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Zhang F, Chen Y, Cui Q, Ge Y, Liu Y. Case report: Mutation evolution in a patient with TdT positive high grade B cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements following the treatment of concurrent follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:129. [PMID: 38662249 PMCID: PMC11045710 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)was reported in some studies, while the diagnosis of TdT (terminal deoxynucleotydil transferase) positive high grade B cell lymphoma (HGBL) with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements ("double hit") transformed from FL/DLBCL has been rarely reported. Herein, we described the clinical features and mutation profiles of a case diagnosed with TdT positive "double hit" HGBL following the treatment of FL/DLBCL. CASE PRESENTATION This is a 43-year-old Chinese man who was diagnosed with low grade FL (account for 80%) combined with DLBCL (20%) at a stage of IVB. The patient presented with BCL2/IGH translocation without MYC rearrangement, as well as the expressions of CD20, CD19, CD10 and BCL2 at the initial diagnosis of FL/DLBCL. MYC rearrangement and TdT expression occurred after the treatment. The targeted sequencing revealed mutations in KMT2D, FOXO1, CREBBP, ATM, STAT6, BCL7A, DDX3X, MUC4, FGFR3, ARID5B, DDX11 and PRKCSH genes were the co-mutations shared by the FL/DLBCL and TdT positive "double hit" HGBL, while CCND3, BIRC6, ROBO1 and CHEK2 mutations specifically occurred after the treatment. The overall survival time was 37.8 and 17.8 months after the initial diagnosis of FL/DLBCL and TdT positive "double hit" HGBL, respectively. CONCLUSION This study reports a rare case of TdT positive "double hit" HGBL following the treatment of concurrent FL/DLBCL and highlights the mutation characteristics. Collectively, this study will help enrich the knowledge of TdT positive "double hit" HGBL transformed from FL/DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106, 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106, 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qian Cui
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106, 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yan Ge
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106, 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106, 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Sarro R, Bisig B, Guey B, Missiaglia E, Cairoli A, Omoumi P, Letovanec I, Ferry JA, Hasserjian RP, de Leval L. Follicular Lymphoma Presenting With Symptomatic Bone Involvement: A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 16 Cases. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100440. [PMID: 38290600 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Primary bone lymphoma (PBL) is rare and mostly represented by diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Follicular lymphoma (FL), albeit commonly disseminating to the bone marrow, rarely presents primarily as bone lesions. Here, we studied 16 patients (12 men:4 women, median age 60 years) who presented with bone pain and/or skeletal radiologic abnormalities revealing bone FL. Lesions were multifocal in 11 patients (spine ± appendicular skeleton), and unifocal in 5 patients (femoral, tibial, or vertebral). An infiltrate of centrocytes and centroblasts (CD20+ CD5- CD10+ BCL2+ BCL6+) with abundant reactive T cells and an increased reticulin fibrosis massively replaced the marrow spaces between preserved bone trabeculae. The pattern was diffuse ± nodular, often with paratrabecular reinforcement and/or peripheral paratrabecular extension. Ki-67 was usually <15%. Two cases had necrosis. BCL2 rearrangement was demonstrated in 14 of 14 evaluable cases (with concomitant BCL6 rearrangement in one). High-throughput sequencing revealed BCL2, KMT2D, and TNFRSF14 to be the most frequently mutated genes. After staging, 5 qualified for PBL (3 limited stage) and 11 had stage IV systemic FL. All patients received rituximab ± polychemotherapy as firstline treatment, and 7 received local therapy (6 radiotherapy and 2 surgery). Three patients experienced transformation to DLBCL. At the last follow-up (15/16, median 48 months), 11 patients achieved complete remission, including all cases with PBL and most patients with limited extraosseous disease (3-year progression-free survival 71%). One patient died of unrelated cause (3-year overall survival 91%). FL may manifest as a localized or polyostotic bone disease. A minority represent PBL, whereas most reveal systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sarro
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Pathology Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Bisig
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Guey
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Missiaglia
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Cairoli
- Service of Haematology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Omoumi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Igor Letovanec
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Pathology, Central Institute, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Judith A Ferry
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert P Hasserjian
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Bai M, Huang Y, Suo X, Wang L, Han W, Zhang W. BET bromodomain inhibitors PFI-1 and CPI-203 suppress the development of follicular lymphoma via regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27149. [PMID: 38463851 PMCID: PMC10920712 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, characterized by a lymphoid follicular pattern of growth. PFI-1 or CPI-203 has been known to effectively promote the inhibition of primary effusion lymphoma progression. This study aimed at investigating the anti-tumor properties of PFI-1 and CPI-203 on FL cells and uncover the underlying mechanism of action. Methods FL cells were treated with PFI-1 and CPI-203, and the treated cells were evaluated for their cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis using CCK8, flow cytometry, and Western blot assays. A xenograft mouse model was used for assessing the in vivo effects of CPI-203 on tumorigenesis. Results PFI-1 or CPI-203 showed potential inhibitory effects on the cell viability of DOHH2 and RL cells in a dose-response-dependent manner. Furthermore, PFI-1 and CPI-203 inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis of FL cells in vitro, and facilitated the translocation of β-catenin into cytoplasm both in vitro and in vivo. After engrafted with FL cells, CPI-203-treated mice got a longer duration of survival and a smaller tumor size than control mice. Mechanistically, PFI-1 and CPI-203 impede the activity of β-catenin and its downstream molecules by regulating the DVL2/GSK3β axis. Conclusion In conclusion, PFI-1 and CPI-203 may serve as potential anti-tumor inhibitors for the therapy of FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bai
- Hematology department, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Hematology department, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Xinrui Suo
- Department of Prevention and Health, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Lieyang Wang
- Hematology department, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Weie Han
- Hematology department, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Hematology Department, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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Kastenschmidt JM, Schroers-Martin JG, Sworder BJ, Sureshchandra S, Khodadoust MS, Liu CL, Olsen M, Kurtz DM, Diehn M, Wagar LE, Alizadeh AA. A human lymphoma organoid model for evaluating and targeting the follicular lymphoma tumor immune microenvironment. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:410-420.e4. [PMID: 38402619 PMCID: PMC10960522 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of follicular lymphomas (FLs) can affect clinical outcomes. Current immunotherapeutic strategies, including antibody- and cell-based therapies, variably overcome pro-tumorigenic mechanisms for sustained disease control. Modeling the intact FL TME, with its native, syngeneic tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, is a major challenge. Here, we describe an organoid culture method for cultivating patient-derived lymphoma organoids (PDLOs), which include cells from the native FL TME. We define the robustness of this method by successfully culturing cryopreserved FL specimens from diverse patients and demonstrate the stability of TME cellular composition, tumor somatic mutations, gene expression profiles, and B/T cell receptor dynamics over 3 weeks. PDLOs treated with CD3:CD19 and CD3:CD20 therapeutic bispecific antibodies showed B cell killing and T cell activation. This stable system offers a robust platform for advancing precision medicine efforts in FL through patient-specific modeling, high-throughput screening, TME signature identification, and treatment response evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | | | - Brian J Sworder
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Michael S Khodadoust
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chih Long Liu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mari Olsen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M Kurtz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Ash A Alizadeh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Rao Y, Ahmed N, Pritchard J, O'Brien EP. Incorporating mutational heterogeneity to identify genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations in cancer. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:462. [PMID: 38062391 PMCID: PMC10704839 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synonymous mutations, which change the DNA sequence but not the encoded protein sequence, can affect protein structure and function, mRNA maturation, and mRNA half-lives. The possibility that synonymous mutations might be enriched in cancer has been explored in several recent studies. However, none of these studies control for all three types of mutational heterogeneity (patient, histology, and gene) that are known to affect the accurate identification of non-synonymous cancer-associated genes. Our goal is to adopt the current standard for non-synonymous mutations in an investigation of synonymous mutations. RESULTS Here, we create an algorithm, MutSigCVsyn, an adaptation of MutSigCV, to identify cancer-associated genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations based on a non-coding background model that takes into account the mutational heterogeneity across these levels. Using MutSigCVsyn, we first analyzed 2572 cancer whole-genome samples from the Pan-cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) to identify non-synonymous cancer drivers as a quality control. Indicative of the algorithm accuracy we find that 58.6% of these candidate genes were also found in Cancer Census Gene (CGC) list, and 66.2% were found within the PCAWG cancer driver list. We then applied it to identify 30 putative cancer-associated genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations within the same samples. One of the promising gene candidates is the B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) gene. BCL-2 regulates apoptosis by antagonizing the action of proapoptotic BCL-2 family member proteins. The synonymous mutations in BCL2 are enriched in its anti-apoptotic domain and likely play a role in cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Our study introduces MutSigCVsyn, an algorithm that accounts for mutational heterogeneity at patient, histology, and gene levels, to identify cancer-associated genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations using whole genome sequencing data. We identified 30 putative candidate genes that will benefit from future experimental studies on the role of synonymous mutations in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Rao
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nabeel Ahmed
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - Justin Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Edward P O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
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6
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Leich E, Brodtkorb M, Schmidt T, Altenbuchinger M, Lingjærde OC, Lockmer S, Holte H, Nedeva T, Grieb T, Sander B, Sundström C, Spang R, Kimby E, Rosenwald A. Gene expression and copy number profiling of follicular lymphoma biopsies from patients treated with first-line rituximab without chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:1927-1937. [PMID: 37683053 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2240462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The Nordic Lymphoma Study Group has performed two randomized clinical trials with chemotherapy-free first-line treatment (rituximab +/- interferon) in follicular lymphoma (FL), with 73% of patients alive and 38% without any need of chemotherapy after 10.6 years median follow-up. In order to identify predictive markers, that may also serve as therapeutic targets, gene expression- and copy number profiles were obtained from 97 FL patients using whole genome microarrays. Copy number alterations (CNAs) were identified, e.g. by GISTIC. Cox Lasso Regression and Lasso logistic regression were used to determine molecular features predictive of time to next therapy (TTNT). A few molecular changes were associated with TTNT (e.g. increased expression of INPP5B, gains in 12q23/q24), but were not significant after adjusting for multiple testing. Our findings suggest that there are no strong determinants of patient outcome with respect to GE data and CNAs in FL patients treated with a chemotherapy-free regimen (i.e. rituximab +/- interferon).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - T Schmidt
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Altenbuchinger
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - S Lockmer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Holte
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Nedeva
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Grieb
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Sander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Sundström
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Spang
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - E Kimby
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
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Lakhotia R, Roschewski M. Clinical applications of circulating tumor DNA in indolent B-cell lymphomas. Semin Hematol 2023; 60:164-172. [PMID: 37419716 PMCID: PMC10527907 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Indolent B-cell lymphomas are generally incurable with standard therapy and most patients have a prolonged disease course that includes multiple treatments and periods of time in which they do not require therapy. Currently available tools to monitor disease burden and define response to treatment rely heavily on imaging scans that lack tumor specificity are unable to detect disease at the molecular level. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a versatile and promising biomarker being developed across multiple lymphoma subtypes. Advantages of ctDNA include high tumor specificity and limits of detection that are significantly lower than imaging scans. Potential clinical applications of ctDNA in indolent B-cell lymphomas include baseline prognostication, early signs of treatment resistance, measurements of minimal residual disease, and a noninvasive method to directly monitor disease burden and clonal evolution after therapy. Clinical applications of ctDNA have not yet proven clinical utility but are increasingly used as translational endpoints in clinical trials testing novel approaches and the analytic techniques used for ctDNA continue to evolve. Advances in therapy for indolent B-cell lymphomas include novel targeted agents and combinations that achieve very high rates complete response which amplifies the need to improve our current methods to monitor disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Lakhotia
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Roschewski
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
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Minagawa K, Wakahashi K, Fukui C, Kawano Y, Kawano H, Suzuki T, Ishii S, Sada A, Nishikawa S, Asada N, Katayama Y, Matsui T. Tfl deletion induces extraordinary Cxcl13 secretion and cachexia in VavP- Bcl2 transgenic mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197112. [PMID: 37304286 PMCID: PMC10250710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Loss of TFL, found in several types of lymphoma, induces excessive CXCL13 secretion through RNA dysregulation contributing to body weight loss and early death in lymphoma model mice. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is associated with overexpressed BCL-2 and other genetic aberrations, including 6q-. We identified a novel gene on 6q25, "Transformed follicular lymphoma (TFL)," from a transformed FL. TFL regulates several cytokines via mRNA degradation, which has been suggested to underlie resolving inflammation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a deletion of TFL occurred in 13.6% of various B-cell lymphoma samples. We developed VavP-bcl2 transgenic, TFL deficit mice (Bcl2-Tg/Tfl -/-) to seek how TFL affects disease progression in this lymphoma model. While Bcl2-Tg mice developed lymphadenopathy and died around 50 weeks, Bcl2-Tg/Tfl -/- mice lost body weight around 30 weeks and died about 20 weeks earlier than Bcl2-Tg mice. Furthermore, we found a unique B220-IgM+ cell population in the bone marrow of Bcl2-Tg mice. cDNA array in this population revealed that Cxcl13 mRNA in Bcl2-Tg/Tfl -/- mice expressed significantly higher than Bcl2-Tg mice. In addition, bone marrow extracellular fluid and serum showed an extremely high Cxcl13 concentration in Bcl2-Tg/Tfl -/- mice. Among bone marrow cells, the B220-IgM+ fraction was the main producer of Cxcl13 in culture. A reporter assay demonstrated TFL regulates CXCL-13 via induction of 3'UTR mRNA degradation in B lineage cells. These data suggest Tfl regulates Cxcl13 in B220-IgM+ cells in the bone marrow, and a very high concentration of serum Cxcl13 arising from these cells may contribute to early death in lymphoma-bearing mice. Since several reports have suggested the association of CXCL13 expression with lymphoma, these findings provide new insights into cytokine regulation via TFL in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Minagawa
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Hematology & Oncology Division, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Kanako Wakahashi
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chie Fukui
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawano
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawano
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohide Suzuki
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ishii
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Sada
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nishikawa
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noboru Asada
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshio Katayama
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Matsui
- Department of Hematology, Nishiwaki Municipal Hospital, Nishiwaki, Japan
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9
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Magnoli F, Marchiori D, Facchi S, Martin V, Campiotti L, Merli M, Sessa F, Tibiletti MG, Uccella S. High frequency of BCL2 gene rearrangement-negative follicular lymphoma in northwestern Italy. Cancer Genet 2023; 274-275:1-9. [PMID: 36917896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BCL2 rearrangement is reported to be an early pathogenetic event in follicular lymphoma (FL) and it is considered as a reliable marker in the follow up of the disease. We aimed to investigate the frequency of BCL2 rearrangement in FLs from northwestern Italy, to evaluate their clinicopathological features, and to investigate alternative genetic aberrations in BCL2-negative FLs. We collected a series of 76 consecutive FLs diagnosed between 2013 and 2016. All lymphomas underwent histopathological review. Interphasic fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed with break apart probes targeting BCL2, IGH, BCL6 and MYC on paraffin embedded (PE) and fresh frozen (FF) specimens. 1p36 region and p53 locus in BLC2-negative cases were investigated using dual color probes. Karyotype analysis was available in a subset of cases. BCL2 rearrangements were detected in 39 cases (51,3%). Of the remaining 37, 6 showed IGH rearrangement, and were further tested: 1 showed variant BCL2 translocation, 1 had BCL6 rearrangement, and the other 4 were negative for further gene rearrangements. FISH on FF specimens detected small BCL2+ clones in cases otherwise categorized as BCL2-. 1p36 and p53 deletion were observed in 1 and 8 BCL2- FLs, respectively. Karyotype analysis documented 3q, 1p and BCL6 alternative abnormalities in 3 cases. In conclusion, BCL2 rearrangement is not a constant finding in FL, its frequency being probably affected by geographical factors. Thus, it should not be considered as a reliable molecular marker in the follow up of the disease, unless it is found to be present at the initial diagnosis of FL. Alternative genetic aberrations exist in BCL2-negative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Marchiori
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sofia Facchi
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Vittoria Martin
- Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Campiotti
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michele Merli
- Unit of Hematology, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Uccella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanule, Milan, Italy; Pathology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
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10
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Shah K, Al Ashiri L, Nasimian A, Ahmed M, Kazi JU. Venetoclax-Resistant T-ALL Cells Display Distinct Cancer Stem Cell Signatures and Enrichment of Cytokine Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055004. [PMID: 36902436 PMCID: PMC10003524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance remains one of the major challenges for cancer treatment that largely limits treatment benefits and patient survival. The underlying mechanisms that lead to therapy resistance are highly complicated because of the specificity to the cancer subtype and therapy. The expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 has been shown to be deregulated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), where different T-ALL cells display a differential response to the BCL2-specific inhibitor venetoclax. In this study, we observed that the expression of anti-apoptotic BCL2 family genes, such as BCL2, BCL2L1, and MCL1, is highly varied in T-ALL patients, and inhibitors targeting proteins coded by these genes display differential responses in T-ALL cell lines. Three T-ALL cell lines (ALL-SIL, MOLT-16, and LOUCY) were highly sensitive to BCL2 inhibition within a panel of cell lines tested. These cell lines displayed differential BCL2 and BCL2L1 expression. Prolonged exposure to venetoclax led to the development of resistance to it in all three sensitive cell lines. To understand how cells developed venetoclax resistance, we monitored the expression of BCL2, BCL2L1, and MCL1 over the treatment period and compared gene expression between resistant cells and parental sensitive cells. We observed a different trend of regulation in terms of BCL2 family gene expression and global gene expression profile including genes reported to be expressed in cancer stem cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed enrichment of cytokine signaling in all three cell lines which was supported by the phospho-kinase array where STAT5 phosphorylation was found to be elevated in resistant cells. Collectively, our data suggest that venetoclax resistance can be mediated through the enrichment of distinct gene signatures and cytokine signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Shah
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lina Al Ashiri
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Nasimian
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mehreen Ahmed
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julhash U. Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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11
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Fischer L, Dreyling M. Follicular lymphoma: an update on biology and optimal therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:761-775. [PMID: 37061956 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2174804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a mature B-cell neoplasm with a mostly indolent course. Genetic hallmark characteristics are Bcl-2 overexpression based on a t(14;18) translocation and additional secondary genetic and epigenetic aberrations. Standard treatment for early-stage patients has curative intent and usually consists of radiotherapy with or without rituximab. In the advanced stage, the main therapeutic focus is on prolonged remissions. Therefore, treatment in asymptomatic patients is usually deferred. Symptomatic patients are subject to immunochemotherapy induction followed by antibody maintenance. Importantly, about one in five patients subsequently experiences a more rapid clinical course, achieving only short remissions with multiple relapses (POD24). In those patients, there is still an urgent need for improved therapeutic options. Accordingly, a plethora of targeted and immunotherapeutic options, including immunomodulatory drugs, small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies as well as bispecific T-cell engager antibodies and CAR-T cell products have been recently evaluated in such relapsed high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fischer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dreyling
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Shimkus G, Nonaka T. Molecular classification and therapeutics in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1124360. [PMID: 36818048 PMCID: PMC9936827 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1124360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) encompasses a wide variety of disease states that have to date been subgrouped and characterized based on immunohistochemical methods, which provide limited prognostic value to clinicians and no alteration in treatment regimen. The addition of rituximab to CHOP therapy was the last leap forward in terms of treatment, but regimens currently follow a standardized course when disease becomes refractory with no individualization based on genotype. Research groups are tentatively proposing new strategies for categorizing DLBCL based on genetic abnormalities that are frequently found together to better predict disease course following dysregulation of specific pathways and to deliver targeted treatment. Novel algorithms in combination with next-generation sequencing techniques have identified between 4 and 7 subgroups of DLBCL, depending on the research team, with potentially significant and actionable genetic alterations. Various drugs aimed at pathways including BCR signaling, NF-κB dysfunction, and epigenetic regulation have shown promise in their respective groups and may show initial utility as second or third line therapies to patients with recurrent DLBCL. Implementation of subgroups will allow collection of necessary data to determine which groups are significant, which treatments may be indicated, and will provide better insight to clinicians and patients on specific disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen Shimkus
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Taichiro Nonaka
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Taichiro Nonaka,
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13
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Oishi N. Precursory or early lesions of follicular lymphoma: clinical features, pathology, and genetics. J Clin Exp Hematop 2023; 63:65-72. [PMID: 37380471 PMCID: PMC10410625 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma with a germinal center (GC) B cell phenotype that typically harbors t(14;18)(q32;q21). t(14;18) juxtaposes IGH on 14q32 and BCL2 on 18q21, resulting in overexpression of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 protein. However, t(14;18) is also found in the peripheral blood or lymphoid nodes (LNs) of otherwise healthy individuals. Moreover, overt FL has several additional gene alterations involved in epigenetic modification, JAK/STAT signaling, immune modulation, and NF-κB signaling, indicating multi-step lymphomagenesis in FL. There are two early or precursory lesions of FL: t(14;18)-positive cells in the peripheral blood of otherwise healthy individuals and in situ follicular B-cell neoplasm (ISFN). t(14;18)-positive cells are found in 10%-50% of healthy populations, and their incidence and frequency increase with age. The detection of t(14;18) in peripheral blood is a predictive factor for an increased risk of overt FL development. In contrast, ISFN is a histopathologically recognizable precursory lesion, in which t(14;18)-positive cells are confined to the GC of otherwise reactive LNs. ISFN is usually detected incidentally, with an incidence ranging from 2.0% to 3.2%. Occasional ISFN cases have concurrent or metachronous clonally related overt FL or aggressive B-cell lymphoma of a GC phenotype. t(14;18)-positive cells in peripheral blood and isolated ISFN, by themselves, are asymptomatic with limited clinical significance; however, investigations of t(14;18)-positive precursory or early lesions offer meaningful insights into the pathogenesis of FL. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical features, pathology, and genetics of precursory or early lesions of FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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14
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Crouch S, Painter D, Barrans SL, Roman E, Beer PA, Cooke SL, Glover P, Van Hoppe SJ, Webster N, Lacy SE, Ruiz C, Campbell PJ, Hodson DJ, Patmore R, Burton C, Smith A, Tooze RM. Molecular subclusters of follicular lymphoma: a report from the United Kingdom's Haematological Malignancy Research Network. Blood Adv 2022; 6:5716-5731. [PMID: 35363872 PMCID: PMC9619185 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is morphologically and clinically diverse, with mutations in epigenetic regulators alongside t(14;18) identified as disease-initiating events. Identification of additional mutational entities confirms this cancer's heterogeneity, but whether mutational data can be resolved into mechanistically distinct subsets remains an open question. Targeted sequencing was applied to an unselected population-based FL cohort (n = 548) with full clinical follow-up (n = 538), which included 96 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) transformations. We investigated whether molecular subclusters of FL can be identified and whether mutational data provide predictive information relating to transformation. DNA extracted from FL samples was sequenced with a 293-gene panel representing genes frequently mutated in DLBCL and FL. Three clusters were resolved using mutational data alone, independent of translocation status: FL_aSHM, with high burden of aberrant somatic hypermutation (aSHM) targets; FL_STAT6, with high STAT6 & CREBBP mutation and low aSHM; and FL_Com, with the absence of features of other subtypes and enriched KMT2D mutation. Analysis of mutation signatures demonstrated differential enrichment of predicted mutation signatures between subgroups and a dominant preference in the FL_aSHM subgroup for G(C>T)T and G(C>T)C transitions consistent with previously defined aSHM-like patterns. Of transformed cases with paired samples, 17 of 26 had evidence of branching evolution. Poorer overall survival (OS) in the aSHM group (P = .04) was associated with older age; however, overall tumor genetics provided limited information to predict individual patient risk. Our approach identifies 3 molecular subclusters of FL linked to differences in underlying mechanistic pathways. These clusters, which may be further resolved by the inclusion of translocation status and wider mutation profiles, have implications for understanding pathogenesis as well as improving treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Crouch
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Painter
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon L. Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James’s Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A. Beer
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna L. Cooke
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Glover
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James’s Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan J.L. Van Hoppe
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James’s Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Webster
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James’s Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart E. Lacy
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo Ruiz
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J. Hodson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Patmore
- Queen’s Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Burton
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James’s Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Smith
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben M. Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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15
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Ramírez-Patiño R, Avalos-Navarro G, Figuera LE, Varela-Hernández JJ, Bautista-Herrera LA, Muñoz-Valle JF, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Influence of nitric oxide signaling mechanisms in cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221135454. [PMID: 36260949 PMCID: PMC9585559 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221135454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with multiple biological functions that is involved in various pathophysiological processes such as neurotransmission and blood vessel relaxation as well as the endocrine system, immune system, growth factors, and cancer. However, in the carcinogenesis process, it has a dual behavior; at low doses, NO regulates homeostatic functions, while at high concentrations, it promotes tissue damage or acts as an agent for immune defense against microorganisms. Thus, its participation in the carcinogenic process is controversial. Cancer is a multifactorial disease that presents complex behavior. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the initiation, promotion, and progression of neoplastic processes is required. Some hypotheses have been proposed regarding the influence of NO in activating oncogenic pathways that trigger carcinogenic processes, because NO might regulate some signaling pathways thought to promote cancer development and more aggressive tumor growth. Additionally, NO inhibits apoptosis of tumor cells, together with the deregulation of proteins that are involved in tissue homeostasis, promoting spreading to other organs and initiating metastatic processes. This paper describes the signaling pathways that are associated with cancer, and how the concentration of NO can serve a beneficial or pathological function in the initiation and promotion of neoplastic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramírez-Patiño
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - G Avalos-Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - LE Figuera
- División de Génetica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, México,Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - JJ Varela-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - LA Bautista-Herrera
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - JF Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS) Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - MP Gallegos-Arreola
- División de Génetica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, México,Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola, División de Genética CIBO, IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800, Col, Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México.
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16
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Genetics of Transformed Follicular Lymphoma. HEMATO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato3040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histological transformation (HT) to a more aggressive disease–mostly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma–is considered one of the most dismal events in the clinical course of follicular lymphoma (FL). Current knowledge has not found a single biological event specific for HT, although different studies have highlighted common genetic alterations, such as TP53 and CDKN2A/B loss, and MYC translocations, among others. Together, they increase genomic complexity and mutational burden at HT. A better knowledge of HT pathogenesis would presumably help to find diagnostic biomarkers allowing the identification of patients at high-risk of transformation, as well as the discrimination from patients with FL recurrence, and those who remain in remission. This would also help to identify new drug targets and the design of clinical trials for the treatment of transformation. In the present review we provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic events frequently identified in transformed FL contributing to the switch towards aggressive behaviour, and we will discuss current open questions in the field of HT.
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17
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Han G, Deng Q, Marques-Piubelli ML, Dai E, Dang M, Ma MCJ, Li X, Yang H, Henderson J, Kudryashova O, Meerson M, Isaev S, Kotlov N, Nomie KJ, Bagaev A, Parra ER, Solis Soto LM, Parmar S, Hagemeister FB, Ahmed S, Iyer SP, Samaniego F, Steiner R, Fayad L, Lee H, Fowler NH, Flowers CR, Strati P, Westin JR, Neelapu SS, Nastoupil LJ, Vega F, Wang L, Green MR. Follicular Lymphoma Microenvironment Characteristics Associated with Tumor Cell Mutations and MHC Class II Expression. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:428-443. [PMID: 35687817 PMCID: PMC9894575 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a B-cell malignancy with a complex tumor microenvironment that is rich in nonmalignant immune cells. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the diverse tumor and immune cell populations of FL and identified major phenotypic subsets of FL T cells, including a cytotoxic CD4 T-cell population. We characterized four major FL subtypes with differential representation or relative depletion of distinct T-cell subsets. By integrating exome sequencing, we observed that somatic mutations are associated with, but not definitive for, reduced MHC expression on FL cells. In turn, expression of MHCII genes by FL cells was associated with significant differences in the proportions and targetable immunophenotypic characteristics of T cells. This provides a classification framework of the FL microenvironment in association with FL genotypes and MHC expression, and informs different potential immunotherapeutic strategies based upon tumor cell MHCII expression. SIGNIFICANCE We have characterized the FL-infiltrating T cells, identified cytotoxic CD4 T cells as an important component that is associated with tumor cell-intrinsic characteristics, and identified sets of targetable immune checkpoints on T cells that differed from FLs with normal versus low MHC expression. See related commentary by Melnick, p. 374. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 369.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Han
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Enyu Dai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Minghao Dang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Man Chun John Ma
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xubin Li
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haopeng Yang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jared Henderson
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edwin R. Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Luisa M. Solis Soto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simrit Parmar
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fredrick B. Hagemeister
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sairah Ahmed
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Swaminathan P. Iyer
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Felipe Samaniego
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Raphael Steiner
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Luis Fayad
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hun Lee
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nathan H. Fowler
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- BostonGene Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher R. Flowers
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paolo Strati
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason R. Westin
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sattva S. Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Loretta J. Nastoupil
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael R. Green
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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18
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Lauer EM, Mutter J, Scherer F. Circulating tumor DNA in B-cell lymphoma: technical advances, clinical applications, and perspectives for translational research. Leukemia 2022; 36:2151-2164. [PMID: 35701522 PMCID: PMC9417989 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive disease monitoring and risk stratification by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) profiling has become a potential novel strategy for patient management in B-cell lymphoma. Emerging innovative therapeutic options and an unprecedented growth in our understanding of biological and molecular factors underlying lymphoma heterogeneity have fundamentally increased the need for precision-based tools facilitating personalized and accurate disease profiling and quantification. By capturing the entire mutational landscape of tumors, ctDNA assessment has some decisive advantages over conventional tissue biopsies, which usually target only one single tumor site. Due to its non- or minimal-invasive nature, serial and repeated ctDNA profiling provides a real-time picture of the genetic composition and facilitates quantification of tumor burden any time during the course of the disease. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of technologies used for ctDNA detection and genotyping in B-cell lymphoma, focusing on pre-analytical and technical requirements, the advantages and limitations of various approaches, and highlight recent advances around improving sensitivity and suppressing technical errors. We broadly review potential applications of ctDNA in clinical practice and for translational research by describing how ctDNA might enhance lymphoma subtype classification, treatment response assessment, outcome prediction, and monitoring of measurable residual disease. We finally discuss how ctDNA could be implemented in prospective clinical trials as a novel surrogate endpoint and be utilized as a decision-making tool to guide lymphoma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M Lauer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jurik Mutter
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Scherer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Mentz M, Keay W, Strobl CD, Antoniolli M, Adolph L, Heide M, Lechner A, Haebe S, Osterode E, Kridel R, Ziegenhain C, Wange LE, Hildebrand JA, Shree T, Silkenstedt E, Staiger AM, Ott G, Horn H, Szczepanowski M, Richter J, Levy R, Rosenwald A, Enard W, Zimber-Strobl U, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Hiddemann W, Klapper W, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rudelius M, Bararia D, Passerini V, Weigert O. PARP14 is a novel target in STAT6 mutant follicular lymphoma. Leukemia 2022; 36:2281-2292. [PMID: 35851155 PMCID: PMC9417990 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The variable clinical course of follicular lymphoma (FL) is determined by the molecular heterogeneity of tumor cells and complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). IL-4 producing follicular helper T cells (TFH) are critical components of the FL TME. Binding of IL-4 to IL-4R on FL cells activates JAK/STAT signaling. We identified STAT6 mutations (STAT6MUT) in 13% of FL (N = 33/258), all clustered within the DNA binding domain. Gene expression data and immunohistochemistry showed upregulation of IL-4/STAT6 target genes in STAT6MUT FL, including CCL17, CCL22, and FCER2 (CD23). Functionally, STAT6MUT was gain-of-function by serial replating phenotype in pre-B CFU assays. Expression of STAT6MUT enhanced IL-4 induced FCER2/CD23, CCL17 and CCL22 expression and was associated with nuclear accumulation of pSTAT6. RNA sequencing identified PARP14 -a transcriptional switch and co-activator of STAT6- among the top differentially upregulated genes in IL-4 stimulated STAT6MUT lymphoma cells and in STAT6MUT primary FL cells. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) demonstrated binding of STAT6MUT but not STAT6WT to the PARP14 promotor. Reporter assays showed increased IL-4 induced transactivation activity of STAT6MUT at the PARP14 promotor, suggesting a self-reinforcing regulatory circuit. Knock-down of PARP14 or PARP-inhibition abrogated the STAT6MUT gain-of-function phenotype. Thus, our results identify PARP14 as a novel therapeutic target in STAT6MUT FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mentz
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz- Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - William Keay
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Dorothea Strobl
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Antoniolli
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa Adolph
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Heide
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Lechner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Haebe
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisa Osterode
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kridel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christoph Ziegenhain
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas Esteban Wange
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Adrian Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Silkenstedt
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette M Staiger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heike Horn
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Szczepanowski
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz- Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hiddemann
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Deepak Bararia
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Passerini
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Wang F, Yang Y, Boudagh G, Eskelinen EL, Klionsky DJ, Malek SN. Follicular lymphoma-associated mutations in the V-ATPase chaperone VMA21 activate autophagy creating a targetable dependency. Autophagy 2022; 18:1982-2000. [PMID: 35287545 PMCID: PMC9450968 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of recurrent mutations in subunits and regulators of the vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) in follicular lymphoma (FL) highlights a role for macroautophagy/autophagy, amino-acid, and nutrient-sensing pathways in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we report on novel mutations in the ER-resident chaperone VMA21, which is involved in V-ATPase assembly in 12% of FL. Mutations in a novel VMA21 hotspot (p.93X) result in the removal of a C-terminal non-canonical ER retrieval signal thus causing VMA21 mislocalization to lysosomes. The resulting impairment in V-ATPase activity prevents full lysosomal acidification and function, including impaired pH-dependent protein degradation as shown via lysosomal metabolomics and ultimately causes a degree of amino acid depletion in the cytoplasm. These deficiencies result in compensatory autophagy activation, as measured using multiple complementary assays in human and yeast cells. Of translational significance, the compensatory activation of autophagy creates a dependency for survival for VMA21-mutated primary human FL as shown using inhibitors to ULK1, the proximal autophagy-regulating kinase. Using high-throughput microscopy-based screening assays for autophagy-inhibiting compounds, we identify multiple clinical grade cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors as promising drugs and thus provide new rationale for innovative clinical trials in FL harboring aberrant V-ATPase.Abbreviations: ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FL: follicular lymphoma; GFP: green fluorescent protein; IP: immunoprecipitation; LE/LY: late endosomes/lysosomes; Lyso-IP: lysosomal immunoprecipitation; OST: oligosaccharide transferase; prApe1: precursor aminopeptidase I; SEP: super ecliptic pHluorin; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyang Wang
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Boudagh
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sami N. Malek
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Chung C. A Promising Future for Precision Epigenetic Therapy for Follicular and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma? Blood Lymphat Cancer 2022; 12:99-106. [PMID: 35959380 PMCID: PMC9359712 DOI: 10.2147/blctt.s282247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA hypermethylation or histone deacetylation normally silence gene expression that regulates numerous cellular activities. Germinal center–derived lymphomas such as follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are characterized by frequent mutations of histone-modifying genes. EZH2 is essential to the formation of germinal center in the secondary lymphoid tissue (eg, lymph nodes and spleen) and is one of the most frequently mutated histone-modifying genes in human lymphomas. EZH2 encodes a histone methyltransferase, mediates transcriptional repression and acts as an oncogene that promotes the development and progression of a variety of human malignancies, including FL and DLBCL. Thus, recurrent mutations in the EZH2 and other non-histone epigenetic regulators represent important targets for therapeutic interventions. Recently, an orally active inhibitor of EZH2, tazemetostat, has received regulatory approval for patients with mutated EZH2 relapsed or refractory FL after ≥2 prior systemic therapies. It is also approved for those with relapsed or refractory FL who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options, regardless of their mutational status of EZH2. Currently, tazemetostat and its combination therapies for patients with relapsed or refractory germinal center-derived lymphomas, as well as frontline therapies for previously untreated patients, are in various phases of clinical investigations. Despite the promise of epigenetic therapies, potential pitfalls such as target selectivity, risk of oncogenic activation, risk of secondary malignancies associated with epigenetic therapies must be carefully monitored. Future applications of epigenetic approach that incorporate clinical and genomic features are needed to determine how individualized treatments can be used for these hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist West Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Clement Chung, Houston Methodist West Hospital, 18500 Katy Freeway, Houston, TX, 77094, USA, Tel +1-832-522-1051, Email
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22
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Li XY, Su LX, Chen WX, Liu H, Zhang LY, Shen YC, You JX, Wang JB, Zhang L, Wang D, Wen MZ, Wang Z, Shao YH, Chen DH, Yang XT. Clinical Implications of Necroptosis Genes Expression for Cancer Immunity and Prognosis: A Pan-Cancer Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882216. [PMID: 35795676 PMCID: PMC9251086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is increasingly being investigated for its controversial role in tumorigenesis and progression. Necroptosis suppresses tumor formation and tumor development by killing tumor cells; however, the necrotic cells also promote tumor formation and tumor development via the immunosuppressive effect of necroptosis and inflammatory response caused by cytokine release. Thus, the exact mechanism of necroptosis in pan-cancer remains unknown. Methods The data of 11,057 cancer samples were downloaded from the TCGA database, along with clinical information, tumor mutation burden, and microsatellite instability information of the corresponding patients. We used the TCGA data in a pan-cancer analysis to identify differences in mRNA level as well as single nucleotide variants, copy number variants, methylation profiles, and genomic signatures of miRNA-mRNA interactions. Two drug datasets (from GDSC, CTRP) were used to evaluate drug sensitivity and resistance against necroptosis genes. Results Necroptosis genes were aberrantly expressed in various cancers. The frequency of necroptosis gene mutations was highest in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, the correlation between necroptosis gene expression in the tumor microenvironment and immune cell infiltration varied for different cancers. High necroptosis gene expression was found to correlate with NK, Tfh, Th1, CD8_T, and DC cells. These can therefore be used as biomarkers to predict prognosis. By matching gene targets with drugs, we identified potential candidate drugs. Conclusion Our study showed the genomic alterations and clinical features of necroptosis genes in 33 cancers. This may help clarify the link between necroptosis and tumorigenesis. Our findings may also provide new approaches for the clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-yu Li
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-xin Su
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xue Chen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-yu Zhang
- The Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chen Shen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Xiong You
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Bing Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Deming Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Wen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-hao Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Hu Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Affiliated 5 to Nantong University (Taizhou People's Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Xi-tao Yang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi-tao Yang,
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23
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H3K27m3 overexpression as a new, BCL2 independent diagnostic tool in follicular and cutaneous follicle center lymphomas. Virchows Arch 2022; 481:489-497. [PMID: 35661922 PMCID: PMC9485181 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of follicular lymphomas (FL) lack overexpression of BCL2 and the underlying translocation t(14;18). These cases can be diagnostically challenging, especially regarding follicular hyperplasia (FH). In a subset of FL, mutations in genes encoding for epigenetic modifiers, such as the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2), were found, which might be used diagnostically. These molecular alterations can lead to an increased tri-methylation of histone H3 at position lysine 27 (H3K27m3) that, in turn, can be visualized immunohistochemically. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of H3K27m3 in FL, primary cutaneous follicle center lymphomas (PCFCL), and pediatric-type FL (PTFL) in order to investigate its value in the differential diagnosis to FH and other B cell lymphomas and to correlate it to BCL2 expression and the presence of t(14;18). Additionally, the mutational profile of selected cases was considered to address H3K27m3’s potential use as a surrogate parameter for mutations in genes encoding for epigenetic modifiers. Eighty-nine percent of FL and 100% of PCFCL cases overexpressed H3K27m3, independently of BCL2, EZH2, and the presence of mutations. In contrast, 95% of FH and 100% of PTFL cases lacked H3K27m3 overexpression. Other B cell lymphomas considered for differential diagnosis also showed overexpression of H3K27m3 in the majority of cases. In summary, overexpression of H3K27m3 can serve as a new, BCL2 independent marker in the differential diagnosis of FL and PCFCL, but not PTFL, to FH, while being not of help in the differential diagnosis of FL to other B cell lymphomas.
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24
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Odutola MK, van Leeuwen MT, Turner J, Bruinsma F, Seymour JF, Prince HM, Milliken ST, Trotman J, Verner E, Tiley C, Roncolato F, Underhill CR, Opat SS, Harvey M, Hertzberg M, Benke G, Giles GG, Vajdic CM. Associations between Smoking and Alcohol and Follicular Lymphoma Incidence and Survival: A Family-Based Case-Control Study in Australia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112710. [PMID: 35681690 PMCID: PMC9179256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between smoking and alcohol consumption and follicular lymphoma (FL) incidence and clinical outcome is uncertain. We conducted a population-based family case-control study (709 cases: 490 controls) in Australia. We assessed lifetime history of smoking and recent alcohol consumption and followed-up cases (median = 83 months). We examined associations with FL risk using unconditional logistic regression and with all-cause and FL-specific mortality of cases using Cox regression. FL risk was associated with ever smoking (OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.08−1.74), former smoking (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.05−1.77), smoking initiation before age 17 (OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.06−2.05), the highest categories of cigarettes smoked per day (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.04−2.01), smoking duration (OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.07−2.18) and pack-years (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.10−2.22). For never smokers, FL risk increased for those exposed indoors to >2 smokers during childhood (OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.11−3.04). For cases, current smoking and the highest categories of smoking duration and lifetime cigarette exposure were associated with elevated all-cause mortality. The hazard ratio for current smoking and FL-specific mortality was 2.97 (95%CI = 0.91−9.72). We found no association between recent alcohol consumption and FL risk, all-cause or FL-specific mortality. Our study showed consistent evidence of an association between smoking and increased FL risk and possibly also FL-specific mortality. Strengthening anti-smoking policies and interventions may reduce the population burden of FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Odutola
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; (M.K.O.); (M.T.v.L.)
| | - Marina T. van Leeuwen
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; (M.K.O.); (M.T.v.L.)
| | - Jennifer Turner
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park 2113, Australia;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde 2109, Australia
| | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia; (F.B.); (G.G.G.)
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - John F. Seymour
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia;
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
| | - Henry M. Prince
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
- Epworth Healthcare, Richmond 3121, Australia
| | - Samuel T. Milliken
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney 2010, Australia;
- University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; (F.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Judith Trotman
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord 2139, Australia; (J.T.); (E.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Emma Verner
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord 2139, Australia; (J.T.); (E.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Campbell Tiley
- Gosford Hospital, Gosford 2250, Australia;
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia
| | - Fernando Roncolato
- University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; (F.R.); (M.H.)
- St. George Hospital, Kogarah 2217, Australia
| | - Craig R. Underhill
- Rural Medical School, Albury 2640, Australia;
- Border Medical Oncology Research Unit, Albury 2640, Australia
| | - Stephen S. Opat
- Clinical Haematology, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia;
| | - Michael Harvey
- Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, Australia;
- Western Sydney University, Sydney 2000, Australia
| | - Mark Hertzberg
- University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; (F.R.); (M.H.)
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia;
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia; (F.B.); (G.G.G.)
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Claire M. Vajdic
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; (M.K.O.); (M.T.v.L.)
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- Correspondence:
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25
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PNMZL and PTFL: morphological variants with a common molecular profile - a unifying hypothesis. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4661-4674. [PMID: 35609565 PMCID: PMC9631662 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PNMZL has a molecular landscape characterized by low genomic complexity and frequent MAP2K1, TNFRSF14, and IRF8 alterations. The histologic and molecular features of PNMZL and PTFL suggest that they represent a morphologic spectrum of the same biologic entity.
Pediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma (PNMZL) is an uncommon B-cell neoplasm affecting mainly male children and young adults. This indolent lymphoma has distinct characteristics that differ from those of conventional nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL). Clinically, it exhibits overlapping features with pediatric-type follicular lymphoma (PTFL). To explore the differences between PNMZL and adult NMZL and its relationship to PTFL, a series of 45 PNMZL cases were characterized morphologically and genetically by using an integrated approach; this approach included whole-exome sequencing in a subset of cases, targeted next-generation sequencing, and copy number and DNA methylation arrays. Fourteen cases (31%) were diagnosed as PNMZL, and 31 cases (69%) showed overlapping histologic features between PNMZL and PTFL, including a minor component of residual serpiginous germinal centers reminiscent of PTFL and a dominant interfollicular B-cell component characteristic of PNMZL. All cases displayed low genomic complexity (1.2 alterations per case) with recurrent 1p36/TNFRSF14 copy number–neutral loss of heterozygosity alterations and copy number loss (11%). Similar to PTFL, the most frequently mutated genes in PNMZL were MAP2K1 (42%), TNFRSF14 (36%), and IRF8 (34%). DNA methylation analysis revealed no major differences between PTFL and PNMZL. Genetic alterations typically seen in conventional NMZL were absent in PNMZL. In summary, overlapping clinical, morphologic, and molecular findings (including low genetic complexity; recurrent alterations in MAP2K1, TNFRSF14, and IRF8; and similar methylation profiles) indicate that PNMZL and PTFL are likely part of a single disease with variation in the histologic spectrum. The term “pediatric-type follicular lymphoma with and without marginal zone differentiation” is suggested.
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26
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Ren W, Wang X, Yang M, Wan H, Li X, Ye X, Meng B, Li W, Yu J, Lei M, Xie F, Jiang W, Kimby E, Huang H, Liu D, Li ZM, Wu K, Zhang H, Pan-Hammarström Q. Distinct clinical and genetic features of hepatitis B virus-associated follicular lymphoma in Chinese patients. Blood Adv 2022; 6:2731-2744. [PMID: 35030632 PMCID: PMC9092402 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been associated with an increased risk for B-cell lymphomas. We previously showed that 20% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients from China, an endemic area of HBV infection, have chronic HBV infection (surface antigen-positive, HBsAg+) and are characterized by distinct clinical and genetic features. Here, we showed that 24% of follicular lymphoma (FL) Chinese patients are HBsAg+. Compared with the HBsAg- FL patients, HBsAg+ patients are younger, have a higher histological grade at diagnosis, and have a higher incidence of disease progression within 24 months. Moreover, by sequencing the genomes of 109 FL tumors, we observed enhanced mutagenesis and distinct genetic profile in HBsAg+ FLs, with a unique set of preferentially mutated genes (TNFAIP3, FAS, HIST1H1C, KLF2, TP53, PIM1, TMSB4X, DUSP2, TAGAP, LYN, and SETD2) but lack of the hallmark of HBsAg- FLs (ie, IGH/BCL2 translocations and CREBBP mutations). Transcriptomic analyses further showed that HBsAg+ FLs displayed gene-expression signatures resembling the activated B-cell-like subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, involving IRF4-targeted genes and NF-κB/MYD88 signaling pathways. Finally, we identified an increased infiltration of CD8+ memory T cells, CD4+ Th1 cells, and M1 macrophages and higher T-cell exhaustion gene signature in HBsAg+ FL samples. Taken together, we present new genetic/epigenetic evidence that links chronic HBV infection to B-cell lymphomagenesis, and HBV-associated FL is likely to have a distinct cell-of-origin and represent as a separate subtype of FL. Targetable genetic/epigenetic alterations identified in tumors and their associated tumor microenvironment may provide potential novel therapeutic approaches for this subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Ren
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhuo Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Wan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaobo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofei Ye
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bing Meng
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyue Lei
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanfan Xie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eva Kimby
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Huiqiang Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongbing Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huilai Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Neoantigens – the next frontier in precision immunotherapy for B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood Rev 2022; 56:100969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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SIRPα+ macrophages are increased in patients with FL who progress or relapse after frontline lenalidomide and rituximab. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3286-3293. [PMID: 35359004 PMCID: PMC9198921 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoimmunotherapy is an effective treatment strategy for patients with FL who relapse after frontline R2. SIRPα+ and CSF1R+macrophages are increased in FL patients who relapse after frontline R2.
Limited data exist regarding the outcome of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) who relapse or progress after frontline lenalidomide and rituximab (R2). Moreover, mechanisms of resistance to R2 in FL remain unclear, with increased protumoral macrophages suspected as a major contributory culprit to this phenomenon. This retrospective study analyzed the outcome of patients with advanced-stage FL grade 1 to 3A who relapsed or progressed after frontline R2. A multiplex immunofluorescence macrophage panel, including CD47, CD14, CD68, CD115 (also known as colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor [CSF1R]), CD163, CD172a (also known as signal regulatory protein α [SIRPα]), and CD274 (also known as programmed cell death-ligand 1 [PDL1]), was used to stain tissue biopsy specimens collected before initiation of R2 and at the time of progression. Among 156 patients with advanced-stage FL treated with frontline R2, 33 (21%) relapsed or progressed and required second-line therapy, after a median of 33 months (range, 1-122 months). Second-line therapy was chemoimmunotherapy in 16 (48%) patients and other therapy in 17 (52%). The overall response rate was 78%, and complete response rate was 72%. Median progression-free survival was significantly longer in patients who received chemoimmunotherapy compared with other therapy (99 vs 25 months; P = .004). Three macrophage populations were significantly increased in tissue samples collected at progression compared with before frontline treatment: CD68+CD115+ (P = .02), CD68+CD115+CD172a+ (P = .02), and CD68+CD163+CD172a+ (P = .01). Chemoimmunotherapy is an effective treatment strategy for patients with FL who relapse after frontline R2. Therapies targeting specific macrophage populations may yield novel approaches for improving outcomes with frontline R2.
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Ikoma H, Miyaoka M, Hiraiwa S, Yukie Kikuti Y, Shiraiwa S, Hara R, Kojima M, Ohmachi K, Ando K, Carreras J, Nakamura N. Clinicopathological analysis of follicular lymphoma with BCL2, BCL6, and MYC rearrangements. Pathol Int 2022; 72:321-331. [PMID: 35297566 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Most follicular lymphomas (FL) show t(14;18)/IGH-BCL2 translocation, but rearrangement (R) negative cases exist. A series of 140 FL patients with a BCL2, BCL6, and MYC gene status examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were classified into five groups: (a) BCL2-R group (BCL2-R/BCL6-G/MYC-G) (G, germline), 77 cases; (b) BCL2/BCL6 double-R group (BCL2-R/BCL6-R/MYC-G), 16 cases; (c) BCL6-R group (BCL2-G/BCL6-R/MYC-G), 16 cases; (d) MYC-R group (BCL2-R or G/BCL6-R or G/MYC-R), three cases; (e) Triple-G group (BCL2-G/BCL6-G/MYC-G), 28 cases. The BCL6-R group had different clinicopathological characteristics. It showed lower rates of an advanced clinical stage and bone marrow invasion, less disease progression (p = 0.036), and a 'trend' toward a favorable progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.06). It also showed higher rates of grade 3A and MUM1-expression, and when analyzing the interfollicular spread pattern of CD20-positive cells, had fewer cases showing the IF3+ pattern (high interfollicular spread). Moreover, cases with BCL6-R and/or BCL6 gain (with cases of BCL2 rearrangement and/or of copy number gain excluded) correlated with favorable PFS (p = 0.014) and less IF3+ pattern (p = 0.007). We demonstrated that BCL6-R FLs showed unique clinicopathological findings, and FISH of BCL2, BCL6, and MYC is useful for FL diagnosis and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Ikoma
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyaoka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hiraiwa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yara Yukie Kikuti
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Sawako Shiraiwa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Ryujiro Hara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Minoru Kojima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Ken Ohmachi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Joaquim Carreras
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
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Amin R, Braza MS. The follicular lymphoma epigenome regulates its microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:21. [PMID: 35022084 PMCID: PMC8753841 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of germinal center (GC) origin with a distinctive tumor microenvironment (TME) and a unique spectrum of mutations. Despite the important therapeutic advances, FL is still incurable. During B-cell development, the GC reaction is a complex multistep process in which epigenetic regulators dynamically induce or suppress transcriptional programs. In FL, epigenetic gene mutations perturb the regulation of these programs, changing GC B-cell function and skewing differentiation towards tumor cells and altering the microenvironment interactions. FL pathogenesis and malignant transformation are promoted by epigenetic reprogramming of GC B cells that alters the immunological synapse and niche. Despite the extensive characterization of FL epigenetic signature and TME, the functional consequences of epigenetic dysregulation on TME and niche plasticity need to be better characterized. In this review, first we describe the most frequent epigenomic alterations in FL (KMT2D, CREBBP and EZH2) that affect the immunological niche, and their potential consequences on the informational transfer between tumor B cells and their microenvironment. Then, we discuss the latest progress to harness epigenetic targets for inhibiting the FL microenvironment. Finally, we highlight unexplored research areas and outstanding questions that should be considered for a successful long-term treatment of FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Mounia S Braza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Early Progressing Follicular Lymphoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:149. [PMID: 34797453 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Follicular lymphoma is an indolent lymphoma which does not limit life expectancy in most patients; however, approximately 20% of patients will experience progression of disease within 24 months (POD24) of diagnosis and have inferior survival outcomes. To date, no clinical, genetic, or tumor microenvironment prediction models have been able to definitively predict which patients will experience POD24 which limits the ability to alter frontline management of patients suspected to be at high risk of early progression. Here, we review recent literature regarding novel prediction models and management recommendations for POD24 patients. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have revealed novel clinicopathologic prediction models which may be closer to identifying patients at risk of POD24. In addition, several clinical trials utilizing novel therapies such as tazemetostat, obinutuzumab, PI3K inhibitors, and lenalidomide have been performed which help further guide treatment. Ongoing trials seek to identify the optimal management of these patients, and data from bispecific antibodies and CAR T cell therapies is forthcoming. With ongoing research efforts, hope remains that we are closer to being able to predict which patients will experience early progressing follicular lymphoma and have an improved management plan for those who do in order to improve survival outcomes.
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32
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Klausen U, Grønne Dahlager Jørgensen N, Grauslund JH, Munir Ahmad S, Gang AO, Martinenaite E, Weis-Banke SE, Breinholt MF, Novotny GW, Kjeldsen JW, Orebo Holmström M, Pedersen LB, Poulsen CB, Hansen PB, Met Ö, Svane IM, Niemann CU, Pedersen LM, Andersen MH. An immunogenic first-in-human immune modulatory vaccine with PD-L1 and PD-L2 peptides is feasible and shows early signs of efficacy in follicular lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1975889. [PMID: 38283034 PMCID: PMC10813564 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1975889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in the tumor microenvironment of Follicular lymphoma (FL) express checkpoint molecules such as programmed death ligands 1 and 2 (PD-L1 and PD-L2) and are suppressing anti-tumor immune activity. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with PD-L1 (IO103) or PD-L2 (IO120) peptides can activate specific T cells inducing anti-regulatory functions including cytotoxicity against PD-L1/PD-L2-expressing cells. In this study, we vaccinated eight FL patients with PD-L1 and PD-L2 peptides following treatment with standard chemotherapy. Patients experienced grade 1-2 injection site reaction (5/8) and mild flu-like symptoms (6/8). One patient experienced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia during pseudo-progression. Enzyme-linked immunospot detected vaccine-specific immune responses in PBMC from all patients, predominately toward PD-L1. The circulating immune composition was stable during treatment; however, we observed a reduction regulatory T cells, however, not significant. One patient achieved a complete remission during vaccination and two patients had pseudo-progression followed by long-term disease regression. Further examination of these early signs of clinical efficacy of the dual-epitope vaccine in a larger study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Klausen
- Dept. Of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Dept. Of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Grønne Dahlager Jørgensen
- Dept. Of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jacob Handlos Grauslund
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Evelina Martinenaite
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stine Emilie Weis-Banke
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Guy Wayne Novotny
- Dept. Of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Dept. Of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julie Westerlin Kjeldsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Morten Orebo Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | | | - Per Boye Hansen
- Dept. Of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Rosklide, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Carsten Utoft Niemann
- Dept. Of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Lars Møller Pedersen
- Dept. Of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Dept. Of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. Of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Rosklide, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Boustani H, Khodadi E, Shahidi M. Autophagy in Hematological Malignancies: Molecular Aspects in Leukemia and Lymphoma. Lab Med 2021; 52:16-23. [PMID: 32634208 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of the hematopoietic system is dependent on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation to produce different blood cell lines. Autophagy has a central role in energy production and metabolism of the cells during starvation, cellular stress adaption, and removing mechanisms for aged or damaged organelles. The role and importance of autophagy pathways are becoming increasingly recognized in the literature because these pathways can be useful in organizing intracellular circulation, molecular complexes, and organelles to meet the needs of various hematopoietic cells. There is supporting evidence in the literature that autophagy plays an emerging role in the regulation of normal cells and that it also has important features in malignant hematopoiesis. Understanding the molecular details of the autophagy pathway can provide novel methods for more effective treatment of patients with leukemia. Overall, our review will emphasize the role of autophagy and its different aspects in hematological malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Boustani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Khodadi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Minoo Shahidi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Katerji M, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. DNA damage in cancer development: special implications in viral oncogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3956-3979. [PMID: 34522461 PMCID: PMC8414375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions arise from a combination of physiological/metabolic sources and exogenous environmental influences. When left unrepaired, these alterations accumulate in the cells and can give rise to mutations that change the function of important proteins (i.e. tumor suppressors, oncoproteins), or cause chromosomal rearrangements (i.e. gene fusions) that also result in the deregulation of key cellular molecules. Progressive acquisition of such genetic changes promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation and evasion of cell death, and hence plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Another less-studied consequence of DNA damage accumulating in the host genome is the integration of oncogenic DNA viruses such as Human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and Hepatitis B virus. This critical step of viral-induced carcinogenesis is thought to be particularly facilitated by DNA breaks in both viral and host genomes. Therefore, the impact of DNA damage on carcinogenesis is magnified in the case of such oncoviruses via the additional effect of increasing integration frequency. In this review, we briefly present the various endogenous and exogenous factors that cause different types of DNA damage. Next, we discuss the contribution of these lesions in cancer development. Finally, we examine the amplified effect of DNA damage in viral-induced oncogenesis and summarize the limited data existing in the literature related to DNA damage-induced viral integration. To conclude, additional research is needed to assess the DNA damage pathways involved in the transition from viral infection to cancer. Discovering that a certain DNA damaging agent increases the likelihood of viral integration will enable the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies designed specifically to prevent such integration, with an ultimate goal of reducing or eliminating these viral-induced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghri Katerji
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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35
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Meyer SN, Koul S, Pasqualucci L. Mouse Models of Germinal Center Derived B-Cell Lymphomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710711. [PMID: 34456919 PMCID: PMC8387591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the revolution in DNA sequencing has changed the way we understand the genetics and biology of B-cell lymphomas by uncovering a large number of recurrently mutated genes, whose aberrant function is likely to play an important role in the initiation and/or maintenance of these cancers. Dissecting how the involved genes contribute to the physiology and pathology of germinal center (GC) B cells -the origin of most B-cell lymphomas- will be key to advance our ability to diagnose and treat these patients. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) that faithfully recapitulate lymphoma-associated genetic alterations offer a valuable platform to investigate the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, and to pre-clinically develop new therapeutic principles in the context of an intact tumor immune microenvironment. In this review, we provide a summary of state-of-the art GEMMs obtained by accurately modelling the most common genetic alterations found in human GC B cell malignancies, with a focus on Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and we discuss how lessons learned from these models can help guide the design of novel therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N. Meyer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanjay Koul
- Department of Biological Sciences & Geology, Queensborough Community College (City University of New York), Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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36
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Lu Y, Yu J, Gong W, Su L, Sun X, Bai O, Zhou H, Guan X, Zhang T, Li L, Qiu L, Qian Z, Zhou S, Meng B, Ren X, Wang X, Zhang H. An Immune-Clinical Prognostic Index (ICPI) for Patients With De Novo Follicular Lymphoma Treated With R-CHOP/CHOP Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:708784. [PMID: 34336695 PMCID: PMC8316046 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.708784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although the role of tumor-infiltrating T cells in follicular lymphoma (FL) has been reported previously, the prognostic value of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets has not been systematically assessed. Thus, we aim to incorporate T-cell subsets with clinical features to develop a predictive model of clinical outcome. Methods We retrospectively screened a total of 1,008 patients, including 252 newly diagnosed de novo FL patients with available peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets who were randomized to different sets (177 in the training set and 75 in the internal validation set). A nomogram and a novel immune-clinical prognostic index (ICPI) were established according to multivariate Cox regression analysis for progression-free survival (PFS). The concordance index (C-index), Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), and likelihood ratio chi-square were employed to compare the ICPI’s discriminatory capability and homogeneity to that of FLIPI, FLIPI2, and PRIMA-PI. Additional external validation was performed using a dataset (n = 157) from other four centers. Results In the training set, multivariate analysis identified five independent prognostic factors (Stage III/IV disease, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hb <120g/L, CD4+ <30.7% and CD8+ >36.6%) for PFS. A novel ICPI was established according to the number of risk factors and stratify patients into 3 risk groups: high, intermediate, and low-risk with 4-5, 2-3, 0-1 risk factors respectively. The hazard ratios for patients in the high and intermediate-risk groups than those in the low-risk were 27.640 and 2.758. The ICPI could stratify patients into different risk groups both in the training set (P < 0.0001), internal validation set (P = 0.0039) and external validation set (P = 0.04). Moreover, in patients treated with RCHOP-like therapy, the ICPI was also predictive (P < 0.0001). In comparison to FLIPI, FLIPI2, and PRIMA-PI (C-index, 0.613-0.647), the ICPI offered adequate discrimination capability with C-index values of 0.679. Additionally, it exhibits good performance based on the lowest AIC and highest likelihood ratio chi-square score. Conclusions The ICPI is a novel predictive model with improved prognostic performance for patients with de novo FL treated with R-CHOP/CHOP chemotherapy. It is capable to be used in routine practice and guides individualized precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiao Lu
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenchen Gong
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology/Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Liping Su
- Department of Hematology, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuhua Sun
- Department of Oncology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Guan
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology/Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengzi Qian
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyong Zhou
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Meng
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology/Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology/Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhuo Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Huilai Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China
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Marofi F, Rahman HS, Achmad MH, Sergeevna KN, Suksatan W, Abdelbasset WK, Mikhailova MV, Shomali N, Yazdanifar M, Hassanzadeh A, Ahmadi M, Motavalli R, Pathak Y, Izadi S, Jarahian M. A Deep Insight Into CAR-T Cell Therapy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Application, Opportunities, and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681984. [PMID: 34248965 PMCID: PMC8261235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer that starts in the lymphatic system. In NHL, the important part of the immune system, a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes become cancerous. NHL subtypes include marginal zone lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma (FL), and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. The disease can emerge in either aggressive or indolent form. 5-year survival duration after diagnosis is poor among patients with aggressive/relapsing form of NHL. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in NHL establishment and progression. In the next step, we can develop innovative therapies for NHL based on our knowledge in signaling pathways, surface antigens, and tumor milieu of NHL. In the recent few decades, several treatment solutions of NHL mainly based on targeted/directed therapies have been evaluated. These approaches include B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), epigenetic modulators, Bcl-2 inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, and T-cell therapy. In recent years, methods based on T cell immunotherapy have been considered as a novel promising anti-cancer strategy in the treatment of various types of cancers, and particularly in blood cancers. These methods could significantly increase the capacity of the immune system to induce durable anti-cancer responses in patients with chemotherapy-resistant lymphoma. One of the promising therapy methods involved in the triumph of immunotherapy is the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with dramatically improved killing activity against tumor cells. The CAR-T cell-based anti-cancer therapy targeting a pan-B-cell marker, CD19 is recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant B-cell NHL. In this review, we will discuss the structure, molecular mechanisms, results of clinical trials, and the toxicity of CAR-T cell-based therapies. Also, we will criticize the clinical aspects, the treatment considerations, and the challenges and possible drawbacks of the application of CAR-T cells in the treatment of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Klunko Nataliya Sergeevna
- Department of Economics and Industrial Engineering, St. Petersburg University of Management and Economics, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies, Russian New University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roza Motavalli
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yashwant Pathak
- Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Subaraya, Indonesia
| | - Sepideh Izadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), Heidelberg, Germany
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Milpied P, Gandhi AK, Cartron G, Pasqualucci L, Tarte K, Nadel B, Roulland S. Follicular lymphoma dynamics. Adv Immunol 2021; 150:43-103. [PMID: 34176559 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent yet challenging disease. Despite a generally favorable response to immunochemotherapy regimens, a fraction of patients does not respond or relapses early with unfavorable prognosis. For the vast majority of those who initially respond, relapses will repeatedly occur with increasing refractoriness to available treatments. Addressing the clinical challenges in FL warrants deep understanding of the nature of treatment-resistant FL cells seeding relapses, and of the biological basis of early disease progression. Great progress has been made in the last decade in the description and interrogation of the (epi)genomic landscape of FL cells, of their major dependency to the tumor microenvironment (TME), and of the stepwise lymphomagenesis process, from healthy to subclinical disease and to overt FL. A new picture is emerging, in which an ever-evolving tumor-TME duo sparks a complex and multilayered clonal and functional heterogeneity, blurring the discovery of prognostic biomarkers, patient stratification and reliable designs of risk-adapted treatments. Novel technological approaches allowing to decipher both tumor and TME heterogeneity at the single-cell level are beginning to unravel unsuspected cell dynamics and plasticity of FL cells. The upcoming drawing of a comprehensive functional picture of FL within its ecosystem holds great promise to address the unmet medical needs of this complex lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Milpied
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Anita K Gandhi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, United States
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, UMR-CNRS 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, EFS Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.
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Araujo-Ayala F, Pérez-Galán P, Campo E. Vulnerabilities in the tumor and microenvironment in follicular lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2021; 39 Suppl 1:83-87. [PMID: 34105816 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a paradigm of tumors that require the interaction between tumor and microenvironment cells to foster their development from initial steps to progression. Recent large-scale genome studies have uncovered multiple genetic alterations of FL that influence the microenvironment in two main directions, promoting tumor cell survival and proliferation and facilitating their evasion from immune antitumor signals. Understanding the crosstalk between tumor B-cells and the microenvironment will facilitate the identification of vulnerabilities that may offer novel targets for treatment of the patients. This review highlights recent findings showing the effect of common genetic mutations modulating the cell composition of the tumor microenvironment and the novel therapeutic perspectives to target these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Araujo-Ayala
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Galán
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematological Neoplasms Program, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elias Campo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematological Neoplasms Program, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Odutola MK, Benke G, Fritschi L, Giles GG, van Leeuwen MT, Vajdic CM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of occupational exposures and risk of follicular lymphoma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:110887. [PMID: 33607095 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of follicular lymphoma (FL), a common non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype, is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies examining the relationship between occupational exposures and FL risk. METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Web of Science for eligible observational studies examining job titles or occupational exposures prior to January 1, 2020. We performed a narrative synthesis and used random-effects models to generate meta-estimates of relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for exposures reported by three or more studies. RESULTS Fifty-eight studies were eligible. Ten cohort and 37 case-control studies quantified FL risk in relation to any exposure to one or more occupational groups or agents. Eight cohort and 19 case-control studies examined dose-response relationships. We found evidence of a positive association with increasing plasma concentration of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE; meta-RR = 1.51, 95%CI = 0.99, 2.31; I2 = 0.0%) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; meta-RR = 1.47, 95%CI = 0.97, 2.24; I2 = 8.6%). We observed a positive association with exposure to any solvent (meta-RR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.00, 1.34; I2 = 0.0%) and chlorinated solvents (meta-RR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.09, 1.68; I2 = 0.0%). Single studies reported a significant positive dose-response association for exposure to any pesticide, hexachlorobenzene, any organophosphate, diazinon, metolachlor, carbaryl, lindane, trichloroethylene, oils/greases, and extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Job title-only analyses suggested increased risk for medical doctors and spray painters, and decreased risk for bakers and teachers. Overall, studies demonstrated low risk of bias, but most studies examined small numbers of exposed cases. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence indicates a positive association between FL and occupational exposure to DDE, PCBs, any solvent and chlorinated solvents. Our findings may help guide policies and practices on the safe use of solvents and inform models of lymphomagenesis. Future studies with larger sample sizes and comprehensive quantitative exposure measures may elucidate other avoidable carcinogenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Odutola
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina T van Leeuwen
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire M Vajdic
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Cao P, Li G, Xiang J. Genome instability and lymphoma. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:552-557. [PMID: 34148893 PMCID: PMC10930211 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is one of the most common malignant tumor of the hematologic system. The genome instability is not only an important molecular basis for the development of lymphoma, but also has important value in the diagnosis and prognosis of lymphoma. There are 2 types of genome instability: Microsatellite instability (MSI/MIN) at gene level and chromosomal instability at chromosome level. Through the study on genes associated with lymphoma, the unstable genes associated with lymphoma could be found, meanwhile the mechanism of its occurrence and development of lymphoma could be explored, and the important basis of molecular biology could also be provided in the field of current hot lymphoma precision medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008.
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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Follicular lymphoma t(14;18)-negative is genetically a heterogeneous disease. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5652-5665. [PMID: 33211828 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-five cases of t(14;18)- follicular lymphoma (FL) were genetically characterized by targeted sequencing and copy number (CN) arrays. t(14;18)- FL predominated in women (M/F 1:2); patients often presented during early clinical stages (71%), and had excellent prognoses. Overall, t(14;18)- FL displayed CN alterations (CNAs) and gene mutations carried by conventional t(14;18)+ FL (cFL), but with different frequencies. The most frequently mutated gene was STAT6 (57%) followed by CREBBP (49%), TNFRSF14 (39%), and KMT2D (27%). t(14;18)- FL showed significantly more STAT6 mutations and lacked MYD88, NOTCH2, MEF2B, and MAP2K1 mutations compared with cFL, nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL), and pediatric-type FL (PTFL). We identified 2 molecular clusters. Cluster A was characterized by TNFRSF14 mutations/1p36 alterations (96%) and frequent mutations in epigenetic regulators, with recurrent loss of 6q21-24 sharing many features with cFL. Cluster B showed few genetic alterations; however, a subgroup with STAT6 mutations concurrent with CREBBP mutations/16p alterations without TNFRSF14 and EZH2 mutations was noted (65%). These 2 molecular clusters did not distinguish cases by inguinal localization, growth pattern, or presence of STAT6 mutations. BCL6 rearrangements were demonstrated in 10 of 45 (22%) cases and did not cluster together. Cases with predominantly inguinal presentation (20 of 50; 40%) had a higher frequency of diffuse growth pattern, STAT6 mutations, CD23 expression, and a lower number of CNAs, in comparison with noninguinal cases (5.1 vs 9.1 alterations per case; P < .05). STAT6 mutations showed a positive correlation with CD23 expression (P < .001). In summary, t(14;18)- FL is genetically a heterogeneous disorder with features that differ from cFL, NMZL, and PTFL.
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Hu N, Wang F, Sun T, Xu Z, Zhang J, Bernard D, Xu S, Wang S, Kaminski M, Devata S, Phillips T, Malek SN. Follicular Lymphoma-associated BTK Mutations are Inactivating Resulting in Augmented AKT Activation. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2301-2313. [PMID: 33419778 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE On the basis of the recent discovery of mutations in Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) in follicular lymphoma, we studied their functional properties. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We identified novel somatic BTK mutations in 7% of a combined total of 139 follicular lymphoma and 11 transformed follicular lymphoma cases, none of which had received prior treatment with B-cell receptor (BCR) targeted drugs. We reconstituted wild-type (WT) and mutant BTK into various engineered lymphoma cell lines. We measured BCR-induced signal transduction events in engineered cell lines and primary human follicular lymphoma B cells. RESULTS We uncovered that all BTK mutants destabilized the BTK protein and some created BTK kinase-dead mutants. The phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2) is a substrate of BTK but the BTK mutants did not alter PLCγ2 phosphorylation. Instead, we discovered that BTK mutants induced an exaggerated AKT phosphorylation phenotype in anti-Ig-treated recombinant lymphoma cell lines. The short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of BTK expression in primary human nonmalignant lymph node-derived B cells resulted in strong anti-Ig-induced AKT activation, as did the degradation of BTK protein in cell lines using ibrutinib-based proteolysis targeting chimera. Finally, through analyses of primary human follicular lymphoma B cells carrying WT or mutant BTK, we detected elevated AKT phosphorylation following surface Ig crosslinking in all follicular lymphoma B cells, including all BTK-mutant follicular lymphoma. The augmented AKT phosphorylation following BCR crosslinking could be abrogated by pretreatment with a PI3Kδ inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data uncover novel unexpected properties of follicular lymphoma-associated BTK mutations with direct implications for targeted therapy development in follicular lymphoma.See related commentary by Afaghani and Taylor, p. 2123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fangyang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhengfan Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Denzil Bernard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shilin Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark Kaminski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suma Devata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tycel Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sami N Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Pasqualucci L, Klein U. Mouse Models in the Study of Mature B-Cell Malignancies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a034827. [PMID: 32398289 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, genomic analyses of several B-cell lymphoma entities have identified a large number of genes that are recurrently mutated, suggesting that their aberrant function promotes lymphomagenesis. For many of those genes, the specific role in normal B-cell development is unknown; moreover, whether and how their deregulated activity contributes to lymphoma initiation and/or maintenance is often difficult to determine. Genetically engineered mouse models that faithfully mimic lymphoma-associated genetic alterations represent valuable tools for elucidating the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, as well as for the preclinical testing of novel therapeutic principles in an intact microenvironment. Here we summarize what has been learned about the mechanisms of oncogenic transformation from accurately modeling the most common and well-characterized genetic alterations identified in mature B-cell malignancies. This information is expected to guide the design of improved molecular diagnostics and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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Shafighi SD, Kiełbasa SM, Sepúlveda-Yáñez J, Monajemi R, Cats D, Mei H, Menafra R, Kloet S, Veelken H, van Bergen CAM, Szczurek E. CACTUS: integrating clonal architecture with genomic clustering and transcriptome profiling of single tumor cells. Genome Med 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 33761980 PMCID: PMC7988935 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drawing genotype-to-phenotype maps in tumors is of paramount importance for understanding tumor heterogeneity. Assignment of single cells to their tumor clones of origin can be approached by matching the genotypes of the clones to the mutations found in RNA sequencing of the cells. The confidence of the cell-to-clone mapping can be increased by accounting for additional measurements. Follicular lymphoma, a malignancy of mature B cells that continuously acquire mutations in parallel in the exome and in B cell receptor loci, presents a unique opportunity to join exome-derived mutations with B cell receptor sequences as independent sources of evidence for clonal evolution. Methods Here, we propose CACTUS, a probabilistic model that leverages the information from an independent genomic clustering of cells and exploits the scarce single cell RNA sequencing data to map single cells to given imperfect genotypes of tumor clones. Results We apply CACTUS to two follicular lymphoma patient samples, integrating three measurements: whole exome, single-cell RNA, and B cell receptor sequencing. CACTUS outperforms a predecessor model by confidently assigning cells and B cell receptor-based clusters to the tumor clones. Conclusions The integration of independent measurements increases model certainty and is the key to improving model performance in the challenging task of charting the genotype-to-phenotype maps in tumors. CACTUS opens the avenue to study the functional implications of tumor heterogeneity, and origins of resistance to targeted therapies. CACTUS is written in R and source code, along with all supporting files, are available on GitHub (https://github.com/LUMC/CACTUS). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s13073-021-00842-w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Darvish Shafighi
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Szymon M Kiełbasa
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Julieta Sepúlveda-Yáñez
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Monajemi
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Davy Cats
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Menafra
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Kloet
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Veelken
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Bergen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Szczurek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
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Wong M, Previde P, Cole J, Thomas B, Laxmeshwar N, Mallory E, Lever J, Petkovic D, Altman RB, Kulkarni A. Search and visualization of gene-drug-disease interactions for pharmacogenomics and precision medicine research using GeneDive. J Biomed Inform 2021; 117:103732. [PMID: 33737208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationships between genes, drugs, and disease states is at the core of pharmacogenomics. Two leading approaches for identifying these relationships in medical literature are: human expert led manual curation efforts, and modern data mining based automated approaches. The former generates small amounts of high-quality data, and the latter offers large volumes of mixed quality data. The algorithmically extracted relationships are often accompanied by supporting evidence, such as, confidence scores, source articles, and surrounding contexts (excerpts) from the articles, that can be used as data quality indicators. Tools that can leverage these quality indicators to help the user gain access to larger and high-quality data are needed. APPROACH We introduce GeneDive, a web application for pharmacogenomics researchers and precision medicine practitioners that makes gene, disease, and drug interactions data easily accessible and usable. GeneDive is designed to meet three key objectives: (1) provide functionality to manage information-overload problem and facilitate easy assimilation of supporting evidence, (2) support longitudinal and exploratory research investigations, and (3) offer integration of user-provided interactions data without requiring data sharing. RESULTS GeneDive offers multiple search modalities, visualizations, and other features that guide the user efficiently to the information of their interest. To facilitate exploratory research, GeneDive makes the supporting evidence and context for each interaction readily available and allows the data quality threshold to be controlled by the user as per their risk tolerance level. The interactive search-visualization loop enables relationship discoveries between diseases, genes, and drugs that might not be explicitly described in literature but are emergent from the source medical corpus and deductive reasoning. The ability to utilize user's data either in combination with the GeneDive native datasets or in isolation promotes richer data-driven exploration and discovery. These functionalities along with GeneDive's applicability for precision medicine, bringing the knowledge contained in biomedical literature to bear on particular clinical situations and improving patient care, are illustrated through detailed use cases. CONCLUSION GeneDive is a comprehensive, broad-use biological interactions browser. The GeneDive application and information about its underlying system architecture are available at http://www.genedive.net. GeneDive Docker image is also available for download at this URL, allowing users to (1) import their own interaction data securely and privately; and (2) generate and test hypotheses across their own and other datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Wong
- COSE Computing for Life Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Paul Previde
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jack Cole
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brook Thomas
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nayana Laxmeshwar
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emily Mallory
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jake Lever
- Postdoctoral Scholar, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Dragutin Petkovic
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States; COSE Computing for Life Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Genetics, and School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Anagha Kulkarni
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Fujimoto A, Ikejiri F, Arakawa F, Ito S, Okada Y, Takahashi F, Matsuda S, Okada T, Inoue M, Takahashi T, Miyake T, Maruyama R, Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, Suzuki R. Simultaneous Discordant B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma and Follicular Lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:308-317. [PMID: 32915189 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report a rare case of B-lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LBL) and low-grade follicular lymphoma (FL) identified concurrently in biopsies from different sites at the initial diagnosis in a 39-year-old man. The clonal relationship between the 2 histologic subtypes was investigated. METHODS A diagnosis of FL grade 1/2 (low grade) was made by bone marrow (BM) biopsy. B-LBL was identified in biopsies from the testis and pancreas. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses were performed to investigate their clonal relationship. RESULTS Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses and G-banding karyotype analyses identified the BCL2-IGH and MYC-IGH translocation in tumor cells from both the BM and testis. The tumor cells from the BM and testis shared the same IGH VDJ usage and a high degree of somatic mutations. These findings suggest that acquisition of MYC gene rearrangement is a critical event for lymphoblastic transformation of FL. Of note, the presence of intraclonal diversity in the B-LBL sample further suggests an earlier or concurrent event of MYC translocation than the somatic IGH mutation in the germinal center and the dedifferentiation of lymphoma cells to a precursor stage of B-cell development. CONCLUSIONS B-lymphoblastic transformation of FL can occur with MYC gene rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Fujimoto
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Ikejiri
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okada
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Takahashi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Matsuda
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okada
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Masaya Inoue
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Miyake
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Riruke Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Junji Suzumiya
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ritsuro Suzuki
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
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48
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Beck Enemark M, Monrad I, Madsen C, Lystlund Lauridsen K, Honoré B, Plesner TL, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, d'Amore F, Ludvigsen M. PD-1 Expression in Pre-Treatment Follicular Lymphoma Predicts the Risk of Subsequent High-Grade Transformation. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:481-489. [PMID: 33500624 PMCID: PMC7822223 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s289337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent, yet generally incurable neoplasia with a median survival exceeding 10 years. However, a subset of FL patients experiences histological transformation (HT) to a more aggressive lymphoma, in the majority of cases to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This affects both the clinical course and the prognostic outcome, resulting in a markedly reduced survival after transformation. Thus, early risk stratification and prediction of patients at risk of HT would be highly valuable in the clinical setting. Here, we investigated the potential of the immune inhibitory programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor as a biomarker predictive of HT. Patients and Methods Immunohistochemical staining and quantification by digital image analysis of PD-1 was performed on diagnostic tumor-tissue samples from FL patients with and without subsequent transformation (n=34 and n=46, respectively), and on paired samples from the transformed lymphoma (n=34). Results At the time of initial FL diagnosis, samples from patients with subsequent HT had significantly higher tumor-tissue expression of PD-1 compared with diagnostic FL samples from patients without subsequent HT (p=0.010). At the time of transformation, PD-1 expression was significantly reduced (p<0.001). No difference was observed in intra-follicular PD-1 expression at FL diagnosis between samples from patients with or without HT; however, high intra-follicular levels of PD-1 were associated with significantly shorter transformation-free survival times (p<0.043). Conclusion Our data suggest that pre-treatment tumor-tissue PD-1 expression already predicts the risk of subsequent transformation to DLBCL, as early as the time of FL diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beck Enemark
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida Monrad
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Madsen
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Francesco d'Amore
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maja Ludvigsen
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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49
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Munguía-Fuentes R, Maqueda-Alfaro RA, Chacón-Salinas R, Flores-Romo L, Yam-Puc JC. Germinal Center Cells Turning to the Dark Side: Neoplasms of B Cells, Follicular Helper T Cells, and Follicular Dendritic Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 10:587809. [PMID: 33520702 PMCID: PMC7843373 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.587809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining knowledge of the neoplastic side of the three main cells—B cells, Follicular Helper T (Tfh) cells, and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) —involved in the germinal center (GC) reaction can shed light toward further understanding the microuniverse that is the GC, opening the possibility of better treatments. This paper gives a review of the more complex underlying mechanisms involved in the malignant transformations that take place in the GC. Whilst our understanding of the biology of the GC-related B cell lymphomas has increased—this is not reviewed in detail here—the dark side involving neoplasms of Tfh cells and FDCs are poorly studied, in great part, due to their low incidence. The aggressive behavior of Tfh lymphomas and the metastatic potential of FDCs sarcomas make them clinically relevant, merit further attention and are the main focus of this review. Tfh cells and FDCs malignancies can often be misdiagnosed. The better understanding of these entities linked to their molecular and genetic characterization will lead to prediction of high-risk patients, better diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments based on molecular profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Munguía-Fuentes
- Departmento de Ciencias Básicas, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIITA-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Antonio Maqueda-Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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50
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Kirsch BJ, Chang SJ, Betenbaugh MJ, Le A. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:103-116. [PMID: 34014537 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms with different biological characteristics. About 90% of all lymphomas in the United States originate from B lymphocytes, while the remaining originate from T cells [1]. The treatment of NHLs depends on the neoplastic histology and stage of the tumor, which will indicate whether radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination is the best suitable treatment [2]. The American Cancer Society describes the staging of lymphoma as follows: Stage I is lymphoma in a single node or area. Stage II is when that lymphoma has spread to another node or organ tissue. Stage III is when it has spread to lymph nodes on two sides of the diaphragm. Stage IV is when cancer has significantly spread to organs outside the lymph system. Radiation therapy is the traditional therapeutic route for localized follicular and mucosa-associated lymphomas. Chemotherapy is utilized for the treatment of large-cell lymphomas and high-grade lymphomas [2]. However, the treatment of indolent lymphomas remains problematic as the patients often have metastasis, for which no standard approach exists [2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian James Kirsch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael James Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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