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DNA damage response inhibitors: An avenue for TNBC treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188521. [PMID: 33556453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability by sensing DNA damage, regulating cell cycle and initiating DNA repair. Drugs targeting DDR pathways have been increasingly exploited in treating various tumors. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive tumor with constitutive activation of oncogenes, inducing replication stress and DNA damage, which require the DDR for survival. In addition, emerging studies have demonstrated that TNBC harbors aberrant genetic alterations in DDR pathways, such as a high frequency of p53 dysfunction and BRCA1/2 mutations. DDR alterations force TNBC to rely on the existing DDR pathways for survival, and make TNBC particularly sensitive to specific DDR inhibitors, such as high sensitivity of TNBC with BRCA1/2 mutations to PARP inhibitors. This review first and comprehensively covers the current status of the development of DDR inhibitors and discusses the mechanism of targeting the DDR in TNBC. Preclinical and clinical studies on inhibitors of the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathway and PARP inhibitors, the most studied inhibitors, and some other DDR inhibitors as monotherapy or combination therapy in TNBC are summarized. We also highlight the possible predictive biomarkers for these DDR inhibitors and their potential combination strategies with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other targeted agents to optimize the efficacy of DDR inhibitors in TNBC treatment. In conclusion, this review discussed the recent considerations related to the use of DDR inhibitors for TNBC and provides a perspective to address future directions and potential therapeutic strategies for patients with TNBC.
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Southgate HED, Chen L, Curtin NJ, Tweddle DA. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for the Treatment of High Risk Neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:371. [PMID: 32309213 PMCID: PMC7145987 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive multimodal therapy, the survival rate for high risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) remains <50%. Most cases initially respond to treatment but almost half will subsequently relapse with aggressive treatment resistant disease. Novel treatments exploiting the molecular pathology of NB and/or overcoming resistance to current genotoxic therapies are needed before survival rates can significantly improve. DNA damage response (DDR) defects are frequently observed in HR-NB including allelic deletion and loss of function mutations in key DDR genes, oncogene induced replication stress and cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction. Exploiting defects in the DDR has been a successful treatment strategy in some adult cancers. Here we review the genetic features of HR-NB which lead to DDR defects and the emerging molecular targeting agents to exploit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E D Southgate
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lindi Chen
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A Tweddle
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Ebili HO, Iyawe VO, Adeleke KR, Salami BA, Banjo AA, Nolan C, Rakha E, Ellis I, Green A, Agboola AOJ. Checkpoint Kinase 1 Expression Predicts Poor Prognosis in Nigerian Breast Cancer Patients. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:79-90. [PMID: 29075961 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1), a DNA damage sensor and cell death pathway stimulator, is regarded as an oncogene in tumours, where its activities are considered essential for tumourigenesis and the survival of cancer cells treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In breast cancer, CHEK1 expression has been associated with an aggressive tumour phenotype, the triple-negative breast cancer subtype, an aberrant response to tamoxifen, and poor prognosis. However, the relevance of CHEK1 expression has, hitherto, not been investigated in an indigenous African population. We therefore aimed to investigate the clinicopathological, biological, and prognostic significance of CHEK1 expression in a cohort of Nigerian breast cancer cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tissue microarrays of 207 Nigerian breast cancer cases were tested for CHEK1 expression using immunohistochemistry. The clinicopathological, molecular, and prognostic characteristics of CHEK1-positive tumours were determined using the Chi-squared test and Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses in SPSS Version 16. RESULTS Nuclear expression of CHEK1 was present in 61% of breast tumours and was associated with tumour size, triple-negative cancer, basal-like phenotype, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, p53 over-expression, DNA homologous repair pathway dysfunction, and poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The rate expression of CHEK1 is high in Nigerian breast cancer cases and is associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Okuchukwu Ebili
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Hospital Road, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Victoria O Iyawe
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Hospital Road, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Kikelomo Rachel Adeleke
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Hospital Road, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Adekunbiola Aina Banjo
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Hospital Road, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chris Nolan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ayodeji Olayinka Johnson Agboola
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Hospital Road, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Bandara G, Muñoz-Cano R, Tobío A, Yin Y, Komarow HD, Desai A, Metcalfe DD, Olivera A. Targeting Sphingosine Kinase Isoforms Effectively Reduces Growth and Survival of Neoplastic Mast Cells With D816V-KIT. Front Immunol 2018; 9:631. [PMID: 29643855 PMCID: PMC5883065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a disorder resulting from an abnormal mast cell (MC) accumulation in tissues that is often associated with the D816V mutation in KIT, the tyrosine kinase receptor for stem cell factor. Therapies available to treat aggressive presentations of mastocytosis are limited, thus exploration of novel pharmacological targets that reduce MC burden is desirable. Since increased generation of the lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by sphingosine kinase (SPHK) has been linked to oncogenesis, we studied the involvement of the two SPHK isoforms (SPHK1 and SPHK2) in the regulation of neoplastic human MC growth. While SPHK2 inhibition prevented entry into the cell cycle in normal and neoplastic human MCs with minimal effect on cell survival, SPHK1 inhibition caused cell cycle arrest in G2/M and apoptosis, particularly in D816V-KIT MCs. This was mediated via activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) cascade, including phosphorylation of the checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), CHK2-mediated M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 depletion, and p53 activation. Combination treatment of SPHK inhibitors with KIT inhibitors showed greater growth inhibition of D816V-KIT MCs than either inhibitor alone. Furthermore, inhibition of SPHK isoforms reduced the number of malignant bone marrow MCs from patients with mastocytosis and the growth of D816V-KIT MCs in a xenograft mouse model. Our results reveal a role for SPHK isoforms in the regulation of growth and survival in normal and neoplastic MCs and suggest a regulatory function for SPHK1 in the DDR in MCs with KIT mutations. The findings also suggest that targeting the SPHK/S1P axis may provide an alternative to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alone or in combination, for the treatment of aggressive mastocytosis and other hematological malignancies associated with the D816V-KIT mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethani Bandara
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rosa Muñoz-Cano
- Allergy Section, Pneumology Department, Hospital Clinic, ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Tobío
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuzhi Yin
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hirsh D Komarow
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Avanti Desai
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ana Olivera
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Kim H, George E, Ragland R, Rafail S, Zhang R, Krepler C, Morgan M, Herlyn M, Brown E, Simpkins F. Targeting the ATR/CHK1 Axis with PARP Inhibition Results in Tumor Regression in BRCA-Mutant Ovarian Cancer Models. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:3097-3108. [PMID: 27993965 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: PARP inhibition (PARPi) has modest clinical activity in recurrent BRCA-mutant (BRCAMUT) high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC). We hypothesized that PARPi increases dependence on ATR/CHK1 such that combination PARPi with ATR/CHK1 blockade results in increased cell death and tumor regression.Experimental Design: Effects of PARPi (olaparib), CHK1 inhibition (CHK1i;MK8776), or ATR inhibition (ATRi;AZD6738) alone or in combination on survival, colony formation, cell cycle, genome instability, and apoptosis were evaluated in BRCA1/2MUT HGSOC cells. Tumor growth in vivo was evaluated using a BRCA2MUT patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model.Results: PARPi monotherapy resulted in a decrease in BRCAMUT cell survival, colony formation and suppressed but did not eliminate tumor growth at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in a BRCA2MUT PDX. PARPi treatment increased pATR and pCHK1, indicating activation of the ATR-CHK1 fork protection pathway is relied upon for genome stability under PARPi. Indeed, combination of ATRi or CHK1i with PARPi synergistically decreased survival and colony formation compared with single-agent treatments in BRCAMUT cells. Notably, PARPi led to G2 phase accumulation, and the addition of ATRi or CHK1i released cells from G2 causing premature mitotic entry with increased chromosomal aberrations and apoptosis. Moreover, the combinations of PARPi with ATRi or CHK1i were synergistic in causing tumor suppression in a BRCA2MUT PDX with the PARPi-ATRi combination inducing tumor regression and in most cases, complete remission.Conclusions: PARPi causes increased reliance on ATR/CHK1 for genome stability, and combination PARPi with ATR/CHK1i is more effective than PARPi alone in reducing tumor burden in BRCAMUT models. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3097-108. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kim
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erin George
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ryan Ragland
- Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stavros Rafail
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Mark Morgan
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Eric Brown
- Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fiona Simpkins
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Cui Y, Palii SS, Innes CL, Paules RS. Depletion of ATR selectively sensitizes ATM-deficient human mammary epithelial cells to ionizing radiation and DNA-damaging agents. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3541-50. [PMID: 25483091 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.960729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) to double strand breaks is coordinated by 3 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family members: the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM), the ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase and the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). ATM and ATR are central players in activating cell cycle checkpoints and function as an active barrier against genome instability and tumorigenesis in replicating cells. Loss of ATM function is frequently reported in various types of tumors, thus placing more reliance on ATR for checkpoint arrest and cell survival following DNA damage. To investigate the role of ATR in the G2/M checkpoint regulation in response to ionizing radiation (IR), particularly when ATM is deficient, cell lines deficient of ATM, ATR, or both were generated using a doxycycline-inducible lentiviral system. Our data suggests that while depletion of ATR or ATM alone in wild-type human mammary epithelial cell cultures (HME-CCs) has little effect on radiosensitivity or IR-induced G2/M checkpoint arrest, depletion of ATR in ATM-deficient cells causes synthetic lethality following IR, which correlates with severe G2/M checkpoint attenuation. ATR depletion also inhibits IR-induced autophagy, regardless of the ATM status, and enhances IR-induced apoptosis particularly when ATM is deficient. Collectively, our results clearly demonstrate that ATR function is required for the IR-induced G2/M checkpoint activation and subsequent survival of cells with ATM deficiency. The synthetic lethal interaction between ATM and ATR in response to IR supports ATR as a therapeutic target for improved anti-cancer regimens, especially in tumors with a dysfunctional ATM pathway.
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Key Words
- ATM and Rad3-related (ATR)
- ATM, the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- ATR, the ATM and Rad3-related
- CHK1, the checkpoint kinase 1
- CHK2, the checkpoint kinase 2
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA damage response
- DNA-PKcs, the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase
- DSBs, double strand breaks
- G2/M checkpoint
- HME-CCs, human mammary epithelial cell cultures
- IR, ionizing radiation
- RMI, relative mitotic index
- SSBs, single strand breaks
- WT, Wild-type
- ionizing radiation
- synthetic lethality
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Cui
- a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Institutes of Health Research ; Triangle Park , NC USA
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Patnayak R, Jena A, Rukmangadha N, Chowhan AK, Sambasivaiah K, Phaneendra BV, Reddy MK. Hormone receptor status (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor), human epidermal growth factor-2 and p53 in South Indian breast cancer patients: A tertiary care center experience. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2015; 36:117-22. [PMID: 26157289 PMCID: PMC4477374 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5851.158844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Breast cancer, in India, is the second commonest cancer in females. Receptor status with ER/PR/Her 2 is now routinely done in patients with invasive carcinoma. The tumour suppressor gene, p53, is also present in most breast cancers. Proteins produced by a mutated p53 gene, accumulate in the nucleus of tumour cells and are detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We have undertaken this study with the aim to evaluate the ER, PR, HER-2 and p53 expressions in invasive breast carcinomas by IHC and to compare the HER-2 expression with various clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective single institutional study from January 2001 to December 2010, 389 cases of histopathologically diagnosed infiltrating carcinoma of breast were evaluated taking into account various parameters like age, tumour size, grade, lymph node involvement, ER and PR. HER-2 and p53 was done in 352 cases. RESULTS The age range was 23-90 years with a mean of 50.7 years. Majority of tumours were T2 (79.6%) and Grade II (60.9%). Our data showed overall 47.6% ER, 48.8% PR, 29.6% HER-2 and 69.2% p53 positivity. There was no significant correlation between HER-2 and age, tumour size, lymph node status, ER, and PR. There was significant correlation between HER-2 and tumour grade (P = 0.031), p53 (P < 0.001). There was no inverse correlation between HER-2 and combined ER, PR status. Triple-negative breast cancers which constituted 22.7% of our cases did not reveal any correlation with various parameters. CONCLUSION In our study, ER status was low, and incidence of p53 was high. These findings suggest that many of the tumours in Indian females may be of an aggressive type, and novel treatment approaches may be tried. We conclude that the assessment of all four markers is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Patnayak
- Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateswar Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Amitabh Jena
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sri Venkateswar Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nandyala Rukmangadha
- Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateswar Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Chowhan
- Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateswar Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K Sambasivaiah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sri Venkateswar Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Mandyam Kumaraswamy Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateswar Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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p53 as a target for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 40:1153-60. [PMID: 25455730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
TP53 (p53) is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer, being altered in approximately 50% of human malignancies. In most, if not all, cancers lacking mutation, wild-type (WT) p53 is inactivated by interaction with cellular (MDM2/MDM4) or viral proteins, leading to its degradation. Because of its near universal alteration in cancer, p53 is an attractive target for the development of new targeted therapies for this disease. However, until recently, p53 was widely regarded as ‘‘undruggable’’. This situation has now changed, as several compounds have become available that can restore wild-type properties to mutant p53 (e.g., PRIMA-1 and PRIMA-1MET). Other compounds are available that prevent the binding of MDM2/MDM4 to WT p53, thereby blocking its degradation (e.g., nutlins). Anti-mutant p53 compounds are potentially most useful in cancers with a high prevalence of p53 mutations. These include difficult-totreat tumors such as high grade serous ovarian cancer, triple-negative breast cancer and squamous lung cancer. MDM2/4 antagonists, on the other hand, are likely to be efficacious in malignancies in which MDM2 or MDM4 is overexpressed such as sarcomas, neuroblastomas and specific childhood leukemias. Presently, early clinical trials are ongoing evaluating the anti-mutant p53 agent, PRIMA-1MET, and specific MDM2–p53 nutlin antagonists.
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Wu Y, Fu Y, Zheng L, Lin G, Ma J, Lou J, Zhu H, He Q, Yang B. Nutlin-3 inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition by interfering with canonical transforming growth factor-β1-Smad-Snail/Slug axis. Cancer Lett 2014; 342:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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