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Carlucci L, Albaghli B, Saggino A, Balsamo M. Does a Fundamentalist Mindset Predict a State or Trait Anxiety? The Covariate Role of Dogmatism. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:1029-1045. [PMID: 32279154 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent neuropsychological studies reported that fundamentalism beliefs and its cognitive mindset provoke sense of coherency and protection against the ambiguity as well as a rapid doubt resolution and thus offer relief from distress and uncertainty. In this study, we examined whether the need for closure dimensions predicted religious fundamentalism. Further, we tested if pronounced religious beliefs (also controlled for dogmatism) would be associated with a state or trait anxiety, in a sample of 388 Roman Catholics (females = 53.9%). Path analysis (SEM), with observed variables, was used to determine the pathways by which religious fundamentalism, need for closure dimensions, and dogmatism interacted to influence anxiety. The results revealed that religious fundamentalism was predicted by intolerance to ambiguity, preference for order, and closed-mindedness; in turn, high fundamentalism scores predicted state anxiety exclusively. Additionally, when controlling for dogmatism, the fundamentalism-anxiety path became nonsignificant. Although it seemed that fundamentalism beliefs "per se" have played no direct anxiolytic effect, they partially perform a function of avoiding chaos and disorder in order to maintain cognitive integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carlucci
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
- Italian Society for the Psychology of Religion (SIPR), Varese, Italy.
| | | | - Aristide Saggino
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michela Balsamo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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Zhang Q, Shenkel J, Paasche-Orlow S, Cadge W, Howard E, Bryan M, Morris JN. Effect of Chaplaincy Visits in an Elder Care Setting: A Pilot Analysis of Existing Data. J Health Care Chaplain 2019; 26:103-116. [PMID: 31002027 DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2019.1599257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Religion is a consistent, positive predictor of health in older adults. Studies focused on religion and spirituality as a coping mechanism find significant positive effects on the lives of older adults. This study investigated how an older person's living situation influences his or her access to spiritual and religious resources and, consequently, his or her health. Utilizing existing data, this pilot project examined the relationship between visits from a chaplain and the mood, pain level, functional ability, and/or discharge status of elders residing in the rehabilitation unit of one long-term care facility. Samples of patients who did and did not have chaplaincy visits were matched based on their level of frailty. Analytic comparisons revealed no significantly different outcomes in terms of mood, pain level, functional ability, or discharge status for patients visited by a chaplain. The outcomes suggest future hypotheses and offer a model for outcomes-based chaplaincy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The Heller School, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jess Shenkel
- Department of Sociology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Paasche-Orlow
- Director of Spiritual Care, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy Cadge
- Sociology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Howard
- School of Nursing, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret Bryan
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Programmer Analyst II, Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John N Morris
- Social and Health Policy Research, Alfred A. and Gilda Slifka Chair in Social Gerontological Research, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Karimi Z, Haghshenas L, Mohtashami T, Dehkordi MA. Investigating the role of attachment styles, dysfunctional attitudes, and spirituality in predicting membership in addicted and non-addicted groups. Psych J 2018; 8:169-179. [PMID: 30468011 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction as a biological, psychological, and social issue affects all dimensions of one's life. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of attachment styles, dysfunctional attitudes, and spirituality in predicting membership in addicted and non-addicted groups. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 60 addicted people and 60 non-addicted people. The Adult Attachment Scale of Hazan and Shaver, Allport Religious Orientation Scale, and the 26-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-26) were used to measure the variables. Based on the results, which were analyzed by logistic regression analysis, the variables of attachment style and dysfunctional attitude can significantly predict drug addiction (p < .001). However, avoidant attachment style and spirituality cannot predict readiness for addiction. The results of this study indicate the importance of safe and ambivalent attachment styles and dysfunctional attitudes. Thus, attending to these factors in studies and interventions related to the treatment of substance abuse disorders is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karimi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Haghshenas
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Mohtashami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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Wallace LE, Anthony R, End CM, Way BM. Does Religion Stave Off the Grave? Religious Affiliation in One’s Obituary and Longevity. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618779820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Anthony
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christian M. End
- Department of Psychology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Baldwin M. Way
- Psychology Department, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Idler EL, Musick MA, Ellison CG, George LK, Krause N, Ory MG, Pargament KI, Powell LH, Underwood LG, Williams DR. Measuring Multiple Dimensions of Religion and Spirituality for Health Research. Res Aging 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0164027503025004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in studying the relationship between religion and health has been hampered by the absence of an adequate measure of religiousness and spirituality. This article reports on the conceptual and empirical development of an instrument to measure religiousness and spirituality, intended explicitly for studies of health. It is multidimensional to allow investigation of multiple possible mechanisms of effect, brief enough to be included in clinical or epidemiological surveys, inclusive of both traditional religiousness and noninstitutionally based spirituality, and appropriate for diverse Judeo-Christian populations. The measure may be particularly useful for studies of health in elderly populations in which religious involvement is higher. The measure was tested in the nationally representative 1998 General Social Survey ( N = 1,445). Nine dimensions have indices with moderate-to-good internal consistency, and there are three single-item domains. Analysis by age and sex shows that elderly respondents report higher levels of religiousness in virtually every domain of the measure.
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Cucciare MA, Han X, Curran GM, Booth BM. Associations Between Religiosity, Perceived Social Support, and Stimulant Use in an Untreated Rural Sample in the U.S.A. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:823-34. [PMID: 27096554 PMCID: PMC4962696 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1155611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Religiosity and perceived social support (SS) may serve as protective factors for more severe substance use in adults. OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine whether aspects of religiosity and SS are associated with longitudinal reductions in stimulant use over three years in an untreated sample of rural drug users. METHODS Respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit stimulant users (N = 710) from Arkansas, Kentucky, and Ohio. Follow-up interviews were conducted at 6-month intervals for 36 months. RESULTS Our bivariate findings indicate that higher religiosity was associated with lower odds and fewer days of methamphetamine and cocaine use. After controlling for covariates, higher religiosity was associated with fewer days of crack cocaine use, but more days of methamphetamine use among a small sample of users in the two final interviews. Higher SS from drug-users was also associated with higher odds and days of methamphetamine and powder cocaine use, while higher SS from nondrug users was associated with fewer days of methamphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Our bivariate findings suggest that higher levels of religiosity may be helpful for some rural individuals in reducing their drug use over time. However, our multivariate findings suggest a need for further exploration of the potential effects of religiosity on longer-term drug use, especially among those who continue to use methamphetamine and/or remain untreated. Our findings also highlight the potential deleterious effect of SS from drug users on the likelihood and frequency of methamphetamine and powder cocaine use over time among untreated rural drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cucciare
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA.,b Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System , North Little Rock , Arkansas , USA.,c VA South Central (VISN 16) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System , North Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Xiaotong Han
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA.,c VA South Central (VISN 16) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System , North Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Geoffrey M Curran
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA.,b Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System , North Little Rock , Arkansas , USA.,d Department of Pharmacy Practice , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Brenda M Booth
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
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Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN PSYCHIATRY 2012; 2012:278730. [PMID: 23762764 PMCID: PMC3671693 DOI: 10.5402/2012/278730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a concise but comprehensive review of research on religion/spirituality (R/S) and both mental health and physical health. It is based on a systematic review of original data-based quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals between 1872 and 2010, including a few seminal articles published since 2010. First, I provide a brief historical background to set the stage. Then I review research on R/S and mental health, examining relationships with both positive and negative mental health outcomes, where positive outcomes include well-being, happiness, hope, optimism, and gratefulness, and negative outcomes involve depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, substance abuse, delinquency/crime, marital instability, and personality traits (positive and negative). I then explain how and why R/S might influence mental health. Next, I review research on R/S and health behaviors such as physical activity, cigarette smoking, diet, and sexual practices, followed by a review of relationships between R/S and heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, immune functions, endocrine functions, cancer, overall mortality, physical disability, pain, and somatic symptoms. I then present a theoretical model explaining how R/S might influence physical health. Finally, I discuss what health professionals should do in light of these research findings and make recommendations in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold G. Koenig
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3400, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia
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Borders TF, Curran GM, Mattox R, Booth BM. Religiousness among at-risk drinkers: is it prospectively associated with the development or maintenance of an alcohol-use disorder? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2010; 71:136-42. [PMID: 20105423 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2010.71.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether particular dimensions of religiousness are prospectively associated with the development or maintenance of an alcohol-use disorder (AUD) among at-risk drinkers or persons with a history of problem drinking. METHOD A prospective cohort study was conducted among at-risk drinkers identified through a population-based telephone survey of adults residing in the southeastern United States. The cohort was stratified by baseline AUD status to determine how several dimensions of religiousness (organized religious attendance, religious self-ranking, religious influence on one's life, coping through prayer, and talking with a religious leader) were associated with the development and, separately, the maintenance or remission of an AUD over 6 months. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the odds of developing versus not developing an AUD and maintaining versus remitting from an AUD while adjusting for measures of social support and other covariates. RESULTS Among persons without an AUD at baseline, more frequent organized religious attendance, adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)) = 0.73, 95% CI [0.55, 0.96], and coping through prayer, OR(adj) = 0.63, 95% CI [0.45, 0.87], were associated with lower adjusted odds of developing an AUD. In contrast, among persons with an AUD at baseline, no dimension of religiousness was associated with the maintenance or remission of an AUD. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that religious attendance and coping through prayer may protect against the development of an AUD among at-risk drinkers. Further research is warranted to ascertain whether these or other religious activities and practices should be promoted among at-risk drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone F Borders
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot 820, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA.
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Ayers JW, Hofstetter CR, Hughes SC, Irvin VL, Sim DEK, Hovell MF. Exploring religious mechanisms for healthy alcohol use: religious messages and drinking among Korean women in California. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2010; 70:890-8. [PMID: 19895765 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2009.70.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research identifies social reinforcers within religious institutions associated with alcohol consumption among Korean women in California. METHOD Data were drawn from telephone interviews with female adults (N = 591) selected from a random sampling of persons in California with Korean surnames during 2007. Approximately 70% of attempted interviews were completed, with 92% conducted in Korean. Respondents were asked about any lifetime drinking (yes/no), drinking rate (typical number of drinks consumed on drinking days among current drinkers), and messages discouraging "excessive drinking" from religious leaders or congregants. Bivariable and multivariable regressions were used for analysis. RESULTS Approximately 70.4% of women reported any lifetime drinking, and drinkers drank a mean (SD) of 1.10 (1.22) drinks on drinking days. About 30.8% reported any exposure to religious leaders' messages discouraging excessive drinking, and 28.2% reported any exposure to similar messages from congregants. Each congregant's message was statistically significantly associated with a 5.1% lower probability (odds ratio = 0.775, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.626, 0.959) of any lifetime drinking. also, each congregant's message was associated with a 13.8% (B = -0.138; 95% CI: -0.306, 0.029) lower drinking rate, which was statistically significant after adjusting for covariates using a one-tailed test. Exposure to leaders' messages was not statistically significantly associated with any lifetime drinking or drinking rate. CONCLUSIONS Social reinforcement in the form of religious messages may be one mechanism by which religious institutions influence drinking behaviors. For Korean women, messages from congregants had a unique impact beyond the traditional religiosity indicators. These social mechanisms provide public health interventionists with religious pathways to improve drinking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Ayers
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92123-4388, USA.
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Religiosity and decreased risk of substance use disorders: is the effect mediated by social support or mental health status? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010; 45:827-36. [PMID: 19714282 PMCID: PMC2901801 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-009-0124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The negative association between religiosity (religious beliefs and church attendance) and the likelihood of substance use disorders is well established, but the mechanism(s) remain poorly understood. We investigated whether this association was mediated by social support or mental health status. METHOD We utilized cross-sectional data from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 36,370). We first used logistic regression to regress any alcohol use in the past year on sociodemographic and religiosity variables. Then, among individuals who drank in the past year, we regressed past year alcohol abuse/dependence on sociodemographic and religiosity variables. To investigate whether social support mediated the association between religiosity and alcohol use and alcohol abuse/dependence we repeated the above models, adding the social support variables. To the extent that these added predictors modified the magnitude of the effect of the religiosity variables, we interpreted social support as a possible mediator. We also formally tested for mediation using path analysis. We investigated the possible mediating role of mental health status analogously. Parallel sets of analyses were conducted for any drug use, and drug abuse/dependence among those using any drugs as the dependent variables. RESULTS The addition of social support and mental health status variables to logistic regression models had little effect on the magnitude of the religiosity coefficients in any of the models. While some of the tests of mediation were significant in the path analyses, the results were not always in the expected direction, and the magnitude of the effects was small. CONCLUSIONS The association between religiosity and decreased likelihood of a substance use disorder does not appear to be substantively mediated by either social support or mental health status.
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Staton-Tindall M, Oser CB, Duvall JL, Havens JR, Webster JM, Leukefeld C, Booth BM. Male and Female Stimulant Use Among Rural Kentuckians: The Contribution of Spirituality and Religiosity. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2008; 38:863-882. [PMID: 29104311 DOI: 10.1177/002204260803800310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes gender-specific patterns of drug use among active rural stimulant users and examines religiosity and spirituality as factors that may be related to stimulant use among males and females. The study includes a sample of 225 active rural stimulant users from Kentucky who were recruited using respondent driven sampling and completed face-to-face interviews. Findings suggest gender specific patterns among active rural stimulant users, with females reporting more amphetamine use. In addition, bivariate findings indicate that there is an inverse relationship between spirituality, religiosity, and stimulant use (specifically methamphetamine and amphetamine use), particularly for males. However, when further examining this relationship in multivariate models controlling for age and race, few significant findings were noted for spirituality and religiosity in predicting gender-specific stimulant use patterns. These findings suggest that treatment interventions that incorporate spirituality and religiosity should not only be gender specific, but should also target clients differentially. Findings on the degree of reported spirituality and religiosity also suggest that religious and/or faithbased organizations could be utilized for drug use interventions for rural stimulant users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Staton-Tindall
- Assistant professor in the University of Kentucky College of Social Work and a faculty associate of the Center on Drug and Alcohol Research
| | - Carrie B Oser
- Assistant professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Kentucky and a faculty associate of the Center on Drug and Alcohol Research
| | - Jamieson L Duvall
- Post-Doctoral Fellow in the University of Kentucky Department of Behavioral Science with an appointment in the Center on Drug and Alcohol Research
| | - Jennifer R Havens
- Assistant professor in the Department of Behavioral Science at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine with an appointment in the Center on Drug and Alcohol Research
| | - J Matthew Webster
- Assistant professor in the Department of Behavioral Science and Center on Drug and Alcohol Research at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - Carl Leukefeld
- Professor and chair of the Department of Behavioral Science and Director of the Center on Drug and Alcohol Research at the University of Kentucky
| | - Brenda M Booth
- Professor in the Division of Health Services Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
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Foster T. Dying for a drink. Global suicide prevention should focus more on alcohol use disorders. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2001; 323:817-8. [PMID: 11597950 PMCID: PMC1121371 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7317.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hays JC, Meador KG, Branch PS, George LK. The Spiritual History Scale in four dimensions (SHS-4): validity and reliability. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2001; 41:239-49. [PMID: 11327490 DOI: 10.1093/geront/41.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to develop a valid, reliable measure of lifetime religious and spiritual experience and to assess its value in explaining late-life health. Procedures included semi-structured interviews with Duke Aging Center volunteers (n = 30), followed by structured interviews of a stratified, random sample of subjects (n = 157) from the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly at Duke University. Principal components analysis suggested four factors with favorable psychometrics. Health-impaired subjects reported a history of seeking/receiving divine aid (God Helped). At every level of impairment, Lifetime Religious Social Support and current religious attendance were positively correlated. Regardless of current attendance, subjects who reported higher Lifetime Religious Social Support received more instrumental social support. Healthy behaviors were associated with both God Helped and Lifetime Religious Social Support. Cost of Religiousness predicted depressive symptoms and impaired social support. Family History of Religiousness was unrelated to late-life health. Evaluation of the Spiritual History Scale in Four Dimensions (SHS-4) across geographical settings, cultural subgroups, age cohorts, and clinical samples is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hays
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Nursing, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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