notably, only a minority of the identified HKOs (C7, F12, and GPR68 genes) displayed the expected phenotype. For most of the genes, instead, (ACADSB, FANCL, GRK1, LGI4, MPO, PGAM2, and RP1L1), the carriers showed none or few of the signs and symptoms typically associated with the related diseases. Of particular interest is a case presenting with a FANCL biallelic LoF variant and a positive diepoxybutane test but lacking a full Fanconi anemia phenotypic spectrum. Identifying KO subjects displaying expected phenotypes suggests that the lack of correct genetic diagnoses may lead to inappropriate and delayed treatment. In contrast, the presence of HKOs with phenotypes deviating from the expected patterns underlines how LoF variants may be responsible for broader phenotypic spectra. Overall, these results highlight the importance of in-depth phenotypical characterization to understand the role of LoF variants and the advantage of studying these variants in genetic isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Spedicati
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- grid.418712.90000 0004 1760 7415Institute for Maternal and Child Health – I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Palmisano
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Faletra
- grid.418712.90000 0004 1760 7415Institute for Maternal and Child Health – I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Caterina Barbieri
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Francescatto
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- grid.418712.90000 0004 1760 7415Institute for Maternal and Child Health – I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Morgan
- grid.418712.90000 0004 1760 7415Institute for Maternal and Child Health – I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Pelliccione
- grid.418712.90000 0004 1760 7415Institute for Maternal and Child Health – I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy ,grid.418712.90000 0004 1760 7415Institute for Maternal and Child Health – I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy ,grid.418712.90000 0004 1760 7415Institute for Maternal and Child Health – I.R.C.C.S. “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Skinner SC, Derebail VK, Poulton CJ, Bunch DC, Roy-Chaudhury P, Key NS. Hemodialysis-Related Complement and Contact Pathway Activation and Cardiovascular Risk: A Narrative Review. Kidney Med 2021; 3:607-618. [PMID: 34401728 PMCID: PMC8350825 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals receiving long-term hemodialysis are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors do not fully explain the high CVD risk in this population. During hemodialysis, blood interacts with the biomaterials of the hemodialysis circuit. This interaction can activate the complement system and the factor XII-driven contact system. FXII activation triggers both the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the kallikrein-kinin pathway, resulting in thrombin and bradykinin production, respectively. The complement system plays a key role in the innate immune response, but also contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous disease states. Components of the complement pathway, including mannose binding lectin and C3, are associated with CVD risk in people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Both the complement system and the factor XII-driven contact coagulation system mediate proinflammatory and procoagulant responses that could contribute to or accelerate CVD in hemodialysis recipents. This review summarizes what is already known about hemodialysis-mediated activation of the complement system and in particular the coagulation contact system, emphasizing the potential role these systems play in the identification of new biomarkers for CVD risk stratification and the development of potential therapeutic targets or innovative therapies that decrease CVD risk in ESKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Skinner
- Division of Hematology and UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Vimal K. Derebail
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Caroline J. Poulton
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Donna C. Bunch
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- WG (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC
| | - Nigel S. Key
- Division of Hematology and UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh PK, Badimon A, Chen Z, Strickland S, Norris EH. The contact activation system and vascular factors as alternative targets for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:e12504. [PMID: 33977208 PMCID: PMC8105157 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting millions of people worldwide. Extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles are classical hallmarks of AD pathology and thus are the prime targets for AD therapeutics. However, approaches to slow or stop AD progression and dementia by reducing Aβ production, neutralizing toxic Aβ aggregates, or inhibiting tau aggregation have been largely unsuccessful in clinical trials. The contribution of dysregulated vascular components and inflammation is evident in AD pathology. Vascular changes are detectable early in AD progression, so treatment of vascular defects along with anti-Aβ/tau therapy could be a successful combination therapeutic strategy for this disease. Here, we explain how vascular dysfunction mechanistically contributes to thrombosis as well as inflammation and neurodegeneration in AD pathogenesis. This review provides evidence that addressing vascular dysfunction in people with AD could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ana Badimon
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Zu‐Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peoples N, Strang C. Complement Activation in the Central Nervous System: A Biophysical Model for Immune Dysregulation in the Disease State. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:620090. [PMID: 33746710 PMCID: PMC7969890 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.620090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement, a feature of the innate immune system that targets pathogens for phagocytic clearance and promotes inflammation, is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host tissue. This regulation is paramount in the central nervous system (CNS) since complement proteins degrade neuronal synapses during development, homeostasis, and neurodegeneration. We propose that dysregulated complement, particularly C1 or C3b, may errantly target synapses for immune-mediated clearance, therefore highlighting regulatory failure as a major potential mediator of neurological disease. First, we explore the mechanics of molecular neuroimmune relationships for the regulatory proteins: Complement Receptor 1, C1-Inhibitor, Factor H, and the CUB-sushi multiple domain family. We propose that biophysical and chemical principles offer clues for understanding mechanisms of dysregulation. Second, we describe anticipated effects to CNS disease processes (particularly Alzheimer's Disease) and nest our ideas within existing basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings. Finally, we illustrate how the concepts presented within this manuscript provoke new ways of approaching age-old neurodegenerative processes. Every component of this model is testable by straightforward experimentation and highlights the untapped potential of complement dysregulation as a driver of CNS disease. This includes a putative role for complement-based neurotherapeutic agents and companion biomarkers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Park JE, Lim DS, Cho YH, Choi KY, Lee JJ, Kim BC, Lee KH, Lee JS. Plasma contact factors as novel biomarkers for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Res 2021; 9:5. [PMID: 33422144 PMCID: PMC7796542 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and most of AD patients suffer from vascular abnormalities and neuroinflammation. There is an urgent need to develop novel blood biomarkers capable of diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at very early stage. This study was performed to find out new accurate plasma diagnostic biomarkers for AD by investigating a direct relationship between plasma contact system and AD. Methods A total 101 of human CSF and plasma samples from normal and AD patients were analyzed. The contact factor activities in plasma were measured with the corresponding specific peptide substrates. Results The activities of contact factors (FXIIa, FXIa, plasma kallikrein) and FXa clearly increased and statistically correlated as AD progresses. We present here, for the first time, the FXIIa cut-off scores to as: > 26.3 U/ml for prodromal AD [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.783, p < 0.001] and > 27.2 U/ml for AD dementia (AUC = 0.906, p < 0.001). We also describe the cut-off scores from the ratios of CSF Aβ1–42 versus the contact factors. Of these, the representative ratio cut-off scores of Aβ1–42/FXIIa were to be: < 33.8 for prodromal AD (AUC = 0.965, p < 0.001) and < 27.44 for AD dementia (AUC = 1.0, p < 0.001). Conclusion The activation of plasma contact system is closely associated with clinical stage of AD, and FXIIa activity as well as the cut-off scores of CSF Aβ1–42/FXIIa can be used as novel accurate diagnostic AD biomarkers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40364-020-00258-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21-Four Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21-Four Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yeong Choi
- Gwangju Alzheimer's disease and related Dementias Cohort Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Jae Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer's disease and related Dementias Cohort Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.,Gwangju Alzheimer's disease and related Dementias Cohort Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21-Four Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. .,Gwangju Alzheimer's disease and related Dementias Cohort Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sohrabi M, Pecoraro HL, Combs CK. Gut Inflammation Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium Exacerbates Amyloid-β Plaque Deposition in the AppNL-G-F Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1235-1255. [PMID: 33427741 PMCID: PMC8122495 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that the brain communicates with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract via the well-established gut-brain axis, the influence exerted by chronic intestinal inflammation on brain changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood. We hypothesized that increased gut inflammation would alter brain pathology of a mouse model of AD. OBJECTIVE Determine whether colitis exacerbates AD-related brain changes. METHODS To test this idea, 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was dissolved in the drinking water and fed ad libitum to male C57BL/6 wild type and AppNL-G-F mice at 6-10 months of age for two cycles of three days each. DSS is a negatively charged sulfated polysaccharide which results in bloody diarrhea and weight loss, changes similar to human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). RESULTS Both wild type and AppNL-G-F mice developed an IBD-like condition. Brain histologic and biochemical assessments demonstrated increased insoluble Aβ1-40/42 levels along with the decreased microglial CD68 immunoreactivity in DSS treated AppNL-G-F mice compared to vehicle treated AppNL-G-F mice. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that intestinal dysfunction is capable of altering plaque deposition and glial immunoreactivity in the brain. This study increases our knowledge of the impact of peripheral inflammation on Aβ deposition via an IBD-like model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Heidi L. Pecoraro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND
| | - Colin K. Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmaier AH, Stavrou EX. Factor XII - What's important but not commonly thought about. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:599-606. [PMID: 31624779 PMCID: PMC6781921 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XII (FXII) becomes a serine protease when blood is exposed to artificial medical surfaces or when pathologic surfaces arise in disease states leading to its autoactivation. Initiation of the blood coagulation cascade was the first recognized activity of FXIIa. Blocking FXIIa activity formed on artificial medical surfaces should reduce induced blood coagulation leading to thrombosis. In contrast to FXII enzymatic activities, less is known about zymogen FXII functions. Studies show that zymogen FXII has biologic activity in various cells in vivo. In endothelium, FXII stimulates cell growth and proliferation and, in vivo, neoangiogenesis after injury. In fibroblasts, transforming growth factor-β increases FXII expression, which in turn stimulates fibroblast proliferation, contributing to tissue fibrosis. In neutrophils, FXII stimulates Akt2 to initiate neutrophil adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis, priming events leading to NETosis. Factor FXII deficiency leads to decreased neutrophil recruitment and improved wound healing. In dendritic cells, FXII contributes to neuroinflammation, and its deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition renders mice less susceptible to autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These combined studies indicate that FXII also contributes to multiple components of the inflammatory response. In sum, targeting FXII's biologic activities may provide novel approaches to reduce thrombosis and the inflammatory response in various disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
- Department of MedicineUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterClevelandOhio
| | - Evi X. Stavrou
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
- Department of MedicineVA Northeast Ohio Healthcare SystemClevelandOhio
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maas C. Plasminflammation-An Emerging Pathway to Bradykinin Production. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2046. [PMID: 31507620 PMCID: PMC6719523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activation is essential for fibrinolysis—the breakdown of fibrin polymers in blood clots. Besides this important function, plasminogen activation participates in a wide variety of inflammatory conditions. One of these conditions is hereditary angioedema (HAE), a rare disease with characteristic attacks of aggressive tissue swelling due to unregulated production and activity of the inflammatory mediator bradykinin. Plasmin was already implicated in this disease decades ago, but a series of recent discoveries have made it clear that plasmin actively contributes to this pathology. Collective evidence points toward an axis in which the plasminogen activation system and the contact system (which produces bradykinin) are mechanistically coupled. This is amongst others supported by findings in subtypes of HAE that are caused by gain-of-function mutations in the genes that respectively encode factor XII or plasminogen, as well as clinical experience with the antifibrinolytic agents in HAE. The concept of a link between plasminogen activation and the contact system helps us to explain the inflammatory side effects of fibrinolytic therapy, presenting as angioedema or tissue edema. Furthermore, these observations motivate the development and characterization of therapeutic agents that disconnect plasminogen activation from bradykinin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coen Maas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Renné T, Stavrou EX. Roles of Factor XII in Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2011. [PMID: 31507606 PMCID: PMC6713930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XII (FXII) is the zymogen of serine protease, factor XIIa (FXIIa). FXIIa enzymatic activities have been extensively studied and FXIIa inhibition is emerging as a promising target to treat or prevent thrombosis without creating a hemostatic defect. FXII and plasma prekallikrein reciprocally activate each other and result in liberation of bradykinin. Due to its unique structure among coagulation factors, FXII exerts mitogenic activity in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, indicating that zymogen FXII has activities independent of its protease function. A growing body of evidence has revealed that both FXII and FXIIa upregulate neutrophil functions, contribute to macrophage polarization and induce T-cell differentiation. In vivo, these signaling activities contribute to host defense against pathogens, mediate the development of neuroinflammation, influence wound repair and may facilitate cancer maintenance and progression. Here, we review the roles of FXII in innate immunity as they relate to non-sterile and sterile immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Evi X Stavrou
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Puy C, Ngo ATP, Pang J, Keshari RS, Hagen MW, Hinds MT, Gailani D, Gruber A, Lupu F, McCarty OJT. Endothelial PAI-1 (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) Blocks the Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation, Inducing the Clearance and Degradation of FXIa (Activated Factor XI). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1390-1401. [PMID: 31242030 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Activation of coagulation FXI (factor XI) by FXIIa (activated factor XII) is a prothrombotic process. The endothelium is known to play an antithrombotic role by limiting thrombin generation and platelet activation. It is unknown whether the antithrombotic role of the endothelium includes sequestration of FXIa (activated factor XI) activity. This study aims to determine the role of endothelial cells (ECs) in the regulation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Approach and Results- Using a chromogenic assay, we observed that human umbilical veins ECs selectively blocked FXIa yet supported kallikrein and FXIIa activity. Western blotting and mass spectrometry analyses revealed that FXIa formed a complex with endothelial PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1). Blocking endothelial PAI-1 increased the cleavage of a chromogenic substrate by FXIa and the capacity of FXIa to promote fibrin formation in plasma. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed that FXIa-PAI-1 complexes were either released into the media or trafficked to the early and late endosomes and lysosomes of ECs. When baboons were challenged with Staphylococcus aureus to induce a prothrombotic phenotype, an increase in circulating FXIa-PAI-1 complex levels was detected by ELISA within 2 to 8 hours postchallenge. Conclusions- PAI-1 forms a complex with FXIa on ECs, blocking its activity and inducing the clearance and degradation of FXIa. Circulating FXIa-PAI-1 complexes were detected in a baboon model of S. aureus sepsis. Although ECs support kallikrein and FXIIa activity, inhibition of FXIa by ECs may promote the clearance of intravascular FXIa. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Puy
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.P., A.T.P.N., J.P., M.W.H., M.T.H., A.G., Q.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology (C.P., A.G., O.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Anh T P Ngo
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.P., A.T.P.N., J.P., M.W.H., M.T.H., A.G., Q.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.P., A.T.P.N., J.P., M.W.H., M.T.H., A.G., Q.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Ravi S Keshari
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City (R.S.K., F.L.)
| | - Matthew W Hagen
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.P., A.T.P.N., J.P., M.W.H., M.T.H., A.G., Q.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Monica T Hinds
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.P., A.T.P.N., J.P., M.W.H., M.T.H., A.G., Q.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (D.G.)
| | - András Gruber
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.P., A.T.P.N., J.P., M.W.H., M.T.H., A.G., Q.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology (C.P., A.G., O.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City (R.S.K., F.L.)
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.P., A.T.P.N., J.P., M.W.H., M.T.H., A.G., Q.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology (C.P., A.G., O.J.T.M.), School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Arneth B. Coevolution of the coagulation and immune systems. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:117-123. [PMID: 30604212 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-01210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher organisms rely on the coagulation and immune systems to fight disease-causing pathogens and other foreign invaders in the body. Coagulation has an important role as a barrier against foreign bodies, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The protective responses associated with the coagulation and immune systems can protect the host organism from a wide range of pathogens, such as viruses, parasites, fungi, and even bacteria. AIM The purpose of this paper was to review available research on the evolution of the coagulation and immune systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study analyzed evidence from studies that have examined the coagulation and immune systems in the context of evolutionary processes. The articles used in the review were identified from the PsycINFO, CIHAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, and CIHAHL databases. RESULTS Studies have shown that both the coagulation system and the early immune system originated from the same initial system in early organisms. Some researchers argue that hemocytes from lower organisms are the common link from which the immune system and coagulation system developed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Simple organisms have hemocytes that can carry out both immune response and coagulation processes. Evolution led to the separation of these processes in higher organisms. Furthermore, this divergence resulted in the emergence of thrombocytes and plasmatic coagulation subsystems. These observations explain why there is some form of overlap between immunity and hemostasis, even in advanced organisms such as vertebrates. Several phenomena in clinical medicine related to coagulation and immunity can be explained by this overlap and are consistent with the hypothesis of the coevolution of coagulation and the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of the Universities of Marburg and Giessen UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tillman BF, Gruber A, McCarty OJT, Gailani D. Plasma contact factors as therapeutic targets. Blood Rev 2018; 32:433-448. [PMID: 30075986 PMCID: PMC6185818 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are small molecule inhibitors of the coagulation proteases thrombin and factor Xa that demonstrate comparable efficacy to warfarin for several common indications, while causing less serious bleeding. However, because their targets are required for the normal host-response to bleeding (hemostasis), DOACs are associated with therapy-induced bleeding that limits their use in certain patient populations and clinical situations. The plasma contact factors (factor XII, factor XI, and prekallikrein) initiate blood coagulation in the activated partial thromboplastin time assay. While serving limited roles in hemostasis, pre-clinical and epidemiologic data indicate that these proteins contribute to pathologic coagulation. It is anticipated that drugs targeting the contact factors will reduce risk of thrombosis with minimal impact on hemostasis. Here, we discuss the biochemistry of contact activation, the contributions of contact factors in thrombosis, and novel antithrombotic agents targeting contact factors that are undergoing pre-clinical and early clinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Tillman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andras Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA; Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blood-derived plasminogen drives brain inflammation and plaque deposition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9687-E9696. [PMID: 30254165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811172115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most predominant features of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain are deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and inflammation. The mechanism behind these pathologies remains unknown, but there is evidence to suggest that inflammation may predate the deposition of Aβ. Furthermore, immune activation is increasingly being recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of the disease, and disorders involving systemic inflammation, such as infection, aging, obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and depression are risk factors for the development of AD. Plasminogen (PLG) is primarily a blood protein synthesized in the liver, which when cleaved into its active form, plasmin (PL), plays roles in fibrinolysis, wound healing, cell signaling, and inflammatory regulation. Here we show that PL in the blood is a regulator of brain inflammatory action and AD pathology. Depletion of PLG in the plasma of an AD mouse model through antisense oligonucleotide technology dramatically improved AD pathology and decreased glial cell activation in the brain, whereas an increase in PL activity through α-2-antiplasmin (A2AP) antisense oligonucleotide treatment exacerbated the brain's immune response and plaque deposition. These studies suggest a crucial role for peripheral PL in mediating neuroimmune cell activation and AD progression and could provide a link to systemic inflammatory risk factors that are known to be associated with AD development.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamamoto-Imoto H, Zamolodchikov D, Chen ZL, Bourne SL, Rizvi S, Singh P, Norris EH, Weis-Garcia F, Strickland S. A novel detection method of cleaved plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen reveals its correlation with Alzheimer's pathology and cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2018; 10:480-489. [PMID: 30310850 PMCID: PMC6178129 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Accumulation of β-amyloid is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-Amyloid activates the plasma contact system leading to kallikrein-mediated cleavage of intact high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKi) to cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKc). Increased HKi cleavage is observed in plasma of AD patients and mouse models by Western blot. For potential diagnostic purposes, a more quantitative method that can measure HKc levels in plasma with high sensitivity and specificity is needed. Methods HKi/c, HKi, and HKc monoclonal antibodies were screened from hybridomas using direct ELISA with a fluorescent substrate. Results We generated monoclonal antibodies recognizing HKi or HKc specifically and developed sandwich ELISAs that can quantitatively detect HKi and HKc levels in human. These new assays show that decreased HKi and increased HKc levels in AD plasma correlate with dementia and neuritic plaque scores. Discussion High levels of plasma HKc could be used as an innovative biomarker for AD. Assay discriminates between intact and cleaved high molecular weight kininogen (HKi vs. HKc). New enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detects more HKc in Alzheimer's disease plasma. Plasma HKc correlates with dementia and neuritic plaque scores in Alzheimer's disease. Plasma HKc levels could be used as an innovative biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Yamamoto-Imoto
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Research fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daria Zamolodchikov
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Lloyd Bourne
- Antibody and Bioresource Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syeda Rizvi
- Antibody and Bioresource Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances Weis-Garcia
- Antibody and Bioresource Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Miyazaki K, Suzuki K. Elevation of Plasmin-α2-plasmin Inhibitor Complexes in Patients with AL Amyloidosis. Intern Med 2018; 57:775-776. [PMID: 29321425 PMCID: PMC5891512 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9511-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kenshi Suzuki
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ishiguro K, Hayashi T, Yokoyama Y, Aoki Y, Onodera K, Ikeda H, Ishida T, Nakase H. Elevation of Plasmin-α2-plasmin Inhibitor Complex Predicts the Diagnosis of Systemic AL Amyloidosis in Patients with Monoclonal Protein. Intern Med 2018; 57:783-788. [PMID: 29021469 PMCID: PMC5891514 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8999-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The complication of systemic immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis in patients with monoclonal immunoglobulin affects the prognosis, but amyloid deposition in tissues is sometimes difficult to detect due to bleeding tendencies and preferential distributions. However, fibrinolysis is known to be exacerbated in patients with systemic AL amyloidosis specifically. We therefore explored new biomarkers for predicting a diagnosis of systemic AL amyloidosis focusing on coagulation and fibrinolysis markers. Methods We reviewed the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with serum monoclonal protein, including primary systemic AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma (MM), treated at our hospital between January 2008 and December 2014. Results Among several biomarkers, only the serum level of plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) in patients with systemic AL amyloidosis (n=26) at the diagnosis was significantly higher than in patients with MM without AL amyloidosis (n=26) (mean±standard deviation, 3.69±2.82 μg/mL vs. 1.23±0.97 μg/mL, p<0.01). The cut-off for predicting a diagnosis of systemic AL amyloidosis in patients with serum monoclonal protein was 1.72 μg/mL with 84.6% sensitivity and 80.8% specificity. Hepatic involvement resulted in a significantly higher PIC level than no involvement in patients with systemic AL amyloidosis. The serum PIC level was also associated with the hematological response of systemic AL amyloidosis. Conclusion PIC is a useful biomarker for the diagnosis and management of patients with systemic AL amyloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishiguro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuka Aoki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kei Onodera
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tadao Ishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stavrou EX, Fang C, Bane KL, Long AT, Naudin C, Kucukal E, Gandhi A, Brett-Morris A, Mumaw MM, Izadmehr S, Merkulova A, Reynolds CC, Alhalabi O, Nayak L, Yu WM, Qu CK, Meyerson HJ, Dubyak GR, Gurkan UA, Nieman MT, Sen Gupta A, Renné T, Schmaier AH. Factor XII and uPAR upregulate neutrophil functions to influence wound healing. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:944-959. [PMID: 29376892 PMCID: PMC5824869 DOI: 10.1172/jci92880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XII (FXII) deficiency is associated with decreased neutrophil migration, but the mechanisms remain uncharacterized. Here, we examine how FXII contributes to the inflammatory response. In 2 models of sterile inflammation, FXII-deficient mice (F12-/-) had fewer neutrophils recruited than WT mice. We discovered that neutrophils produced a pool of FXII that is functionally distinct from hepatic-derived FXII and contributes to neutrophil trafficking at sites of inflammation. FXII signals in neutrophils through urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-mediated (uPAR-mediated) Akt2 phosphorylation at S474 (pAktS474). Downstream of pAkt2S474, FXII stimulation of neutrophils upregulated surface expression of αMβ2 integrin, increased intracellular calcium, and promoted extracellular DNA release. The sum of these activities contributed to neutrophil cell adhesion, migration, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps in a process called NETosis. Decreased neutrophil signaling in F12-/- mice resulted in less inflammation and faster wound healing. Targeting hepatic F12 with siRNA did not affect neutrophil migration, whereas WT BM transplanted into F12-/- hosts was sufficient to correct the neutrophil migration defect in F12-/- mice and restore wound inflammation. Importantly, these activities were a zymogen FXII function and independent of FXIIa and contact activation, highlighting that FXII has a sophisticated role in vivo that has not been previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi X. Stavrou
- Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kara L. Bane
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andy T. Long
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clément Naudin
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erdem Kucukal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Agharnan Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adina Brett-Morris
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michele M. Mumaw
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alona Merkulova
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cindy C. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Omar Alhalabi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lalitha Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The name human contact system is related to its mode of action, as "contact" with artificial negatively charged surfaces triggers its activation. Today, it is generally believed that the contact system is an inflammatory response mechanism not only against artificial material but also against misfolded proteins and foreign organisms. Upon activation, the contact system is involved in at least two distinct (patho)physiologic processes:i. the trigger of the intrinsic coagulation via factor XI and ii. the cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen with release of bradykinin and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bradykinin is involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes, vascular permeability, and blood pressure. Due to the release of AMPs, the contact system is regarded as a branch of the innate immune defense against microorganisms. There is an increasing list of pathogens that interact with contact factors, in addition to bacteria also fungi and viruses bind and activate the system. In spite of that, pathogens have developed their own mechanisms to activate the contact system, resulting in manipulation of this host immune response. In this up-to-date review, we summarize present research on the interaction of pathogens with the human contact system, focusing particularly on bacterial and viral mechanisms that trigger inflammation via contact system activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Köhler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Singh PK, Kawasaki M, Berk-Rauch HE, Nishida G, Yamasaki T, Foley MA, Norris EH, Strickland S, Aso K, Ahn HJ. Aminopyrimidine Class Aggregation Inhibitor Effectively Blocks Aβ-Fibrinogen Interaction and Aβ-Induced Contact System Activation. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1399-1409. [PMID: 29394041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that fibrinogen, a key protein in the coagulation cascade, plays an important role in circulatory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous work has shown that the interaction between fibrinogen and β-amyloid (Aβ), a hallmark pathological protein in AD, induces plasmin-resistant abnormal blood clots, delays fibrinolysis, increases inflammation, and aggravates cognitive function in mouse models of AD. Since Aβ oligomers have a much stronger affinity for fibrinogen than Aβ monomers, we tested whether amyloid aggregation inhibitors could block the Aβ-fibrinogen interaction and found that some Aβ aggregation inhibitors showed moderate inhibitory efficacy against this interaction. We then modified a hit compound so that it not only showed a strong inhibitory efficacy toward the Aβ-fibrinogen interaction but also retained its potency toward the Aβ42 aggregation inhibition process. Furthermore, our best hit compound, TDI-2760, modulated Aβ42-induced contact system activation, a pathological condition observed in some AD patients, in addition to inhibiting the Aβ-fibrinogen interaction and Aβ aggregation. Thus, TDI-2760 has the potential to lessen vascular abnormalities as well as Aβ aggregation-driven pathology in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Hanna E Berk-Rauch
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Goushi Nishida
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Takeshi Yamasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Michael A Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Hyung Jin Ahn
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The fundamental pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuronal dysfunction leading to cognitive impairment. The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), derived from amyloid precursor protein, is one driver of AD, but how it leads to neuronal dysfunction is not established. In this Review, I discuss the complexity of AD and possible cause-and-effect relationships between Aβ and the vascular and hemostatic systems. AD can be considered a multifactorial syndrome with various contributing pathological mechanisms. Therefore, as is routinely done with cancer, it will be important to classify patients with respect to their disease signature so that specific pathologies, including vascular pathways, can be therapeutically targeted.
Collapse
|
33
|
A plasma proteolysis pathway comprising blood coagulation proteases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40919-40938. [PMID: 27248165 PMCID: PMC5173032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factors are essential for hemostasis. Here, we show that these factors also team up to degrade plasma proteins that are unrelated to hemostasis. Prolidase, SRC and amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) are used as probes. Each probe, upon entering the blood circulation, binds and activates factor XII (FXII), triggering the intrinsic and common coagulation cascades, which in turn activate factor VII, a component of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. Activated factor VII (FVIIa) rapidly degrades the circulating probes. Therefore, FXII and FVIIa serve as the sensor/initiator and executioner, respectively, for the proteolysis pathway. Moreover, activation of this pathway by one probe leads to the degradation of all three probes. Significant activation of this pathway follows tissue injury and may also occur in other disorders, e.g., Alzheimer's disease, of which Aβ1-42 is a key driver. However, enoxaparin, a clinically used anticoagulant, inhibits the proteolysis pathway and elevates plasma levels of the probes. Enoxaparin may also mitigate potential impact of activators of the proteolysis pathway on coagulation. Our results suggest that the proteolysis pathway is important for maintaining low levels of various plasma proteins. Our finding that enoxaparin inhibits this pathway provides a means to control it. Inhibition of this pathway may facilitate the development of disease biomarkers and protein therapeutics, e.g., plasma Aβ1-42 as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease or recombinant human prolidase as an antitumor agent.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Exposure of blood to foreign surfaces induces reciprocal conversion of the plasma proteins factor XII (fXII) and plasma prekallikrein (PPK) to the proteases α-fXIIa and α-kallikrein. This process, called contact activation, has a range of effects on host defence mechanisms, including promoting coagulation. The nature of the triggering mechanism for contact activation is debated. One hypothesis predicts that fXII has protease activity, either intrinsically or upon surface-binding, that initiates contact activation. We tested this by assessing the proteolytic activity of a recombinant fXII variant that cannot be converted to α-fXIIa. RECENT FINDINGS The proteolytic activity of fXII-T (for 'triple' mutant), a variant with alanine substitutions for arginine at activation cleavage sites (Arg334, Arg344, and Arg353) was tested with known α-fXIIa substrates. FXII-T activates PPK in solution, and the reaction is enhanced by polyphosphate, an inducer of contact activation released from platelets. In the presence of polyphosphate, fXII-T converts fXII to α-fXIIa, and also converts the coagulation protein factor XI to its active form. SUMMARY The findings support the hypothesis that contact activation is initiated through activity intrinsic to single-chain fXII, and indicate that preexisting α-fXIIa is not required for induction of contact activation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahn HJ, Chen ZL, Zamolodchikov D, Norris EH, Strickland S. Interactions of β-amyloid peptide with fibrinogen and coagulation factor XII may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2018; 24:427-431. [PMID: 28661939 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the evidence that the Alzheimer peptide β-amyloid interacts with the blood coagulation system and influences the pathophysiology of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS β-amyloid can interact with fibrinogen and blood coagulation factor XII and trigger ischemia and inflammation. SUMMARY β-amyloid interacts with fibrinogen and factor XII. These interactions can lead to increased clotting, abnormal clot formation, persistent fibrin deposition, and generation of proinflammatory molecules. These events can damage neurons and could contribute to the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung J Ahn
- aPatricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York City bRegeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA *Hyung J. Ahn, Zu-Lin Chen, and Daria Zamolodchikov contributed equally to this article
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Anticoagulants inhibit proteolytic clearance of plasma amyloid beta. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5614-5626. [PMID: 29464022 PMCID: PMC5814162 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered a plasma proteolysis pathway, termed the FXII-FVII pathway which is composed of coagulation proteases, and found it to be mainly responsible for the clearance of Aβ42 in the plasma in mice. Aβ42 and Aβ40 are the main Aβ forms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, in vitro assays, wild type (WT) mice and J20 mice (a transgenic AD model) are used to assess the degradation of Aβ40 and Aβ42 by the FXII-FVII pathway and the impact of anticoagulants on such degradation. Four clinically available and mechanistically distinct anticoagulants are evaluated, including dabigatran, enoxaparin (EP), rivaroxaban and warfarin. Each anticoagulant significantly elevates plasma level of synthetic Aβ42 in WT mice, among which EP is the most effective. The differential efficacies of the anticoagulants in elevating plasma Aβ42 level match closely with their inhibitory mechanisms towards the FXII-FVII pathway. Plasma Aβ40 is also degraded by the FXII-FVII pathway and is protected by EP. Moreover, the FXII-FVII pathway is significantly activated in J20 mice, but EP inhibits the activation and significantly elevates plasma levels of both Aβ40 and Aβ42. Taken together, our results shed new light on Aβ metabolism, reveal a novel function of anticoagulants, and suggest a novel approach to potentially developing plasma Aβ as an AD biomarker.
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang A, Chen F, He C, Zhou J, Lu Y, Dai J, Birge RB, Wu Y. The Procoagulant Activity of Apoptotic Cells Is Mediated by Interaction with Factor XII. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1188. [PMID: 28993777 PMCID: PMC5622377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells, by externalizing phosphatidylserine (PS) as a hallmark feature, are procoagulant. However, the mechanism by which apoptotic cells activate coagulation system remains unknown. Intrinsic coagulation pathway is initiated by coagulation factor XII (FXII) of contact activation system. The purpose of this study was to determine whether FXII is involved in procoagulant activity of apoptotic cells. Using western blotting and chromogenic substrate assay, we found that incubation with apoptotic cells, but not with viable cells, resulted in rapid cleavage and activation of FXII in the presence of prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen (HK), other two components of contact activation system. As detected by flow cytometry, FXII bound to apoptotic cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which was inhibited by annexin V and PS liposome. Direct association of FXII with PS was confirmed in a surface plasmon resonance assay. Clotting time of FXII-deficient plasma induced by apoptotic cells was significantly prolonged, which was fully reversed by replenishment with FXII. Corn trypsin inhibitor, a FXII inhibitor, completely prevented apoptotic cells-induced intrinsic tenase complex formation. Consistently, apoptotic cells significantly increased thrombin production in normal plasma, which was not affected by an inhibitory anti-tissue factor antibody. However, blocking of PS by annexin V, inhibition of FXII, or the deficiency of FXII suppressed apoptotic cells-induced thrombin generation. Addition of purified FXII to FXII-deficient plasma recovered thrombin generation to the normal plasma level. In conclusion, FXII binds to apoptotic cells via PS and becomes activated, thereby constituting a novel mechanism mediating the procoagulant activity of apoptotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengwu Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junsong Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Wuhan Thalys Medical Technology Inc., Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Dai
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yi Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tillman B, Gailani D. Inhibition of Factors XI and XII for Prevention of Thrombosis Induced by Artificial Surfaces. Semin Thromb Hemost 2017; 44:60-69. [PMID: 28898903 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of blood to a variety of artificial surface induces contact activation, a process that contributes to the host innate response to foreign substances. On the foreign surface, the contact factors, factor XII (FXII), and plasma prekallikrein undergo reciprocal conversion to their fully active protease forms (FXIIa and α-kallikrein, respectively) by a process supported by the cofactor high-molecular-weight kininogen. Contact activation can trigger blood coagulation by conversion of factor XI (FXI) to the protease FXIa. There is interest in developing therapeutic inhibitors to FXIa and FXIIa because these activated factors can contribute to thrombosis in certain situations. Drugs targeting these proteases may be particularly effective in thrombosis triggered by exposure of blood to the surfaces of implantable medical devices. Here, we review clinical data supporting roles for FXII and FXI in thrombosis induced by medical devices, and preclinical data suggesting that therapeutic targeting of these proteins may limit surface-induced thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tillman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Steen Burrell KA, Layzer J, Sullenger BA. A kallikrein-targeting RNA aptamer inhibits the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and reduces bradykinin release. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1807-1817. [PMID: 28632925 PMCID: PMC5818257 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Kallikrein amplifies contact activation and is a potential target for preventing thrombosis. We developed and characterized a kallikrein aptamer using convergent evolution and kinetic assays. Kall1-T4 prolongs intrinsic clotting time by inhibiting factor XIIa-mediated prekallikrein activation. Kall1-T4 decreases high-molecular-weight kininogen cleavage and bradykinin release. SUMMARY Background Plasma kallikrein is a serine protease that plays an integral role in many biological processes, including coagulation, inflammation, and fibrinolysis. The main function of kallikrein in coagulation is the amplification of activated factor XII (FXIIa) production, which ultimately leads to thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation. Kallikrein is generated by FXIIa-mediated cleavage of the zymogen prekallikrein, which is usually complexed with the non-enzymatic cofactor high molecular weight kininogen (HK). HK also serves as a substrate for kallikrein to generate the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin (BK). Interestingly, prekallikrein-deficient mice are protected from thrombotic events while retaining normal hemostatic capacity. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of kallikrein may provide a safer alternative to traditional anticoagulants with anti-inflammatory benefits. Objectives To isolate and characterize an RNA aptamer that binds to and inhibits plasma kallikrein, and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Methods and Results Using convergent Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX), we isolated an RNA aptamer that targets kallikrein. This aptamer, Kall1-T4, specifically binds to both prekallikrein and kallikrein with similar subnanomolar binding affinities, and dose-dependently prolongs fibrin clot formation in an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) coagulation assay. In a purified in vitro system, Kall1-T4 inhibits the reciprocal activation of prekallikrein and FXII primarily by reducing the rate of FXIIa-mediated prekallikrein activation. Additionally, Kall1-T4 significantly reduces kallikrein-mediated HK cleavage and subsequent BK release. Conclusions We have isolated a specific and potent inhibitor of prekallikrein/kallikrein activity that serves as a powerful tool for further elucidating the role of kallikrein in thrombosis and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-A Steen Burrell
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Layzer
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B A Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Silica particles contribute to the procoagulant activity of DNA and polyphosphate isolated using commercial kits. Blood 2017; 130:88-91. [PMID: 28533308 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-772848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
41
|
Depletion of coagulation factor XII ameliorates brain pathology and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease mice. Blood 2017; 129:2547-2556. [PMID: 28242605 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-753202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular abnormalities and inflammation are found in many Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, but whether these changes play a causative role in AD is not clear. The factor XII (FXII) -initiated contact system can trigger both vascular pathology and inflammation and is activated in AD patients and AD mice. We have investigated the role of the contact system in AD pathogenesis. Cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), a marker for activation of the inflammatory arm of the contact system, is increased in a mouse model of AD, and this cleavage is temporally correlated with the onset of brain inflammation. Depletion of FXII in AD mice inhibited HK cleavage in plasma and reduced neuroinflammation, fibrinogen deposition, and neurodegeneration in the brain. Moreover, FXII-depleted AD mice showed better cognitive function than untreated AD mice. These results indicate that FXII-mediated contact system activation contributes to AD pathogenesis, and therefore this system may offer novel targets for AD treatment.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Remarkable progress in understanding the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of hereditary angioedema has led to the development of effective treatment for this disorder. Progress in three separate areas has catalyzed our understanding of hereditary angioedema. The first is the recognition that HAE type I and type II result from a deficiency in the plasma level of functional C1 inhibitor. This observation has led to a detailed understanding of the SERPING1 mutations responsible for this deficiency as well as the molecular regulation of C1 inhibitor expression and function. The second is that the fundamental cause of swelling is enhanced contact system activation leading to increased generation of bradykinin. Substantial progress has been made in defining the parameters regulating bradykinin generation and catabolism as well as the receptors that transduce the biologic effects of kinins. The third is the understanding that tissue swelling in hereditary angioedema primarily involves the function of endothelial cell adherens junctions. This knowledge is driving increased attention to the role of endothelial biology in determining disease activity in hereditary angioedema. While there has been considerable progress made, large gaps still remain in our knowledge. Important areas that remain poorly understood include the factors that lead to very low plasma functional C1 inhibitor levels, the triggers of contact system activation in hereditary angioedema, and the role of the bradykinin B1 receptor. The phenotypic variability of hereditary angioedema has been extensively documented but never understood. The mechanisms discussed in this chapter likely contribute to this variability. Future progress in understanding these mechanisms should provide new means to improve the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hofman Z, de Maat S, Hack CE, Maas C. Bradykinin: Inflammatory Product of the Coagulation System. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 51:152-61. [PMID: 27122021 PMCID: PMC5025506 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Episodic and recurrent local cutaneous or mucosal swelling are key features of angioedema. The vasoactive agents histamine and bradykinin are highly implicated as mediators of these swelling attacks. It is challenging to assess the contribution of bradykinin to the clinical expression of angioedema, as accurate biomarkers for the generation of this vasoactive peptide are still lacking. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms that are responsible for bradykinin production in hereditary angioedema (HAE) and the central role that the coagulation factor XII (FXII) plays in it. Evidently, several plasma parameters of coagulation change during attacks of HAE and may prove valuable biomarkers for disease activity. We propose that these changes are secondary to vascular leakage, rather than a direct consequence of FXII activation. Furthermore, biomarkers for fibrinolytic system activation (i.e. plasminogen activation) also change during attacks of HAE. These changes may reflect triggering of the bradykinin-forming mechanisms by plasmin. Finally, multiple lines of evidence suggest that neutrophil activation and mast-cell activation are functionally linked to bradykinin production. We put forward the paradigm that FXII functions as a ‘sensor molecule’ to detect conditions that require bradykinin release via crosstalk with cell-derived enzymes. Understanding the mechanisms that drive bradykinin generation may help to identify angioedema patients that have bradykinin-mediated disease and could benefit from a targeted treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zonne Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven de Maat
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Maas
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Plasma kallikrein mediates brain hemorrhage and edema caused by tissue plasminogen activator therapy in mice after stroke. Blood 2017; 129:2280-2290. [PMID: 28130211 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-740670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombolytic therapy using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in acute stroke is associated with increased risks of cerebral hemorrhagic transformation and angioedema. Although plasma kallikrein (PKal) has been implicated in contributing to both hematoma expansion and thrombosis in stroke, its role in the complications associated with the therapeutic use of tPA in stroke is not yet available. We investigated the effects of tPA on plasma prekallikrein (PPK) activation and the role of PKal on cerebral outcomes in a murine thrombotic stroke model treated with tPA. We show that tPA increases PKal activity in vitro in both murine and human plasma, via a factor XII (FXII)-dependent mechanism. Intravenous administration of tPA increased circulating PKal activity in mice. In mice with thrombotic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, tPA administration increased brain hemorrhage transformation, infarct volume, and edema. These adverse effects of tPA were ameliorated in PPK (Klkb1)-deficient and FXII-deficient mice and in wild-type (WT) mice pretreated with a PKal inhibitor prior to tPA. tPA-induced brain hemisphere reperfusion after photothrombolic middle cerebral artery occlusion was increased in Klkb1-/- mice compared with WT mice. In addition, PKal inhibition reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in brain following stroke and tPA therapy. These data demonstrate that tPA activates PPK in plasma and PKal inhibition reduces cerebral complications associated with tPA-mediated thrombolysis in stroke.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gajsiewicz JM, Smith SA, Morrissey JH. Polyphosphate and RNA Differentially Modulate the Contact Pathway of Blood Clotting. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1808-1814. [PMID: 28007958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The contact pathway of the plasma clotting cascade is dispensable for normal hemostasis, but contributes to thrombosis and serves as a bridge between inflammation and coagulation. This pathway is triggered upon exposure of plasma to certain anionic polymers and artificial surfaces. Recently, extracellular nucleic acids and inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) have been implicated as being important (patho)physiologically relevant activators of this pathway. However, mechanistic details regarding how nucleic acids or polyP modulate the individual reactions of the contact pathway have been lacking. In this study, we investigate the ability of RNA homopolymers and polyP to bind the primary constituents of the contact pathway: factor XIa, factor XIIa, and plasma kallikrein, in the presence and absence of high molecular weight kininogen (HK), an important cofactor in this pathway. We examine seven proteolytic activation reactions within the contact pathway and report that polyP greatly enhances the rate of all seven, while RNA is effective in supporting only a subset of these reactions. HK both enhances and suppresses these proteolytic activation reactions, depending on the specific reaction evaluated. Overall, we find that polyP is a potent mediator of contact pathway activation reactions in general, that RNA secondary structure may be important to its procoagulant activity, and that nucleic acids versus polyP may differentially modulate specific enzyme activation events within the contact pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gajsiewicz
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Stephanie A Smith
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - James H Morrissey
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Williams DF. Biocompatibility Pathways: Biomaterials-Induced Sterile Inflammation, Mechanotransduction, and Principles of Biocompatibility Control. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:2-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Williams
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Richard H. Dean Biomedical Building, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The initiation and effects of plasma contact activation: an overview. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:235-243. [PMID: 27848184 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The plasma contact system sits atop the intrinsic coagulation cascade and plasma kallikrein-kinin pathway, and in vivo its activation contributes, respectively, to coagulation and inflammation mainly via two downstream pathways. This system has been widely investigated, its activation mechanisms by negatively charged surfaces and the interactions within its components, factor XII, prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen are well understood at the biochemical level. However, as most of the activators that have been discovered by in vitro experiments are exogenous, the physiological activators and roles of the contact system have remained unclear and controversial. In the last two decades, several physiological activators have been identified, and a better understanding of its roles and its connection with other signaling pathways has been obtained from in vivo studies. In this article, we present an overview of the contact pathway with a focus on the activation mechanisms, natural stimuli, possible physiological roles, potential risks of its excessive activation, remaining questions and future prospects.
Collapse
|
48
|
Serum stimulation of CCR7 chemotaxis due to coagulation factor XIIa-dependent production of high-molecular-weight kininogen domain 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7059-E7068. [PMID: 27791187 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615671113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play a critical role in immune function by directing cell-specific movement. C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) facilitates entry of T cells into lymph nodes. CCR7-dependent chemotaxis requires either of the cognate ligands C-C chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) or CCL21. Although CCR7-dependent chemotaxis can be augmented through receptor up-regulation or by increased chemokine concentrations, we found that chemotaxis is also markedly enhanced by serum in vitro. Upon purification, the serum cofactor activity was ascribed to domain 5 of high-molecular-weight kininogen. This peptide was necessary and sufficient for accelerated chemotaxis. The cofactor activity in serum was dependent on coagulation factor XIIa, a serine protease known to induce cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK) at sites of inflammation. Within domain 5, we synthesized a 24-amino acid peptide that could recapitulate the activity of intact serum through a mechanism distinct from up-regulating CCR7 expression or promoting chemokine binding to CCR7. This peptide interacts with the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin 4 (TSP4), and antibodies to TSP4 neutralize its activity. In vivo, an HK domain 5 peptide stimulated homing of both T and B cells to lymph nodes. A circulating cofactor that is activated at inflammatory foci to enhance lymphocyte chemotaxis represents a powerful mechanism coupling inflammation to adaptive immunity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Polyphosphate colocalizes with factor XII on platelet-bound fibrin and augments its plasminogen activator activity. Blood 2016; 128:2834-2845. [PMID: 27694320 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-673285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated factor XII (FXIIa) has plasminogen activator capacity but its relative contribution to fibrinolysis is considered marginal compared with urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Polyphosphate (polyP) is released from activated platelets and mediates FXII activation. Here, we investigate the contribution of polyP to the plasminogen activator function of αFXIIa. We show that both polyP70, of the chain length found in platelets (60-100 mer), and platelet-derived polyP significantly augment the plasminogen activation capacity of αFXIIa. PolyP70 stimulated the autoactivation of FXII and subsequent plasminogen activation, indicating that once activated, αFXIIa remains bound to polyP70 Indeed, complex formation between polyP70 and αFXIIa provides protection against autodegradation. Plasminogen activation by βFXIIa was minimal and not enhanced by polyP70, highlighting the importance of the anion binding site. PolyP70 did not modulate plasmin activity but stimulated activation of Glu and Lys forms of plasminogen by αFXIIa. Accordingly, polyP70 was found to bind to FXII, αFXIIa, and plasminogen, but not βFXIIa. Fibrin and polyP70 acted synergistically to enhance αFXIIa-mediated plasminogen activation. The plasminogen activator activity of the αFXIIa-polyP70 complex was modulated by C1 inhibitor and histidine-rich glycoprotein, but not plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2. Platelet polyP and FXII were found to colocalize on the activated platelet membrane in a fibrin-dependent manner and decorated fibrin strands extending from platelet aggregates. We show that in the presence of platelet polyP and the downstream substrate fibrin, αFXIIa is a highly efficient and favorable plasminogen activator. Our data are the first to document a profibrinolytic function of platelet polyP.
Collapse
|
50
|
Bolinger MT, Antonetti DA. Moving Past Anti-VEGF: Novel Therapies for Treating Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1498. [PMID: 27618014 PMCID: PMC5037775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults, and is projected to be a significant future health concern due to the rising incidence of diabetes. The recent advent of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies has revolutionized the treatment of diabetic retinopathy but a significant subset of patients fail to respond to treatment. Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines and chemokines other than VEGF may contribute to the disease process. The current review examines the presence of non-VEGF cytokines in the eyes of patients with diabetic retinopathy and highlights mechanistic pathways in relevant animal models. Finally, novel drug targets including components of the kinin-kallikrein system and emerging treatments such as anti-HPTP (human protein tyrosine phosphatase) β antibodies are discussed. Recognition of non-VEGF contributions to disease pathogenesis may lead to novel therapeutics to enhance existing treatments for patients who do not respond to anti-VEGF therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bolinger
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - David A Antonetti
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|