1
|
Blijleven EE, Fuchten D, Dullaart MJ, Stokroos RJ, Thomeer HGXM, Wegner I. Systematic review: Validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy of the electrogustometer. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:1068-1079. [PMID: 37621297 PMCID: PMC10446320 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective What are the electrogustometer's (EGM) validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy in assessing taste sensation in adults compared to other taste tests? Data Sources PubMed Medline, Elseviers's Embase, and the six databases of Cochrane Library. Methods We conducted a systematic search on December 20, 2022, consisting of synonyms for EGM. We considered randomized controlled trials and observational studies with original data for inclusion if they included adults who underwent electrogustometry. Articles were excluded if no analysis regarding validity, reliability, or diagnostic accuracy had been performed or if these analyses could not be performed with the published data. Results Nineteen articles discussing 18 studies were included for data extraction. The included studies carry a high risk of bias. Overall, the association between a variety of reference taste tests and EGM was moderate or weak with correlation coefficients ranging from -0.51 to 0.40 with one outlier of -0.74 found in one study correlating EGM and taste solutions. Test-retest reliability was good with reported correlation coefficients between 0.78 and 1.0. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of EGM in identifying abnormal taste function varied widely between the four studies on diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion The included studies in this review lack the required standards regarding study design to draw firm conclusions about the validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy of the EGM. Future research is needed to assess these measurement properties. Based on the reported results, we would not recommend using the EGM as a screening test for taste disturbance in clinical practice. Level of Evidence NA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther E. Blijleven
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Denise Fuchten
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Max J. Dullaart
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Stokroos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Henricus G. X. M. Thomeer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Inge Wegner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ha P, Liu TP, Li C, Zheng Z. Novel Strategies for Orofacial Soft Tissue Regeneration. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:339-360. [PMID: 35651274 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Orofacial structures are indispensable for speech and eating, and impairment disrupts whole-body health through malnutrition and poor quality of life. However, due to the unique and highly specialized cell populations, tissue architecture, and healing microenvironments, regeneration in this region is challenging and inadequately addressed to date. Recent Advances: With increasing understanding of the nuanced physiology and cellular responses of orofacial soft tissue, novel scaffolds, seeded cells, and bioactive molecules were developed in the past 5 years to specifically target orofacial soft tissue regeneration, particularly for tissues primarily found within the orofacial region such as oral mucosa, taste buds, salivary glands, and masseter muscles. Critical Issues: Due to the tightly packed and complex anatomy, orofacial soft tissue injury commonly implicates multiple tissue types, and thus functional unit reconstruction in the orofacial region is more important than single tissue regeneration. Future Directions: This article reviews the up-to-date knowledge in this highly translational topic, which provides insights into novel biologically inspired and engineered strategies for regenerating orofacial component tissues and functional units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Ha
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy P Liu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lakshmanan HG, Miller E, White-Canale A, McCluskey LP. Immune responses in the injured olfactory and gustatory systems: a role in olfactory receptor neuron and taste bud regeneration? Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac024. [PMID: 36152297 PMCID: PMC9508897 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cells that specialize in transducing olfactory and gustatory stimuli are renewed throughout life and can regenerate after injury unlike their counterparts in the mammalian retina and auditory epithelium. This uncommon capacity for regeneration offers an opportunity to understand mechanisms that promote the recovery of sensory function after taste and smell loss. Immune responses appear to influence degeneration and later regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and taste receptor cells. Here we review surgical, chemical, and inflammatory injury models and evidence that immune responses promote or deter chemosensory cell regeneration. Macrophage and neutrophil responses to chemosensory receptor injury have been the most widely studied without consensus on their net effects on regeneration. We discuss possible technical and biological reasons for the discrepancy, such as the difference between peripheral and central structures, and suggest directions for progress in understanding immune regulation of chemosensory regeneration. Our mechanistic understanding of immune-chemosensory cell interactions must be expanded before therapies can be developed for recovering the sensation of taste and smell after head injury from traumatic nerve damage and infection. Chemosensory loss leads to decreased quality of life, depression, nutritional challenges, and exposure to environmental dangers highlighting the need for further studies in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Lakshmanan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Elayna Miller
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - AnnElizabeth White-Canale
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lynnette P McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saito T, Ito T, Ito Y, Manabe Y. Long-term Follow-up Results of Regeneration Process of Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Chorda Tympani Nerve During Middle Ear Surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 125:393-9. [PMID: 26602906 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415617775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the regeneration process of fungiform taste buds after severing the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo. METHODS In 7 consecutive patients whose CTN was severed during tympanoplasty, an average of 10 fungiform papillae in the midlateral region of the tongue were periodically observed, and the number of taste buds was counted until 12 to 24 months after surgery. Gustatory function was assessed by EGM. RESULTS EGM thresholds showed no response within 1 month after surgery in any patient. All taste buds had disappeared until 13 to 71 days after surgery. Regenerated taste buds were first detected 5 to 8 months after surgery in 5 of the 7 patients. EGM thresholds recovered to their preoperative values in 2 patients. In these 2 patients, the number of regenerated taste buds gradually increased in combination with a recovered taste function. However, a time lag existed between taste bud regeneration and taste function recovery. EGM thresholds did not recover in the other 3 patients with regenerated taste buds, suggesting that these taste buds were immature without gustatory function. CONCLUSION The long-term regeneration process of fungiform taste buds could be clarified using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Manabe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li YK, Yang JM, Huang YB, Ren DD, Chi FL. Shrinkage of ipsilateral taste buds and hyperplasia of contralateral taste buds following chorda tympani nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2015. [PMID: 26199619 PMCID: PMC4498364 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.158366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological changes that occur in the taste buds after denervation are not well understood in rats, especially in the contralateral tongue epithelium. In this study, we investigated the time course of morphological changes in the taste buds following unilateral nerve transection. The role of the trigeminal component of the lingual nerve in maintaining the structural integrity of the taste buds was also examined. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, unilateral chorda tympani nerve transection and unilateral chorda tympani nerve transection + lingual nerve transection. Rats were allowed up to 42 days of recovery before being euthanized. The taste buds were visualized using a cytokeratin 8 antibody. Taste bud counts, volumes and taste receptor cell numbers were quantified and compared among groups. No significant difference was detected between the chorda tympani nerve transection and chorda tympani nerve transection + lingual nerve transection groups. Taste bud counts, volumes and taste receptor cell numbers on the ipsilateral side all decreased significantly compared with control. On the contralateral side, the number of taste buds remained unchanged over time, but they were larger, and taste receptor cells were more numerous postoperatively. There was no evidence for a role of the trigeminal branch of the lingual nerve in maintaining the structural integrity of the anterior taste buds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ke Li
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Hearing Science, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China ; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan-Mei Yang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Hearing Science, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Bo Huang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Hearing Science, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Dong Ren
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Hearing Science, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Lu Chi
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Hearing Science, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Degeneration Process of Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Human Chorda Tympani Nerve—Observation by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:539-44. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Observation of Regenerated Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Chorda Tympani Nerve Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy In vivo. Otol Neurotol 2014; 35:e110-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Feng P, Huang L, Wang H. Taste bud homeostasis in health, disease, and aging. Chem Senses 2013; 39:3-16. [PMID: 24287552 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian taste bud is an onion-shaped epithelial structure with 50-100 tightly packed cells, including taste receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. Taste receptor cells detect nutrients and toxins in the oral cavity and transmit the sensory information to gustatory nerve endings in the buds. Supporting cells may play a role in the clearance of excess neurotransmitters after their release from taste receptor cells. Basal cells are precursor cells that differentiate into mature taste cells. Similar to other epithelial cells, taste cells turn over continuously, with an average life span of about 8-12 days. To maintain structural homeostasis in taste buds, new cells are generated to replace dying cells. Several recent studies using genetic lineage tracing methods have identified populations of progenitor/stem cells for taste buds, although contributions of these progenitor/stem cell populations to taste bud homeostasis have yet to be fully determined. Some regulatory factors of taste cell differentiation and degeneration have been identified, but our understanding of these aspects of taste bud homoeostasis remains limited. Many patients with various diseases develop taste disorders, including taste loss and taste distortion. Decline in taste function also occurs during aging. Recent studies suggest that disruption or alteration of taste bud homeostasis may contribute to taste dysfunction associated with disease and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Feng
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shimada T, Kamada H, Hoshino R, Okamiya T, Takahashi K, Chikamatsu K. Development of a new method using narrow band imaging for taste assessment. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:2405-10. [PMID: 23918644 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The observation of fungiform papillae is a useful objective taste examination. The purpose of this study is to develop a new method using narrow band imaging for assessment of taste function. STUDY DESIGN Using a narrow band imaging endoscope, we assessed the number and blood vessel morphology of fungiform papillae and compared with the gustatory threshold by the filter paper disc test. METHODS The number of fungiform papillae was counted in 20 mm(2) , and blood vessels in fungiform papillae were evaluated morphologically by a five-point scoring system in 11 patients who had undergone middle ear surgery. The filter taste disc test was performed simultaneously to obtain the gustatory threshold and was compared with the number and blood vessel morphology of fungiform papillae. RESULTS Using a narrow band imaging endoscope, we could clearly detect not only fungiform papillae but also blood vessel morphology. There was a significant correlation between the values of the number of papillae and blood vessel morphology. Moreover, these two parameters revealed a significant inverse correlation with gustatory function. As expected, both parameters on the affected side were significant lower than those on the unaffected side in patients. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of fungiform papillae using narrow band imaging endoscopy is easy, highly sensitive, and reliable; therefore, it might be useful as an objective examination of taste function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaki Shimada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Comparison of Regeneration of the Chorda Tympani Nerve and Gustatory Function Recovery After Severing the Nerve Between Pediatric and Adult Patients. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33:1567-72. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e3182713997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|