Malondialdehyde as an indicator of oxidative stress during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Disturbed hemodynamics and oxidative stress interaction in endothelial dysfunction and AAA progression: Focus on Nrf2 pathway

Hemodynamic shear stress is one of the major factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), through its modulatory effect on the endothelial cell's redox homeostasis and mechanosensitive gene expression. Among important mechanisms, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress activation, and the subsequent endothelial dysfunction are attributed to disturbed blood flow and low shear stress in the vascular curvature and bifurcations which are considered atheroprone regions and aneurysm occurrence spots. Many pathways were shown to be involved in AAA progression. Of particular interest from recent findings is, the (Nrf2)/Keap-1 pathway, where Nrf2 is a transcription factor that has antioxidant properties and is strongly associated with several CVDs, yet, the exact mechanism by which Nrf2 alleviates CVDs still to be elucidated. Nrf2 expression is closely affected by shear stress and was shown to participate in AAA. In the current review paper, we discussed the link between disturbed hemodynamics and its effect on Nrf2 as a mechanosensitive gene and its role in the development of endothelial dysfunction which is linked to the progression of AAA.

Thrombosis in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Background

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a relatively common vascular pathology of the elderly with high morbidity potential. Irreversible degeneration of the aortic wall leads to lethal rupture if left untreated. Nearly all AAAs contain intraluminal thrombus (ILT) to a varying degree, yet the mechanisms explaining how thrombosis is disturbed in AAA are relatively unknown. This review examined the thrombotic complications associated with AAA, the impact of thrombosis on AAA surgical outcomes and AAA pathogenesis, and the use of antithrombotic therapy in the management of this disease.

Methods

A literature search of the PubMed database was conducted using relevant keywords related to thrombosis and AAAs.

Results

Thrombotic complications are relatively infrequent in AAA yet carry significant morbidity risks. The ILT can impact endovascular aneurysm repair by limiting anatomic suitability and influence the risk of endoleaks. Many of the pathologic mechanisms involved in AAA development, including hemodynamics, inflammation, oxidative stress, and aortic wall remodeling, contain pathways that interact with thrombosis. Conversely, the ILT can also be a source of biochemical stress and exacerbate these aneurysmal processes. In animal AAA models, antithrombotic therapies have shown favorable results in preventing and stabilizing AAA. Antiplatelet agents may be beneficial for reducing risks of major adverse cardiovascular events in AAA patients; however, neither antiplatelet nor anticoagulation is currently used solely for the management of AAA.

Conclusions

Thrombosis and ILT may have detrimental effects on AAA growth, rupture risk, and patient outcomes, yet there is limited understanding of the pathologic thrombotic mechanisms in aneurysmal disease at the molecular level. Preventing ILT using platelet and coagulation inhibitors may be a reasonable theoretical target for aneurysm progression and stability; however, the practical benefits of current antithrombotic therapies in AAA are unclear. Further research is needed to demonstrate the extent to which thrombosis impacts AAA pathogenesis and to develop novel pharmacologic strategies for the medical management of this disease.

Influence of nocturnal hypoxemia on follow-up course after type B acute aortic syndrome

Introduction

Association between sleep nocturnal breathing disorders and acute aortic syndrome (AAS) has been described but mid-term data are scarce.

Objectives

We assessed the prognostic value of sleep apnea parameters and their relationship with aortic morphology after the onset of a type B AAS.

Methods

Between January 2010 and January 2018, sleep apnea screening in post type B AAS was prospectively performed. The association of sleep apnea parameters with aortic morphology and aortic expansion during follow-up was studied.

Results

Over the 8-year-study period, 103 patients were included, with a mean age of 57.8 ± 12.1 years old. Median follow-up was 25.0 months (11.0–51.0). Thirty-two patients (31%) required aortic stenting during the acute phase. In patients treated by aortic stenting, the descending thoracic aortic diameter was positively associated with a higher percentage of nocturnal time of saturation ≤ 90% after adjustment (p = 0.016). During follow-up, the nocturnal time of saturation ≤ 90% in patients treated by medical therapy was the only parameter associated with significant aortic expansion rate (r = 0.26, p = 0.04). Thirty-eight patients started and sustained nocturnal ventilation during follow-up. The association between aortic expansion rate and nocturnal time of saturation ≤ 90% did not persist during follow-up after adjustment on nocturnal ventilation initiation (r = 0.25, p = 0.056).

Conclusions

Nocturnal hypoxemia parameters are positively associated with the max onset aortic diameter and significant aortic growth after type B AAS. Nocturnal ventilation seems to mitigate aortic expansion during follow-up.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01778-y.

Malondialdehyde-modified HDL particles elicit a specific IgG response in abdominal aortic aneurysm

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) plays a protective role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA); however, recent findings suggest that oxidative modifications could lead to dysfunctional HDL in AAA. This study aimed at testing the effect of oxidized HDL on aortic lesions and humoral immune responses in a mouse model of AAA induced by elastase, and evaluating whether antibodies against modified HDL can be found in AAA patients. HDL particles were oxidized with malondialdehyde (HDL-MDA) and the changes were studied by biochemical and proteomics approaches. Experimental AAA was induced in mice by elastase perfusion and then mice were treated with HDL-MDA, HDL or vehicle for 14 days. Aortic lesions were studied by histomorphometric analysis. Levels of anti-HDL-MDA IgG antibodies were measured by an in-house immunoassay in the mouse model, in human tissue-supernatants and in plasma samples from the VIVA cohort. HDL oxidation with MDA was confirmed by enhanced susceptibility to diene formation. Proteomics demonstrated the presence of MDA adducts on Lysine residues of HDL proteins, mainly ApoA-I. MDA-modification of HDL abrogated the protective effect of HDL on cultured endothelial cells as well as on AAA dilation in mice. Exposure to HDL-MDA elicited an anti-HDL-MDA IgG response in mice. Anti-HDL-MDA were also detected in tissue-conditioned media from AAA patients, mainly in intraluminal thrombus. Higher plasma levels of anti-HDL-MDA IgG antibodies were found in AAA patients compared to controls. Anti-HDL-MDA levels were associated with smoking and were independent predictors of overall mortality in AAA patients. Overall, MDA-oxidized HDL trigger a specific humoral immune response in mice. Besides, antibodies against HDL-MDA can be detected in tissue and plasma of AAA patients, suggesting its potential use as surrogate stable biomarkers of oxidative stress in AAA.

Edaravone attenuates sustained pial arteriolar vasoconstriction independently of the endothelial function after unclamping of an abdominal aorta in rabbits

Background

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) has direct impacts on the neuronal function and neurocognitive disorder. Oxidative stress from abdominal aortic surgery is important in the pathophysiology of CBF impairment. We investigated whether oxidative damage from abdominal aortic surgery is associated with reduced CBF and whether vascular endothelial dysfunction modifies these associations.

Methods

Rabbit closed cranial window preparation was used to measure changes in the pial arteriolar diameter after unclamping following abdominal aortic cross-clamping with an intravenous free radical scavenger, edaravone (control group, n=6; edaravone 10 μg/kg/min, n=6; 100 μg/kg/min, n=6). The pial vasodilatory responses to the topical application of acetylcholine (ACh) into the cranial window were investigated before abdominal aortic cross-clamping and after unclamping with the intravenous administration of edaravone (control group, n=6; edaravone 100 μg/kg/min, n=6).

Results

The aortic unclamping-induced vasoconstriction was significantly attenuated under the continuous infusion of edaravone at 100 μg/kg/min. The topical application of ACh after unclamping did not produce any changes in pial arteriolar responses in comparison to before aortic cross-clamping in the control or edaravone groups. The changes in the response to topical ACh after unclamping in the saline and edaravone groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent.

Conclusions

Free radicals during abdominal aortic surgery might have contracted cerebral blood vessels independently of the endothelial function in rabbits. The suppression of free radicals attenuated sustained pial arteriolar vasoconstriction after aortic unclamping. Thus, the free radical scavenger might have some brain protective effect that maintains the CBF independently of the endothelial function.

Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is increasing due to aging of the population and is a major cause of death among the elderly. Ultrasound screening programs are useful in early diagnosis, but aneurysm size is not always a good predictor of rupture. Our aim was to analyze the value of circulating molecules related to oxidative stress and inflammation as new biomarkers to assist the management of AAA. The markers were quantified by ELISA, and their expression in the aneurysmal wall was studied by real-time PCR and by immunostaining. Correlation analysis of the studied markers with aneurysm diameter and peak wall stress (PWS), obtained by finite element analysis, and multivariate regression analysis to assess potential confounding factors were performed. Our study shows an extensive inflammatory infiltration in the aneurysmal wall, mainly composed by T-cells, macrophages and B-cells and altered levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), IgM, IgG, CD38, GDF15, S100A4 and CD36 in plasma and in the aneurysmal tissue of AAA patients compared with controls. Circulating levels of IgG, CD38 and GDF15 positively correlated with abdominal aortic diameter, and CD38 was correlated with PWS. Our data show that altered levels of IgG, CD38 and GDF15 have potential diagnostic value in the assessment of AAA.

Resveratrol prevents acute renal injury in a model of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

OBJECTIVE

To examine the biochemical and histopathological effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) model in rats, and to investigate the potential protective role of resveratrol.

METHODS

Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups-control, I/R, sham (I/R + solvent/dimethyl sulfoxide), and I/R + resveratrol. The control group underwent midline laparotomy only. In the other groups, infrarenal vascular clamps were attached following 60-min shock to the abdominal aorta. Ischemia was applied for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min. In the I/R + resveratrol group, intraperitoneal 10 mg/kg resveratrol was administered 15 min prior to ischemia and immediately before reperfusion. The I/R + dimethyl sulfoxide group received dimethyl sulfoxide, and the I/R group was given saline solution. All animals were sacrificed by exsanguination from the carotid artery at the end of the experiment. In addition to histopathological examination of the rat kidney tissues, malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, and nitric oxide levels were also investigated.

RESULTS

A decrease in glutathione, catalase and nitric oxide levels, together with increases in malondialdehyde levels, numbers of apoptotic renal tubular cells, caspase-3 levels, and tubular necrosis scores, were observed in the IR and I/R + dimethyl sulfoxide groups. In contrast, resveratrol increased glutathione, catalase and nitric oxide levels in renal tissues exposed to I/R, while reducing malondialdehyde levels, apoptotic renal tubular cell numbers, caspase-3 levels, and tubular necrosis scores.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that resveratrol can be effective against I/R-related acute kidney damage developing during RAAA surgery by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Serum Lipid Oxidative Stress Products as Risk Factors Are the Candidate Predictive Biomarkers for Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

This research was designed to determine the association of serum lipid peroxidation products with disease severity in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). In total, 76 pairs of AAA cases as well as matched controls were enrolled in our research using propensity score matching (PSM). And their malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were also detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, the relative clinical data of enrolled participants were extracted. The serum biomarker concentrations were measured in 76 patients with AAAs (diameter between 30 and 54 mm, n = 54; diameter ≥55 mm, n = 22) and 76 control patients from observational cohort study. After PSM adjustment for clinical variables, including age, gender, heart ratio, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke, the serum MDA and LPO among AAA cases were remarkably increased compared with those from the normal patients. Inversely, serum GSH-Px was significantly decreased in patients with AAA compared to the control group. Besides, the serum levels of MDA and LPO were independently associated with AAA risk. Typically, there was significantly positive correlation between MDA level and LPO level (R = 0.358) but negative correlation of MDA level with GSH-Px (R = -0.203) level in patients with AAA. Meanwhile, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.965 when MDA was used to diagnose AAA, and the optimal threshold value was 0.242 nmol/mL. Moreover, serum MDA level was significantly increased in cases with rupture AAA compared to those in selective AAA cases. Logistic regression analysis suggested that a higher serum MDA level indicated an elevated risk of AAA rupture (odds ratio = 2.536; 95% CI: 1.037-6.203; P =0.041). Our present findings suggest that serum peroxidation contents were evidently changed among AAA cases. Serum MDA and LPO concentrations could be used to predict disease severity in patients with AAA. Moreover, serum MDA may serve as the candidate biomarker for diagnosis of AAA and accurate identification of increased risks of AAA rupture.

Advanced Oxidation Protein Products and Carbonylated Proteins Levels in Endovascular and Open Repair of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: The Effect of Pre-, Intra-, and Postoperative Treatment

Background

In recent years, a rapid increase in studies focusing on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has been observed. Oxidative modifications of proteins are infrequently evaluated in reference to AAA.

Objectives

The intensity of oxidative protein modifications, presented as advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and carbonylated proteins (C=O), in AAA patients qualified for surgery was estimated. The effect of surgical techniques and intraoperative and postoperative treatment on AOPP and C=O levels was evaluated.

Patients

The EVAR group, consisting of 30 patients, was classified for endovascular aneurysm repair, whereas 28 patients were classified for conventional open repair (OR).

Methods

AOPP and C=O were measured using a colorimetric assay kit.

Results

A significantly lower AOPP level obtained 2-4 days after EVAR surgery in comparison with the value found before surgery was noted. In the case of OR postoperative treatment, a tendency of AOPP level to increase was observed. The tendency of C=O to decrease after surgery in the EVAR group was indicated. However, the C=O level tended to increase after OR surgery and reached a significantly higher value 5-7 days after surgery compared with the value obtained before surgery.

Conclusions

Based on our results, it may be concluded that AAA as well as surgical technique contribute to the formation of AOPP and C=O. The analysis of changes in AOPP and C=O values obtained after surgery revealed a significant effect of a patient's condition before surgery as well as the choice of surgery technique on the values of the studied parameters revealed during postoperative treatment.

Redox stress in Marfan syndrome: Dissecting the role of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 in aortic aneurysm

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is characterized by the formation of ascending aortic aneurysms resulting from altered assembly of extracellular matrix fibrillin-containing microfibrils and dysfunction of TGF-β signaling. Here we identify the molecular targets of redox stress in aortic aneurysms from MFS patients, and investigate the role of NOX4, whose expression is strongly induced by TGF-β, in aneurysm formation and progression in a murine model of MFS. Working models included aortae and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from MFS patients, and a NOX4-deficient Marfan mouse model (Fbn1^C1039G/+-Nox4^-/-). Increased tyrosine nitration and reactive oxygen species levels were found in the tunica media of human aortic aneurysms and in cultured VSMC. Proteomic analysis identified nitrated and carbonylated proteins, which included smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA) and annexin A2. NOX4 immunostaining increased in the tunica media of human Marfan aorta and was transcriptionally overexpressed in VSMC. Fbn1^C1039G/+-Nox4^-/- mice aortas showed a reduction of fragmented elastic fibers, which was accompanied by an amelioration in the Marfan-associated enlargement of the aortic root. Increase in the contractile phenotype marker calponin in the tunica media of MFS mice aortas was abrogated in Fbn1^C1039G/+-Nox4^-/- mice. Endothelial dysfunction evaluated by myography in the Marfan ascending aorta was prevented by the absence of Nox4 or catalase-induced H₂O₂ decomposition. We conclude that redox stress occurs in MFS, whose targets are actin-based cytoskeleton members and regulators of extracellular matrix homeostasis. Likewise, NOX4 have an impact in the progression of the aortic dilation in MFS and in the structural organization of the aortic tunica media, the VSMC phenotypic modulation, and endothelial function.

Paraoxonase-1 overexpression prevents experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm progression

Decreased paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity is associated with human and experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Overexpression of PON1 protected mice from AAA development induced by elastase, decreasing oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. PON1 may provide a novel therapeutic target for AAA prevention.

Systemic oxidant/antioxidant balance in human abdominal aortic aneurysm

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Forty-two consecutive patients with AAA and 46 control subjects were included. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were measured and the oxidative stress index (OSI) value determined. Serum TOS and OSI values in patients with AAA were higher than those in the controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). There was a positive correlation between abdominal aortic diameters, serum TOS levels (r=0.592, p<0.001) and OSI values (r=0.598, p<0.001). A cut-off value of 17.68 µmol H2O2 equivalent/L for TOS was associated with 86% sensitivity and 83% specificity and a cut-off value of 1.77 for OSI was associated with 86% sensitivity and 81% specificity for predicting AAA. Systemic oxidative imbalance develops in patients with AAA, particularly as a result of an increase in TOS.

A randomized clinical trial of ascorbic acid in open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Background

Open AAA repair is associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury where systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction can lead to multiple organ injury including acute lung injury. Oxidative stress plays a role that may be inhibited by ascorbic acid.

Methods

A double blind, allocation concealed, randomized placebo-controlled trial was performed to test the hypothesis that a single bolus dose (2g) of intra-operative parenteral ascorbic acid would attenuate biomarkers of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients undergoing elective open AAA repair.

Results

Thirty one patients completed the study; 18 received placebo and 13 ascorbic acid. Groups were comparable demographically. Open AAA repair caused an increase in urinary Albumin:Creatinine Ratio (ACR) as well as plasma IL-6 and IL-8. There was a decrease in exhaled breath pH and oxygenation. Lipid hydroperoxides were significantly higher in the ascorbic acid group following open AAA repair. There were no other differences between the ascorbic acid or placebo groups up to 4 hours after removal of the aortic clamping.

Conclusions

Open AAA repair caused an increase in markers of systemic endothelial damage and systemic inflammation. Administration of 2g parenteral ascorbic acid did not attenuate this response and with higher levels of lipid hydroperoxides post-operatively a pro-oxidant effect could not be excluded.

Trial registration

ISRCTN27369400

Measurement of free radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy during open aorto-iliac arterial reconstruction

BACKGROUND

Aortic cross-clamping during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) open repair leads to development of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) spin-trapping is a valuable method of direct measurement of free radicals. The objective of the study was to evaluate the results of EPR as a direct method of free radical measurement and degree of inflammatory response in open operative treatment of patients with AAA and aorto-iliac occlusive disease (AIOD).

MATERIAL/METHODS

The study was performed on a group of 32 patients with AAA and 25 patients with AIOD scheduled for open repair. Peripheral venous blood for EPR spectroscopy and for SOD, GPx, ox-LDL, Il-6, TNF-alfa, CRP, and HO-1 were harvested. Selected parameters were established accordingly to specified EPR and immunohistochemical methods and analyzed between groups by Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test with Bonferroni correction.

RESULTS

Free radicals level was correlated with the time of the aortic cross-clamping after the reperfusion of he first and second leg in AAA (r=0.7; r=0.47). ox-LDL in AAA decreased 5 min after reperfusion of the first leg (32.99 U/L, range: 14.09-77.12) and 5 min after reperfusion of the second leg (26.75 U/L, range: 11.56-82.12) and 24 h after the operation (25.85 U/L, range: 14.29-49.70). HO-1 concentration increased to above the level before intervention 24 h after surgery. The activities of GPx and SOD decreased 5 min after the first-leg reperfusion in AAA. Twenty-four hours after surgery, inflammatory markers increased in AAA to CRP was 14.76 ml/l (0.23-38.55), IL-6 was 141.22 pg/ml (84.3-591.03), TNF-alfa was 6.82 pg/ml (1.76-80.01) and AIOD: CRP was 18.44 mg/l (2.56-33.14), IL-6: 184.1 pg/ml (128.46-448.03), TNF-alfa was 7.74 pg/ml (1.74-74.74).

CONCLUSIONS

EPR spin-trapping demonstrates temporarily elevated level of free radicals in early phase of reperfusion, leading to decrease antioxidants in AAA. Elevated free radical levels decreased 24 h after surgery due to various endogenous antioxidants and therapies.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition reverses pulmonary arterial dysfunction in lung transplantation

BACKGROUND

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after lung transplantation remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Lung IRI induces nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS) and reactive nitrogen species, decreasing nitric oxide bioavailability. We hypothesized that ischemia-induced iNOS intensifies with reperfusion and contributes to IRI-induced pulmonary arterial regulatory dysfunction, which may lead to early graft failure and cause pulmonary edema. The aim of this study was to determine whether ischemia-reperfusion alters inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, potentially affecting pulmonary perfusion. We further evaluated the role of iNOS in post-transplantation pulmonary arterial disorder.

METHODS

We randomized 32 Sprague-Dawley rats into two groups. The control group was given a sham operation whilst the experimental group received orthotropic lung transplants with a modified three-cuff technique. Changes in lung iNOS, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression were measured after lung transplantation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Vasoconstriction in response to exogenous phenylephrine and vasodilation in response to exogenous acetylcholine of pulmonary arterial rings were measured in vitro as a measure of vascular dysfunction. To elucidate the roles of iNOS in regulating vascular function, an iNOS activity inhibitor (N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine, L-NIL) was used to treat isolated arterial rings. In order to test whether iNOS inhibition has a therapeutic effect, we further used L-NIL to pre-treat transplanted lungs and then measured post-transplantation arterial responses.

RESULTS

Lung transplantation caused upregulation of iNOS expression. This was also accompanied by suppression of both vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterial rings from transplanted lungs. Removal of endothelium did not interfere with the contraction of pulmonary arterial rings from transplanted lungs. In contrast, iNOS inhibition rescued the vasoconstriction response to exogenous phenylephrine of pulmonary arterial rings from transplanted lungs. In addition, lung transplantation led to suppression of PaO2/FiO2 ratio, increased intrapulmonary shunt (Q s/Q t), and increase of lung wet to dry ratio (W/D), malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels, all of which were reversed upon iNOS inhibition. Furthermore, inhibition of iNOS significantly rescued vascular function and alleviated edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in the transplanted lung.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that lung transplantation causes upregulation of iNOS expression, and pulmonary vascular dysfunction. iNOS inhibition reverses the post-transplantational pulmonary vascular dysfunction.

Mechanisms of oxidative stress in human aortic aneurysms--association with clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis and disease severity

Aortic abdominal aneurysms (AAA) are important causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress may link multiple mechanisms of AAA including vascular inflammation and increased metalloproteinase activity. However, the mechanisms of vascular free radical production remain unknown. Accordingly, we aimed to determine sources and molecular regulation of vascular superoxide (O2(-)) production in human AAA.

METHODS AND RESULTS

AAA segments and matched non-dilated aortic samples were obtained from 40 subjects undergoing AAA repair. MDA levels (determined by HPLC/MS) were greater in plasma of AAA subjects (n=16) than in risk factor matched controls (n=16). Similarly, superoxide production, measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence and dihydroethidium fluorescence, was increased in aneurysmatic segments compared to non-dilated aortic specimens. NADPH oxidases and iNOS are the primary sources of O2(-) in AAA. Xanthine oxidase, mitochondrial oxidases and cyclooxygenase inhibition had minor or no effect. Protein kinase C inhibition had no effect on superoxide production in AAA. NADPH oxidase subunit mRNA levels for p22phox, nox2 and nox5 were significantly increased in AAAs while nox4 mRNA expression was lower. Superoxide production was higher in subjects with increased AAA repair risk Vanzetto score and was significantly associated with smoking, hypercholesterolemia and presence of CAD in AAA cohort. Basal superoxide production and NADPH oxidase activity were correlated to aneurysm size.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased expression and activity of NADPH oxidases are important mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in human aortic abdominal aneurysm. Uncoupled iNOS may link oxidative stress to inflammation in AAA. Oxidative stress is related to aneurysm size and major clinical risk factors in AAA patients.

On the potential increase of the oxidative stress status in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

BACKGROUND

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a major cause of preventable deaths in older patients. Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of AAA. However, only few studies have been conducted to evaluate the blood oxidative stress status of AAA patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Twenty seven AAA patients (mean age of 70 years) divided into two groups according to AAA size (≤ 50 or > 50 mm) were compared with an age-matched group of 18 healthy subjects. Antioxidants (vitamins C and E, β-carotene, glutathione, thiols, and ubiquinone), trace elements (selenium, copper, zinc, and copper/zinc ratio) and markers of oxidative damage to lipids (lipid peroxides, antibodies against oxidized patients, and isoprostanes) were measured in each subject. The comparison of the three groups by ordinal logistic regression showed a significant decrease of the plasma levels of vitamin C (P = 0.011), α-tocopherol (P = 0.016) but not when corrected for cholesterol values, β-carotene (P = 0.0096), ubiquinone (P = 0.014), zinc (P = 0.0035), and of selenium (P = 0.0038), as AAA size increased. By contrast, specific markers of lipid peroxidation such as the Cu/Zn ratio (P = 0.046) and to a lesser extent isoprostanes (P = 0.052) increased.

CONCLUSION

The present study emphasizes the potential role of the oxidative stress in AAA disease and suggests that an antioxidant therapy could be of interest to delay AAA progression.

Proteomic Analysis of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Identifies Catalase as a Novel Biomarker of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Potential Implication of Oxidative Stress in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression

Objective—

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a main role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. We have analyzed circulating PMNs isolated from AAA patients and controls by a proteomic approach to identify proteins potentially involved in AAA pathogenesis.

Methods and Results—

PMNs from 8 AAA patients (4 large AAA >5 cm and 4 small AAA 3–5 cm) and 4 controls were analyzed by 2D differential in-gel electrophoresis. Among differentially expressed spots, several proteins involved in redox balance were identified by mass spectrometry (eg, cyclophilin, thioredoxin reductase, catalase). Diminished catalase expression and activity were observed in PMNs from AAA patients compared with controls. In contrast, PMNs from AAA patients displayed higher H 2 O 2 and myeloperoxidase levels than PMNs from controls. Moreover, a significant decrease in catalase mRNA levels was observed in PMNs after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate incubation. Catalase plasma levels were also decreased in large (n=47) and small (n=56) AAA patients compared with controls (n=34). We observed catalase expression in AAA thrombus and thrombus-conditioned medium, associated with PMN infiltration. Furthermore, increased H 2 O 2 levels were observed in AAA thrombus-conditioned medium compared with the media layer.

Conclusion—

Diminished catalase levels in circulating PMNs and plasma are observed in AAA patients, supporting an important role of oxidative stress in AAA evolution.

SOD1 overexpression in vivo blocks hyperglycemia-induced specific PKC isoforms: substrate activation and consequent lipid peroxidation in diabetic embryopathy

OBJECTIVE

Oxidative stress plays a causative role in diabetic embryopathy. We tested whether mitigating oxidative stress, using superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transgenic (Tg) mice, would block hyperglycemia-induced specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoform activation and its downstream cascade.

STUDY DESIGN

Day 8.5 embryos from nondiabetic wild-type control (NC), diabetic mellitus wild-type (DM), and diabetic SOD1-Tg mice (DM-SOD1-Tg) were used for detection of phosphorylated (p-) PKCα/βII and p-PKCδ, and levels of 2 prominent PKC substrates, phosphorylated myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) and receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), and lipid peroxidation markers, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA).

RESULTS

Levels of p-PKCα/βII, p-PKCδ, p-MARCKS, 4-HNE, and MDA were significantly elevated in the DM group compared with those in the NC group and the DM-SOD1-Tg group. The NC and DM-SOD1-Tg groups had comparable levels of these protein and lipid peroxidation markers. RACK1 levels did not differ among the 3 groups.

CONCLUSION

Mitigating oxidative stress by SOD1 overexpression blocks maternal hyperglycemia-induced activation of specific PKC isoforms and downstream cascades.

Increased levels of thioredoxin in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). A potential link of oxidative stress with AAA evolution

OBJECTIVE

Oxidative stress is a main mechanism involved in vascular pathologies. Increased thioredoxin (TRX) levels have been observed in several oxidative stress-associated cardiovascular diseases. We aim to test the potential role of TRX as a biomarker of oxidative stress in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).

METHODS

TRX levels were analysed in both AAA intraluminal thrombus (ILT) tissue and in tissue-conditioned media by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and ELISA. Moreover, serum TRX levels were assessed in AAA Caucasian patients by ELISA.

RESULTS

TRX was mainly localized in the luminal part of ILT in AAA. Compared with the abluminal layer, TRX release was increased in the luminal layer of the ILT of AAA (31+/-9 ng/ml vs. 9+/-3 ng/ml, p<0.05). The interest of this approach is that we can identify proteins potentially released into the blood compartment, which could serve as biomarkers of the pathology. In a training population, serum TRX levels were significantly increased in patients with AAA relative to healthy subjects (50+/-6 ng/ml vs. 26+/-3 ng/ml, p<0.05). These results were validated in a second independent group of patients. Moreover, a positive correlation between TRX and AAA size (rho=0.5, p<0.001) was observed. Finally, in AAA samples with follow-up, TRX was positively associated to aneurismal growth rate (rho=0.25, p=0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

TRX release is increased in the luminal part of AAA and TRX serum levels are increased in AAA patients compared with healthy subjects. TRX levels correlates with AAA size and expansion, suggesting its potential role as a biomarker of AAA evolution.

Reactive oxygen species promote angiogenesis in the infarcted rat heart

The purpose of this study was to determine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote cardiac angiogenesis following myocardial infarction (MI) and contribute to cardiac repair. Rats with MI were treated with or without antioxidants, tempol and apocynin. Hearts of these rats were collected at days 2, 4, 7 and 14 post-MI. We examined the spatial and temporal relationship between oxidative stress and angiogenesis as well as the potential regulation of ROS in cardiac angiogenesis. We found: (i) following MI, gp91(phox), a subunit of NADPH oxidase, a key enzyme for ROS production, was significantly increased in the border zone at day 2, followed by the infarcted myocardium at day 4, peaked at day 7 and declined at day 14, while superoxide dismutase was significantly reduced; (ii) malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly increased in the infarcted myocardium at day 7; (iii) pre-existing blood vessels in the infarcted myocardium underwent necrosis post-MI, whereas newly formed vessels appeared at the border zone at day 4, and then extended into the infarcted myocardium, where microvascular density peaked at day 7 and (iv) antioxidant treatment significantly reduced microvascular density in the infarcted myocardium at day 7. These observations suggest that following MI, angiogenesis is mostly active in the infarcted myocardium in the first week, which is temporally and spatially coincident with enhanced ROS. Suppression of angiogenesis by antioxidants indicates that ROS promote angiogenesis in the infarcted myocardium and contribute to cardiac repair. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms responsible for ROS-mediated cardiac angiogenesis.

The Impact of Valvular Oxidative Stress on the Development of Venous Stasis Ulcer Valvular Oxidative Stress and Venous Ulcers

Background: It is widely believed that venous ulcers result from venous insufficiency related to venous valve damages. To further investigate the pathogenesis of venous ulcers, we compared the influence of oxidative stress in venous valvular tissue on stasis ulcer formation in patients with venous ulcers secondary to superficial venous reflux disease. Methods: Thirty-nine consecutive patients with superficial venous reflux who underwent saphenectomy were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups: with healed venous ulcers (group 1, n = 15) and without ulcers (group 2, n = 24). All patients were preoperatively evaluated with duplex ultrasound scanning and their blood samples were obtained to examine leukocyte count, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. All patients underwent standard above-knee saphenectomy. Extracted saphenous vein segments were from the saphenofemoral junction, the first valve along. The biochemical analysis of the valve tissues included matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-2, IL-6, TNF-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) studies. Results: There was no significant difference between patients in terms of age, gender, hospital stay, and preoperative blood levels of leukocyte, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP (P > .05). Biochemical examination of valve tissue showed that the levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, IL-6, TNF-α, SOD, MDA, and NO in patients with healing venous ulcer were higher than those of the second group. Conclusion: A higher oxidative stress in the valvular tissue may contribute to venous stasis ulcer formation.

Open abdominal surgery increases intraoperative oxidative stress: can it be prevented?

BACKGROUND

The involvement of reactive oxygen species early in the development of surgical stress and injury is highly suspected but has not been confirmed. Medical approaches to manage this type of oxidative stress are unknown.

METHODS

We measured levels of blood hydroperoxides as an index of oxidative injury of cellular components, as well as plasma ferric-reducing ability as an index of total antioxidant potential, during sigmoidectomy under four conditions: open sigmoidectomy with sevoflurane anesthesia, laparoscopic sigmoidectomy with sevoflurane anesthesia, open sigmoidectomy with propofol anesthesia, and laparoscopic sigmoidectomy with propofol anesthesia.

RESULTS

Ferric-reducing ability decreased significantly during surgery for the open sigmoidectomy with sevoflurane anesthesia, by 387 +/- 153 mmol/L, though the hydroperoxides level did not change, showing that oxidative stress increases in surgical patients. However, its toxicity may not be high enough to injure cellular components, since hydroperoxides, which are typical oxidized products of cellular components, did not increase. There were no changes in the hydroperoxides level or the ferric-reducing ability for the laparoscopic sigmoidectomy with sevoflurane anesthesia, indicating that this procedure does not increase surgical oxidative stress. Only hydroperoxides decreased significantly at the end of surgery for the open sigmoidectomy with propofol anesthesia and laparoscopic sigmoidectomy with propofol anesthesia, by 120 +/- 73 and 144 +/- 107 UCarr (1 UCarr corresponds to 0.8 mg/L H(2)O(2)), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

It seems certain that open abdominal surgery of the intestinal tract increases intraoperative oxidative stress. A laparoscopic procedure was not associated with oxidative stress, and propofol anesthesia reduced it by apparently functioning as an antioxidant.

Association between abnormal uterine artery Doppler flow velocimetry, risk of preeclampsia, and indices of arterial structure and function: a pilot study

Preeclampsia increases the risk of future cardiovascular disease. The association between abnormal uterine artery Doppler flow velocimetry, risk of preeclampsia, and indices of arterial structure and function is investigated in this study. The carotid intima-media thickness of 34 pregnant women with normal uteroplacental flow was compared with 30 women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler analysis during the transvaginal assessment of the uterine arteries at the routine anomaly scan (20-23 weeks of gestation). Women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler results had a greater mean internal (but not common) carotid intima-media thickness (0.58 +/- 0.06 vs 0.53 +/- 0.08, respectively, P = .005) and risk of developing preeclampsia (6 of 30 vs 0 of 34 or 20% vs 0%, respectively, P = .0079) compared with those with normal uteroplacental flow. Women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler results may be at increased risk not only for developing subsequent preeclampsia but also for future cardiovascular disease.