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Zou D, Huang S, Tian S, Kilunda FK, Murphy RW, Dahn HA, Zhou Y, Lee PS, Chen JM. Comparative genomics sheds new light on the convergent evolution of infrared vision in snakes. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240818. [PMID: 39043244 PMCID: PMC11265913 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infrared vision is a highly specialized sensory system that evolved independently in three clades of snakes. Apparently, convergent evolution occurred in the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) proteins of infrared-sensing snakes. However, this gene can only explain how infrared signals are received, and not the transduction and processing of those signals. We sequenced the genome of Xenopeltis unicolor, a key outgroup species of pythons, and performed a genome-wide analysis of convergence between two clades of infrared-sensing snakes. Our results revealed pervasive molecular adaptation in pathways associated with neural development and other functions, with parallel selection on loci associated with trigeminal nerve structural organization. In addition, we found evidence of convergent amino acid substitutions in a set of genes, including TRPA1 and TRPM2. The analysis also identified convergent accelerated evolution in non-coding elements near 12 genes involved in facial nerve structural organization and optic nerve development. Thus, convergent evolution occurred across multiple dimensions of infrared vision in vipers and pythons, as well as amino acid substitutions, non-coding elements, genes and functions. These changes enabled independent groups of snakes to develop and use infrared vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahu Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei443002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Huang
- The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Security in the Yangtze River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing100000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Felista Kasyoka Kilunda
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Conservation of Gaoligong Mountain, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan650223, People’s Republic of China
| | - Robert W. Murphy
- Reptilia Zoo and Education Centre, 2501 Rutherford Road, Vaughan, ONL4K 2N6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Hollis A. Dahn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Youbing Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei443002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping-Shin Lee
- The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Security in the Yangtze River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Min Chen
- The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Security in the Yangtze River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui241000, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang D, Wang Z, Deng H, Yi S, Li T, Kang X, Li J, Li C, Wang T, Xiang B, Li G. Zinc oxide nanoparticles damage the prefrontal lobe in mouse: Behavioral impacts and key mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:129-140. [PMID: 38759938 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have dualistic properties due to their advantage and toxicity. However, the impact and mechanisms of ZnO NPs on the prefrontal lobe have limited research. This study investigates the behavioral changes following exposure to ZnO NPs (34 mg/kg, 30 days), integrating multiple behaviors and bioinformatics analysis to identify critical factors and regulatory mechanisms. The essential differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including ORC1, DSP, AADAT, SLITRK6, and STEAP1. Analysis of the DEGs based on fold change reveals that ZnO NPs primarily regulate cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis in neural cells, damaging the prefrontal lobe. Moreover, disruption of cell communication, mineral absorption, and immune pathways occurs. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further shows enrichment of behavior, neuromuscular process, signal transduction in function, synapses-related, cAMP signaling, and immune pathways. Furthermore, alternative splicing (AS) genes highlight synaptic structure/function, synaptic signal transduction, immune responses, cell proliferation, and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Simeng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, PR China.
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, PR China.
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Matsumoto Y, Miwa H, Katayama KI, Watanabe A, Yamada K, Ito T, Nakagawa S, Aruga J. Slitrk4 is required for the development of inhibitory neurons in the fear memory circuit of the lateral amygdala. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1386924. [PMID: 38736483 PMCID: PMC11082273 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1386924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Slitrk family consists of six synaptic adhesion molecules, some of which are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological role of Slitrk4 by analyzing Slitrk4 knockout (KO) mice. The Slitrk4 protein was widely detected in the brain and was abundant in the olfactory bulb and amygdala. In a systematic behavioral analysis, male Slitrk4 KO mice exhibited an enhanced fear memory acquisition in a cued test for classical fear conditioning, and social behavior deficits in reciprocal social interaction tests. In an electrophysiological analysis using amygdala slices, Slitrk4 KO mice showed enhanced long-term potentiation in the thalamo-amygdala afferents and reduced feedback inhibition. In the molecular marker analysis of Slitrk4 KO brains, the number of calretinin (CR)-positive interneurons was decreased in the anterior part of the lateral amygdala nuclei at the adult stage. In in vitro experiments for neuronal differentiation, Slitrk4-deficient embryonic stem cells were defective in inducing GABAergic interneurons with an altered response to sonic hedgehog signaling activation that was involved in the generation of GABAergic interneuron subsets. These results indicate that Slitrk4 function is related to the development of inhibitory neurons in the fear memory circuit and would contribute to a better understanding of osttraumatic stress disorder, in which an altered expression of Slitrk4 has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Hideki Miwa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Katayama
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Arata Watanabe
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamada
- Support Unit for Animal Experiments, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Aruga
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Arias-Peso B, Calero-Ramos ML, López-Ladrón García de la Borbolla C, López-Domínguez M, Morillo-Sánchez MJ, Méndez-Martínez S, Sánchez-Gómez S, Rodríguez-de-la-Rúa E. Multidisciplinary approach to inherited causes of dual sensory impairment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:701-715. [PMID: 37341837 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This article presents a review of the main causes of inherited dual sensory impairment (DSI) with an emphasis on the multidisciplinary approach. METHODS A narrative review of English literature published before January 2023 was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases. The different causes of inherited DSI are discussed from a multidisciplinary perspective. RESULTS There are a wide range of dual sensory impairment (DSI), commonly referred to as blindness and deafness. While Usher syndrome is the most frequent genetic cause, other genetic syndromes such as Alport syndrome or Stickler syndrome can also lead to DSI. Various retinal phenotypes, including pigmentary retinopathy as seen in Usher syndrome, vitreoretinopathy as in Stickler syndrome, and macular dystrophy as in Alport syndrome, along with type of hearing loss (sensorineural or conductive) and additional systemic symptoms can aid in diagnostic suspicion. A thorough ophthalmologic and otorhinolaryngologic examination can help guide diagnosis, which can then be confirmed with genetic studies, crucial for determining prognosis. Effective hearing rehabilitation measures, such as hearing implants, and visual rehabilitation measures, such as low vision optical devices, are crucial for maintaining social interaction and proper development in these patients. CONCLUSIONS While Usher syndrome is the primary cause of inherited dual sensory impairment (DSI), other genetic syndromes can also lead to this condition. A proper diagnostic approach based on retinal phenotypes and types of hearing loss can aid in ruling out alternative causes. Multidisciplinary approaches can assist in reaching a definitive diagnosis, which has significant prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Arias-Peso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 1-3 Isabel la Católica Street, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Méndez-Martínez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 1-3 Isabel la Católica Street, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Serafin Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-de-la-Rúa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Area, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Afsar T, Fu H, Khan H, Ali Z, Zehri Z, Zaman G, Abbas S, Mahmood A, Alam Q, Hu J, Razak S, Umair M. Loss-of-function variant in the LRR domain of SLITRK2 implicated in a neurodevelopmental disorder. Front Genet 2024; 14:1308116. [PMID: 38283150 PMCID: PMC10813200 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1308116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by different combinations of intellectual disability (ID), communication and social skills deficits, and delays in achieving motor or language milestones. SLITRK2 is a postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecule that promotes neurite outgrowth and excitatory synapse development. Methods and Results: In the present study, we investigated a single patient segregating Neurodevelopmental disorder. SLITRK2 associated significant neuropsychological issues inherited in a rare X-linked fashion have recently been reported. Whole-exome sequencing and data analysis revealed a novel nonsense variant [c.789T>A; p.(Cys263*); NM_032539.5; NP_115928.1] in exon 5 of the SLITRK2 gene (MIM# 300561). Three-dimensional protein modeling revealed substantial changes in the mutated SLITRK2 protein, which might lead to nonsense-medicated decay. Conclusion: This study confirms the role of SLITRK2 in neuronal development and highlights the importance of including the SLITRK2 gene in the screening of individuals presenting neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Hammal Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zain Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zamrud Zehri
- Department of Gynecology, Civil Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Gohar Zaman
- Department of Computer Science, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Abbas
- Department of Biological Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qamre Alam
- Molecular Genomics and Precision Department, ExpressMed Diagnostics and Research, Zinj, Bahrain
| | - Junjian Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Umair
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Mir MA, Pandith AA, Mansoor S, Baba SM, Makhdoomi R, Ain QU, Anwar I, Parra SA, Bhat AH, Koul AM, Manzoor U, Khan I, Beg A, Wani MS. Differential expression of SLITRK6 gene as a potential therapeutic target Urothelial cancer in particular upper tract cancer. Gene 2023:147583. [PMID: 37353040 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) harbor analogous morphology with comparable cytogenetic changes as well as prognostic factors but their similar biological activities still remain controversial. SLITRK6 gene has been demonstrated to have distinct role in urothelial cancers with a distinction between UTUC and UBUC. METHOD The study included a total of 80 patients of urothelial carcinoma including 60 UBUC and 20 UTUC cases. The tumor tissues from both the groups were evaluated for gene expression at mRNA level by qRT-PCR and protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot. RESULTS Significantly more than 4-fold high mRNA expression of SLITRK6 was observed in UTUC against 1.2-fold in UBUC (p<0.0001). The overall SLITRK6 expression by IHC was observed in 80% of the UBUC cases in comparison to 100% strong expression in UTUC patients and among two groups expression exhibited a significant difference for moderate to strong expression (p=0.0005). The protein expression by western blot analysis in UTUC samples was considerably higher as compared to UBUC samples (1.64 vs. 0.76 respectively: p=0.01). A strong concordance exhibited for the higher mRNA and protein expression in both UTUC and UBUC cases (∼75%) wherein 80%, 75% and 70% higher expression of SLITRK6 was detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot and IHC respectively. CONCLUSION To conclude, although SLITRK6 exhibits a strong expression in both UTUC and UBUC but was considerably observed higher in majority of UTUC cases. Therefore, SLITRK6 appears as a promising novel possible gene target for urothelial carcinoma in particular UTUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid A Mir
- Department of Urology, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, (SKIMS), Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Arshad A Pandith
- Department of Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar-190011, J&K, India.
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Department of Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Shahid M Baba
- Department of Urology, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, (SKIMS), Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | | | - Qurat-Ul Ain
- Department of Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Iqra Anwar
- Department of Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Sajad A Parra
- Department of Urology, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, (SKIMS), Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Arif H Bhat
- Department of Urology, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, (SKIMS), Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Aabid M Koul
- Department of Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Usma Manzoor
- Department of Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Ishrat Khan
- Department of Pathology, SKIMS, Srinagar-190011, J&K, India
| | - Arshi Beg
- Oncopathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai
| | - Mohammad S Wani
- Department of Urology, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, (SKIMS), Srinagar-190011, J&K, India.
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Peng H, Wang N, Wang M, Yang C, Guo W, Li G, Huang S, Wei D, Liu D. Comparison of Activity and Safety of DSPAα1 and Its N-Glycosylation Mutants. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040985. [PMID: 37109514 PMCID: PMC10145227 DOI: 10.3390/life13040985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DSPAα1 is a potent rude thrombolytic protein with high medicative value. DSPAα1 has two natural N-glycan sites (N153Q-S154-S155, N398Q-K399-T400) that may lead to immune responses when administered in vivo. We aimed to study the effect of its N-glycosylation sites on DSPAα1 in vitro and in vivo by mutating these N-glycosylation sites. In this experiment, four single mutants and one double mutant were predicted and expressed in Pichia pastoris. When the N398Q-K399-T400 site was mutated, the fibrinolytic activity of the mutant was reduced by 75%. When the N153Q-S154-S155 sites were inactivated as described above, the plasminogen activating activity of its mutant was reduced by 40%, and fibrin selectivity was significantly reduced by 21-fold. The introduction of N-glycosylation on N184-G185-A186T and K368N-S369-S370 also considerably reduced the activity and fibrin selectivity of DSPAα1. The pH tolerance and thermotolerance of all mutants did not change significantly. In vivo experiments also confirmed that N-glycosylation mutations can reduce the safety of DSPAα1, lead to prolonged bleeding time, non-physiological reduction of coagulation factor (α2-AP, PAI) concentration, and increase the risk of irregular bleeding. This study ultimately demonstrated the effect of N-glycosylation mutations on the activity and safety of DSPAα1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakang Peng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Caifeng Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenfang Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sumei Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Di Wei
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Zeitz C, Roger JE, Audo I, Michiels C, Sánchez-Farías N, Varin J, Frederiksen H, Wilmet B, Callebert J, Gimenez ML, Bouzidi N, Blond F, Guilllonneau X, Fouquet S, Léveillard T, Smirnov V, Vincent A, Héon E, Sahel JA, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Sennlaub F, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Tkatchenko AV, Picaud S. Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101155. [PMID: 36669906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare progressive and stationary inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signaling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON-bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. Thus, it represents also an interesting model to identify myopia-related genes, as well as disease mechanisms. While the origin of night blindness is molecularly well established, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of myopia development in subjects with cCSNB. Using whole transcriptome analysis on three different mouse models of cCSNB (in Gpr179-/-, Lrit3-/- and Grm6-/-), we identified novel actors of the retinal signaling cascade, which are also novel candidate genes for myopia. Meta-analysis of our transcriptomic data with published transcriptomic databases and genome-wide association studies from myopia cases led us to propose new biological/cellular processes/mechanisms potentially at the origin of myopia in cCSNB subjects. The results provide a foundation to guide the development of pharmacological myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Jérome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Hatayama M, Aruga J. Developmental control of noradrenergic system by SLITRK1 and its implications in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1080739. [PMID: 36683853 PMCID: PMC9846221 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SLITRK1 is a neuronal transmembrane protein with neurite development-and synaptic formation-controlling abilities. Several rare variants of SLITRK1 have been identified and implicated in the pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome, trichotillomania, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which can be collectively referred to as obsessive-compulsive-spectrum disorders. Recent studies have reported a possible association between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, including a revertant of modern human-specific amino acid residues. Although the mechanisms underlying SLITRK1-associated neuropsychiatric disorders are yet to be fully clarified, rodent studies may provide some noteworthy clues. Slitrk1-deficient mice show neonatal dysregulation of the noradrenergic system, and later, anxiety-like behaviors that can be attenuated by an alpha 2 noradrenergic receptor agonist. The noradrenergic abnormality is characterized by the excessive growth of noradrenergic fibers and increased noradrenaline content in the medial prefrontal cortex, concomitant with enlarged serotonergic varicosities. Slitrk1 has both cell-autonomous and cell-non-autonomous functions in controlling noradrenergic fiber development, and partly alters Sema3a-mediated neurite control. These findings suggest that transiently enhanced noradrenergic signaling during the neonatal stage could cause neuroplasticity associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies adopting noradrenergic signal perturbation via pharmacological or genetic means support this hypothesis. Thus, Slitrk1 is a potential candidate genetic linkage between the neonatal noradrenergic signaling and the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders involving anxiety-like or depression-like behaviors.
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Huang W, Xu Q, Su J, Tang L, Hao ZZ, Xu C, Liu R, Shen Y, Sang X, Xu N, Tie X, Miao Z, Liu X, Xu Y, Liu F, Liu Y, Liu S. Linking transcriptomes with morphological and functional phenotypes in mammalian retinal ganglion cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111322. [PMID: 36103830 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the brain's gateway to the visual world. They can be classified into different types on the basis of their electrophysiological, transcriptomic, or morphological characteristics. Here, we characterize the transcriptomic, morphological, and functional features of 472 high-quality RGCs using Patch sequencing (Patch-seq), providing functional and morphological annotation of many transcriptomic-defined cell types of a previously established RGC atlas. We show a convergence of different modalities in defining the RGC identity and reveal the degree of correspondence for well-characterized cell types across multimodal data. Moreover, we complement some RGC types with detailed morphological and functional properties. We also identify differentially expressed genes among ON, OFF, and ON-OFF RGCs such as Vat1l, Slitrk6, and Lmo7, providing candidate marker genes for functional studies. Our research suggests that the molecularly distinct clusters may also differ in their roles of encoding visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhao-Zhe Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuhui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Nana Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhichao Miao
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China; Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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11
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Lin R, Li J, Yang Y, Yang Y, Chen J, Zhao F, Xiao T. Genome-Wide Population Structure Analysis and Genetic Diversity Detection of Four Chinese Indigenous Duck Breeds from Fujian Province. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172302. [PMID: 36078022 PMCID: PMC9454422 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to conduct a genome-wide comparative analysis of four indigenous Chinese duck breeds (Jinding, Liancheng white, Putian black, and Shanma ducks) from Fujian Province, to understand their genetic diversity and population structure. Population parameters showed that the four indigenous breeds were separated groups. Five genomic regions are presented as hotspots of autozygosity among these indigenous duck breeds, with candidate genes involved in muscle growth, pigmentation, and neuroregulation. Genomic information may play a vital role in the improvement of conservation strategies. Abstract The assessment of population genetic structure is the basis for understanding the genetic information of indigenous breeds and is important for the protection and management of indigenous breeds. However, the population genetic differentiation of many local breeds still remains unclear. Here, we performed a genome-wide comparative analysis of Jinding, Liancheng white, Putian black, and Shanma ducks based on the genomic sequences using RAD sequencing to understand their population structure and genetic diversity. The population parameters showed that there were obvious genetic differences among the four indigenous breeds, which were separated groups. Among them, Liancheng white and Shanma ducks may come from the same ancestor because the phylogenetic tree forms three tree trunks. In addition, during the runs of homozygosity (ROH), we found that the average inbreeding coefficient of Liancheng white and Putian black ducks was the lowest and the highest, respectively. Five genomic regions were considered to be the hotspots of autozygosity among these indigenous duck breeds, and the candidate genes involved a variety of potential variations, such as muscle growth, pigmentation, and neuroregulation. These findings provide insights into the further improvement and conservation of Fujian duck breeds.
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Katayama KI, Morimura N, Kobayashi K, Corbett D, Okamoto T, Ornthanalai VG, Matsunaga H, Fujita W, Matsumoto Y, Akagi T, Hashikawa T, Yamada K, Murphy NP, Nagao S, Aruga J. Slitrk2 deficiency causes hyperactivity with altered vestibular function and serotonergic dysregulation. iScience 2022; 25:104604. [PMID: 35789858 PMCID: PMC9250022 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SLITRK2 encodes a transmembrane protein that modulates neurite outgrowth and synaptic activities and is implicated in bipolar disorder. Here, we addressed its physiological roles in mice. In the brain, the Slitrk2 protein was strongly detected in the hippocampus, vestibulocerebellum, and precerebellar nuclei—the vestibular-cerebellar-brainstem neural network including pontine gray and tegmental reticular nucleus. Slitrk2 knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased locomotor activity in novel environments, antidepressant-like behaviors, enhanced vestibular function, and increased plasticity at mossy fiber–CA3 synapses with reduced sensitivity to serotonin. A serotonin metabolite was increased in the hippocampus and amygdala, and serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei were decreased in Slitrk2 KO mice. When KO mice were treated with methylphenidate, lithium, or fluoxetine, the mood stabilizer lithium showed a genotype-dependent effect. Taken together, Slitrk2 deficiency causes aberrant neural network activity, synaptic integrity, vestibular function, and serotonergic function, providing molecular-neurophysiological insight into the brain dysregulation in bipolar disorders. Slitrk2 KO mice showed antidepressant-like behaviors and enhanced vestibular function Mossy fiber-CA3 synaptic sensitivity to serotonin was reduced in Slitrk2 KO mice Serotonin metabolite was increased in hippocampus and amygdala of Slitrk2 KO mice Numbers of serotonergic neurons in raphe nuclei were decreased in Slitrk2 KO mice
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Ichise M, Sakoori K, Katayama KI, Morimura N, Yamada K, Ozawa H, Matsunaga H, Hatayama M, Aruga J. Leucine-Rich Repeats and Transmembrane Domain 2 Controls Protein Sorting in the Striatal Projection System and Its Deficiency Causes Disturbances in Motor Responses and Monoamine Dynamics. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:856315. [PMID: 35615067 PMCID: PMC9126195 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.856315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is involved in action selection, and its disturbance can cause movement disorders. Here, we show that leucine-rich repeats and transmembrane domain 2 (Lrtm2) controls protein sorting in striatal projection systems, and its deficiency causes disturbances in monoamine dynamics and behavior. The Lrtm2 protein was broadly detected in the brain, but it was enhanced in the olfactory bulb and dorsal striatum. Immunostaining revealed a strong signal in striatal projection output, including GABAergic presynaptic boutons of the SNr. In subcellular fractionation, Lrtm2 was abundantly recovered in the synaptic plasma membrane fraction, synaptic vesicle fraction, and microsome fraction. Lrtm2 KO mice exhibited altered motor responses in both voluntary explorations and forced exercise. Dopamine metabolite content was decreased in the dorsal striatum and hypothalamus, and serotonin turnover increased in the dorsal striatum. The prefrontal cortex showed age-dependent changes in dopamine metabolites. The distribution of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) protein and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type B receptor 1 (GABABR1) protein was altered in the dorsal striatum. In cultured neurons, wild-type Lrtm2 protein enhanced axon trafficking of GAD67-GFP and GABABR1-GFP whereas such activity was defective in sorting signal-abolished Lrtm2 mutant proteins. The topical expression of hemagglutinin-epitope-tag (HA)-Lrtm2 and a protein sorting signal abolished HA-Lrtm2 mutant differentially affected GABABR1 protein distribution in the dorsal striatum. These results suggest that Lrtm2 is an essential component of striatal projection neurons, contributing to a better understanding of striatal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Ichise
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Sakoori
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Katayama
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Naoko Morimura
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamada
- Support Unit for Animal Experiments, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Hatayama
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Jun Aruga
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Jun Aruga,
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Identification of SLITRK6 as a Novel Biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma by comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101157. [PMID: 34754951 PMCID: PMC8564567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the adult liver and morbidity are increasing in recent years, however, there is still no effective strategy to prevent and diagnose HCC. Therefore, it is urgent to research the effective biomarker to predict clinical outcomes of HCC tumorigenesis. In the current study, differentially expressed genes in HCC and normal tissues were investigated using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset GSE144269 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene differential expression analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) methods were used to identify nine and 16 key gene modules from the GEO dataset and TCGA dataset, respectively, in which the green module in the GEO dataset and magenta module in TCGA were significantly correlated with HCC occurrence. Third, the enrichment score of gene function annotation results showed that these two key modules focus on the positive regulation of inflammatory response and cell differentiation, etc. Besides, PPI network analysis, mutation analysis, and survival analysis found that SLITRK6 had high connectivity, and its mutation significantly impacted overall survival. In addition, SLITRK6 was found to be low expressed in tumor cells. To summarize, SLITRK6 mutation was found to significantly affect the occurrence and prognosis of HCC. SLITRK6 was confirmed as a new potential gene target for HCC, which may provide a new theoretical basis for personalized diagnosis and chemotherapy of HCC in the future.
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15
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Safka Brozkova D, Uhrova Meszarosova A, Lassuthova P, Varga L, Staněk D, Borecká S, Laštůvková J, Čejnová V, Rašková D, Lhota F, Gašperíková D, Seeman P. The Cause of Hereditary Hearing Loss in GJB2 Heterozygotes-A Comprehensive Study of the GJB2/DFNB1 Region. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050684. [PMID: 34062854 PMCID: PMC8147375 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a genetically heterogeneous sensory defect, and the frequent causes are biallelic pathogenic variants in the GJB2 gene. However, patients carrying only one heterozygous pathogenic (monoallelic) GJB2 variant represent a long-lasting diagnostic problem. Interestingly, previous results showed that individuals with a heterozygous pathogenic GJB2 variant are two times more prevalent among those with hearing loss compared to normal-hearing individuals. This excess among patients led us to hypothesize that there could be another pathogenic variant in the GJB2 region/DFNB1 locus. A hitherto undiscovered variant could, in part, explain the cause of hearing loss in patients and would mean reclassifying them as patients with GJB2 biallelic pathogenic variants. In order to detect an unknown causal variant, we examined 28 patients using NGS with probes that continuously cover the 0.4 Mb in the DFNB1 region. An additional 49 patients were examined by WES to uncover only carriers. We did not reveal a second pathogenic variant in the DFNB1 region. However, in 19% of the WES-examined patients, the cause of hearing loss was found to be in genes other than the GJB2. We present evidence to show that a substantial number of patients are carriers of the GJB2 pathogenic variant, albeit only by chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Safka Brozkova
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Uhrova Meszarosova
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Petra Lassuthova
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Lukáš Varga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 85107 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Diabgene Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.); (D.G.)
| | - David Staněk
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Silvia Borecká
- Diabgene Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Jana Laštůvková
- Department of Medical Genetics, Masaryk Hospital in Usti nad Labem, Regional Health Corporation, 40011 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (V.Č.)
| | - Vlasta Čejnová
- Department of Medical Genetics, Masaryk Hospital in Usti nad Labem, Regional Health Corporation, 40011 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (V.Č.)
| | - Dagmar Rašková
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Filip Lhota
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Daniela Gašperíková
- Diabgene Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Pavel Seeman
- Neurogenetic laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.U.M.); (P.L.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
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16
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Nakamura H, Aibara M, Kajitani R, Mrosso HDJ, Mzighani SI, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Okada N, Nikaido M. Genomic Signatures for Species-Specific Adaptation in Lake Victoria Cichlids Derived from Large-Scale Standing Genetic Variation. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3111-3125. [PMID: 33744961 PMCID: PMC8321545 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cichlids of Lake Victoria are a textbook example of adaptive radiation, as >500 endemic species arose in just 14,600 years. The degree of genetic differentiation among species is very low due to the short period of time after the radiation, which allows us to ascertain highly differentiated genes that are strong candidates for driving speciation and adaptation. Previous studies have revealed the critical contribution of vision to speciation by showing the existence of highly differentiated alleles in the visual opsin gene among species with different habitat depths. In contrast, the processes of species-specific adaptation to different ecological backgrounds remain to be investigated. Here, we used genome-wide comparative analyses of three species of Lake Victoria cichlids that inhabit different environments-Haplochromis chilotes, H. sauvagei, and Lithochromis rufus-to elucidate the processes of adaptation by estimating population history and by searching for candidate genes that contribute to adaptation. The patterns of changes in population size were quite distinct among the species according to their habitats. We identified many novel adaptive candidate genes, some of which had surprisingly long divergent haplotypes between species, thus showing the footprint of selective sweep events. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that a large fraction of the allelic diversity among Lake Victoria cichlids was derived from standing genetic variation that originated before the adaptive radiation. Our analyses uncovered the processes of species-specific adaptation of Lake Victoria cichlids and the complexity of the genomic substrate that facilitated this adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuto Aibara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Kajitani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hillary D J Mrosso
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Mwanza Fisheries Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Semvua I Mzighani
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Fisheries Education and Training Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Okada
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Nikaido
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Genetic Spectrum of Syndromic and Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss in Pakistani Families. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111329. [PMID: 33187236 PMCID: PMC7709052 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current molecular genetic diagnostic rates for hereditary hearing loss (HL) vary considerably according to the population background. Pakistan and other countries with high rates of consanguineous marriages have served as a unique resource for studying rare and novel forms of recessive HL. A combined exome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and gene mapping approach for 21 consanguineous Pakistani families revealed 13 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the genes GJB2, MYO7A, FGF3, CDC14A, SLITRK6, CDH23, and MYO15A, with an overall resolve rate of 61.9%. GJB2 and MYO7A were the most frequently involved genes in this cohort. All the identified variants were either homozygous or compound heterozygous, with two of them not previously described in the literature (15.4%). Overall, seven missense variants (53.8%), three nonsense variants (23.1%), two frameshift variants (15.4%), and one splice-site variant (7.7%) were observed. Syndromic HL was identified in five (23.8%) of the 21 families studied. This study reflects the extreme genetic heterogeneity observed in HL and expands the spectrum of variants in deafness-associated genes.
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Miyawaki Y, Samata B, Kikuchi T, Nishimura K, Takahashi J. Zonisamide promotes survival of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons in the striatum of female rats. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1575-1587. [PMID: 32506530 PMCID: PMC7497107 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of dopaminergic (DA) progenitors derived from pluripotent stem cells improves the behavior of Parkinson's disease model animals. However, the survival of DA progenitors is low, and the final yield of DA neurons is only approximately 0.3%–2% the number of transplanted cells. Zonisamide (ZNS) increases the number of survived DA neurons upon the transplantation of mouse‐induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell‐derived DA progenitors in the rat striatum. In this study, we induced DA progenitors from human iPS cells and transplanted them into the striatum of female rats with daily administration of ZNS. The number of survived DA neurons was evaluated 1 and 4 months after transplantation by immunohistochemistry, which revealed that the number of survived DA neurons was significantly increased with the administration of ZNS. To assess the mechanism of action of ZNS, we performed a gene expression analysis to compare the gene expression profiles in striatum treated with or without ZNS. The analysis revealed that the expression of SLIT‐and NTRK‐like protein 6 (SLITRK6) was upregulated in rat striatum treated with ZNS. In conclusion, ZNS promotes the survival of DA neurons after the transplantation of human‐iPS cell‐derived DA progenitors in the rat striatum. SLITRK6 is suggested to be involved in this supportive effect of ZNS by modulating the environment of the host brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Miyawaki
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bumpei Samata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaneyasu Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Meguro A, Yamane T, Takeuchi M, Miyake M, Fan Q, Zhao W, Wang IJ, Mizuki Y, Yamada N, Nomura N, Tsujikawa A, Matsuda F, Hosoda Y, Saw SM, Cheng CY, Tsai TH, Yoshida M, Iijima Y, Teshigawara T, Okada E, Ota M, Inoko H, Mizuki N. Genome-Wide Association Study in Asians Identifies Novel Loci for High Myopia and Highlights a Nervous System Role in Its Pathogenesis. Ophthalmology 2020; 127:1612-1624. [PMID: 32428537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify novel susceptibility loci for high myopia. DESIGN Genome-wide association study (GWAS) followed by replication and meta-analysis. PARTICIPANTS A total of 14 096 samples from East and Southeast Asian populations (2549 patients with high myopia and 11 547 healthy controls). METHODS We performed a GWAS in 3269 Japanese individuals (1668 with high myopia and 1601 control participants), followed by replication analysis in a total of 10 827 additional samples (881 with high myopia and 9946 control participants) from Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. To confirm the biological role of the identified loci in the pathogenesis of high myopia, we performed functional annotation and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with high myopia and GO terms enriched among genes identified in the current study. RESULTS We identified 9 loci with genome-wide significance (P < 5.0 × 10-8). Three loci were previously reported myopia-related loci (ZC3H11B on 1q41, GJD2 on 15q14, and RASGRF1 on 15q25.1), and the other 6 were novel (HIVEP3 on 1p34.2, NFASC/CNTN2 on 1q32.1, CNTN4/CNTN6 on 3p26.3, FRMD4B on 3p14.1, LINC02418 on 12q24.33, and AKAP13 on 15q25.3). The GO analysis revealed a significant role of the nervous system related to synaptic signaling, neuronal development, and Ras/Rho signaling in the pathogenesis of high myopia. CONCLUSIONS The current study identified 6 novel loci associated with high myopia and demonstrated an important role of the nervous system in the disease pathogenesis. Our findings give new insight into the genetic factors underlying myopia, including high myopia, by connecting previous findings and allowing for a clarified interpretation of the cause and pathophysiologic features of myopia at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Advanced Medicine for Ocular Diseases, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Advanced Medicine for Ocular Diseases, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Advanced Medicine for Ocular Diseases, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Norihiro Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoko Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Hosoda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tzu-Hsun Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Masao Yoshida
- Department of Public Health, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Iijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aoto Eye Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Teshigawara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Advanced Medicine for Ocular Diseases, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Yokosuka Chuoh Eye Clinic, Yokosuka, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tsurumi Chuoh Eye Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eiichi Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okada Eye Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masao Ota
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Ocular Diseases, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Inoko
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Molecular Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Advanced Medicine for Ocular Diseases, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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20
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Liu W, Zhang X, Deng Z, Li G, Zhang R, Yang Z, Che F, Liu S, Li H. The role of SLITRK6 in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome: From the conclusion of a family-based study in the Chinese Han population. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3173. [PMID: 32037697 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder coupled with obvious genetic heterogeneity. Studies in recent years have confirmed the association of SLITRK genes with sensory and neuropsychiatric diseases. To detect whether SLITRK6 is involved in the progress of TS, a family-based association study was performed to explore the possible genetic association between SLITRK6 and TS in the Chinese Han population. METHODS We genotyped 399 TS nuclear families trios, and then analyzed three tag SLITRK6 single nucleotide polymorphisms using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) haplotype relative risk (HRR) and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) methods. RESULTS The TDT showed no statistically significant allele transfer for the three polymorphisms. The HRR and HHRR also showed a negative association. CONCLUSIONS Despite the results suggesting that these polymorphisms may not be associated with susceptibility to TS in the Chinese Han population, we are still unable to determine the potential role of SLITRK6 in the pathogenesis of TS. Furthermore, the results still need to be confirmed in a larger sample size and in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmiao Liu
- Medical Genetics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,The Prenatal diagnosis center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuzhan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Ziwen Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Medical Genetics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,The Prenatal diagnosis center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zongjun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The women and children's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Linyi People's Hospital of Shandong University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Medical Genetics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,The Prenatal diagnosis center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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21
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Wang Y, Wu H, Sun ZS. The biological basis of sexual orientation: How hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors influence to whom we are sexually attracted. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100798. [PMID: 31593707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans develop relatively stable attractions to sexual partners during maturation and present a spectrum of sexual orientation from homosexuality to heterosexuality encompassing varying degrees of bisexuality, with some individuals also displaying asexuality. Sexual orientation represents a basic life phenomenon for humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these diverse traits of sexual orientation remain highly controversial. In this review, we systematically discuss recent advancements in sexual orientation research, including those related to measurements and associated brain regions. Current findings regarding sexual orientation modulation by hormonal, genetic, maternal immune system, and environmental factors are summarized in both human and model systems. We also emphasize that future studies should recognize the differences between males and females and pay more attention to minor traits and the epigenetic regulation of sexual orientation. A comprehensive view of sexual orientation may promote our understanding of the biological basis of sex, and that of human reproduction, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haoda Wu
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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22
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Troilo D, Smith EL, Nickla DL, Ashby R, Tkatchenko AV, Ostrin LA, Gawne TJ, Pardue MT, Summers JA, Kee CS, Schroedl F, Wahl S, Jones L. IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M31-M88. [PMID: 30817827 PMCID: PMC6738517 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Troilo
- SUNY College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Debora L. Nickla
- Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Regan Ashby
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lisa A. Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Timothy J. Gawne
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States31
| | - Jody A. Summers
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Chea-su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Zeiss Vision Science Laboratory, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lyndon Jones
- CORE, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Won SY, Lee P, Kim HM. Synaptic organizer: Slitrks and type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:95-103. [PMID: 30822649 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Slit-like and Trk-like (Slitrk) family members are leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing neuronal transmembrane proteins. Slitrks have been highlighted as key synapse organizers at neuronal synapses through interactions with specific members of the presynaptic type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) family. Recent structural studies on type IIa RPTP/Slitrk1 complexes have unveiled molecular insights into their binding selectivity and have established the role of higher-order receptor clustering in their synaptogenic activity. Here, we will discuss key structural aspects of Slitrk interactions with type IIa RPTP family members, the biological roles of Slitrks in neurons, and our current knowledge of SLITRK mutations in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Youn Won
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pedro Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Vlachostergios PJ, Jakubowski CD, Niaz MJ, Lee A, Thomas C, Hackett AL, Patel P, Rashid N, Tagawa ST. Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:247-259. [PMID: 30112436 PMCID: PMC6087439 DOI: 10.3233/blc-180169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is characterized by expression of a plethora of cell surface antigens, thus offering opportunities for specific therapeutic targeting with use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs are structured from two major constituents, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a specific target and a cytotoxic drug connected via a linker molecule. Several ADCs are developed against different UC surface markers, but the ones at most advanced stages of development include sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132), enfortumab vedotin (ASG-22CE/ASG-22ME), ASG-15ME for advanced UC, and oportuzumab monatox (VB4-845) for early UC. Several new targets are identified and utilized for novel or existing ADC testing. The most promising ones include human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor axis (FGF/FGFR). Positive preclinical and early clinical results are reported in many cases, thus the next step involves further improving efficacy and reducing toxicity as well as testing combination strategies with approved agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad J Niaz
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aileen Lee
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlene Thomas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy L Hackett
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priyanka Patel
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naureen Rashid
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott T Tagawa
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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25
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A novel mutation in SLITRK6 causes deafness and myopia in a Moroccan family. Gene 2018; 659:89-92. [PMID: 29551497 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deafness and myopia syndrome is characterized by moderate-profound, bilateral, congenital or prelingual deafness and high myopia. Autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss is one of the most prevalent human genetic sensorineural defects. Myopia is by far the most common human eye disorder that is known to have a clear heritable component. The analysis of the two exons of SLITRK6 gene in a Moroccan family allowed us to identify a novel single deleterious mutation c.696delG, p.Trp232Cysfs*10 at homozygous state in the exon 2 of the SLITRK6, a gene reported to cause deafness and myopia in various populations.
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26
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Paylakhi S, Labelle-Dumais C, Tolman NG, Sellarole MA, Seymens Y, Saunders J, Lakosha H, deVries WN, Orr AC, Topilko P, John SWM, Nair KS. Müller glia-derived PRSS56 is required to sustain ocular axial growth and prevent refractive error. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29529029 PMCID: PMC5864079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A mismatch between optical power and ocular axial length results in refractive errors. Uncorrected refractive errors constitute the most common cause of vision loss and second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Although the retina is known to play a critical role in regulating ocular growth and refractive development, the precise factors and mechanisms involved are poorly defined. We have previously identified a role for the secreted serine protease PRSS56 in ocular size determination and PRSS56 variants have been implicated in the etiology of both hyperopia and myopia, highlighting its importance in refractive development. Here, we use a combination of genetic mouse models to demonstrate that Prss56 mutations leading to reduced ocular size and hyperopia act via a loss of function mechanism. Using a conditional gene targeting strategy, we show that PRSS56 derived from Müller glia contributes to ocular growth, implicating a new retinal cell type in ocular size determination. Importantly, we demonstrate that persistent activity of PRSS56 is required during distinct developmental stages spanning the pre- and post-eye opening periods to ensure optimal ocular growth. Thus, our mouse data provide evidence for the existence of a molecule contributing to both the prenatal and postnatal stages of human ocular growth. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic inactivation of Prss56 rescues axial elongation in a mouse model of myopia caused by a null mutation in Egr1. Overall, our findings identify PRSS56 as a potential therapeutic target for modulating ocular growth aimed at preventing or slowing down myopia, which is reaching epidemic proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedhassan Paylakhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas G Tolman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Sellarole
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yusef Seymens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Saunders
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hesham Lakosha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wilhelmine N. deVries
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Orr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Simon WM. John
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - K. Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li J, Zhang Q. Insight into the molecular genetics of myopia. Mol Vis 2017; 23:1048-1080. [PMID: 29386878 PMCID: PMC5757860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of myopia. Studies on the molecular genetics of myopia are well established and have implicated the important role of genetic factors. With linkage analysis, association studies, sequencing analysis, and experimental myopia studies, many of the loci and genes associated with myopia have been identified. Thus far, there has been no systemic review of the loci and genes related to non-syndromic and syndromic myopia based on the different approaches. Such a systemic review of the molecular genetics of myopia will provide clues to identify additional plausible genes for myopia and help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying myopia. This paper reviews recent genetic studies on myopia, summarizes all possible reported genes and loci related to myopia, and suggests implications for future studies on the molecular genetics of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Park KU, Randazzo G, Jones KL, Brzezinski JA. Gsg1, Trnp1, and Tmem215 Mark Subpopulations of Bipolar Interneurons in the Mouse Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1137-1150. [PMID: 28199486 PMCID: PMC5317276 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose How retinal bipolar cell interneurons are specified and assigned to specialized subtypes is only partially understood. In part, this is due to a lack of early pan- and subtype-specific bipolar cell markers. To discover these factors, we identified genes that were upregulated in Blimp1 (Prdm1) mutant retinas, which exhibit precocious bipolar cell development. Methods Postnatal day (P)2 retinas from Blimp1 conditional knock-out (CKO) mice and controls were processed for RNA sequencing. Genes that increased at least 45% and were statistically different between conditions were considered candidate bipolar-specific factors. Candidates were further evaluated by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Knock-in Tmem215-LacZ mice were used to better trace retinal expression. Results A comparison between Blimp1 CKO and control RNA-seq datasets revealed approximately 40 significantly upregulated genes. We characterized the expression of three genes that have no known function in the retina, Gsg1 (germ cell associated gene), Trnp1 (TMF-regulated nuclear protein), and Tmem215 (a predicted transmembrane protein). Germ cell associated gene appeared restricted to a small subset of cone bipolars while Trnp1 was seen in all ON type bipolar cells. Using Tmem215-LacZ heterozygous knock-in mice, we observed that β-galactosidase expression started early in bipolar cell development. In adults, Tmem215 was expressed by a subset of ON and OFF cone bipolar cells. Conclusions We have identified Gsg1, Tmem215, and Trnp1 as novel bipolar subtype-specific genes. The spatial and temporal pattern of their expression is consistent with a role in controlling bipolar subtype fate choice, differentiation, or physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Uoon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Grace Randazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Joseph A Brzezinski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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29
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Wielkiewicz RM. Myopia is an Adaptive Characteristic of Vision: Not a Disease or Defect. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes that myopia (nearsightedness) is an adaptive characteristic of human vision. Most theories of the evolution of vision assume myopia is a disease or defect that would have resulted in decreased reproductive fitness in the absence of modern corrective lenses. In contrast, the present article argues that myopic individuals may have played important roles in hunter–gatherer groups such as making tools and weapons, and identifying medicinal plants, contributing to individual and group survival. This idea is called the “adaptive myopia hypothesis.” Evidence favoring this hypothesis is reviewed in the context of the metatheory of evolutionary psychology.
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30
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Human cytomegalovirus downregulates SLITRK6 expression through IE2. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:79-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Beaubien F, Raja R, Kennedy TE, Fournier AE, Cloutier JF. Slitrk1 is localized to excitatory synapses and promotes their development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27343. [PMID: 27273464 PMCID: PMC4895136 DOI: 10.1038/srep27343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the migration of the axonal growth cone to its target area, the initial axo-dendritic contact needs to be transformed into a functional synapse. This multi-step process relies on overlapping but distinct combinations of molecules that confer synaptic identity. Slitrk molecules are transmembrane proteins that are highly expressed in the central nervous system. We found that two members of the Slitrk family, Slitrk1 and Slitrk2, can regulate synapse formation between hippocampal neurons. Slitrk1 is enriched in postsynaptic fractions and is localized to excitatory synapses. Overexpression of Slitrk1 and Slitrk2 in hippocampal neurons increased the number of synaptic contacts on these neurons. Furthermore, decreased expression of Slitrk1 in hippocampal neurons led to a reduction in the number of excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses formed in hippocampal neuron cultures. In addition, we demonstrate that different leucine rich repeat domains of the extracellular region of Slitrk1 are necessary to mediate interactions with Slitrk binding partners of the LAR receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family, and to promote dimerization of Slitrk1. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Slitrk family proteins regulate synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Beaubien
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - Reesha Raja
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
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Lan W, Yang Z, Feldkaemper M, Schaeffel F. Changes in dopamine and ZENK during suppression of myopia in chicks by intense illuminance. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:118-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morrison K, Challita-Eid PM, Raitano A, An Z, Yang P, Abad JD, Liu W, Lortie DR, Snyder JT, Capo L, Verlinsky A, Aviña H, Doñate F, Joseph IB, Pereira DS, Morrison K, Stover DR. Development of ASG-15ME, a Novel Antibody–Drug Conjugate Targeting SLITRK6, a New Urothelial Cancer Biomarker. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1301-10. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hackett TA, Guo Y, Clause A, Hackett NJ, Garbett K, Zhang P, Polley DB, Mirnics K. Transcriptional maturation of the mouse auditory forebrain. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:606. [PMID: 26271746 PMCID: PMC4536593 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The maturation of the brain involves the coordinated expression of thousands of genes, proteins and regulatory elements over time. In sensory pathways, gene expression profiles are modified by age and sensory experience in a manner that differs between brain regions and cell types. In the auditory system of altricial animals, neuronal activity increases markedly after the opening of the ear canals, initiating events that culminate in the maturation of auditory circuitry in the brain. This window provides a unique opportunity to study how gene expression patterns are modified by the onset of sensory experience through maturity. As a tool for capturing these features, next-generation sequencing of total RNA (RNAseq) has tremendous utility, because the entire transcriptome can be screened to index expression of any gene. To date, whole transcriptome profiles have not been generated for any central auditory structure in any species at any age. In the present study, RNAseq was used to profile two regions of the mouse auditory forebrain (A1, primary auditory cortex; MG, medial geniculate) at key stages of postnatal development (P7, P14, P21, adult) before and after the onset of hearing (~P12). Hierarchical clustering, differential expression, and functional geneset enrichment analyses (GSEA) were used to profile the expression patterns of all genes. Selected genesets related to neurotransmission, developmental plasticity, critical periods and brain structure were highlighted. An accessible repository of the entire dataset was also constructed that permits extraction and screening of all data from the global through single-gene levels. To our knowledge, this is the first whole transcriptome sequencing study of the forebrain of any mammalian sensory system. Although the data are most relevant for the auditory system, they are generally applicable to forebrain structures in the visual and somatosensory systems, as well. Results The main findings were: (1) Global gene expression patterns were tightly clustered by postnatal age and brain region; (2) comparing A1 and MG, the total numbers of differentially expressed genes were comparable from P7 to P21, then dropped to nearly half by adulthood; (3) comparing successive age groups, the greatest numbers of differentially expressed genes were found between P7 and P14 in both regions, followed by a steady decline in numbers with age; (4) maturational trajectories in expression levels varied at the single gene level (increasing, decreasing, static, other); (5) between regions, the profiles of single genes were often asymmetric; (6) GSEA revealed that genesets related to neural activity and plasticity were typically upregulated from P7 to adult, while those related to structure tended to be downregulated; (7) GSEA and pathways analysis of selected functional networks were not predictive of expression patterns in the auditory forebrain for all genes, reflecting regional specificity at the single gene level. Conclusions Gene expression in the auditory forebrain during postnatal development is in constant flux and becomes increasingly stable with age. Maturational changes are evident at the global through single gene levels. Transcriptome profiles in A1 and MG are distinct at all ages, and differ from other brain regions. The database generated by this study provides a rich foundation for the identification of novel developmental biomarkers, functional gene pathways, and targeted studies of postnatal maturation in the auditory forebrain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1709-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Hackett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Amanda Clause
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Daniel B Polley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 6725, Szeged, Hungary. .,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Downsloping high-frequency hearing loss due to inner ear tricellular tight junction disruption by a novel ILDR1 mutation in the Ig-like domain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116931. [PMID: 25668204 PMCID: PMC4323246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain containing receptor 1 (ILDR1) gene encodes angulin-2/ILDR1, a recently discovered tight junction protein, which forms tricellular tight junction (tTJ) structures with tricellulin and lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) at tricellular contacts (TCs) in the inner ear. Previously reported recessive mutations within ILDR1 have been shown to cause severe to profound nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), DFNB42. Whole-exome sequencing of a Korean multiplex family segregating partial deafness identified a novel homozygous ILDR1 variant (p.P69H) within the Ig-like domain. To address the pathogenicity of p.P69H, the angulin-2/ILDR1 p.P69H variant protein, along with the previously reported pathogenic ILDR1 mutations, was expressed in angulin-1/LSR knockdown epithelial cells. Interestingly, partial mislocalization of the p.P69H variant protein and tricellulin at TCs was observed, in contrast to a severe mislocalization and complete failure of tricellulin recruitment of the other reported ILDR1 mutations. Additionally, three-dimensional protein modeling revealed that angulin-2/ILDR1 contributed to tTJ by forming a homo-trimer structure through its Ig-like domain, and the p.P69H variant was predicted to disturb homo-trimer formation. In this study, we propose a possible role of angulin-2/ILDR1 in tTJ formation in the inner ear and a wider audiologic phenotypic spectrum of DFNB42 caused by mutations within ILDR1.
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Ordóñez J, Diaz-Horta O, Tekin M. Personalized Medicine for Hereditary Deafness. Rare Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9214-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Park JH, Kim NKD, Kim AR, Rhee J, Oh SH, Koo JW, Nam JY, Park WY, Choi BY. Exploration of molecular genetic etiology for Korean cochlear implantees with severe to profound hearing loss and its implication. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:167. [PMID: 25373420 PMCID: PMC4243193 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) requires cochlear implantation (CI) for auditory rehabilitation. Etiologic diagnoses can contribute to candidacy selection and decision-making regarding the timing of successful CI. However, few studies have been performed to address the etiologic spectrum of severe SNHL in the population where there is no consanguineous marriage and the majority of SNHL cases are sporadic in small sized families. The authors sought to comprehensively understand the etiologies of Korean cochlear implantees by incorporating the targeted resequencing of 204 candidate deafness genes (TRS-204) and a phenotype-driven candidate gene approach. Methods Ninety-three that consented to molecular genetic testing and underwent at least one molecular genetic test were included. Patients with a characteristic Phenotypic marker were subject to Sanger sequencing to detect variants in corresponding candidate genes. The rest of patients without any prominent phenotype were tested on GJB2. Next, TRS-204 was applied in GJB2-negative cases without any phenotypic marker. In addition, the sibling recurrence-risk of SNHL among families with non-diagnostic genotypes after TRS-204 was performed to gain insight of etiologies in non-diagnostic cases. Results Overall, we could find causative variants in 51 (54.8%) of the 93 cochlear implantees. Thirty (32.3%) probands could be diagnosed by direct Sanger sequencing of candidate genes selected by their phenotypes. GJB2 sequencing added 10 subjects to the group with a diagnostic genotype. TRS-204 could detect a causative variant from additional 11 cases (11.8%). We could not detect any pathogenic deletion or duplication on 204 target genes. The sibling recurrence-risk of SNHL among 42 genetically undiagnosed families with 0.03 (1/38) was significantly lower than among genetically diagnosed recessive families with 0.19 (7/37). Conclusion Despite that the majority of severe or more degree of SNHL occurs sporadically in Koreans, at least 54.8% of such cases that were willing to join the genetic study in the Korean population are monogenic Mendelian disorders with convincing causative variants. This study also indicates that a substantial portion of unsolved cases after applying our current protocol are predicted to have non-genetic or complex etiology rather than a Mendelian genetic disorder involving new genes beyond the 204 target genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0167-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Jia Y, Zhao H, Shi D, Peng W, Xie L, Wang W, Jiang F, Zhang H, Wang X. Genetic effects of a 13q31.1 microdeletion detected by noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:7003-7011. [PMID: 25400788 PMCID: PMC4230093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microdeletions of chromosome 13q31.1 are relatively rare. These types of deletions may cause different genetic effects on genotypes and/or phenotypes. There are several ways to detect microdeletions; noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is the newest detection method. In this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic effects of a 13q31.1 microdeletion detected by NIPT and to reconfirm the feasibility of this procedure in predicting sub-chromosomal copy number variations (CNVs). The 13q31.1 microdeletion, which has previously been described as a disease-associated fragment, was detected by NIPT in a pregnant woman. To validate the finding and to explain the origin of this sub-chromosomal CNV, we collected fetal amniotic fluid and parental blood samples and tested the samples using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Karyotype analysis was performed on all of the samples to rule out balanced or mosaic anomalies. The aCGH results confirmed the NIPT findings. We detected the same type of microdeletion in the fetus and the mother via aCGH. The mother had a normal phenotype; therefore, in a post-test genetic counseling session, we predicted a normal phenotype for the fetus. After delivery, the normal phenotype of the newborn confirmed our prediction. Based on the present study, this 13q31.1 microdeletion may be considered as a chromosomal polymorphism. This study also reconfirmed the feasibility of obtaining a molecular karyotype of a fetus via NIPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Jia
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Heyong Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, China
- Zibo Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalZibo, Shandong, China
| | - Donghong Shi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Peng
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luwen Xie
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | - Xietong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, China
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de Wit J, Ghosh A. Control of neural circuit formation by leucine-rich repeat proteins. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:539-50. [PMID: 25131359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The function of neural circuits depends on the precise connectivity between populations of neurons. Increasing evidence indicates that disruptions in excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation or function lead to excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances and contribute to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing surface proteins have emerged as key organizers of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Distinct LRR proteins are expressed in different cell types and interact with key pre- and postsynaptic proteins. These protein interaction networks allow LRR proteins to coordinate pre- and postsynaptic elements during synapse formation and differentiation, pathway-specific synapse development, and synaptic plasticity. LRR proteins, therefore, play a critical role in organizing synaptic connections into functional neural circuits, and their dysfunction may contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Neuroscience Discovery, F. Hoffman-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Ostrin LA, Garcia MB, Choh V, Wildsoet CF. Pharmacologically stimulated pupil and accommodative changes in Guinea pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:5456-65. [PMID: 25097245 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The guinea pig is being used increasingly as a model of human myopia. As accommodation may influence the effects of manipulations used in experimental myopia models, understanding the accommodative ability of guinea pigs is important. Here, nonselective muscarinic agonists were used as pharmacological tools to study guinea pig accommodation. METHODS Measurements were made on 15 pigmented guinea pigs. For in vivo testing, animals were anesthetized and, following baseline measurements, 2% pilocarpine was applied topically. Measurements included A-scan ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, corneal topography, and refraction. In vitro lens scanning experiments were performed using anterior segment preparations, with measurements before and during exposure to carbachol. Anterior segment structures were examined histologically and immunohistochemistry was done to characterize the muscarinic receptor subtypes present. RESULTS In vivo, pilocarpine induced a myopic shift in refractive error coupled to a small, but consistent decrease in anterior chamber depth (ACD), a smaller and more variable increase in lens thickness, and a decrease in pupil size. Lens thickness increases were short-lived (10 minutes), while ACD and pupil size decreased over 20 minutes. Corneal curvature was not significantly affected. Carbachol tested on anterior segment preparations in vitro was without effect on lens back vertex distance, but did stimulate pupil constriction. Immunohistochemistry indicated the presence of muscarinic receptor subtypes 1 to 5 in the iris and ciliary body. CONCLUSIONS The observed pilocarpine-induced changes in ACD, lens thickness, and refraction are consistent with active accommodation in the guinea pig, through cholinergic muscarinic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Mariana B Garcia
- University of California Berkeley School of Optometry, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Vivian Choh
- University of Waterloo Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- University of California Berkeley School of Optometry, Berkeley, California, United States
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Fortes MR, HMS Suhaimi A, R. Porto-Neto L, M. McWilliam S, Flatscher-Bader T, S. Moore S, J. D׳Occhio M, T. Meira C, G. Thomas M, M. Snelling W, Reverter A, A. Lehnert S. Post-partum anoestrus in tropical beef cattle: A systems approach combining gene expression and genome-wide association results. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Choi BY, Kim J, Chung J, Kim AR, Mun SJ, Kang SI, Lee SH, Kim N, Oh SH. Whole-exome sequencing identifies a novel genotype-phenotype correlation in the entactin domain of the known deafness gene TECTA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97040. [PMID: 24816743 PMCID: PMC4016231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postlingual progressive hearing loss, affecting primarily the high frequencies, is the clinical finding in most cases of autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL). The molecular genetic etiology of ADNSHL is extremely heterogeneous. We applied whole-exome sequencing to reveal the genetic etiology of high-frequency hearing loss in a mid-sized Korean family without any prior linkage data. Whole-exome sequencing of four family members (two affected and two unaffected), together with our filtering strategy based on comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, identified 21 potential pathogenic candidates. Sanger validation of an additional five family members excluded 20 variants, leaving only one novel variant, TECTA c.710C>T (p.T237I), as the strongest candidate. This variant resides in the entactin (ENT) domain and co-segregated perfectly with non-progressive high-frequency hearing loss in the family. It was absent among 700 ethnically matched control chromosomes, and the T237 residue is conserved among species, which supports its pathogenicity. Interestingly, this finding contrasted with a previously proposed genotype-phenotype correlation in which variants of the ENT domain of TECTA were associated with mid-frequency hearing loss. Based upon what we observed, we propose a novel “genotype to phenotype” correlation in the ENT domain of TECTA. Our results shed light on another important application of whole-exome sequencing: the establishment of a novel genotype-phenotype in the molecular genetic diagnosis of autosomal dominant hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Korean Bioinformation center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Juyong Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ah Reum Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul national University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sue Jean Mun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul national University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Il Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul national University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Lee
- Korean Bioinformation center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Namshin Kim
- Korean Bioinformation center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (NSK); (SHO)
| | - Seung-Ha Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul national University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (NSK); (SHO)
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Jeon GW, Lee MN, Jung JM, Hong SY, Kim YN, Sin JB, Ki CS. Identification of a de novo heterozygous missense FLNB mutation in lethal atelosteogenesis type I by exome sequencing. Ann Lab Med 2014; 34:134-8. [PMID: 24624349 PMCID: PMC3948826 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2014.34.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atelosteogenesis type I (AO-I) is a rare lethal skeletal dysplastic disorder characterized by severe short-limbed dwarfism and dislocated hips, knees, and elbows. AO-I is caused by mutations in the filamin B (FLNB) gene; however, several other genes can cause AO-like lethal skeletal dysplasias. Methods In order to screen all possible genes associated with AO-like lethal skeletal dysplasias simultaneously, we performed whole-exome sequencing in a female newborn having clinical features of AO-I. Results Exome sequencing identified a novel missense variant (c.517G>A; p.Ala173Thr) in exon 2 of the FLNB gene in the patient. Sanger sequencing validated this variant, and genetic analysis of the patient's parents suggested a de novo occurrence of the variant. Conclusions This study shows that exome sequencing can be a useful tool for the identification of causative mutations in lethal skeletal dysplasia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Won Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Mi Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Nam Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong Beom Sin
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Morlet T, Rabinowitz MR, Looney LR, Riegner T, Greenwood LA, Sherman EA, Achilly N, Zhu A, Yoo E, O'Reilly RC, Jinks RN, Puffenberger EG, Heaps A, Morton H, Strauss KA. A homozygous SLITRK6 nonsense mutation is associated with progressive auditory neuropathy in humans. Laryngoscope 2013; 124:E95-103. [PMID: 23946138 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS SLITRK family proteins control neurite outgrowth and regulate synaptic development. In mice, Slitrk6 plays a role in the survival and innervation of sensory neurons in the inner ear, vestibular apparatus, and retina, and also influences axial eye length. We provide the first detailed description of the auditory phenotype in humans with recessive SLITRK6 deficiency. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational case study. METHODS Nine closely related Amish subjects from an endogamous Amish community of Pennsylvania underwent audiologic and vestibular testing. Single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays were used to map the chromosome locus, and Sanger sequencing or high-resolution melt analysis were used to confirm the allelic variant. RESULTS All nine subjects were homozygous for a novel nonsense variant of SLITRK6 (c.1240C>T, p.Gln414Ter). Adult patients had high myopia. The 4 oldest SLITRK6 c.1240C>T homozygotes had absent ipsilateral middle ear muscle reflexes (MEMRs). Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were absent in all ears tested and the cochlear microphonic (CM) was increased in amplitude and duration in young patients and absent in the two oldest subjects. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were dys-synchronised bilaterally with no reproducible waves I, III, or V at high intensities. Hearing loss and speech reception thresholds deteriorated symmetrically with age, which resulted in severe-to-profound hearing impairment by early adulthood. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were normal in three ears and absent in one. CONCLUSION Homozygous SLITRK6 c.1240C>T (p.Gln414Ter) nonsense mutations are associated with high myopia, cochlear dysfunction attributed to outer hair cell disease, and progressive auditory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Morlet
- Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Research Laboratory, duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A
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Dolan J, Mitchell KJ. Mutation of Elfn1 in mice causes seizures and hyperactivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80491. [PMID: 24312227 PMCID: PMC3842350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of proteins with extracellular leucine-rich repeats (eLRRs) have been implicated in directing neuronal connectivity. We previously identified a novel family of eLRR proteins in mammals: the Elfns are transmembrane proteins with 6 LRRs, a fibronectin type-3 domain and a long cytoplasmic tail. The recent discovery that Elfn1 protein, expressed postsynaptically, can direct the elaboration of specific electrochemical properties of synapses between particular cell types in the hippocampus strongly reinforces this hypothesis. Here, we present analyses of an Elfn1 mutant mouse line and demonstrate a functional requirement for this gene in vivo. We first carried out detailed expression analysis of Elfn1 using a β-galactosidase reporter gene in the knockout line. Elfn1 is expressed in distinct subsets of interneurons of the hippocampus and cortex, and also in discrete subsets of cells in the habenula, septum, globus pallidus, dorsal subiculum, amygdala and several other regions. Elfn1 is expressed in diverse cell types, including local GABAergic interneurons as well as long-range projecting GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Elfn1 protein localises to axons of excitatory neurons in the habenula, and long-range GABAergic neurons of the globus pallidus, suggesting the possibility of additional roles for Elfn1 in axons or presynaptically. While gross anatomical analyses did not reveal any obvious neuroanatomical abnormalities, behavioural analyses clearly illustrate functional effects of Elfn1 mutation. Elfn1 mutant mice exhibit seizures, subtle motor abnormalities, reduced thigmotaxis and hyperactivity. The hyperactivity is paradoxically reversible by treatment with the stimulant amphetamine, consistent with phenotypes observed in animals with habenular lesions. These analyses reveal a requirement for Elfn1 in brain function and are suggestive of possible relevance to the etiology and pathophysiology of epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Dolan
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin J. Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Round J, Ross B, Angel M, Shields K, Lom B. Slitrk gene duplication and expression in the developing zebrafish nervous system. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:339-49. [PMID: 24123428 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Slitrk family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane proteins bears structural similarity to the Slits and the Trk receptor families, which exert well-established roles in directing nervous system development. Slitrks are less well understood, although they are highly expressed in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Moreover, slitrk variants are associated with several sensory and neuropsychiatric disorders, including myopia, deafness, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Loss-of-function studies in mice show that Slitrks modulate neurite outgrowth and inhibitory synapse formation, although the molecular mechanisms of Slitrk function remain poorly characterized. RESULTS As a prelude to examining the functional roles of Slitrks, we identified eight slitrk orthologs in zebrafish and observed that seven of the eight orthologs were actively transcribed in the nervous system at embryonic, larval, and adult stages. Similar to previous findings in mice and humans, zebrafish slitrks exhibited unique but overlapping spatial and temporal expression patterns in the developing brain, retina, and spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish express Slitrks in the developing central nervous system at times and locations important to neuronal morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. Future studies will use zebrafish as a convenient, cost-effective model organism to characterize the functional roles of Slitrks in nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Round
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina
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LAR-RPTPs: synaptic adhesion molecules that shape synapse development. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:465-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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