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Singh V, Johnson K, Yin J, Lee S, Lin R, Yu H, In J, Foulke-Abel J, Zachos NC, Donowitz M, Rong Y. Chronic Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis Causes Long-Term Changes in Goblet Cell Function. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:219-232. [PMID: 34418586 PMCID: PMC8593611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS One of the features of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a defect in the protective mucus layer. This has been attributed to a reduced number of goblet cells (GCs). However, it is not known whether abnormal GC mucus secretion also contributes to the reduced mucus layer. Our aims were to investigate whether GC secretion was abnormal in UC and exists as a long-term effect of chronic inflammation. METHODS Colonoids were established from intestinal stem cells of healthy subjects (HS) and patients with UC. Colonoids were maintained as undifferentiated (UD) or induced to differentiate (DF) and studied as three-dimensional or monolayers on Transwell filters. Total RNA was extracted for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Carbachol and prostaglandin E2 mediated mucin stimulation was examined by MUC2 IF/confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Colonoids from UC patients can be propagated over many passages; however, they exhibit a reduced rate of growth and transepithelial electrical resistance compared with HS. Differentiated UC colonoid monolayers form a thin and non-continuous mucus layer. UC colonoids have increased expression of secretory lineage markers ATOH1 and SPDEF, along with MUC2 positive GCs, but failed to secrete mucin in response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol and prostaglandin E2, which caused increased secretion in HS. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor α (5 days) reduced the number of GCs, with a greater percentage decrease in UC colonoids compared with HS. CONCLUSIONS Chronic inflammation in UC causes long-term changes in GCs, leading to abnormal mucus secretion. This continued defect in GC mucus secretion may contribute to the recurrence in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Kelli Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sun Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ruxian Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huimin Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie In
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yan Rong
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Exploring the impact of intestinal ion transport on the gut microbiota. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:134-144. [PMID: 33425246 PMCID: PMC7773683 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and the host are intimately connected. The host physiology dictates the intestinal environment through regulation of pH, ion concentration, mucus production, etc., all of which exerts a selective pressure on the gut microbiota. Since different regions of the gastrointestinal tract are characterized by their own physicochemical conditions, distinct microbial communities are present in these locations. While it is widely accepted that the intestinal microbiome influences the host (tight junctions, cytokine/immune responses, diarrhea, etc.), the reciprocal interaction of the host on the microbiome is under-explored. This review aims to address these gaps in knowledge by focusing on how the host intestinal ion transport influences the luminal environment and thereby modulates the gut microbiota composition.
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Key Words
- CFTR
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
- ClC, chloride channel
- DRA
- DRA, down-regulated in adenoma
- ENaC, epithelial Na+ channel
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GLUT2
- GLUT2, glucose transporter 2
- Gastrointestinal
- Ion transport
- Microbiome
- Microbiota
- NHE2
- NHE2, sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 2
- NHE3
- NHE3, sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3
- NKCC1, Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transporter
- OTUs, operational taxonomic units
- SGLT1, sodium glucose co-transporter 1
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Kerem E. ELX-02: an investigational read-through agent for the treatment of nonsense mutation-related genetic disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1347-1354. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1828862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Kerem
- Department of Pediatrics and CF Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Adriaanse MPM, van der Sande LJTM, van den Neucker AM, Menheere PPCA, Dompeling E, Buurman WA, Vreugdenhil ACE. Evidence for a Cystic Fibrosis Enteropathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138062. [PMID: 26484665 PMCID: PMC4617711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested the existence of enteropathy in cystic fibrosis (CF), which may contribute to intestinal function impairment, a poor nutritional status and decline in lung function. This study evaluated enterocyte damage and intestinal inflammation in CF and studied its associations with nutritional status, CF-related morbidities such as impaired lung function and diabetes, and medication use. Methods Sixty-eight CF patients and 107 controls were studied. Levels of serum intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), a specific marker for enterocyte damage, were retrospectively determined. The faecal intestinal inflammation marker calprotectin was prospectively studied. Nutritional status, lung function (FEV1), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), CF-related diabetes (CFRD) and use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were obtained from the medical charts. Results Serum I-FABP levels were elevated in CF patients as compared with controls (p<0.001), and correlated negatively with FEV1 predicted value in children (r-.734, p<0.05). Faecal calprotectin level was elevated in 93% of CF patients, and correlated negatively with FEV1 predicted value in adults (r-.484, p<0.05). No correlation was found between calprotectin levels in faeces and sputum. Faecal calprotectin level was significantly associated with the presence of CFRD, EPI, and PPI use. Conclusion This study demonstrated enterocyte damage and intestinal inflammation in CF patients, and provides evidence for an inverse correlation between enteropathy and lung function. The presented associations of enteropathy with important CF-related morbidities further emphasize the clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou P. M. Adriaanse
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda J. T. M. van der Sande
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anita M. van den Neucker
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul P. C. A. Menheere
- Department of Immunodiagnostics, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edward Dompeling
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim A. Buurman
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anita C. E. Vreugdenhil
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, O'Brien WG, Zhao Z, Lee CC. 5'-adenosine monophosphate mediated cooling treatment enhances ΔF508-Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) stability in vivo. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:72. [PMID: 26335336 PMCID: PMC4559075 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene mutations that produce misprocessed proteins are linked to many human disorders. Interestingly, some misprocessed proteins retained their biological function when stabilized by low temperature treatment of cultured cells in vitro. Here we investigate whether low temperature treatment in vivo can rescue misfolded proteins by applying 5’-AMP mediated whole body cooling to a Cystic Fibrosis (CF) mouse model carrying a mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) with a deletion of the phenylalanine residue in position 508 (ΔF508-CFTR). Low temperature treatment of cultured cells was previously shown to be able to alleviate the processing defect of ΔF508-CFTR, enhancing its plasma membrane localization and its function in mediating chloride ion transport. Results Here, we report that whole body cooling enhanced the retention of ΔF508-CFTR in intestinal epithelial cells. Functional analysis based on β-adrenergic dependent salivary secretion and post-natal mortality rate revealed a moderate but significant improvement in treated compared with untreated CF mice. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that temperature sensitive processing of mutant proteins can be responsive to low temperature treatment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - William G O'Brien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cheng Chi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Motamed F, Moayednia M, Moayednia N, Najafi Sani M, Farahmand F, Khodadad A, Fallahi G. Clinical Presentations of Cystic Fibrosis in Iranian Children. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015. [PMID: 26195997 PMCID: PMC4506001 DOI: 10.5812/ijp.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Motamed
- Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mina Moayednia
- Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mina Moayednia, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail:
| | - Nasrin Moayednia
- Food Science and Technology Department, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, IR Iran
| | - Mehri Najafi Sani
- Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farahmand
- Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Khodadad
- Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Fallahi
- Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Cantin AM, Hartl D, Konstan MW, Chmiel JF. Inflammation in cystic fibrosis lung disease: Pathogenesis and therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 14:419-30. [PMID: 25814049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Although CF lung disease is primarily an infectious disorder, the associated inflammation is both intense and ineffective at clearing pathogens. Persistent high-intensity inflammation leads to permanent structural damage of the CF airways and impaired lung function that eventually results in respiratory failure and death. Several defective inflammatory responses have been linked to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) deficiency including innate and acquired immunity dysregulation, cell membrane lipid abnormalities, various transcription factor signaling defects, as well as altered kinase and toll-like receptor responses. The inflammation of the CF lung is dominated by neutrophils that release oxidants and proteases, particularly elastase. Neutrophil elastase in the CF airway secretions precedes the appearance of bronchiectasis, and correlates with lung function deterioration and respiratory exacerbations. Anti-inflammatory therapies are therefore of particular interest for CF lung disease but must be carefully studied to avoid suppressing critical elements of the inflammatory response and thus worsening infection. This review examines the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease, summarizes the results of past clinical trials and explores promising new anti-inflammatory options.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Cantin
- Pulmonary Division, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Dominik Hartl
- CF Center, Children's Hospital of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Konstan
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James F Chmiel
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Ito G, Okamoto R, Murano T, Shimizu H, Fujii S, Nakata T, Mizutani T, Yui S, Akiyama-Morio J, Nemoto Y, Okada E, Araki A, Ohtsuka K, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Watanabe M. Lineage-specific expression of bestrophin-2 and bestrophin-4 in human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79693. [PMID: 24223998 PMCID: PMC3818177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) regulate the absorption and secretion of anions, such as HCO3- or Cl-. Bestrophin genes represent a newly identified group of calcium-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs). Studies have suggested that, among the four human bestrophin-family genes, bestrophin-2 (BEST2) and bestrophin-4 (BEST4) might be expressed within the intestinal tissue. Consistently, a study showed that BEST2 is expressed by human colonic goblet cells. However, their precise expression pattern along the gastrointestinal tract, or the lineage specificity of the cells expressing these genes, remains largely unknown. Here, we show that BEST2 and BEST4 are expressed in vivo, each in a distinct, lineage-specific manner, in human IECs. While BEST2 was expressed exclusively in colonic goblet cells, BEST4 was expressed in the absorptive cells of both the small intestine and the colon. In addition, we found that BEST2 expression is significantly down-regulated in the active lesions of ulcerative colitis, where goblet cells were depleted, suggesting that BEST2 expression is restricted to goblet cells under both normal and pathologic conditions. Consistently, the induction of goblet cell differentiation by a Notch inhibitor, LY411575, significantly up-regulated the expression of not BEST4 but BEST2 in MUC2-positive HT-29 cells. Conversely, the induction of absorptive cell differentiation up-regulated the expression of BEST4 in villin-positive Caco-2 cells. In addition, we found that the up- or down-regulation of Notch activity leads to the preferential expression of either BEST4 or BEST2, respectively, in LS174T cells. These results collectively confirmed that BEST2 and BEST4 could be added to the lineage-specific genes of humans IECs due to their abilities to clearly identify goblet cells of colonic origin and a distinct subset of absorptive cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced GI therapeutics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatsuro Murano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mizutani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Akiyama-Morio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Araki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced GI therapeutics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced GI therapeutics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is highly expressed in the pancreatic duct epithelia and permits anions and water to enter the ductal lumen. This results in an increased volume of alkaline fluid allowing the highly concentrated proteins secreted by the acinar cells to remain in a soluble state. This work will expound on the pathophysiology and pathology caused by the malfunctioning CFTR protein with special reference to ion transport and acid-base abnormalities both in humans and animal models. We will also discuss the relationship between cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatitis, and outline present and potential therapeutic approaches in CF treatment relevant to the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wilschanski
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
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Verma MK, Miki Y, Sasano H. Sex steroid receptors in human lung diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:216-22. [PMID: 21856418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have reported that gender differences exist in clinical and biological manifestations of human lung diseases. In particular, women are far more likely to develop both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung diseases than men. This gender difference above suggests that sex steroid may be involved in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases. These sex steroids mediate their effects through sex steroid receptors including estrogen receptors (ER) i.e. ERα and ERβ progesterone receptors (PR) i.e. PR-A and PR-B and androgen receptors (ARs), all of which have been reported to be expressed in lung tissue. Therefore it becomes important to clarify the potential roles of sex steroid receptor in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung diseases toward improved treatment options for the patients. In this review, we summarized a number of studies in humans and experimental animals that have identified possible roles of sex steroids in respiratory physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Verma
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan
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Tam A, Morrish D, Wadsworth S, Dorscheid D, Man SFP, Sin DD. The role of female hormones on lung function in chronic lung diseases. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21639909 PMCID: PMC3129308 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background The prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) are increasing in women. There is a dearth of data on the biological mechanisms to explain such observations. However, some large epidemiologic studies suggest that lung function fluctuates during the menstrual cycle in female patients with airways disease but not in women without disease, suggesting that circulating estradiol and progesterone may be involved in this process. Discussion In asthma, estradiol shuttles adaptive immunity towards the TH2 phenotype while in smokers estrogens may be involved in the generation of toxic intermediate metabolites in the airways of female smokers, which may be relevant in COPD pathogenesis. In CF, estradiol has been demonstrated to up-regulate MUC5B gene in human airway epithelial cells and inhibit chloride secretion in the airways. Progesterone may augment airway inflammation. Summary Taken together, clinical and in-vivo data have demonstrated a sex-related difference in that females may be more susceptible to the pathogenesis of lung diseases. In this paper, we review the effect of female sex hormones in the context of these inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tam
- The UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart+Lung Centre & Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Dubaissi E, Papalopulu N. Embryonic frog epidermis: a model for the study of cell-cell interactions in the development of mucociliary disease. Dis Model Mech 2010; 4:179-92. [PMID: 21183475 PMCID: PMC3046089 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.006494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialised epithelia such as mucociliary, secretory and transporting epithelia line all major organs, including the lung, gut and kidney. Malfunction of these epithelia is associated with many human diseases. The frog embryonic epidermis possesses mucus-secreting and multiciliated cells, and has served as an excellent model system for the biogenesis of cilia. However, ionic regulation is important for the function of all specialised epithelia and it is not clear how this is achieved in the embryonic frog epidermis. Here, we show that a third cell type develops alongside ciliated and mucus-secreting cells in the tadpole skin. These cells express high levels of ion channels and transporters; therefore, we suggest that they are analogous to ionocytes found in transporting epithelia such as the mammalian kidney. We show that frog ionocytes express the transcription factor foxi1e, which is required for the development of these cells. Depletion of ionocytes by foxi1e knockdown has detrimental effects on the development of multiciliated cells, which show fewer and aberrantly beating cilia. These results reveal a newly identified role for ionocytes and suggest that the frog embryonic skin is a model system that is particularly suited to studying the interactions of different cell types in mucociliary, as well as in secretory and transporting, epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Dubaissi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Muchekehu RW, Quinton PM. A new role for bicarbonate secretion in cervico-uterine mucus release. J Physiol 2010; 588:2329-42. [PMID: 20478977 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.187237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical mucus thinning and release during the female reproductive cycle is thought to rely mainly on fluid secretion. However, we now find that mucus released from the murine reproductive tract critically depends upon concurrent bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)) secretion. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2))- and carbachol-stimulated mucus release was severely inhibited in the absence of serosal HCO(3)(-), HCO(3)(-) transport, or functional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). In contrast to mucus release, PGE(2)- and carbachol-stimulated fluid secretion was not dependent on bicarbonate or on CFTR, but was completely blocked by niflumic acid. We found stimulated mucus release was severely impaired in the cystic fibrosis F508 reproductive tract, even though stimulated fluid secretion was preserved. Thus, CFTR mutations and/or poor bicarbonate secretion may be associated with reduced female fertility associated with abnormal mucus and specifically, may account for the increased viscosity and lack of cyclical changes in cervical mucus long noted in women with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth W Muchekehu
- Department of Pediatrics-0830, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0830, USA
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